taxonID	type	description	language	source
C2FB91E91C255211A4352BAFDF617117.taxon	description	Figures 2 A, B; 7; 8; 13 C, D; 14 B	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
C2FB91E91C255211A4352BAFDF617117.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after Henrik Enghoff from Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, the Danish myriapodologist who initiated an important research step on millipede studies for Thailand.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
C2FB91E91C255211A4352BAFDF617117.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A member of Zephronia s. s. in which the position of Toemoesvary's organ located next to the aberrant ommatidia, not inside the antennal groove. Adult body length medium,> 29 mm, usually ca. 32 mm, up to 36 mm; body brown or dark brown, inner surface (underside) of anal shield with a single locking carina on each side, and leg-pair 2 of male coxa with a long membranous lobe at mesal margin. Similar in these respects to Z. golovatchi sp. nov., but differs from this species by the following combination of characters; antenna short, leg-pair 2 of female coxa apico-mesally with large and conspicuous coxal ridge, operculum of vulva regularly rounded and narrow in posterior view, mesal margin of operculum tapering apically, central margin (tip) of subanal plate shallowly concave, process of telopoditomere 2 of anterior telopod quite long and equal in length to the combination of telopoditomeres 3 + 4, and immovable finger telopoditomere 2 of posterior telopod (process of telopoditomere 2) equal in length to movable finger (consisting of telopoditomeres 3 and 4).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
C2FB91E91C255211A4352BAFDF617117.taxon	description	Description. Body length: Length in male 29.0 - 33.0 mm (holotype 31.0 mm), female 30.0 - 36.0 mm; head 4.5 - 5.5 mm; thoracic shield 5.5 - 7.0 mm; anal shield 11.0 - 11.5 mm. Body width: Width in male 16.0 - 18.5 mm (holotype 18.0 mm), female 16.0 - 19.0 mm; head 9.0 - 10.0 mm; thoracic shield 16.0 - 18.0 mm; anal shield 14.0 - 17.0 mm. Body height: Height in male 10.0 - 12.0 mm (holotype 11.0 mm), female 10.0 - 13.0 mm; thoracic shield 10.0 - 12.0 mm; tergite 10.0 - 13.0 mm. Color (Fig. 2 A, B): Specimens in life with light brown to brown color; antennae dark brown; head, thoracic shield, tergites, paratergites and basal part of legs brown; posterior margin of tergites dark brown; a few apical podomeres greenish brown. Color in alcohol after 8 months not changed. Head: Wide and stout, subtrapeziform; anterior part of head with dense and long setae; central part of head glabrous; posterior part of head with dense and short setae. Labrum with a single tooth at anterior margin. Each eye with 90 - 100 ommatidia. Aberrant ocellus located near antennal groove (at upper part of groove). Antenna (Fig. 7 A): Short and stout, with rounded joints; length 3.5 - 4 mm; reaching backward to tarsus of legs 2 or 3. Lengths of antennomeres 6> 5> 4 = 3 = 2 = 1. Antennomere 6 densely setose, sensilla basiconica surrounding apical disc. Last antennomere thickened and flattened, strongly widened apically, axe-shaped. Shape of antennae sexually dimorphic; thickened, widened apically and slightly flattened in male, in female cylindrical. Apical disc with ca. 75 apical cones. No sclerotized ridge between antennal socket and ommatidia. Toemoesvary's organ: Separated from ommatidium, located on a brim between ommatidia and antennal socket, smaller in diameter than an individual ommatidium. Gnathochilarium: Ventral surface with setae, other structures typical of the order. Mandibles not dissected. Stigmatic plates (Fig. 7 C): First stigmatic plate subtriangular; apex rounded, broad, expanded apically then becoming a fanlike; curved towards coxa 1. Laterotergites: Laterotergite 1 narrow, projecting into a sharp tip. Laterotergite 2 larger than laterotergite 1, tip weakly extended, with a round projection. Collum: Surface glabrous, except for anterior margins near rim with isolated and long setae. Thoracic shield: Surface as those of tergites, covered with small setae, each seta located in a tiny pit; shallow groove wide anterolaterally, with very long setae. Tergites (Fig. 2 A, B): Quite shiny; surface densely setose, visible in normal vision; entirely covered by short setae, each locating in tiny pits; tip of paratergite of midbody tergites curved, directed posteroventrad. Endotergum (Figs 13 C, D, 14 B): Posterior margin flat, regular. Inner section (inner area) with setiferous tubercles or setae. Middle section (middle area) with a single row of elliptical cuticular impressions, distance between impressions longer than individual diameter. Bristles arranged in two rows, tip of the longest bristles extended beyond posterior margin or reaching to posterior margin. Anal shield: Sexually dimorphic, in female very large and strongly rounded, in male slightly more rectangular. Outer surface covered by tiny and dense setae locating in small pits, similar to those of tergites. Inner surface (underside) covered by long setae; with a single, black, and long locking carina, half as long as length of last laterotergite. Legs (Fig. 7 B): Leg-pairs 1 and 2 without apical spine. Leg-pairs 1 with 2 ventral spines, leg-pair 2 with four ventral spines. Leg-pair 3 with 5 - 7 ventral spines and one apical spine. Leg-pair 4 with 8 - 11 ventral spines, and one or two apical spines. Leg-pairs 5 - 19 with 8 - 10 ventral spines and 1 - 3 apical spines. Last two leg-pairs with 7 - 10 ventral spines and one or two apical spines. In leg 9, femur ca. 1.5 x, tarsus ca. 2.3 x longer than wide. Length of tarsus ≥ femur> prefemur> coxa> tibia ≥ postfemur. All podomeres densely setose. Coxa large, with dentate ridge marginally (coxal process). Coxal process absent in leg-pairs 1 and 2 (except for female leg-pair 2). Leg-pair 2 of female coxa apico-mesally with large, conspicuous coxal ridge, directed laterad. Leg-pair 2 of male coxa with membranous lobe at mesal margin; lobe large and long, projecting ventrad. Prefemur without teeth. Femur rather short and stout, slightly extended mesally, mesal margin with 5 - 7 small teeth. Subanal plate (Fig. 7 F): Subsemicircular, undivided, wide; central margin (tip) shallowly concave, broad; lateral margin slightly convex. Densely setose. Male sexual characters (Fig. 7 D): Gonopore quite large, covered with a single, undivided, subsemicircular, sclerotized plate. Anterior telopods (Fig. 8 A, B, D): Telopodite with four telopoditomeres; all telopoditomeres sparsely setose, except for the apical part of telopoditomere 3 and all parts of telopoditomere 4 without setae. First telopoditomere rectangular, slightly large and stout, broader than telopoditomeres 2 - 4. Telopoditomere 2 large. Process of telopoditomere 2 equal in length to the combination of telopoditomeres 3 and 4; visible in posterior view; curved and slender, 1.5 X longer than wide, twice as long as telopoditomere 4; tip bent and round, directed anteriad, close to the basal part of telopoditomere 4. Margin towards telopoditomere 3 with a membranous area carrying a sclerotized process (sp), conspicuous, short, apically with sharp tip. Telopoditomere 3 with six small crenulated teeth (cr-T) in ventral side. Telopoditomere 4 short and stout, conspicuous, straight; tip round, directed mesad; with two prominent sclerotized spines in posterior side. Posterior telopods (Fig. 8 A, C, D): Telopodite with four telopoditomeres; telopoditomeres 1 and 2 on both sides covered with sparse setae, except for immovable finger part; telopoditomere 3 at base of both inner margin and outer margin with a few setae; telopoditomere 4 without setae. First telopoditomere stout and broad, half as long as telopoditomere 2. Telopoditomere 2 slender, immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2) as long as movable finger (consisting of telopoditomeres 3 and 4). Immovable finger long and slender, wide, 2.5 x as long as wide, not curved, tip directed mesad; at margin with several semi-circular rows of sclerotized spots. Margin towards movable finger with two conspicuous membranous lobes, triangular, inner lobe bigger and longer than outer one. Telopoditomere 3 slender, quite long, slightly expanded distad, slightly curved, thrice as long as telopoditomere 4; with a long and sclerotized spine located on a large, swollen, membranous lobe; posterior part with a row of 17 - 19 crenulated teeth (cr-T). Telopoditomere 4 short and stout, 1.5 x longer than wide; at inner margin with a large, conspicuous, swollen, membranous lobe and two evident sclerotized spines. Female sexual characters (Fig. 7 E): Vulva large, covering ca. 2 / 3 coxa, located at mesal side, extending mesally to basal third of prefemur. Operculum regularly rounded, narrow in posterior view; mesal margin not protruding.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
C2FB91E91C255211A4352BAFDF617117.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats (Figs 15 B, C, 16). All specimens were collected from limestone habitats (in dry dipterocarp forest). Known only from three sites in limestone mountain ranges of Khon Kaen and Loei provinces. Remarks. With regard to the morphological characters of coxae 2 in both male and female, this species exhibits the remarkable shape in which the male has a very long membranous lobe (Fig. 7 D) and the female displays conspicuous coxal ridges apico-mesally (Fig. 7 E). Moreover, the surface of tergites covered with conspicuous setae / hairy in Z. enghoffi sp. nov. is more distinctive than in the other two new species (Fig. 2 A, B).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
BFF35D3E54525997A0DD59DD291AE0F0.taxon	description	Figures 2 C, D; 9; 10; 13 E, F; 14 C	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
BFF35D3E54525997A0DD59DD291AE0F0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named for our highly esteemed colleague Sergei I. Golovatch (Zoological Museum, State University of Moscow, Russia), one of the most productive millipede taxonomists, who encouraged all new and young myriapodologists in Thailand.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
BFF35D3E54525997A0DD59DD291AE0F0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Adult body length medium to large> 29 mm, usually 35 mm, up to 37 mm; body brown or dark brown, marginal bristles of endotergum extending over posterior margin, inner surface (underside) of anal shield with a single locking carina on each side, and leg-pair 2 of male coxa with membranous lobe at mesal margin. Similar in these respects to Z. enghoffi sp. nov., but differs from this species by the following combination of characters: antenna long; operculum of vulva regularly rounded and broad in posterior view; mesal margin of operculum not tapering apically; central margin (tip) of subanal plate divided by a conspicuous mesal constriction, process of telopoditomere 2 of anterior telopods shorter than telopoditomere 3; telopoditomere 3 of anterior telopods with 2 or 3 crenulated teeth; immovable finger telopoditomere 2 of posterior telopod (process of telopoditomere 2) shorter than movable finger (consisting of telopoditomeres 3 and 4).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
BFF35D3E54525997A0DD59DD291AE0F0.taxon	description	Description. Body length: Length in male 35.0 - 36.5 mm (holotype 35.0 mm), female 35.0 - 37.0 mm; head 5.5 - 7.5 mm; thoracic shield 5.0 - 6.0 mm; anal shield 10.5 - 11.5 mm. Body width: Width in male 19.0 - 21.0 mm (holotype 20.0 mm), female 19.0 - 22.0 mm; head 10.0 - 11.0 mm; thoracic shield 17.5 - 20.5 mm; anal shield 16.0 - 18.5 mm. Body height: Height in male ca 11.0 mm (holotype 11.0 mm), female 11.0 - 12.0 mm; thoracic shield 9.0 - 10.5 mm; tergite 10.0 - 11.5 mm. Color (Fig. 2 C, D): Specimens in life with brown color; antennae dark brown; head, collum, thoracic shield, tergites, paratergites, anal shield and legs brown; posterior margin of tergites dark brown. Color in alcohol after 13 years changed to pale brown. Head: Wide and stout, subtrapeziform; anterior part of head with dense and long setae; central part of head with sparse and long setae; posterior part of head with dense and short setae. Labrum with a single tooth at anterior margin. Each eye with ca. 90 - 100 ommatidia. Aberrant ocellus located inside antennal groove (at upper part of groove). Antenna (Fig. 9 A): Quite long and stout, with rounded joints; length ca. 5 mm; reaching backward to tarsus of legs 3 or 4. Lengths of antennomeres 6> 5 = 4 = 3 = 2 = 1. Antennomere 6 densely setose, sensilla basiconica surrounding apical disc. Last antennomere thickened and flattened, strongly widened apically, axe-shaped. Shape of antennae sexually dimorphic; thickened, widened apically and slightly flattened in male, in female cylindrical. Apical disc with 90 - 100 apical cones. No sclerotized ridge between antennal socket and ommatidia. Toemoesvary's organ: Not distinctly separated from ommatidium, located closely to anterior margin of ommatidia, equal in size to an individual ommatidium. Gnathochilarium: Ventral surface with setae, other structures typical of the order. Mandibles not dissected. Stigmatic plates (Fig. 9 C): First stigmatic plate subtriangular; apex rounded, broad; slightly projecting towards coxa 1. Laterotergites: Laterotergite 1 narrow, projecting into a sharp tip. Laterotergite 2 broader than laterotergite 1, tip slightly extended, with round projection. Collum: Surface glabrous, except for anterior margins near rim with isolated and long setae. Thoracic shield: Surface as those of tergites, covered with inconspicuous and small setae, each seta located in tiny pits; shallow groove wide anterolaterally, with very long setae. Tergites (Fig. 2 C, D): Quite dull; surface entirely covered by short setae, visible by normal vision; each seta locating in tiny pits; anterior margin densely setose; posterior margin sparsely setose; tip of paratergite in midbody slightly curved, directed posteroventrad. Endotergum (Figs 13 E, F, 14 C): Posterior margin flat, regular. Inner section (inner area) with a few setiferous tubercles or setae. Middle section (middle area) with a single row of small, conspicuous, elliptical cuticular impressions; distance between impressions longer than individual diameter; with a row of conspicuous ridges between bristles and impressions. Bristles arranged in two rows, tip of the longest bristles extended beyond posterior margin or reaching to posterior margin. Anal shield: Sexually dimorphic, in female very large and weakly bell-shaped, in male slightly bell-shaped. Outer surface pubescent, similar to those of tergites; setae small and very short locating in tiny pits; anterior margin densely setose, posterior margin sparsely setose. Inner surface (underside) covered by setae; with a single, black, very long, locking carina, ca. 1 / 3 as long as length of last laterotergite. Legs (Fig. 9 B): Leg-pairs 1 and 2 without apical spine. Leg-pair 1 with two ventral spines, leg-pair 2 with four or five ventral spines. Leg-pair 3 with 7 - 9 ventral spines and one or two apical spines. Leg-pair 4 with 9 - 11 ventral spines and one or two apical spines. Leg-pairs 5 - 19 with 8 - 12 ventral spines and 1 - 3 apical spines. Last two leg-pairs with 9 - 11 ventral spines and one or two apical spines. In leg 9, femur ca. 1.7 x, tarsus ca. 3.2 x longer than wide. Length of tarsus> femur> prefemur> coxa> tibia ≥ postfemur. All podomeres densely setose. Coxa large, with dentate ridge marginally (coxal process). Coxal process absent in leg-pairs 1 and 2. Prefemur without teeth. Femur extended mesally, mesal margin with 7 - 9 conspicuous teeth. Subanal plate (Fig. 9 F): Trapeziform, divided by a conspicuous mesal constriction; central margin (tip) strongly concave, narrow; lateral margin straight. Densely setose. Male sexual characters (Fig. 9 D): Gonopore large, covered with a single, undivided, subsemicircular, sclerotized plate. Anterior telopods (Fig. 10 A, B, D): Telopodite with four telopoditomeres; telopoditomeres 3 and 4 often clearly divided by conspicuous suture, some specimens inconspicuous; all telopoditomeres sparsely setose, except for process of telopoditomere 2 with no setae. First telopoditomere rectangular, large, stout. Telopoditomere 2 slender. Process of telopoditomere 2 short, shorter than telopoditomeres 3; visible in posterior view; tip curved, blunt and narrow, directed anteromesad, close to middle part of telopoditomere 3. Margin towards telopoditomere 3 with a membranous area carrying a sclerotized process (sp); a process inconspicuous, short, tip quite sharp. Telopoditomere 3 with two or three crenulated teeth (cr-T), conspicuous. Telopoditomere 4 very short and stout, inconspicuous; tip round, directed mesad; with two small, conspicuous, sclerotized spines in posterior side. Posterior telopods (Fig. 10 A, C, D): Telopodite with four telopoditomeres; telopoditomeres 1 and 2 on both sides sparse setose, except for apical part of immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2); telopoditomere 3 at base of inner margin with conspicuous setae, but none for outer margin; telopoditomere 4 without setae. First telopoditomere large, wide, as long as wide. Telopoditomere 2 large, immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2) relatively shorter than movable finger (consisting of telopoditomeres 3 and 4). Immovable finger slender, twice as long as wide, slightly curved, tip directed anteroventrad; at margin with several semi-circular rows of sclerotized spots, conspicuous. Margin towards movable finger with two membranous lobes, conspicuous and long, conical, inner lobe bigger and longer than outer one, tip sharp. Telopoditomere 3 very long and slender, tapering apically, strongly curved, thrice as long as telopoditomere 4; with a long and sclerotized spine located on a large, swollen, membranous lobe; posterior part with a row of 17 or 18 crenulated teeth (cr-T). Telopoditomere 4 slender, 2 x longer than wide; at inner margin with a large, conspicuous, swollen, membranous lobe and with two evident sclerotized spines; tip curving mesodorsad. Female sexual characters (Fig. 9 E): Vulva large, covering ca. 2 / 3 coxa, located at mesal side, extending mesally to basal third of prefemur. Operculum regularly rounded, margin straight, mesal margin not protruding.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
BFF35D3E54525997A0DD59DD291AE0F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats (Fig. 16). Known only from the type locality. All specimens have been taken from limestone habitats and were found walking on top of decayed wood or hiding under leaf litter.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
0696B082AB5D5A13B9D8573CA561B05D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See complete and recently updated diagnoses in Golovatch et al. (2012: 283), Wesener (2016: 30), and Likhitrakarn et al. (2021: 13).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
474FB4D3B338577591FC19B53481C3CA.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats. This species has been found to occur only in Chiang Mai Province. (Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, Doi Saket District, Huai Hong Khrai Royal Development Study Centre, 445 m a. s. l., 18 ° 52 ' " N, 99 ° 13 ' " E). All specimens were collected from dry dipterocarp forest (Likhitrakaen et al. 2021).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
4F74A9B632BE573B9E8F7C21AAF9F879.taxon	description	Figures 2 E, F; 11; 12; 13 G, H; 14 D, E	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
4F74A9B632BE573B9E8F7C21AAF9F879.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name recognizes the great professor and a long-time mentor to the authors, Somsak Panha (Chulalongkorn University Museum of Zoology, Thailand).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
4F74A9B632BE573B9E8F7C21AAF9F879.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from all congeners by the combination of the following characters; grey body color, adult body length ca. 21 mm, tergites covered by conspicuous setae, long setae on tergites extending over the posterior margin (Figs 13 G, 14 D), marginal bristles of endotergum not extending over posterior margin, margin of operculum on vulva slightly concave and slightly invaginated medially, telopoditomere 3 of anterior telopods with conspicuous crenulated teeth and telopoditomere 3 of posterior telopods with a row of 11 or 12 crenulated teeth.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
4F74A9B632BE573B9E8F7C21AAF9F879.taxon	description	Description. Body length: Length in male 19.0 - 22.0 mm (holotype 20.0 mm), female 20.0 - 23.0 mm; head 4.0 mm; thoracic shield 4.0 - 4.5 mm; anal shield 6.0 - 7.5 mm. Body width: Width in male 10.0 - 11.5 mm (holotype 10.0 mm), female 10.0 - 12.0 mm; head 6.0 - 7.0 mm; thoracic shield 10.0 - 11.0 mm; anal shield 9.5 - 10.5 mm. Body height: Height in male 7.0 - 7.5 mm (holotype 7.0 mm), female 7.0 - 7.5 mm; thoracic shield 6.0 - 7.0 mm; tergite 6.5 - 7.5 mm. Color (Fig. 2 E, F): Specimens in life with light grey; head, antennae and collum greenish grey; thoracic shield, tergites and anterior part of anal shield grey; paratergites, posterior margins of tergites and posterior part of anal shield greyish brown. Color in alcohol after two years not changed. Head: Wide and stout, subtrapeziform; anterior part of head with dense and long setae; central part of head with sparse and long setae; posterior part of head with dense and short setae. Labrum with a single tooth at anterior margin. Each eye with ca. 70 ommatidia. Aberrant ocellus located near antennal groove (at upper part of groove). Antenna (Fig. 11 A): Short and stout, with rounded joints; length ca. 3 mm; reaching backward to tarsus of leg 2. Lengths of antennomeres 6> 5 = 4 = 3 = 2 = 1. Antennomere 6 densely setose, sensilla basiconica surrounding apical disc. Last antennomere thickened and flattened, strongly widened apically, axe-shaped. Shape of antennae sexually dimorphic; thickened, widened apically and slightly flattened in male, in female cylindrical. Apical disc with ca. 50 apical cones. No sclerotized ridge between antennal socket and ommatidia. Toemoesvary's organ: Separated from ommatidia, located on a brim between ommatidia and antennal socket, smaller in diameter than an individual ocellus. Gnathochilarium: Ventral surface with setae, other structures typical of the order. Mandibles not dissected. Stigmatic plates (Fig. 11 C): First stigmatic plate subtriangular; apex rounded, broad; straight towards coxa 1. Laterotergites: Laterotergites 1 and 2 narrow, projecting to a sharp tip. Collum: Surface with very long setae in both anterior and posterior margins, setae located in pits. Thoracic shield: Surface as those of tergites, covered with tiny setae; shallow groove with long setae, slightly broad at anterolateral margin. Tergites (Fig. 2 E, F): Quite dull; surface densely setose, easily seen by normal vision; with numerous and short setae, each locating in tiny pits; tips of paratergites of midbody tergites weakly curved, directed posteroventrad. Endotergum (Figs 13 G, H, 14 D, E): Posterior margin flat, regular; tip of setae. Inner section (inner area) with a few setiferous tubercles or setae. Middle section (middle area) with a single row of conspicuous, elliptical cuticular impressions; distance between impressions longer than individual diameter. Bristles arranged in two rows, tip of the longest bristles not extended beyond posterior margin or not reaching to posterior margin. Anal shield: Sexually dimorphic, in female weakly bell-shaped, in male strongly bell-shaped. Outer surface pubescent, setae small and very short, similar to those of tergites. Inner surface (underside) covered by setae; with a single locking carina, half as long as length of last laterotergite. Legs (Fig. 11 B): Leg-pairs 1 and 2 without an apical spine. Leg-pair 1 with two or three ventral spines, leg-pair 2 with four ventral spines. Leg-pair 3 with six ventral spines and one apical spine. Leg-pair 4 with 7 - 9 ventral spines and 1 - 3 apical spines. Leg-pairs 5 - 19 with 7 - 11 ventral spines and 1 - 3 apical spines. Last two leg-pairs with eight or nine ventral spines and one or two apical spines. In leg 9, femur 1.4 x, tarsus 3.5 x longer than wide. Length of tarsus> femur> prefemur> coxa> tibia ≥ postfemur. All podomeres densely setose. Coxa large, with dentate ridge marginally (coxal process). Coxal process absent in leg-pairs 1 and 2. Prefemur without teeth. Femur quite short and stout, slightly extended mesally; mesal margin with 7 or 8 conspicuous teeth, long, conical shape. Subanal plate (Fig. 11 F): Trapeziform, undivided; central margin (tip) slightly rounded, narrow; lateral margin slightly concave. Densely setose. Male sexual characters (Fig. 11 D): Gonopore large, covered with a single, undivided, triangular, sclerotized plate. Anterior telopods (Fig. 12 A, B, D): Telopodite with four telopoditomeres; telopoditomeres 3 and 4 clearly divided by a conspicuous suture; all telopoditomeres sparsely setose, except for telopoditomeres 4 without setae. First telopoditomere rectangular, broad, 1.5 x longer than wide. Telopoditomere 2 stout. Process of telopoditomere 2 quite short, subequal in length to telopoditomeres 3; visible in posterior view, but partly seen mesally in anterior view; tip curved and well-rounded, directed mesad, close to basal part of telopoditomere 4. Margin towards telopoditomere 3 with a membranous area carrying a sclerotized process (sp); a process conspicuous, but very short, tip quite sharp. Telopoditomere 3 with three crenulated teeth (cr-T), conspicuous. Telopoditomere 4 very short and stout, conspicuous; tip round, directed mesad; with two small, sclerotized spines in posterior side. Posterior telopods (Fig. 12 A, C, D): Telopodite with four telopoditomeres; telopoditomeres 1 and 2 on both sides with sparse setae, except for apical part of immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2); telopoditomere 3 at base of inner margin with conspicuous setae, but none for outer margin; telopoditomere 4 without setae. First telopoditomere stout and narrow, ca. half as long as telopoditomere 2. Telopoditomere 2 large, immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2) relatively shorter than movable finger (consisting of telopoditomeres 3 and 4). Immovable finger slender, twice as long as wide, strongly curved, tip directed anteroventrad; at margin with several conspicuous semi-circular rows of sclerotized spots. Margin towards movable finger with two membranous lobes, conspicuous long, triangular, inner lobe bigger and longer than outer one, tip sharp. Telopoditomere 3 very long and slender, tapering apically, curved, thrice as long as telopoditomere 4; with a long and sclerotized spine located on a large, swollen, membranous lobe; posterior part with a row of 11 - 12 crenulated teeth (cr-T). Telopoditomere 4 slender, 2 x longer than wide; at inner margin with a large, conspicuous, swollen, membranous lobe and with two evident sclerotized spines; tip curving mesad. Female sexual characters (Fig. 11 E): Vulva large, covering ca. 2 / 3 coxa, located at mesal side, extending mesally to basal third of prefemur. Operculum regularly rounded, margin slightly concave, mesal margin not protruding.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
4F74A9B632BE573B9E8F7C21AAF9F879.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats (Fig. 16). The new species is known from Phetchaburi, Ratchaburi, and Kanchanaburi provinces. All specimens were collected from limestone habitats.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
2680FE1494DB5F0E8A812CC2DA652065.taxon	description	Figures 1 E, F; 5; 6	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
2680FE1494DB5F0E8A812CC2DA652065.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Thailand - Tak Province • 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀; Mae Sot District, Phawor Shrine; 16 ° 46 ' 16.8 " N, 98 ° 41 ' 13 " E; 694 m a. s. l.; October 2016; S. Panha, R. Srisonchai, C. Sutcharit, W. Siriwut leg.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
2680FE1494DB5F0E8A812CC2DA652065.taxon	description	Description of some characters for a population in Tak Province. Body length: Length in male 29.0 - 31.0 mm (holotype 33.5 mm), female 30.0 - 33.0 mm; head 5.5 mm; thoracic shield 5.5 - 6.0 mm; anal shield 9.5 - 10.5 mm. Body width: Width in male 16.5 mm (holotype 18.2 mm), female 16.5 - 17.0 mm; head 8.0 - 9.0 mm; thoracic shield 15.0 - 16.0 mm; anal shield 14.0 - 15.5 mm. Body height: Height in male 10.0 mm (holotype 11.2 mm), female 10.0 - 11.0 mm; thoracic shield 9.0 - 10.5 mm; tergite 9.5 - 11.0 mm. Color (Fig. 1 E, F): Specimens in life with brown or dark brown; head, antennae and collum, thoracic shield, paratergites, anal shield and legs brown or dark brown; anterior margins of thoracic shield, of tergites and of anal shield dark brown contrasting with the posterior brown ones; setose part of thoracic shield with golden sheen. Color in alcohol after six years not changed. Tergites (Fig. 1 E, F): Quite shiny; surface glabrous, with sparse, tiny, inconspicuous pits; tip of paratergite of midbody tergites curved, directed posteroventrad; anterior half of lateral margin covered with long and conspicuous setae. Legs (Fig. 5 B): Leg-pairs 1 and 2 without apical spine. Leg-pair 1 with four ventral spines, leg-pair 2 with four or five ventral spines. Leg-pair 3 with seven or eight ventral spines and one or two apical spines. Leg-pair 4 with nine or ten ventral spines and two or three apical spines. Leg-pairs 5 - 19 with 9 - 11 ventral spines and 1 - 3 apical spines. Last two leg-pairs with eight or nine ventral spines, and one or two apical spines. In leg 9, femur ca. 1.7 x, tarsus ca. 3.4 x longer than wide. Length of tarsus> femur> prefemur> coxa> tibia ≥ postfemur. All podomeres densely setose. Coxa large, with dentate ridge marginally (coxal process). Coxal process absent in leg-pairs 1 and 2. Prefemur without teeth. Femur slightly extended mesally; mesal margin with very small, tiny, inconspicuous teeth. Subanal plate (Fig. 5 F): Trapeziform, undivided; central margin (tip) truncate, narrow; lateral margin straight. Densely setose. Head, antenna, Toemoesvary's organ, gnathochilarium, stigmatic plates, laterotergites, collum, thoracic shield, endotergum, anal shield, male sexual characters, anterior telopods, posterior telopods, and female sexual characters: Same as the original description in Likhitrakarn et al. 2021.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
2680FE1494DB5F0E8A812CC2DA652065.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats (Figs 15 D, 16). Currently known to occur in northern Thailand (Chiang Mai and Tak provinces) in dry dipterocarp forest and from limestone areas. Observations made at Phawor Shrine found that most specimens were seen creeping on rocks, with some hiding in leaf litter. Notably, the specimens were found in syntopy with the dragon millipede (Nagaxytes spatula Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, 2018) at the same site (Srisonchai et al. 2018 b).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
B86C57C06EFC5888AC19C847D7394223.taxon	description	Figures 1 A-D; 3; 4; 13 A, B; 14 A	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
B86C57C06EFC5888AC19C847D7394223.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Thailand - Chonburi Province • 2 ♂♂ 17 ♀♀; Sichang District, Koh Sichang; 13 ° 9 ' 3.8 " N, 100 ° 48 ' 56 " E; 7 m a. s. l.; 14 November 2020; R. Srisonchai, N. Likhitrakarn, P. Jirapatrasilp leg.; • 2 ♀♀; same collection data; NHMD • 2 ♀♀; same collection data; ZMUM • 3 ♀♀; same Province, Mueang District, Grand Cayon Chonburi; 12 ° 31 ' 23 " N, 100 ° 57 ' 18 " E; 7 m a. s. l.; 2 August 2019; ASRU members leg.; • 1 ♀; same Province, Sattahip District, Koh Chuang; 12 ° 31 ' 23 " N, 100 ° 57 ' 18 " E; 7 m a. s. l.; 8 August 2013; R. Srisonchai, P. Jirapatrasilp leg.; • 2 ♀♀; same Province, Bo Thong District, Wat Tham Khao Cha-ang-on; 13 ° 12 ' 31.7 " N, 101 ° 39 ' 5.7 " E; 128 m a. s. l.; 4 July 2016; R. Srisonchai, P. Tongkerd leg.; • 1 ♀; Rayong Province, Mueang District, Koh Samet; 12 ° 34 ' 22.6 " N, 101 ° 27 ' 52.6 " E; 128 m a. s. l.; 12 January 2010; ASRU members leg.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
B86C57C06EFC5888AC19C847D7394223.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A member of Zephronia s. s. in which the position of Toemoesvary's organ located next to the aberrant ommatidia, not inside the antennal groove. Adult body length relatively small, usually ca. 20 mm, <26.5 mm, tip of subanal plate concave, process of telopoditomere 2 of anterior telopod rather short and strongly curved distally, and process of telopoditomere 2 of anterior telopod shorter than the combination of telopoditomeres 3 and 4. Similar in these respects to Z. laotica Wesener, 2019 and Z. dawydoffi Attems, 1953. Differs from these two species by showing a body length> 16.7 mm, live specimens with unique dark green, tergites with two yellow-brown patches located in anterior half of tergites, surface of tergites with conspicuous setae, femur of leg extended with conspicuous teeth, and telopoditomere 4 of anterior telopods posteriorly with a row of conspicuous crenulated teeth (cr-T).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
B86C57C06EFC5888AC19C847D7394223.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats (Figs 15 A, 16). The newly collected specimens from the type locality were found under groups of Pandanus trees in a limestone area near a beach, while the other material from the Chonburi and Rayong provinces were likewise taken from limestone habitats. Currently, this species is known to occur only in eastern Thailand.	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
9C1FEFA014925CE1B1FAA4A807B41495.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats. Originally, this species was reported from Tavoy, Lower Burma (Moti Ram) by Attems (1936) (= Dawei, Tenasserim).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
68B73F839FCD5EB1B18244C968D7F49B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats. The type locality is in Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Sichon District, Khao Lark Waterfall, 9 ° 03 ' " N, 99 ° 47 ' " E). Khao Lark Waterfall = Khao Lak = near Si Khit Waterfall. The material was collected from a dense jungle in limestone areas (Rosenmejer et al. 2021).	en	Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai (2021): The giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 from Thailand, with a redescription of Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907 and descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). ZooKeys 1067: 19-56, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72369
