identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03ABB25FFFECFFBFFF211354FEEAF96B.text	03ABB25FFFECFFBFFF211354FEEAF96B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhagoletis antioquiensis Rodriguez & Norrbom 2021	<div><p>Rhagoletis antioquiensis Rodriguez &amp; Norrbom, new species</p> <p>Figs. 1–13</p> <p>Diagnosis. In the key of Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías (2000) R. antioquiensis runs with difficulty to R. solanophaga, but differs from it and all other species of the Rhagoletis striatella species group in having the following combination of characters: scutum yellow-orange, black setulose, densely yellow microtrichose without discernable pattern; scutellum orange, concolorous with scutum, without paler yellow area; wing with subbasal and discal bands completely separated along entire length, discal and subapical bands completely separated along entire length, hyaline area between anterior and posterior apical bands extending to or almost to vein R 2+3; subscutellum and mediotergite completely yellow-orange without brown markings; syntergite 1+2 yellow, tergites 3–5 each with relatively broad brown band at midlength, often divided medially; oviscape entirely dark brown; and spermathecae spherical with minute papillae on surface.</p> <p>Description. Mostly yellow to orange. Setae black.</p> <p>Head: (Figs. 2–4) Yellow to orange except brown ocellar tubercle. Setae black except genal and postocellar setae pale yellow and yellow, respectively; 3–4 frontal setae; 2 orbital setae, posterior and lateral vertical setae well developed, 9–10 postocular setae. Ocellar seta well developed, longer than frontal setae, frons with sparse black setulae. Facial carina well developed and broadened from midheight to oral margin. Third antennal segment yellow, twice as long as wide, slightly acute apically, extending to midheight of facial carina. Arista bare brownish black except base brownish yellow with few short black hairs. Occiput entirely yellow to orange. Palpus yellow with sparse black setulae.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 4): Mostly yellow to orange; postpronotal lobe and lateral margin of scutum bordering it whitish yellow; scutum otherwise yellow to orange; scutellum yellow to orange, except for small dark brown area basally on ventrolateral corner concolorous with scutum, without paler white to yellow area; subscutellum and mediotergite entirely yellow to orange, without brown markings. Mesonotum 2.46–3.23 mm long. Postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, scutum and scutellum entirely microtrichose; scutum without discernable pattern in microtrichose (pollinose) area, black setulose; 2 pairs of short black scapular setae; dorsocentral seta slightly anterior to postsutural supra-alar seta, acrostichal seta strong, anterior to intra-alar seta; 2 pairs of scutellar setae; 1 postpronotal, 2 subequal notopleural, 1 intra-alar, 1 postalar, 2 anepisternal, 1 katepisternal, and 1 anepimeral setae. Katepisternal seta black, well developed, as long as anepisternal seta. Legs: Entirely yellow to orange.</p> <p>Wing (Fig. 5): Length 6.8–7.2 mm. Pattern with dark brown subbasal, discal, subapical, anterior apical and posterior apical bands; subbasal and discal bands and discal and subapical bands completely separated along entire length; posterior apical band one-third width of subapical band; hyaline area between anterior apical and posterior apical bands extended to vein R 2+3; hyaline area between subapical and posterior apical bands extended very close to vein R 4+5.</p> <p>Abdomen (female, Fig. 6, male, Fig. 7): Predominantly yellow, including all of syntergite 1+2 and tergite 3. Female tergites 4–6 each with pair of medially separated rectangular brown marks or relatively continuous broad brown band at midlength. Male tergite 4 with a relatively broad and faint brown band near midlength, tergite 5 with a broad “moustache shaped” brown mark, with small medial, posterior indentation. All tergites with sparse black setulae.</p> <p>Male Terminalia (Figs. 8, 9): Epandrium brown dorsally, paler ventrally, with black setulae, in lateral view higher than long. Proctiger large, membranous, with some pale brown setae. Surstyli elongate; medial surstylus with two well developed subequal prensisetae; lateral surstylus 1.5 times epandrium height, in lateral view long, straight and slender, with preapical tooth-like anterior lobe, part distal to prensisetae approximately half as long as part proximal to prensisetae.</p> <p>Female Terminalia (Figs. 10–13): Oviscape entirely dark brown, 1.2–1.4 mm long. Eversible membrane (Fig. 10) with numerous triangular denticles in multiple V-shaped rows. Aculeus (Fig. 11) straight, 1.52–1.68 mm long, 0.24–0.26 mm wide, aculeus tip (Fig. 12) 0.26–0.28 mm long, tapering gradually to apex, lateral margin nonserrate. Spermathecae spherical with a few minute spicules on surface (Fig.13).</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Colombia, Antioquia department (Abejorral, Caldas and La Unión) between 2241–2521 meters altitude.</p> <p>Type data. Holotype ♀ MPUJ (ICAMF00000478), COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Caldas, vereda la Salada, 6.0013°N 75.6161°W, 2241 m., McPhail trap 4, 5 Sep 2018. Paratypes: COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Abejorral, El Buey, 5.8820°N 75.3526°W, 2294 m., McPhail trap 28, 11 Sep 2019, 1♂ (ICAMF00000481), 20 May 2021, 1♀ (ICAMF00000637). La Unión, vereda San Miguel predio La Pradera, 5.9303°N 75.3054°W, 2442 m., McPhail trap 14, 10 Apr 2018, 1♀ (ICAMF00000479); vereda Quebrada Negra, finca La Esperanza, 5.9680°N 75.3772°W, 2521 m., McPhail trap 10, 27 Sep 2019, 1♀ (ICAMF00000480); vereda San Miguel Santa Cruz, predio La Pradera, 5.9302°N 75.3055°W, 2438 m., McPhail trap 14, 12 Mar 2020, 1♀ (ICAMF00000557).</p> <p>Biology. Host plant unknown.</p> <p>Etymology. The name of this species is derived from Antioquia department where the type series was collected.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ABB25FFFECFFBFFF211354FEEAF96B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander;Norrbom, Allen L.;Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo;Balseiro, Francisco	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander, Norrbom, Allen L., Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo, Balseiro, Francisco (2021): New species and host plant records for Neotropical Rhagoletis Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae). Zootaxa 5060 (2): 231-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.2.4
03ABB25FFFE8FFBDFF211250FA73FC08.text	03ABB25FFFE8FFBDFF211250FA73FC08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhagoletis jamaicensis Foote 1981	<div><p>Rhagoletis jamaicensis Foote</p> <p>Figs 14, 16, 18, 20</p> <p>Rhagoletis jamaicensis Foote 1981: 39 (Holotype ♀ (Canadian National Collection, Ottawa), Jamaica: Hardwar Gap, 4000 ft.); Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías 2000: 18; Martínez et al. 2017: 550.</p> <p>Distribution. Recorded from Costa Rica, Jamaica (Foote 1981), Venezuela (Norrbom et al. 1999) and Colombia: Antioquia, Cundinamarca and Santander departments (Martínez et al. 2017). Here, we report it also from the departments of Boyacá and Norte de Santander. The Venezuela record in Norrbom et al. (1999) was based on the specimens listed in the following section. The record from Costa Rica (Foote 1981) appears to pertain to R. nicaraguensis.</p> <p>Specimens examined. COLOMBIA: Boyacá: Jenesano, Predio Villa Lilia 5.3866°N 73.3633°W, 2108 m., McPhail trap 134, 26 Apr 2019, 1♂ 1♀ (ICAMF00000521); same, 8 May 2019, 1♂ (ICAMF00000521); same, 7 Jun 2019, 4♂ 1♀ (ICAMF00000517); same, 21 Jun 2019, 2♀ (ICAMF00000518). Cundinamarca: Anolaima, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.281&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.0044" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.281/lat 5.0044)">Finca Villa Mariana</a>, 4.801332°N 74.175323°W, 1533 m., fruits of Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schrtdl. collected 30 Apr 2017, emerged 20–30 May 2017, P.A. Rodriguez, 16♂ 18♀ 8 larvae (ICAMF00000512–513); same, collected 4 Jan 2018, emerged 12–15 Feb 2018, 25♂ 8♀ (ICAMF00000514) 9 larvae (ICAMF00000515); Finca Villa Mariana, 4.80175°N 74.47569°W, 1558 m, multilure trap, 10–24 Aug 2015, A.L. Norrbom &amp; P.A. Rodriguez, 4♂ (USNM); same, emerged 5–7 May 2015 reared ex fruit of Acnistus arborescens collected 3 Apr 2015, P.A. Rodriguez, 5♂ 2♀ (FSCA) 4♂ 3♀ (USNM); Tena vía la Gran Vía a la Esperanza roadside, 4.652611°N 74.419444°W, 1127 m., fruits of Witheringia solanacea L’Her collected 13 May 2020, emerged 19–23 Jun 2020, P.A. Rodriguez, 5♂ 1♀ 11 larvae (ICAMF00000516); San Francisco, vía San Francisco- La Vega, vereda El Bosque Finca Villa Maria, 5.0044°N 74.2810°W, 1696 m., McPhail trap 10, 8 Oct 2019, 5♂ (ICAMF00000519). Norte de Santander: Los Patios Km 12- <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.5213&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.789" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.5213/lat 7.789)">Los Vados</a> predio El Ají, 7.7890°N 72.5213°W, 456 m., McPhail trap 22, 26 Jun 2016, 23♂ 3♀ (ICAMF00000560); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.622&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.4171" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.622/lat 7.4171)">Pamplonita</a>, 7.4171°N 72.622W 4, 1996 m., trap 22, 22 Apr 2014, ICA, 6♂ 2♀ (FSCA) 6♂ 3♀ (USNM USNMENT00677250–58). Santander: Concepción, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.16388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.29694" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.16388/lat 7.29694)">Finca Estadero Las Delicias</a>, 7.29694°N 73.16388°W, 956 m., McPhail trap 20, 10 Nov 2017, 5♂ 6♀ (ICAMF00000522). VENEZUELA: Mérida: near Timotes, [8.98722°N 70.73722°W], 16 May 1949, F. Fernández Yépez, 1♂ 1♀ (USNM USNMENT01355414–15; additional specimens in Universidad Central de Venezuela, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.73722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.98722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.73722/lat 8.98722)">Maracay</a>).</p> <p>Biology. Specimens from Cundinamarca were reared from fruits of two Solanaceae species without economic importance: Acnistus arborescens (Figs. 23–27), locally know by the common names “tabaquillo” or “fruto gallino”; and Witheringia solanacea (Figs. 28, 29), locally known by the common name “hierbamora cimarrona”. In the former, the larvae fed on the tissue (locular cavity) that surrounds the seeds of the fruit (Fig. 27). Fruits of the latter attacked by larvae can be easily recognized by the dark coloration that contrasts with the intense red of the ripe fruits (Fig. 29). One or two larvae per fruit were found in both host plant species.</p> <p>Comments: This is the first host plant information available for R. jamaicensis and confirms the strong relationship of the striatella species group with species of the family Solanaceae. Previously reported host plants for the group include husk-tomatoes, Physalis spp., reported for R. striatella Wulp (Smith &amp; Bush 1999) and Solanum appendiculatum Hum. &amp; Bonpl. ex Dunal and Lycianthes sideroxyloides (Schltdl.) Bitter reported for Rhagoletis solanophaga Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías (Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías 2000, Rull et al. 2016).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ABB25FFFE8FFBDFF211250FA73FC08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander;Norrbom, Allen L.;Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo;Balseiro, Francisco	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander, Norrbom, Allen L., Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo, Balseiro, Francisco (2021): New species and host plant records for Neotropical Rhagoletis Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae). Zootaxa 5060 (2): 231-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.2.4
03ABB25FFFEAFFBDFF2116B0FD1BF866.text	03ABB25FFFEAFFBDFF2116B0FD1BF866.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhagoletis macquartii (Loew 1873) : Loew 1873	<div><p>Rhagoletis macquartii (Loew)</p> <p>Figs. 37–40</p> <p>Urophora scutellaris Macquart 1851: 261 (Syntype (s), number and sex not stated, “Brésil. Goyas [Brazil: Goiás]. M. Castelnau. Muséum ”) (preocc. Wiedemann 1830).</p> <p>Trypeta macquartii Loew 1873: 267 (new name for scutellaris Macquart).</p> <p>Rhagoletis macquartii: Loew 1873: 267; Foote 1967: 40, 1981: 37; Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías 2000: 18.</p> <p>Type data. Under number 1942 in the Macquart Collection (MNHNP) there is one syntype with a label with “ Urophora scutellaris Macq. n. sp. ” in Macquart’s writing and a circular green-backed label with “16, 47”. Although missing its abdomen (Macquart said “abdomen (manque)” [lacking]), hindlegs, and left wing, this specimen, which is here designated as lectotype to stabilize usage of this name, is in relatively good condition and generally fits Foote’s (1981) diagnosis for R. macquartii.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: São João del Rei, [Apr 1819], F. Sellow, 1♂ 1♀ on same pin (ZMHU) [the pin of this specimen has a green handwritten label with “ San Joao d. Rey. Sello ”, and a white label with “2494”; it was determined by Hering as R. scutellaris, the preoccupied senior synonym of R. macquartii]. Rio de Janeiro: Petropolís, 24–27 Oct 1919, Cornell University Expedition, 1♀ (CUI USNMENT00212827).</p> <p>Biology. Host plant unknown.</p> <p>Comments. Loew (1873) proposed a replacement name for Urophora scutellaris Macquart, considering it a secondary junior homonym of Trypeta scutellaris Wiedemann, 1830, when he transferred the former to Trypeta, even though he transferred scutellaris Wiedemann to the Ulidiidae (as Ortalidae) earlier in same publication (p. 142). Secondary junior homonyms replaced before 1961 are invalid according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.</p> <p>The wing pattern of the lectotype (Fig. 39) is almost identical to Foote’s figure 83, with no accessory costal band, with a long narrow hyaline mark along the margin of cell r 2+3, and with cell bm and the base of cell dm entirely dark. The stripes of scutal microtrichia are narrowly connected anteriorly, thus this may not be as reliable a character to distinguish R. macquartii from R. jamaicensis as suggested by Foote (1981) (also see Martinez et al. 2017 discussion of variation in this character in R. jamaicensis). The continuous marginal hyaline area in cell r 2+3 is present in all of the examined specimens, although its width varies, thus this may be the most reliable character to distinguish R. macquartii from R. jamaicensis and R. nicaraguensis.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ABB25FFFEAFFBDFF2116B0FD1BF866	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander;Norrbom, Allen L.;Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo;Balseiro, Francisco	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander, Norrbom, Allen L., Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo, Balseiro, Francisco (2021): New species and host plant records for Neotropical Rhagoletis Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae). Zootaxa 5060 (2): 231-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.2.4
03ABB25FFFE5FFB3FF21122FFC0DFCD7.text	03ABB25FFFE5FFB3FF21122FFC0DFCD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhagoletis nicaraguensis Hernandez-Ortiz & Frias 2000	<div><p>Rhagoletis nicaraguensis Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías</p> <p>Rhagoletis nicaraguensis Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías 2000: 17 (Holotype ♀ (Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa), Nicaragua: Meseta de los Pueblos, Carazo, San Marcos, 1 Oct 1994, M. Niklaus-Ruiz).</p> <p>Distribution. This species has been recorded from Nicaragua (Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías 2000); additional specimens from Costa Rica are reported here.</p> <p>Specimens examined. COSTA RICA: Cartago: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.98333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.98333/lat 9.9)">Tres Ríos</a>, [9.90000°N 83.98333°W], 21 May 1988, C. Centeno, 1♂ (UCRSJ). San José: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.91667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.13333/lat 9.91667)">San Antonio de Escazú</a>, [9.91667°N 84.13333°W], 1300 m, Jun 1989, W. Eberhard, 1♀ (UCRSJ); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.91667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.13333/lat 9.91667)">San Antonio de Escazú</a>, [9.91667°N 84.13333°W], 1300 m, Sep 1992, W. Eberhard, 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00214381); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.05056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.93583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.05056/lat 9.93583)">Ciudad Universitaria</a> [Rodrigo Facio], [9.93583°N 84.05056°W], 7 Jul 1978, L. F. Jirón, 1♀ paratype R. jamaicensis (USNM USNMENT01355413); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.17598&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.93199" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.17598/lat 9.93199)">Santa Ana</a>, [9.93199°N 84.17598°W], AAT traps, 14 May 1958, E. Morales, 3♀ (USNM USNMENT01355410–12).</p> <p>Biology. Host plant unknown.</p> <p>Comments. Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías (2000) distinguished R. jamaicensis from R. nicaraguensis on the basis of whether the discal and subapical bands were connected posteriorly (connected in R. nicaraguensis, separated in R. jamaicensis), the breadth of the connection between the subapical and posterior apical bands (hyaline area between them not entering cell r 4+ 5 in R. nicaraguensis), and the width of the brown basal area on the disk of the scutellum (narrower in R. nicaraguensis). Martínez et al. (2017) described the variation in these characters in Colombian populations of R. jamaicensis, particularly the wing characters, and they likewise vary in the newly reported specimens from Colombia. The examined specimens from Costa Rica vary in the connection of the discal and subapical bands. Although they have the posterior apical band more narrowly connected to the subapical band and vary slightly in the width of the basal brown area on the scutellum, the latter area is narrow. These specimens are therefore tentatively considered to be R. nicaraguensis rather than R. jamaicensis. Further study of these species is needed to confirm their status.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ABB25FFFE5FFB3FF21122FFC0DFCD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander;Norrbom, Allen L.;Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo;Balseiro, Francisco	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander, Norrbom, Allen L., Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo, Balseiro, Francisco (2021): New species and host plant records for Neotropical Rhagoletis Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae). Zootaxa 5060 (2): 231-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.2.4
03ABB25FFFE4FFB1FF2116CCFD7CFCB2.text	03ABB25FFFE4FFB1FF2116CCFD7CFCB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhagoletis psalida Hendel 1914	<div><p>Rhagoletis psalida complex</p> <p>Figs. 15, 17, 19, 21, 22</p> <p>Distribution. The psalida complex includes three nominal species reported from the Andean countries: Rhagoletis metallica (Schiner) from Peru and Venezuela; Rhagoletis psalida Hendel from Peru; and Rhagoletis rhytida Hendel from Bolivia and Ecuador (Foote 1981). Specimens of the complex were also reported from Colombia (Cundinamarca and Meta departments) (Martínez et al. 2017), and here are also reported from Boyacá department.</p> <p>Specimens examined. BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: Pongo, 5 km. W of, -17.715 -66.600, 3820 m, on shruby Solanum sp., 23 Mar 2001, A. Freidberg, 3♂ 3♀ (USNM USNMENT00216758–63). La Paz: El Alto, 14 km. S of, -16.66833 -68.18333, 3900 m, on potato, 20 Mar 2001, A. Freidberg, 2♂ 2♀ (ANCB USNMENT00215216–19), 4♂ 3♀ (USNM USNMENT00216771–77). COLOMBIA: Boyacá: Duitama, vereda Higerón, Cedeagro, 5.5711°N 73.0499°W, 2670 m., fruits of Solanum pseudocapsicum L. collected 4 Aug 2016, emerged 9–14 Sep 2016, 5♂ 5♀ (ICAMF00000523); Sotaquirá, vereda Bosigas, sector El Manzano, 5.7515°N 73.1842°W, 2532 m., McPhail trap 12, 11 Dec 2019, 1♀ (ICAMF00000559); same, 26 Apr 2019, 1♀ (ICAMF00000524); Tibasosa, 5.744732°N 73.001771°W, 2552 m., fruits of Solanum pseudocapsicum collected 1 Jun 2018, emerged 17 Jul Sep 2018, 1♂ 2♀ (ICAMF00000525); Vereda Peña Negra, Predio El Bosque, 5.8041°N 72.9961°W, 2602m., fruits of Solanum pseudocapsicum collected Sep 24 2020, emerged 1 Oct 2020, 1♀ (ICAMF00000558). Cundinamarca: Bogotá, Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, 4.6693°N 74.1006°W, 2563 m., fruits of Solanum interandinum Bitter collected 17 Dec 2015, emerged 16–20 Jan 2016, 4♂ 6♀ 5 larvae (ICAMF00000534); same, collected 6 Jun 2017, emerged 5–10 Jul 2017, 2♂ 2♀ 2 larvae (ICAMF00000533); same, fruits of Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigenum (Juz. &amp; Burkasov) Hawkes collected 16 Jun 2017, emerged 17–23 Jul 2017, 11♂ 4♀ (ICAMF00000531); Jardín Botánico, 4.66833°N 74.10056°W, 2555 m., 5 Aug 2014, G. Caicedo, 3♂ 2♀ (USNM USNMENT00677275–79); Jardín Botánico, 4.6675°N 74.10111°W, 2556 m, reared ex fruit of hierbamora, Solanum interandinum, 3 Jun 2015, G. Caicedo, 1♂ 1♀ (USNM); same, reared ex fruit of papa, Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigenum [labeled as S. phureja], 11 Jan 2015, P.A. Rodriguez &amp; G. Caicedo, 1♂ 1♀ (USNM); Subachoque, vía rural hacia Tenjo, 4.9259°N 74.1159°W, 2520 m., fruits of Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigenum collected 7 Jan 2018, emerged 10–14 Feb 2018, 1♀ (ICAMF00000532). PERU: Junín: Quilcas, Pachapaqui, 3600 m, reared from fruit of potato, 7 Mar 2003, H. Rodriguez, 1♂ 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00213645–46). Lima: Rimac Canyon, Rt. 20, btw. San Mateo &amp; Tunel Cacrag, -11.74083 -76.28556, 3323 m, emerged 27 May 2010 reared ex fruit of Solanum americanum Mill. (10-PE-08) collected 16 Apr 2010, N. Nolazco &amp; A.L. Norrbom, 1♀ (USNMENT00745368) 1 larva (USNMENT00745369).</p> <p>Biology. Specimens were reared from fruits of three Solanaceae species in Colombia. The first, Solanum interandinum (Figs. 15, 30–33), is locally known by the common names “tomatillo del diablo”, “hierbamora” and “ropamora”. Field observations made in the Jardín Botánico de Bogotá for several days showed that adults frequent this plant in the early morning and late afternoon, where they are seen copulating on the leaves or stems (Fig. 15). The larvae feed on tissue of the locular cavity that surrounds the seeds of the fruit (Figs. 32, 33). A second host, Solanum pseudocapsicum (Figs. 34, 35), is a small introduced ornamental shrub locally know by the common names: “mirto” and “cerezo de Jerusalén” that is very common in gardens and rural areas of the “Altiplano cundiboyacenese”, including the Bogotá savanna. Its fruits are highly toxic, containing moderate levels of the glycol-alkaloids solanine, solanocapsin and o-methylsolanocapsine (Mejía et al. 2013). The third host, Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigenum, is locally known as “mamones de papa” its fruits are small and similar in color and consistency to unripe tomatoes (Fig. 36) larvae are frequent in unharvested plants. One larva per fruit was found in all three Solanum species. In Peru, Solanum americanum is a host plant for the psalida complex, and in Bolivia and Peru specimens were collected on or reared from “potato”, although the scientific name of the plant was not indicated.</p> <p>Comments. The psalida complex includes three nominal species whose taxonomy is poorly resolved and whose biology is poorly understood. These include R. metallica, R. psalida and R. rhytida. Foote (1981) revised the Neotropical Rhagoletis and Martínez et al. (2017) reported specimens of the complex from Colombia, but the status of these populations is unresolved. The only previously reported host plant data for the psalida group was the record by Munro (1968) of larvae of R. psalida from potato fruits in the vicinity of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia where the fly species was considered to be of little or no economic importance.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ABB25FFFE4FFB1FF2116CCFD7CFCB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander;Norrbom, Allen L.;Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo;Balseiro, Francisco	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander, Norrbom, Allen L., Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo, Balseiro, Francisco (2021): New species and host plant records for Neotropical Rhagoletis Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae). Zootaxa 5060 (2): 231-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.2.4
03ABB25FFFE1FFB6FF2115F5FB94F991.text	03ABB25FFFE1FFB6FF2115F5FB94F991.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhagoletis solanophaga Hernandez-Ortiz & Frias 2000	<div><p>Rhagoletis solanophaga Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías</p> <p>Rhagoletis solanophaga Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías 2000: 16</p> <p>(Holotype ♂ (Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa): Mexico: Veracruz: Xalapa, Jardin Bothnico 1280 m, 17 Oct 1990, R. Pérez, ex larva in fruits of Solanum appendiculatum); Rull et al. 2016: 631.</p> <p>Distribution. This species has been recorded from Costa Rica and México (Veracruz) (Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías 2000, Rull et al. 2016). Additional specimens from Bolivia and Costa Rica are reported here.</p> <p>Specimens examined. BOLIVIA: La Paz: 28 km. N of Caranavi, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.49669&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.68075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.49669/lat -15.68075)">Cultura</a>, 15.68075°S 67.49669°W, emerged 30 Nov 2001 reared ex fruit of Lycianthes pseudolycioides (01-Bol-24) collected 14 Apr 2001, A. L. Norrbom &amp; J. Peñaranda, 5♂ 1♀ (USNM, ANCB USNMENT00216972–76, USNMENT00745917). COSTA RICA: Cartago: A. C. A. C. Amistad, Monumento Nacional Guayabo, LN 217400 570000, 1100 m, Jul 1994, G. Fonseca, 1♂ (MNCR INBioCRI001888034). Guanacaste: Liberia, Parque Nac. Guanacaste, Estación Mengo, LN 322740 375198, 1000 m, bosque primario; manual (red, libre), 6–30 Apr 1988, Espinoza, 1♂ (MNCR INBioCRI0004040113); Macizo Miravalles, Estación Cabro Muco, LN 299769 411243, 1100 m, trampa de luz mercurio, 28 Mar–3 Apr 2003, M. A. Zumbado, 1♀ (MNCR INBioCRI0003720583).</p> <p>Biology. Solanum appendiculatum Dunal and Lycianthes sideroxyloides (Schltdl.) Bitter were previously reported as host plants for Rhagoletis solanophaga (Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías 2000, Rull et al. 2016). In Bolivia, this species was reared from fruit of Lycianthes pauciflora (Vahl) Bitter (= Lycianthes pseudolycioides (Chod. &amp; Hassl.) Bitter).</p> <p>Comments. The Costa Rican and Bolivian specimens examined closely match the original description of R. solanophaga, except the brown lateral spot on the scutellum just reaches the basal scutellar seta, one of the Costa Rican and the Bolivian specimens have more extensive posterior brown markings on the scutum, with narrow vittae on the intra-alar and sometimes the dorsocentral lines extending anteriorly to the dorsocentral seta or almost to the transverse suture, in some Bolivian specimens there is a second narrow connection between the discal and subapical bands, and the Costa Rican specimens have a medial brown area on the mid femur, whereas it is mostly brown in the Bolivian specimens (versus entirely yellow in the type specimens; the hind femur and tibia are brown except basally and apically in all of the specimens).</p> <p>Key. The following modifications to the key of Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías (2000) are provided to include R. antioquiensis:</p> <p>3(1’) Scutum reddish to orange; cell c mostly hyaline, only narrowly brown basally; subbasal and discal bands completely separated along entire length; hyaline fascia between anterior and posterior apical bands usually extended anteriorly to at least middle of width of cell r 2+3..................................................................................... 3A</p> <p>- Scutum black; cell c brown proximally and distally; subbasal and discal bands usually connected; hyaline fascia between anterior and posterior apical bands usually not extended anteriorly to middle of width of cell r2+3...........................4</p> <p>3A Scutellum mostly white, distinctly paler than reddish-yellow scutum; scutum with weak pollinosity (microtrichial) pattern of four stripes; discal and subapical bands broadly joined in cell m 4; subscutellum and mediotergite wholly black............................................................................... R. solanophaga Hernández-Ortiz &amp; Frías</p> <p>- Scutellum orange, concolorous with scutum; scutum without discernable pollinosity (microtrichial) pattern (Fig. 4); discal and subapical bands separated along entire length (Fig. 5); subscutellum and mediotergite completely yellow-orange without black markings.............................................................. R. antioquiensis Rodriguez &amp; Norrbom</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ABB25FFFE1FFB6FF2115F5FB94F991	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander;Norrbom, Allen L.;Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo;Balseiro, Francisco	Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander, Norrbom, Allen L., Peñaranda, Guadalupe Caicedo Emilio Arévalo, Balseiro, Francisco (2021): New species and host plant records for Neotropical Rhagoletis Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae). Zootaxa 5060 (2): 231-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.2.4
