identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03EE0A71FFFDFFA0FF7DFA40C0C922C5.text	03EE0A71FFFDFFA0FF7DFA40C0C922C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epiloboceridae Smalley 1964	<div><p>FAMILY EPILOBOCERIDAE SMALLEY, 1964, NEW RANK lsid: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FA3C098A-69B5-4F75- A92B-8E84375F9DA2</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s: C a r a p a c e t r a n s v e r s e l y o v a l, anteroposteriorly evidently convex or flat, with branchial regions inflated. Dorsal surface frequently smooth, regions indistinct. Anterolateral margin often finely serrate or spinulose to unarmed, lateral armature indistinct. Suborbital tooth extended like slender, grooved plate to close orbital hiatus, in contact with superior orbital angle. Third maxilliped with exopod longer than lateral border of ischium, without or with flagellum (only Epilobocera sinuatifrons). Branchial efferent channel with spine or tooth near aperture (except in Epilobocera wetherbeei Rodríguez &amp; Williams, 1995), visible in frontal view; orifice of aperture open. Male gonopod long, moderately slender, without lateral lobes on principal axis; apical portion club-shaped, laterodistally directed, armed with short, stout, curved spines. In mesial and cephalic views marginal suture and marginal plate progressively twisted towards medial axis of sternum, beginning in mesial position,ending on cephalolateral surface of apex. Proximal half of marginal plate visible as intermediate plate between caudal and mesial surfaces, becoming internal through spermatic channel; marginal and lateral margins converging to reach apical cavity; distal half developing on cephalic side of apical cavity as thin plate with distal crest dentate, (‘Ourkamm’: see Pretzmann, 1972; ‘intermediate plate’: see Rodriguez, 1982; Rodríguez &amp; Williams, 1995). As gonopod twists towards medial axis of sternum, distal third of caudal surface expands mesially, forming subapical, wide, rounded mesial lobe, converging distally with crest of apical cavity, armed with 5–10 stout, curved spines; laterocaudal angle projected as narrow plate smooth or with marginal spinules. In lateral view, lateral process (‘Globula’: see Pretzmann, 1972) subapical, formed by swelling from surface with seven or more than ten strong hooked spines. In distal view, apical cavity in transversal position with respect to principal axis, triangular or oblong in shape, closed cephalically by crenulated final portion of marginal plate; distal borders of mesial and lateral surfaces thin or broad, smooth or ornamented with granules or spines, with caudal angles extended into finger-like plates; mesial border (‘Nasus’: see Pretzmann, 1972; ‘caudal process’: see Rodríguez &amp; Williams, 1995) smooth or armed with marginal conical, curved spines; lateral border (‘Hemyciclus’: see Pretzmann, 1972; ‘terminal process’: see Rodríguez &amp; Williams, 1985) more robust, smooth or with scattered granules and triangular spines.</p> <p>Type genus: Epilobocera Stimpson, 1860.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE0A71FFFDFFA0FF7DFA40C0C922C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez, Fernando;Ojeda, Juan Carlos;Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda;Villalobos, José Luis;Magalhães, Célio;Wehrtmann, Ingo S.;Mantelatto, Fernando L.	Álvarez, Fernando, Ojeda, Juan Carlos, Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda, Villalobos, José Luis, Magalhães, Célio, Wehrtmann, Ingo S., Mantelatto, Fernando L. (2020): Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 973-1001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa162
03EE0A71FFFFFFBEFC81FDA1C53923D3.text	03EE0A71FFFFFFBEFC81FDA1C53923D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strengerianinae Rodriguez 1982	<div><p>SUBFAMILY STRENGERIANINAE RODRIGUEZ, 1982, NEW RANK lsid: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C8D16D88-2E2E-4177- BBE2-CBDCD68CCBFB</p> <p>Diagnosis (modified from Rodriguez, 1982; Campos, 2005): Anterolateral margin of carapace often finely serrate to unarmed, lateral armature indistinct. Exopod of third maxilliped not as long as, or slightly longer than, distal border of ischium; ratio exopod/ischium length ranging from 0.58 to 1.17. Opening of branchial efferent channel with jugal and lateral angles separated, in contact or almost in contact, closing aperture orifice. Gonopod long, slightly or evidently directed cephalically, lateromesially compressed, without lateral lobes on principal axis. Apical cavity rounded, next to mesial crest (Chaceus), or narrow and caudocephalically extended, surrounded by distal crests of three plates: mesial, lateral and marginal (Eidocamtophallus, Pallangothelphusa, Strengeriana); field of apical spines in transversal position relative to principal axis, in distal or cephalic position; aperture of spermatic channel in mesocaudal position. Mesial process well developed, directed distally, acute or digitiform (Chaceus), or expanded and projected cephalically forming triangular or a complex dentate projection (Strengeriana), or divided into two lobes and projected cephalically (Pallangothelphusa), or as conical, acute tooth, projected cephalically (Eidocamtophallus). Marginal plate simple, overlapping caudal portion of mesialandlateralsurfaces,endingdistallyinapicalcavity; distal border straight or rounded (Eidocamtophallus, Pallangothelphusa, Strengeriana), or projected over apex to form one of three apical elements (Chaceus). Row of long setae on proximal portion of marginal suture.</p> <p>Type genus: Strengeriana Pretzmann, 1971.</p> <p>G e n e r a i n c l u d e d: C h a c e u s P r e t z m a n n, 1 9 7 1, Eidocamptophallus Rodríguez &amp; Hobbs, 1989, P h a l l a n g o t h e l p h u s a P r e t z m a n n, 1 9 6 5 a n d Strengeriana Pretzmann, 1971.</p> <p>Remarks: The gonopod type in this subfamily is based on those of the genera Phallangothelphusa and Strengeriana. Although no samples of Phallangothelphusa and Eidocamptophallus could be included in our molecular analysis, their gonopod morphology (see Rodriguez, 1982: 43, fig. 18; 121, fig. 78) clearly shows that they belong to this subfamily. Campos &amp; Magalhães (2014) provisionally included Eidocamptophallus chacei in the Hypolobocerini after recognizing the difficulties in assessing their affinities with this or other tribes. It is herein suggested, however, placing this genus among the Strengerianinae due to the ornamentation of the apex of the gonopod bearing subapical spines on the lateral surface, in addition to the mesial process and the marginal tooth that are similar, although less developed, to the ornamentations of the gonopod of the species of Strengeriana.</p> <p>Pending a future analysis including more species, Chaceus is placed in the Strengerianinae based on the morphology of the gonopod of C. turikensis (Rodriguez &amp; Herrera, 1994: 123, fig. 2A–E) and on an additional BI analysis (majority rule routine) where Chaceus and Strengeriana are sister genera (Fig. 2). The members of this subfamily are distributed in Colombia and Venezuela.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE0A71FFFFFFBEFC81FDA1C53923D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez, Fernando;Ojeda, Juan Carlos;Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda;Villalobos, José Luis;Magalhães, Célio;Wehrtmann, Ingo S.;Mantelatto, Fernando L.	Álvarez, Fernando, Ojeda, Juan Carlos, Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda, Villalobos, José Luis, Magalhães, Célio, Wehrtmann, Ingo S., Mantelatto, Fernando L. (2020): Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 973-1001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa162
03EE0A71FFE6FFB9FEF6FF6EC1B32654.text	03EE0A71FFE6FFB9FEF6FF6EC1B32654.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudothelphusoidea ORTMANN 1893	<div><p>KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF THE SUPERFAMILY PSEUDOTHELPHUSOIDEA</p> <p>1. Carapace transversely oval, dorsal surface slightly convex or flat, cervical groove incipient or shallowly marked. In frontal view, suborbital internal tooth high, forming slender, grooved plate reaching frontal margin, closing orbital hiatus completely; branchial efferent channel with tooth near the aperture (except in Epilobocera wetherbeei Rodríguez &amp; Williams, 1995). Third maxilliped with exopod longer than lateral border of ischium, without flagellum [except in Epilobocera sinuatifrons (A. Milne-Edwards, 1866)]. Male G1 long, cylindrical, moderately slender, without lateral lobes on principal axis; apical portion club-shaped, laterodistally directed, without lobules, projections or strong plates, armed with short, stout, curved spines........................................................................................... Family Epiloboceridae (one genus and 11 species)</p> <p>- Carapace transversely oval, dorsal surface flat or slightly to moderately convex, cervical groove wide and shallow or narrow and deep, well marked. In frontal view, suborbital internal tooth low, triangular or as a grooved plate, never reaching frontal margin or closing orbital hiatus completely; branchial efferent channel without tooth near aperture. Third maxilliped with exopod generally shorter or almost as long as lateral border of ischium, occasionally a little longer than ischium (Strengeriana spp.), and without flagellum (except in Strengeriana flagellatta Campos &amp; Rodríguez, 1993). Male G1 long, moderately slender to strong, with or without lateral lobes on principal axis; apical portion variously shaped, distally, laterodistally, or laterally directed, apical elements in the form of plates, projections, processes or lobules; smooth or armed with short, stout, curved spinules or spines......Family Pseudothelphusidae (8 subfamilies, 48 genera and 293 species) 2</p> <p>2. Male G1 slender to moderately robust. In mesial view, principal axis with one well developed lateral lobe, sometimes divided forming an accessory lobe (Neostrengeria spp.), or reduced [Martiana clausa (Rathbun, 1915)]; apical portion truncated, directed distally and not complexly ornamented with plates, projections, processes or lobules, and rarely ornamented with spines, spinules or granules (Lindacatalina spp. and Moritschus spp. could present spinules); mesial process reduced or well developed; marginal plate forming caudal crest........................................................... Subfamily Hypolobocerinae (five genera and 84 species)</p> <p>- Male G1 long, moderately slender to robust. In mesial view, without lateral lobe on principal axis [except for Ptychophallus spp. and Spirothelphusa verticalis (Rathbun, 1893)]; apical portion variously shaped, directed distally, laterodistally or laterally [Kunziana irengis (Pretzmann, 1971)]; apical elements in the form of plates, projections, processes or lobules, arranged in simple or complex structures, reduced or well developed, smooth or armed with short, stout, curved spinules or spines; mesial process in various sizes and forms; marginal plate reaching apical cavity forming part of its border or extended supra-apically........................................ 3</p> <p>3. Male G1 with apical cavity in vertical or approximately vertical position relative to main axis of gonopod........................................................................................................................................................................... 4</p> <p>- Male G1 with apical cavity transversal or in moderately oblique position relative to main axis of gonopod........................................................................................................................................................................... 5</p> <p>4. Male G1 with elongated supra-apical process, formed by distal extension of mesial and caudal surfaces, apical cavity and field of spines in vertical position relative to main axis of gonopod, opening cephalically, laterally or proximally due to strong deflexed apical complex [Kunziana irengis (Pretzmann, 1971)]......................................................................................... Subfamily Kingsleyinae (14 genera and 63 species)</p> <p>- Male G1 with elongated supra-apical process, formed by distal extension of lateral surface produced into a spiraliform process turning laterally; apical cavity and field of spines oriented vertically and partially transversally, situated at base of internal surface of spiraliform process................................................................................................................................................ Subfamily Guinotinae (one genus and one species)</p> <p>5. Male G1 with marginal plate and caudal surface fused, twisted mesially to end apically in caudomarginal projection, not extending beyond apical cavity, produced cephalically, ending in one to three lobes. Marginal suture fading away on distal third, not reaching apex. Apical cavity transversal or slightly oblique (Disparithelphusa pecki Smalley &amp; Adkison, 1984) to principal axis of gonopod, U-shaped, rounded or exceptionally as narrow slit [Ehecatusa chiapensis (Rodríguez &amp; Smalley, 1972)]; spermatic channel opening in caudal position. Mesial process as triangular or subrectangular plate (Pseudothelphusa galloi Alvarez &amp; Villalobos, 1990), or as axe-shaped laminar expansion, commonly in transversal position relative to principal axis of gonopod, closing apical cavity on cephalic surface. Lateral process absent (except in Epithelphusa chiapensis and Epithelphusa mixtepensis)............. Subfamily Pseudothelphusinae (five genera, 40 species)</p> <p>- Male G1 with marginal plate not fused to caudal surface, ending distally at or beyond apex. Marginal suture straight and visible throughout principal axis of G1. Apical cavity transversal to principal axis of G1, rounded, oval or narrow and elongated caudocephalically. Mesial process in various sizes, forms and positions........................................................................................................................................................... 6</p> <p>6. Male G1 with marginal plate extending throughout main axis over caudal and mesial surfaces, ending distally beyond apical cavity, over or aside apical lobe of mesial surface. The latter projected distally forming hood, field of spines on its basal portion. Apical cavity usually oblong; spermatic channel opening in mesocaudal position. Mesial process as strong, conical, acute or triangular spine, cephalically directed...................................................................................................................... Subfamily Potamocarcininae (two genera, 14 species)</p> <p>- Male G1 with marginal plate extending throughout main axis over caudal and mesial surfaces, becoming distally an edge, in caudal or mesocaudal position, limiting apical cavity, with rounded, oval or narrow shape, elongated caudocephalically; spermatic channel opening in mesocaudal or cephalic position. Mesial process varies in position, as strong, conical, acute or triangular spine, cephalically directed................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7</p> <p>7. Apical cavity of male G1 next to caudal surface, oval shaped, elongated caudocephalically, limited by marginal plate and distal crest of lateral surface, with narrow caudal notch. Aperture of spermatic channel in cephalic position. Marginal suture straight, ending distally in triangular marginal process, rarely surpassing apical cavity. Mesial process subapical, generally well developed, triangular or axe-shaped [Achlidon puntarenas (Hobbs, 1991)]. Lateral lobe on principal axis present (Ptychophallus spp., Camptophallus botti Smalley, 1965) or absent (Achlidon spp., Allacanthos spp)................................................................................................................................. Subfamily Ptychophallinae (four genera, 19 species)</p> <p>- Apical cavity of male G1 variable in shape, usually as narrow channel, oriented caudocephalically, limited by distal crests of mesial and lateral surfaces, caudally by distal border of marginal plate. Aperture of spermatic channel generally in mesocaudal position. Marginal suture straight, well marked over caudal and mesial surfaces. Apical elements following two patterns, extended distally beyond apical cavity or expanded and projected cephalically forming complex of triangular or dentated processes with accessory spines............. 8</p> <p>8. Third maxilliped with exopod as long or longer than ischium (except in Chaceus spp. slightly shorter than ischium); aperture of efferent branchial channel closed or partially closed by jugal angle spine and lateral lobe of epistome. Male G1 with apical elements evidently expanded and projected cephalically forming a complex of processes (except in Chaceus spp. in which apical elements are distally directed), triangular or dentate, with accessory spines (Strengeriana spp.), or divided into two lobes, projected cephalically (Pallangothelphusa spp.), or as conical, acute spines, projected cephaloproximally [Eidocamtophallus chacei (Pretzmann, 1967)]....................................................... Subfamily Strengerianinae (four genera, 32 species)</p> <p>- Third maxilliped with exopod shorter than ischium; aperture of efferent branchial channel open. Male G1 simple, straight, strong, apex moderately ornamented or complex, twisted along main axis [Spirothelphusa verticalis (Rathbun, 1893)], with apical elements variously shaped, directed distally or laterodistally, as plates, projections, processes or lobules. Apical elements arranged in simple or complex ways, reduced or well developed, smooth or armed with short, stout, curved spinules or spines; apical cavity elongated, narrow or oval shaped, limited by mesial and lateral distal crests, directed distally, caudodistally, laterally or even proximally (Phrygiopilus spp.). Mesial process usually as strong, conical or triangular spine, cephalad or proximally directed, or subquadrate, pentagonal or rounded (Raddaus spp.). Lateral apical surface smooth, with conical spine in different positions or with strong spinate crest arising from lateral border of apical cavity [Villalobosius lopezformenti (Alvarez &amp; Villalobos, 1991)]. Marginal plate reaching apical cavity forming apical crest or extending distally beyond it (except in Spirothelphusa verticalis)................................................................................................... Subfamily Raddausinae (11 genera, 38 species)</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE0A71FFE6FFB9FEF6FF6EC1B32654	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez, Fernando;Ojeda, Juan Carlos;Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda;Villalobos, José Luis;Magalhães, Célio;Wehrtmann, Ingo S.;Mantelatto, Fernando L.	Álvarez, Fernando, Ojeda, Juan Carlos, Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda, Villalobos, José Luis, Magalhães, Célio, Wehrtmann, Ingo S., Mantelatto, Fernando L. (2020): Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 973-1001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa162
03EE0A71FFE0FFBEFF77FC6BC123249E.text	03EE0A71FFE0FFBEFF77FC6BC123249E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypolobocerinae Pretzmann 1971	<div><p>SUBFAMILY HYPOLOBOCERINAE PRETZMANN, 1971, NEW RANK lsid: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 411794FF-1850-4397- 877B-EE7B7A5D97C4</p> <p>Diagnosis (modified from Rodriguez, 1982; Campos, 2005): Anterolateral margin of carapace often finely serrate to unarmed, lateral armature indistinct. Third maxilliped with exopod of variable length, not reaching distal border of ischium, ratio exopod/ischium length 0.2–0.8. Branchial efferent channel open, gap between jugal and lateral angles in Martiana partially closed. Gonopod morphology variable, with one lateral lobe of variable size and form (reduced in Martiana) on principal axis, in Neostrengeria with accessory lateral lobe. Gonopod somewhat slender, truncated and simple distally, caudal ridge strong, well defined, lateral lobe on principal axis evident, triangular, rounded or subquadrate, sometimes divided creating accessory lobe. In distal view, apical cavity transversal to main axis, rounded, oval or elongated caudocephalically: with two apical prominences (‘papillae’), conical, acute, located on caudal margin of spermatic channel; aperture of spermatic channel in central position; mesial process small or of moderate size, subdistal, triangular, cephalically projected. Apex with apical elements, rarely ornamented with spines, spinules or granules; Lindacatalina and Moritschus could present spinules.</p> <p>Type genus: Hypolobocera Pretzmann, 1965.</p> <p>Genera included: Colombiathelphusa Campos &amp; Magalhães, 2014, Hypolobocera Ortmann, 1897, Lindacatalina Pretzmann, 1977, Martiana Rodriguez, 1980, Moritschus Pretzmann, 1965 and Neostrengeria Pretzmann, 1965.</p> <p>Remarks: The former tribe Hypolobocerini, now the subfamily Hypolobocerinae was one of the most diverse and widely distributed groups of American freshwater crabs, ranging from southern Mexico, through Central America, to northern SouthAmerica, including Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela. Representatives of this group show a great variety of morphologies of the male gonopod, from the typical pattern of the genus Hypolobocera to the ornamented ones of Elsalvadoria, Ptychophallus, Spirothelpusa and others. In the new taxonomic scheme this taxon is restricted to the typical morphology of Hypolobocera and allied genera (Table 4), and geographically occurring from south-western Panama to Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.</p> <p>Although no DNA sequences were available for Martiana (Campos, 2005: fig. 42) and Lindacatalina (Campos, 2005: figs 91–94), these genera were placed in this subfamily due to morphological characters of their male first gonopod. Colombiathelphusa was originally placed in the Hypolobocerini recognizing that its gonopod morphology shows similarities with other groups (Campos &amp; Magalhães, 2014); future analyses should revisit the appropriateness of this placement. The affinity of the genus Chaceus needs to be further analysed to define if it belongs in the Hypolobocerinae or as proposed here in the Strengerianinae.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE0A71FFE0FFBEFF77FC6BC123249E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez, Fernando;Ojeda, Juan Carlos;Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda;Villalobos, José Luis;Magalhães, Célio;Wehrtmann, Ingo S.;Mantelatto, Fernando L.	Álvarez, Fernando, Ojeda, Juan Carlos, Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda, Villalobos, José Luis, Magalhães, Célio, Wehrtmann, Ingo S., Mantelatto, Fernando L. (2020): Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 973-1001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa162
03EE0A71FFFFFFA1FF11FDACC082219D.text	03EE0A71FFFFFFA1FF11FDACC082219D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudothelphusidae Ortmann 1893	<div><p>FAMILY PSEUDOTHELPHUSIDAE ORTMANN, 1893</p> <p>Diagnosis: Carapace wider than long; dorsal surface slightly convex, regions faintly to moderately well marked; anterolateral margin smooth, with small tubercles, or with acute spines. Suborbital tooth low, like high keel or grooved plate, but never closing orbital hiatus, in contact with superior orbital angle. Merus of third maxilliped as wide as long or wider than long, shorter than ischium, lateral margin straight, or slightly curved; carpus articulated to anterointernal angle of merus; exopod shorter or almost as long as, rarely little longer than lateral border of ischium. Opening of branchial efferent channel without tooth; orifice open or complete. Male gonopod straight, curved or with torsion towards medial axis of body; apical elements variable in number, shape, position and size. Main axis can have one or two lateral lobes of variable size and form. Marginal plate as simple rectangular sheet extending longitudinally over caudal and mesial surfaces of gonopod, ending subdistally and independent of apical cavity or ending distally forming caudal border of apical cavity; or as rectangular sheet ending distally in expanded plate, directed cephalically; or fused with mesial surface to form caudomarginal projection, which ends in simple lobe or several lobes and teeth. Proximal third of marginal suture with a fringe of long setae. Mesial process formed by apical expansion of mesial surface, showing a wide variety of shapes and ornamentations. Lateral process originating on apical portion of lateral surface may be oriented in different directions, usually varying from basic triangular shape. Apical cavity usually elongated along caudocephalic axis, or, less commonly, transversal or parallel (vertical) relative to principal axis of gonopod; field of spines subdistally or distally located, with terminal pore setae, interior walls of cavity spinulated; aperture of spermatic channel not in fixed position (central, caudal, mesocaudal or cephalic).</p> <p>Type genus: Pseudothelphusa De Saussure, 1857.</p> <p>Subfamilies included: Strengerianinae Rodriguez, 1982; Hypolobocerinae Pretzmann, 1971; Guinotiinae subfam. nov.; Kingsleyinae Bott, 1970; Ptychophallinae subfam. nov.; Potamocarcininae Ortmann, 1897; Raddausinae subfam. nov.; and Pseudothelphusinae Ortmann, 1893.</p> <p>Remark: This family corresponds to all the continental pseudothelphusid species, including the species from the Lesser Antilles. The wide array of gonopod morphologies is reflected in the number of subfamilies and genera that have been described to organize the observed morphological diversity.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE0A71FFFFFFA1FF11FDACC082219D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Álvarez, Fernando;Ojeda, Juan Carlos;Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda;Villalobos, José Luis;Magalhães, Célio;Wehrtmann, Ingo S.;Mantelatto, Fernando L.	Álvarez, Fernando, Ojeda, Juan Carlos, Souza-Carvalho, Edvanda, Villalobos, José Luis, Magalhães, Célio, Wehrtmann, Ingo S., Mantelatto, Fernando L. (2020): Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 973-1001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa162
