identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C00171030ECEFBF05785E6F18114F028.text	C00171030ECEFBF05785E6F18114F028.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anomocora fecunda (Pourtales 1871)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Anomocora fecunda (
Pourtales
, 1871)
</p>
            <p>Fig. 1A, B</p>
            <p> Coelosmilia fecunda Pourtalès , 1871: 21-22 (in part: pl. 1, fig. 12, pl. 6, figs 14-15). </p>
            <p> Coenosmilia fecunda . - Zibrowius 1980: 131-133 (in part: pl. 67, figs A-K). </p>
            <p> Parasmilia fecunda . - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 229. </p>
            <p> Anomocora fecunda . - Cairns 1979: 127-129, pl. 24, figs 6-8, Map 35. - Cairns 2000: 128. - Reyes et al. 2009: 25-26, fig. 4L, M. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 452-454, figs 244E-G, 245. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Southern Straits, Florida; 124-576 m (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Six syntypes are deposited at the MCZ (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p> SAMC_A073042 (1 specimen): 53 km from  Shaka’s Rock/ 46 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°32'53.88"S, 31°47'12.11"E; 200 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum cylindrical, straight to gently curved, tapering towards a broken base. Axial corallite of examined specimen measures 8.1 mm in CD and 48.9 mm in H, and bears 18 secondary corallites. Secondary corallites bud irregularly, usually perpendicular to axial corallite. Calices circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.00-1.1), calicular margin slightly serrated. Specimen examined has two scars of former buds on theca, with secondary corallites rarely exceeding 5 mm in CD. Costae well developed, particularly at calicular margin, corresponding with septa in size. C1 most prominent, higher costae progressively smaller. Intercostal striae shallow and narrow. Theca thin. Corallum white, with C1-2 having light greenish brown tints.</p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (46 septa). S1 most exsert, reaching columella with straight and vertical axial margins. S2 less exsert and half the width of S1, also with straight axial margins bearing slender ribbons. S3 not exsert, 2/3 the size of S2, also bearing ribbons that intermingle with those of S2. S4 rudimentary, with sinuous to slightly dentate axial margins. Septa mostly smooth, with growth lines along septal margin, and faint granulation perpendicular to septal margin. Fossa deep, with poorly developed trabecular columella, which is indistinguishable from S2 and S3 intermingled slender ribbons.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off  Shaka’s Rock; 200 m. Elsewhere: Bahamas; Caribbean (Reyes et al. 2009); eastern Gulf of Mexico; northeastern Brazil (off  Maranhão ); St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks (Cairns 1979); Azores; Madeira; Canary Islands (Zibrowius 1980); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 37-640 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> According to Cairns (1979),  Anomoroca fecunda closely resembles  Coenosmilia arbuscula Pourtalès , 1871, but differs in having a more elongated corallum with thin costae forming continuous ridges. Further differences are highlighted in budding: in  A. fecunda buds appear randomly and detach from the theca of parent corallum before the third generation appears. However, in  C. arbuscula , new buds appear equally spaced around the calicular perimeter and remain firmly attached, resulting in a small bushy colony of which the main corallite gives rise to five successive generations. Differences in columella are also noted between the two species, with  A. fecunda having a faint trabecular columella and  C. arbuscula a well-developed papillose columella. Examined specimen represents a new record to the southwest Indian Ocean. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C00171030ECEFBF05785E6F18114F028	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
232FBF467DC8C90B0B00BB0E61AF1B71.text	232FBF467DC8C90B0B00BB0E61AF1B71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anomocora marchadi (Chevalier 1966)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anomocora marchadi (Chevalier, 1966)</p>
            <p>Fig. 1C-F</p>
            <p> Ceratotrochus johnsoni . - Gardiner 1904: 118-119, pl. 1, figs 5A-C, pl. 2, fig. M. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 188. </p>
            <p> Dasmosmilia marchadi Chevalier, 1966: 944-949, pl. 5, figs 3, 4. </p>
            <p> Asterosmilia marchadi . - Cairns and Keller 1993: 249, fig. 6A, B. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia capensis . - Boshoff 1981: 40 (in part). </p>
            <p> Anomocora marchadi . - Cairns 2000: 130-131. - Cairns 2004: 276. - Reyes et al. 2009: 26, 27, fig. 4A-Q. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Cape Verde, Senegal (RV 'Gerard  Tréca’ stn 18-2-1954); 97-98 m (Chevalier 1966). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the MNHN (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A090093 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.03333/lat -29.966667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.966667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 14 km off Durban / 12 km Mbokodweni Estuary, 29°58'00.00"S, 31°01'59.99"E; 49 m.   SAM_H1683 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.051388/lat -29.883331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.051388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883331">Western</a>
                 margin, 22 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.051388/lat -29.883331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.051388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883331">Cape Town</a>
                 / 13 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.051388/lat -29.883331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.051388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883331">Elsies Estuary</a>
                 , 34°04'59.99"S, 18°19'59.99"E; depth unknown. SAM_H3098 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.051388/lat -29.883331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.051388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883331">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 6 km off Durban / 9 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°52'59.99"S, 31°03'05.00"E; 86 m.   SAM_H3099 (7 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 3 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 71- 73 m.   SAM_H3100 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.18333/lat -29.566668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.18333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.566668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 9 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 2 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°34'00.00"S, 31°10'59.99"E; 66 m.   ORI_EIa4 (1 specimen): no locality data. USNM 91561 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.821667/lat -27.217667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.821667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.217667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 26 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'03.60"S, 32°49'18.00"E; 60 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> BMNH 1950.1.10.118 (2 specimens), BMNH1950.3.22.13 (2 specimens): no locality data. SAM_H1456 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 9 km from  Shaka’s Rock/2 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°34'00.00"S, 31°10'59.99"E; 66 m. SAM_H2806 (1 specimen): no locality data. MN_ZH17 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 59 km off Cape Vidal/10 km of Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°37'00.00"S, 32°40'54.00"E; 65-70 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, ceratoid, tapering to a free pointed base. Axial corallite with ≤ two secondary corallites. Corallites bud from margin zone of parent corallum. Budding extra-tentacular. Calices round to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), with serrated calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A90093) 9.8  × 8.9 mm in CD and 16.1 mm in H. Costae prominent and unequal in width. C1-2 wider than C3-4. All costae granulated and separated by broad intercostal striae extending from calicular margin to base. Corallum white to reddish brown. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1 highly exsert, with straight axial margin that fuse to columella deep in fossa. S2 slightly less wide and less exsert than S1, but otherwise similar in profile. S3  ½ width and less exsert than S2, with dentate axial margin, each bearing a paliform lobe (P3). In each system, a pair of P3 fuse before S2 near columella. S4 as exsert as S3, but rudimentary in development. Septal faces bear granules arranged perpendicular to septa margin. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a crispate columella which is usually indistinguishable to pali. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western and eastern margin of South Africa, from Cape Town towards the Kosi Bay estuary, (41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 49-86 m. Elsewhere: off Pensacola; Florida; southern Caribbean from Colombia to Peninsula de Paria Venezuela (Cairns 1979; Reyes et al. 2009); from Spanish Sahara to Gabon (Zibrowius 1980); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); South China Sea; Mozambique; off Pemba; Tanzania; Maldives (Gardiner and Waugh 1938; Cairns and Keller 1993); 32-229 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Anomocora marchadi differs from  A. prolifera (  Pourtalès , 1871) in having P3 fusing before S2 near the columella (Cairns 1979). However,  A. prolifera has not yet been reported from South Africa, thus  A. marchadi differs from the only other species reported in the region (  A. fecunda ), in having paliform lobes indistinguishable from the columellar elements.  Anomocora marchadi was first reported from South Africa by Gardiner (1904), off Cape Natal. Subsequently, Boshoff (1981) incorrectly identified this species as  Balanophyllia capensis . Nonetheless, material examined herein extends the known South African distribution of this species further north towards Durban. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/232FBF467DC8C90B0B00BB0E61AF1B71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
9C4D8FCDEFE8540C452FF82C585B0F22.text	9C4D8FCDEFE8540C452FF82C585B0F22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anomocora Studer 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anomocora Studer, 1877</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Solitary, subcylindrical, free. Tendency to bud new coralla from margin zone with subsequent loss of organic connection. Wall thin. Columella trabecular, no pali.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Coelosmilia fecunda Pourtalès , 1871, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C4D8FCDEFE8540C452FF82C585B0F22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
81AFAEA335A7612E8800452F11101D21.text	81AFAEA335A7612E8800452F11101D21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atlantia denticulata Filander & Kitahara 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Atlantia denticulata Filander &amp; Kitahara sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Fig. 7G, H</p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Gouritsmond, Southern margin of South Africa (FV 'Compass  Challenger’ , 35°31'52.31"S, 22°07'25.28"E); 170 m. </p>
            <p>Material.</p>
            <p> Holotype: SAMC_A090157, Southern margin, 132 km from Gouritsmond/ 143 km off Goukou Estuary, 35°31'52.31"S, 22°07'25.28"E; 170 m. Paratypes: DEFF/SAEON_CCH009 (15 specimens): Southern margin, 132 km from Gouritsmond/ 133 km off Gourits Estuary, 35°31'52.31"S, 22°07'25.28"E;  170 m. DEFF/SAEON_ A32786 (3 specimens): Southern margin, 145 km from Gouritsmond/ 152 km off Goukou Estuary, 35°39'19.79"S, 22°02'10.68"E ; 175 m. UCTES_SST91P (4 specimens): Southern margin, other locality data unknown. </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> The species name  Atlantia denticulata (derived from the Latin dens for small tooth + suffix -  ātus ) refers to the axial margins of S3 being dentate. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum phaceloid to dendroid. Budding extra-tentacular from base or theca of parent corallite. Holotype consists of 84 corallites, and is 84.6 mm in H. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1). Epitheca absent. Theca porous, especially near calicular margin. Costae thick, equal in width, granular, and extend to base. Intercostal striae deep. Corallum white.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in a normal fashion, with four complete cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1 almost meet opposite septa with vertical axial margins. S21/3 to  ½ width of S1, also with vertical axial margins. S31/3 the width of S2 and have slightly laciniate to dentate axial margins. S4 rudimentary, bearing dentate to laciniate axial margins. Septa not exsert. Septal faces bear granules sparsely arranged. Fossa deep, containing a rudimentary columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern margin, off Gouritsmond; 170 m. Elsewhere: Only known from the type locality.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The genus  Atlantia was recently described by Capel et al. (2020), who outlined the significance of the normally arranged septa (i.e.,  Pourtalès Plan absent), poorly developed columella, and uniform corallum porosity in distinguishing the genus from other dendrophylliids. The colonies examined herein represents a new species in the genus.  Atlantia denticulata sp. nov. differs from the type species (A.  Atlantia caboverdiana ) in its primary septa extending further into columella (almost meeting with other primaries), tertiary septa never fusing to neighbouring primaries, the rudimentary nature of the columella, and the axial margins of S3 consistently being dentate to laciniate. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81AFAEA335A7612E8800452F11101D21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
2824A1AC81D27249AF57F0365B951F48.text	2824A1AC81D27249AF57F0365B951F48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atlantia Lopez & Capel 2020	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Atlantia 
Lopez
&amp; Capel, 2020
</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Colonies bushy, phaceloid to dendroid, achieved by extra-tentacular budding (frequently from theca of a parent corallite at an acute angle). No epitheca. Septa normally arranged and granular. Columella poorly to moderately developed. Gender: feminine.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Atlantia caboverdiana (  Ocaña &amp; Brito, 2015), by subsequent designation (Capel et al. 2020). </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Although  Atlantia resembles  Cladopsammia Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897;  Astroides Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1827;  Enallopsammia Sismonda, 1871;  Tubastraea Lesson, 1829; and  Dendrophyllia de Blainville, 1830 in having new corallites budding from the common basal coenosteum of colony or from the edge zone of corallites, it differs by: (i) always being attached (ii) having normally arranged septa, (iii) poorly developed, and (iv) porosity of corallum consistently uniform (Capel et al. 2020). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2824A1AC81D27249AF57F0365B951F48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
991767C6A052BA1A5A93B793A1CCDD4B.text	991767C6A052BA1A5A93B793A1CCDD4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aulocyathus juvenescens von Marenzeller 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aulocyathus juvenescens von Marenzeller, 1904a</p>
            <p>Fig. 1G, H</p>
            <p> Aulocyathus juvenescens von Marenzeller, 1904a: 301-302, pl. 18, fig. 17. - Zibrowius 1980: 107. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 247. -Cairns 1994: pl. 26, figs H, I. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 130. - Cairns 1999a: 104, fig. 15H. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 409-411, figs 221, 222G-I. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Pemba and Zanzibar Island, Tanzania (SS '  Valdivia ' stn. 243 and 245: 6°39'1"S, 39°30'8"E, 5°27'9"S, 39°18'8"E, respectively); 400-463 m (von Marenzeller 1904a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Syntypes are deposited at the ZMB (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> 'Galathea  Expedition’ stn. 196 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, 33 km off Durban/31 km off Beachwood Mangroves, 29°55'00.00"S, 31°19'59.99"E; 425-430 m. 'Mortensen-Java  Expedition’ stn. 25 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, off Durban, 424 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, ceratoid, and usually attached to a fragment of the parent corallum. Calice circular, with finely serrated calicular margin. Largest imaged specimen (Galathea Expedition stn. 196) 6.5  × 6.5 mm in CD, and ≤ 11.0 mm in H. Costae restricted to calicular margin, with low intercostal striae. Theca smooth and porcelaneous. Corallum white, with longitudinal light brown pigmentation. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (30 septa). S1 most exsert septal cycle. S2 slightly less exsert than S1, being 3/4 the width of S1. S3-4 progressively less exsert. S3 dimorphic in size: those in half systems lacking S4 only  ½ the width of S2, and those flanked by a pair of S4 attain the same width as S2. If present, S4  ½ the size of S3. All septa with vertical and slightly sinuous axial margin, S3-4 bearing dentate axial margins deeper on fossa. All septal faces with fine granulations. Fossa deep containing a rudimentary columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Durban; 424-430 m. Elsewhere: Vanuatu; Philippines (Cairns 1999a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Tanzania (von Marenzeller 1904a; Cairns and Keller 1993); 182-790 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The imagery records of  Aulocyathus juvenescens represent a distributional range extension for this species further south of Tanzania and are also new records for South Africa. Although these specimens have no more than 30 septa, their morphology is consistent with the taxonomic diagnosis of the species detailed by von Marenzeller (1904a). Amongst the four recent species of the genus,  A. juvenescens has the smallest CD, least number of septa, and a porcelaneous theca (Cairns 1999a). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/991767C6A052BA1A5A93B793A1CCDD4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
C9A595F8CE7114448CE881E82D234E7D.text	C9A595F8CE7114448CE881E82D234E7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aulocyathus matricidus (Kent 1871)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aulocyathus sp.cf. matricidus (Kent, 1871)</p>
            <p>Fig. 1I, J</p>
            <p> Flabellum matricidum Kent, 1871: 276, pl. 23: fig. 2A-C. </p>
            <p> Fragilocyathus conotrochoides Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1932a: 388, 389, fig. 1. -Yabe and Eguchi 1941 a: 101. - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 116, 145. pl. 9: fig. 15. - Eguchi 1965a: 288, 4 figs. - Eguchi and Miyawaki 1975: 57. </p>
            <p> Aulocyathus cf. matricidus . - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 112, 116. </p>
            <p> Aulocyathus matricidus . - Cairns 1999a: 104. -Cairns 1994: 60, pl. 26, figs C-G, pl. 42, figs B-D. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Japan, 84 m (Zibrowius 1980; Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two syntypes are deposited at the NHM (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>ORI_DIa1 (2 specimens): no locality data.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, attached, and conical to elongate. Calice circular, calicular margin smooth. Largest of two specimens examined (ORI_DIa1) 5.2  × 5.1 mm in CD, and ≤ 15.4 mm in H. Costae wide. Theca and costae granular. Corallum light brown. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (32 septa). S1-2 most exsert septa. S1 extend almost towards centre of fossa, with vertical to slightly sinuous axial margin. S2  ¼ less wide than S1, also has vertical axial margin, and being granular deeper in fossa. S3-4 progressively less exsert (if at all). S3 dimorphic in size: those half-systems lacking S4 only  ½ the width of S2, while those flanked by S4 attain almost the same width of S2. If present, S4  ½ the width of S3. Axial margins of S3-4 dentate. Septal faces finely granular. Fossa deep containing a rudimentary columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa; depth unknown. Elsewhere: Tsugara Strait; and Japan Sea (Cairns 1994); 84-207 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Among all congeners, specimens examined closely resemble  Aulocyathus matricidus in having a smooth calicular margin, upper peripheral septa not notched, rudimentary columella, and a slender pedicel. However,  A. matricidus is only known from Japan and, therefore, its occurrence in the southwestern Indian Ocean would represent a disjunct distribution. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C9A595F8CE7114448CE881E82D234E7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
ACF91354F2D80715A84A3C53FAD3B093.text	ACF91354F2D80715A84A3C53FAD3B093.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aulocyathus von Marenzeller 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aulocyathus von Marenzeller, 1904a</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, ceratoid, and free. Evidence of budding from a longitudinally fragmented of the parent corallum common. Costae poorly defined. Upper, distal septal margins join theca below upper thecal margin usually forming a calicular thecal rim. Slender paliform lobes occasionally present before S1-3. Columella trabecular.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Aulocyathus juvenescens von Marenzeller, 1904a, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ACF91354F2D80715A84A3C53FAD3B093	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
3144DBFF541EE8143D28E62ABC6D1DFB.text	3144DBFF541EE8143D28E62ABC6D1DFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) bonaespei van der Horst 1938	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) bonaespei van der Horst, 1938</p>
            <p>Fig. 7I, J</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia bonaespei van der Horst, 1938: 142-145, pl. 5, figs 2-5. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Oudekraal, Cape Peninsula, South Africa, depth unknown (van der Horst 1938).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>USNM 1423303 (neotype: 1 specimen): Southern margin, 11 km off Agulhas/ 9 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 34°47'12.12"S, 20°08'35.87"E; 32 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum trochoid and fixed to substrate by a thin encrusting base. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.2). Only specimen examined (USNM 1423303) 9.0  × 7.8 mm in CD and 9.3 mm in H. Epitheca thin from middle corallum to encrusting base. Epitheca bear transverse ridges. Costae conspicuous near calicular margin, being equal in width, granular, and porous. Intercostal striae deep and as porous as costae. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in a prominent  Pourtalès plan, with five cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1&gt; S2 ≥ S4&gt; S3 = S5 (≤ 55 septa). S1-2 independent and not reaching columella. S1 most exsert, and have straight to dentate axial margins. S2 slightly less exsert, and 1/3 smaller than S1, also with straight to dentate axial margins. S3-4 progressively less exsert. S31/3 the width of S2, and displaying the most dentate axial margins. S4 dimorphic in size: in half-systems without S5, S4 are as wide as S2. Whilst in half-systems with S5, S4 neighbouring S1 as wide as S3 and S4 neighbouring S2 as wide to slightly less wide than S2. Furthermore, half-systems without S5, S4 fuse before S2 and extend to columella as one septum, but in complete half-systems, S5 joins in front of S2 and extend to columella as one septum. S5, if present, similar in size as S3. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a slender and elongate spongy columella aligned with GCD. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western (van der Horst 1938) and Southern margin of South Africa, extending from off Oudekraal (van der Horst 1938) towards the Agulhas; 32 m. Elsewhere: Only known from South Africa.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Only one specimen of  Balanophyllia (B.) bonaespei has been collected subsequent to its original description. Since the type is untraceable, we therefore assign this examined specimen as a neotype here. The examined specimen agrees with van der  Horst’s (1938) description and illustration in that S5 (when present in half-system) are arranged in a  Pourtalès plan, fusing with S3 in front of S4, and then merging with each other before meandering towards S2. This new record further extends the distribution of  B. bonaespei to the Southern margin of South Africa.  Balanophyllia bonaespei closely resembles  B. capensis , and distinguishing features are outlined in the remarks section of that species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3144DBFF541EE8143D28E62ABC6D1DFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
7B89349F4A47C96601133B2CBBD6DA98.text	7B89349F4A47C96601133B2CBBD6DA98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) capensis Verrill 1865	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) capensis Verrill, 1865</p>
            <p>Fig. 7K, N</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia capensis Verrill, 1865: 149. -van der Horst 1938: 140-142. pl. 6, figs 1-6. - Boshoff 1981: 40. - Cairns 1999b: 25. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia bonaespeii . - Boshoff 1981: 40. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia cummingii . - Boshoff 1981: 41. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) capensis . - Cairns 2001: 16. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Simonstown, South Africa; 567 m (Verrill 1865; van der Horst 1938).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the YPM (Gall 2020).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF/SEAON _ A33997 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.703217/lat -34.064865)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.703217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.064865">Southern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Cape Padrone / 40 km off Boknes Estuary, 34°03'53.52"S, 26°42'11.58"E; 100 m.   DEFF_BD17.INV02B (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.288347/lat -33.022938)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.288347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.022938">Southern</a>
                 margin, 27 km off Cintsa Mouth / 25 km off Bulura Estuary, 33°01'22.58"S, 28°17'18.05"E; 122 m.   DEFF_NANSEN-INV 16 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.913166/lat -30.30033)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.913166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.30033">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from Scottburgh /off Mahlongwana Estuary, 30°18'01.19"S, 30°54'47.40"E; 226 m.   ORI_EIa3 (28 specimens), ORI _ EIa4 (1 specimen), ORI _ EIa5 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.329998/lat -29.535)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.329998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.535">Eastern</a>
                 margin, other locality data unknown. SAMC_A073003 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.329998/lat -29.535)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.329998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.535">Southern</a>
                 margin, other locality data unknown. SAMC_A073020 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.329998/lat -29.535)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.329998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.535">Southern</a>
                 margin,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.329998/lat -29.535)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.329998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.535">Wavecrest Rocks</a>
                 ; depth unknown. SAMC_A073032 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.329998/lat -29.535)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.329998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.535">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 9 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 12 km off Mhlali Estuary, 29°32'06.00"S, 31°19'47.99"E; 50 m.   SAMC_A073034 (12 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.7833/lat -29.558296)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.7833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.558296">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 53 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 46 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°33'29.87"S, 31°46'59.88"E; 180 m.   SAMC_A073080 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.936697/lat -29.3567)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.936697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.3567">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 49 km from Mtunzini / 42 km off Nyoni Estuary, 29°21'24.12"S, 31°56'12.11"E; 180 m.   SAMC_A073111 (1 specimen):  Southern margin, off Buffalo Bay; 10 m.   SAMC_A073121 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.425/lat -29.5483)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5483">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock /off Mhlali Estuary, 29°32'53.88"S, 31°25'30.00"E; 65 m.   SAMC_A073122 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.92/lat -31.501698)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.501698">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Port St. Johns / 13 km off Mkweni Estuary, 31°30'06.11"S, 29°55'12.00"E; 200 m.   SAMC_A073163 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.3183/lat -32.0333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.3183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.0333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Coffee Bay / 16 km off Mdumbi Estuary, 32°01'59.87"S, 29°19'05.88"E; 200- 210 m.   SAMC_A073174 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.28/lat -31.980001)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.980001">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Coffee Bay / 9 km off Mdumbi Estuary, 31°58'48.00"S, 29°16'48.00"E; 90 m.   SAMC_A073188 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.274998/lat -34.15667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.274998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.15667">Western</a>
                 margin, 31 km from Cape Point / 13 km off Krom Estuary, 34°09'24.00"S, 18°16'29.99"E; 75 m.   SAMC_A073194 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.0467/lat -32.953297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.0467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.953297">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 46 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.0467/lat -32.953297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.0467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.953297">Gonubie</a>
                 / 5 km off Berg River V Estuary, 32°57'11.87"S, 28°02'48.12"E; 30 m.   SAMC_A073201 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.333302/lat -29.5333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.333302&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 10 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 12 km off Mhlali Estuary, 29°31'59.88"S, 31°19'59.88"E; 51 m.   SAMC_A073224 (1 specimen):  Southern margin, Cape Point; 13 m.   SAMC_A073227 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.781666/lat -34.21)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.781666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.21">Southern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Pringle Bay / 16 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°12'36.00"S, 18°46'54.00"E; 40 m.   SAMC_A073229 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Southern</a>
                 margin,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">False Bay</a>
                 ; depth unknown. SAMC_A073230 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Southern</a>
                 margin,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">False Bay</a>
                 ; depth unknown. SAMC_A073231 (12 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Southern</a>
                 margin,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">False Bay</a>
                 ; depth unknown. SAMC_A073234 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Southern</a>
                 margin,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">False Bay</a>
                 ; depth unknown. SAMC_A073244 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Southern</a>
                 margin, other locality data unknown. SAMC_A073246 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from Coffee Bay / 7 km off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°15'11.99"S, 28°57'42.00"E; 47 m.   SAMC_A090104 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.826668/lat -34.155003)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.826668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.155003">Southern</a>
                 margin, 24 km from Pringle Bay / 21 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°09'18.00"S, 18°49'36.00"E; 18 m.   SAMC_A090106 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.316668/lat -34.78333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.316668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.78333">Western</a>
                 margin, off Paternoster; depth unknown. SAMC_A090107 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.316668/lat -34.78333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.316668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.78333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 15 km off Arniston / 21 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 34°46'59.99"S, 20°19'00.00"E; 80 m.   SAMC_A090108 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.64833/lat -33.96833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.64833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.96833">Southern</a>
                 margin,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.64833/lat -33.96833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.64833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.96833">False Bay</a>
                 ; depth unknown. SAMC_A090109 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.64833/lat -33.96833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.64833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.96833">Southern</a>
                 margin, 8 km from Port Elizabeth / 3 km off Bakens River Estuary, 33°58'05.99"S, 25°38'53.99"E; 9 m.   SAMC_A090110 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.824999/lat -34.274998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.824999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.274998">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km off Pringle Bay / 8 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°16'29.99"S, 18°49'29.99"E; 14- 17 m.   SAMC_A090111 (6 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.77833/lat -34.21)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.77833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.21">Southern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Pringle Bay / 16 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°12'36.00"S, 18°46'41.99"E; 40 m.   SAMC_A090120 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.35/lat -33.98333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.98333">Western</a>
                 margin, 16 km from Cape Town /off Diep Estuary, 33°58'59.99"S, 18°21'00.00"E; 17 m.   SAM_H1368 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.85/lat -33.894444)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.894444">Southern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Kenton On Sea /off Boesmans Estuary, 33°53'39.99"S, 26°51'00.00"E; 121 m.   SAM_H1371 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Southern</a>
                 margin, 3 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">East London</a>
                 / 2 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Buffalo Estuary</a>
                 , 33°00'48.00"S, 27°55'18.73"E; intertidal. SAM_H1377 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Southern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Port Alfred / 3 km off Old  Woman’s Estuary, 33°30'00.00"S, 27°08'59.99"E; 93 m.   SAM_H1383 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.28333/lat -33.816666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.28333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.816666">Southern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Padrone / 30 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°49'00.00"S, 26°16'59.99"E; 65 m.   SAM_H1402 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.383331/lat -33.904167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.383331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.904167">Southern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.383331/lat -33.904167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.383331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.904167">Cape Padrone</a>
                 / 28 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.383331/lat -33.904167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.383331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.904167">Boknes Estuary</a>
                 , 33°54'15.00"S, 26°22'59.99"E; depth unknown. SAM_H1423 (1 specimen): Southern margin, off Great Fish Point Lighthouse, 183 m.   SAM_H1438 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.819681/lat -34.298714)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.819681&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.298714">Southern</a>
                 margin, 8 km from Pringle Bay / 6 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°17'55.37"S, 18°49'10.85"E; 33 m.   SAM_H1471 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.85/lat -29.176666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.176666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 27 km from Mtunzini / 25 km off Matigulu Estuary, 29°10'36.00"S, 31°51'00.00"E; 115 m.   SAM_H1479 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.824999/lat -33.08333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.824999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.08333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°04'59.99"S, 27°49'29.99"E; 146- 283 m.   SAM_H1483 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.85/lat -29.176666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.176666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 27 km from Mtunzini / 25 km off Matigulu Estuary, 29°10'36.00"S, 31°51'00.00"E; 115 m.   SAM_H1484 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.399998/lat -33.899998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.399998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.899998">Western</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Cape Town / 8 km off Diep Estuary, 33°53'59.99"S, 18°23'59.99"E; 40 m.   SAM_H1501 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.816668/lat -33.2)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.816668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.2">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 207 km from Coffee Bay /off Mdumbi Estuary, 33°12'00.00"S, 30°49'00.00"E; 73 m.   SAM_H3043 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Southern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Port Alfred / 3 km off Old  Woman’s Estuary, 33°30'00.00"S, 27°08'59.99"E; 93 m.   SAM_H3044 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.462698/lat -34.210106)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.462698&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.210106">Southern</a>
                 margin, 17 km from Cape Point / 7 km off Elsies Estuary, 34°12'36.38"S, 18°27'45.71"E; 31 m.   SAM_H3045 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.85/lat -33.894444)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.894444">Southern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Kenton On Sea /off Boesmans Estuary, 33°53'39.99"S, 26°51'00.00"E; 121 m.   SAM_H3046 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.627209/lat -33.718777)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.627209&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.718777">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kenton On Sea / 5 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°43'07.59"S, 26°37'37.95"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3047 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.155315/lat -34.177105)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.155315&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.177105">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Mosselbaai / 10 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°10'37.57"S, 22°09'19.14"E; 54 m.   SAM_H3048 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.109997/lat -33.076664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.109997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.076664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.109997/lat -33.076664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.109997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.076664">Cape Point</a>
                 / 4 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.109997/lat -33.076664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.109997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.076664">Elsies Estuary</a>
                 , 34°11'30.71"S, 18°25'55.55"E; depth unknown. SAM_H3143 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 177 km from Gonubie / 18 km off Berg River V Estuary, 33°04'36.00"S, 28°06'35.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3144 (19 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.36833/lat -33.505)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.36833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.505">Southern</a>
                 margin, 47 km from Port Alfred / 14 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°30'18.00"S, 27°22'05.99"E; 80 m.   SAM_H3145 (19 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.026667/lat -33.655003)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.026667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.655003">Southern</a>
                 margin, 15 km from Port Alfred / 11 km off Riet Estuary, 33°39'18.00"S, 27°01'36.00"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3146 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.35333/lat -33.49)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.35333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.49">Southern</a>
                 margin, 46 km from Port Alfred / 12 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°29'24.00"S, 27°21'11.99"E; 80 m.   SAM_H3367 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.03333/lat -33.149998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.149998">Southern</a>
                 margin, 15 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.03333/lat -33.149998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.149998">Port Elizabeth</a>
                 / 16 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.03333/lat -33.149998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.149998">Bakens River</a>
                 Estuary, 33°49'59.99"S, 25°40'00.00"E; depth unknown. SAM_H3835 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.03333/lat -33.149998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.149998">Southern</a>
                 margin, 21 km from East London / 18 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°08'59.99"S, 28°01'59.99"E; 84 m.   USNM 91776 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.266666/lat -29.8)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Durban / 22 km off Beachwood Mangroves, 29°48'00.00"S, 31°16'00.00"E; 232 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> BMNH 1939.7.20.479-500 (2 specimens), SS '  Valdivia ' (1 specimen): South Africa, other locality data unknown. MN_SM179 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 47 km from Port Alfred/14 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°30'18.00"S, 27°22'05.99"E; 80 m. YPM 6827 (holotype): Western margin, off SIMONSTOWN; 567 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid to trochoid, straight to slightly curved, and attached through a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.4-0.7) that expands into a thin encrusting base. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1-1.3), calicular margin finely serrate. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H3146) 16.1  × 13.0 mm in CD, and 31.9 mm in H. Thick epitheca covering most of corallum, with transverse ridges. Costae conspicuous near calicular margin, equal in width, slightly convex, separated by porous and thin intercostal striae, and covered with fine pointed granules. Intercostal striae slightly sinuous. Epitheca slightly more solid than upper theca. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 or S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S5&gt; S4 (≤ 74 septa). S1-2 independent but not reaching columella. S1 most exsert, with straight to dentate axial margins. S2 slightly less exsert, sometimes being slightly less wide, also having straight to dentate axial margins. S3-4 progressively less exsert. S3 half width of S2, with most dentate axial margins. S4 commonly arranged in a  Pourtalès plan: in a half-system a pair of S4 fuses before S3, and then fuses before S2, before merging to columella. S4 axial margins laciniate. Sometimes S5 merge before S3, before meeting columella as one septum. In other cases, S5 restricted to calicular margin. Fossa of moderately depth, containing a varied slender and elongate spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western to southern margin of South Africa, extending from off Cape Town towards Mtunzini; 9-232 m. Elsewhere: Only known from South Africa.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia (B.) capensis has overlapping distribution and common taxonomic characteristics (such as independent S1-2 that never meet columella, S4 arranged in a  Pourtalès plan, and presence of epitheca) with  B. bonaespei , but may be distinguished by its larger corallum (  B. capensis with GCD = 16.1 mm vs.  B. bonaespei GCD = 9.0 mm), and thicker epitheca that does not have transverse ridges. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B89349F4A47C96601133B2CBBD6DA98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
648D76DB4BD43C7E9BDF1A40FFFC2589.text	648D76DB4BD43C7E9BDF1A40FFFC2589.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) diademata van der Horst 1927	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) diademata van der Horst, 1927</p>
            <p>Fig. 7O, P</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia diademata van der Horst, 1927: 4-5, pl. 2, figs 8, 9. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 220. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) diademata . - Cairns 2001: 16. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off the north-west of Port Dunford; 165 m (van der Horst 1927).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF_FHolon-INV 1 (1 specimen):  Eastern margin, off Sodwana; 120 m.   SAMC_A073016 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.26/lat -29.015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.015">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 31 km from Richards Bay / 46 km Mlalazi Estuary, 29°00'54.00"S, 32°15'35.99"E; 500 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, straight to slightly curved, and attached by a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.5) that expands into a thin encrusting base. Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.4-1.5). Largest examined specimen (SAMC_A073016) 12.7  × 8.5 mm in CD, 6 mm in PD, and 24.8 mm in H. Examined specimens lack epitheca. Costae corresponding to septa size (with C3-5 being narrow), porous, densely covered with granules, and separated by narrow and deep intercostal furrows. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five incomplete cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S5&gt; S4 (≤ 82 septa). S1-2 most exsert, independent, and reach columella with straight and laciniate axial margins. Higher cycle septa (S3-5) progressively less exsert. S3 dimorphic in size: those in half-systems with S5 ~  ½ size of S2; but  ¼ the size of S2 in half-systems without S5. S3 have slightly dentate to laciniate axial margins. S4 also dimorphic in size:  ¼ width of S3 in half-systems with S5; but double the width of S3 in half-systems that lack S5. A pair of S4 merges in front of flanked S3 before joining columella as one septum. S4 axial margins slightly more dentate than S3. S5 (when present) has double the width of S4, fusing towards flanked S4 before extending to columella as one septum. S5 bear the most dentate axial margins. All septal faces covered with granules. Septa appear slightly crowded. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a slender, low-profile, and elongated spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Richards Bay extending towards Sodwana; 120-500 m. Elsewhere: Only known from South Africa.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The examined material complements van der  Horst’s (1927) description of  Balanophyllia (B.) diademata , particularly in the irregularity of the number of septal cycles per half-system. However, the examined specimens lack epitheca, whilst van der  Horst’s (1927) figured specimen show epitheca reaching ≤ 2.0 mm from calicular margin. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/648D76DB4BD43C7E9BDF1A40FFFC2589	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
AD160A67242601288262559FD44CD5C6.text	AD160A67242601288262559FD44CD5C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) diffusa Harrison & Poole 1909	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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        <div>
            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) diffusa Harrison &amp; Poole, 1909</p>
            <p>Fig. 8A, B</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia diffusa Harrison &amp; Poole, 1909a: 906, pl. 85, fig. 4A, B. - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 239-240. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 275, fig. 13 A-D. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) diffusa . - Cairns 2001: 16. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Mergui Archipelago, Myanmar; 5-37 m (Harrison and Poole 1909).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                 USNM 91780 (1 specimen):   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.883/lat -27.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.883&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.1">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 27 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.883/lat -27.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.883&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.1">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 18 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°06'00.00"S, 32°52'58.80"E; 74 m.   USNM 91782 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.699997/lat -29.579998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.699997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.579998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Port St. Johns /off Bulolo Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid to subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, attached. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1-1.3), with slightly lanceted calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (USNM 91782) 11.9  × 9.2 mm in CD, and 34.0 mm in H. Epitheca absent. Costae well developed throughout corallum, broad, separated by porous and thin intercostal striae, and covered with low-profile granules. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S4&gt; S3; or if S5 present S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S5&gt; S4 (≤ 81 septa). S1-2 most exsert, both independent, sometimes reaching columella with straight axial margins. Higher cycle septa (S3-5) progressively less exsert, if at all. S3  ½ size (USNM 91780), or only slightly smaller than S2 (USNM 91782). S3 axial margins straight and vertical. S4 dimorphic in size: those neighbouring S1 ~ as wide as S2; but those neighbouring S2 being the same size as S3, with dentate axial margins (USNM 91780). In half-systems with S5, S4 ~  ½ the width of S3, whereas in half systems without S5, S4 similar in size to S1. S4 bear straight and slightly dentate axial margins (USNM 91782). In most cases a pair of S4 merge before S3 and extend to columella as one septum but sometimes the S5 is arranged in a  Pourtalès Plan. Septal face granulation perpendicularly arranged. Fossa shallow, containing a spongy columella that sometimes is slender and aligned in GCD plane (USNM 91782), or relatively small and restricted to fossa (USNM 91780). </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, from off  Shaka’s Rock extending towards Kosi Bay Estuary (27 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 74-138 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); Pemba (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); Tanzania (Cairns and Keller 1993); northern banks of Kenya (Cairns and Keller 1993); Maldives (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); Red Sea (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); 6-274 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Records of  Balanophyllia (B.) diffusa listed herein are those reported by Cairns and Keller (1993), who noted that the quasi-colonial nature of Gardiner and  Waugh’s (1939 [page 239])) specimens is a result of specimens settling closer to one another. The largest examined specimen (USNM 91782) has closely packed septa, and a relatively complex and elongated columella, as compared with the other specimen (USNM 91782), which exhibits loosely packed septa and a fairly simple and short columella. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD160A67242601288262559FD44CD5C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
5CA9095C509F241975895D920A9D0829.text	5CA9095C509F241975895D920A9D0829.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) vanderhorsti Cairns 2001	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) vanderhorsti Cairns, 2001</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia ponderosa van der Horst, 1926: 49-50, pl. 3, figs 6, 7. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 274. -Cairns 1994: 83, pl. 3A, B. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) vanderhorsti Cairns, 2001: 16 (replacement name for junior homonym). -Tachikawa 2005: 11, Pl. 4, figs I, J. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off the Maldives; 53 m (van der Horst 1926).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NHMUK (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Richards Bay; 51 m. Elsewhere: Seychelles (van der Horst 1926); Maldives (van der Horst 1926); off Sri Lanka (Alcock 1893); Japan (Eguchi 1968; Cairns 1994; Tachikawa 2005); 14-59 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> No new records of  Balanophyllia (B.) vanderhorsti were examined during the present study. Therefore, the occurrence of this species in South Africa is based solely on previous published records.  Boshoff’s (1981) record of  B. vanderhorsti (reported as  B. ponderosa (which is a junior homonym)) has basal stolons and therefore represents  Rhizopsammia Verrill, 1870. To reiterate, Cairns and Keller (1993) observed that this South African species closely resembles  B. regalis (Alcock, 1893) in lacking an epitheca. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5CA9095C509F241975895D920A9D0829	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
303BBC81BE9EA836D2DA522EBC5484F0.text	303BBC81BE9EA836D2DA522EBC5484F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) Wood 1844	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) Wood, 1844</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Having a conical corallum firmly attached through a polycyclic base.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia calyculus Wood, 1844, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/303BBC81BE9EA836D2DA522EBC5484F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
88813042B2695E37E603903626011003.text	88813042B2695E37E603903626011003.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia (Eupsammia) Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Balanophyllia (Eupsammia) Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, conical, and usually free, having a monocyclic base; corallum often curved or bent. Asexual budding may occur from margin zone. Epitheca present or absent (present in type species); synapticulotheca always costate. Costae bear short, hispid spines.  Pourtalès plan present; fifth cycle of septa often present. Columella elongate, spongy. Endotheca absent. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Madrepora trochiformis Pallas, 1766, by subsequent designation (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1850b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/88813042B2695E37E603903626011003	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
45FD3BDEC57CF6B9063C0E4E02D36F3E.text	45FD3BDEC57CF6B9063C0E4E02D36F3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia (Eupsammia) stimpsonii (Verrill 1865)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Balanophyllia (Eupsammia) stimpsonii (Verrill, 1865)</p>
            <p>Fig. 8E, F</p>
            <p> Eupsammia stimpsonii Verrill, 1865: 150. </p>
            <p> Eupsammia stimpsoniana .- Verrill 1866: 29, pl. 2, figs 3, 3a. </p>
            <p> Rhodopsammia socialis Semper, 1872: 260-261, pl. 20, figs 1-4. -Faustino 1927: 229, pl. 75, figs 9-12.- Alcock 1893: 147. </p>
            <p> Rhodopsammia affinis Semper, 1872: 261-262, pl. 19, fig. 7A, B. </p>
            <p> Rhodopsammia incerta Semper, 1872: 264, pl. 19, fig. 8A, B.- Faustino 1927: 231, pl. 75, figs 3, 4. </p>
            <p> Leptopsammia conica van der Horst, 1922: 68-69, pl. 8, figs 14, 15. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia affinis . -Faustino 1927: 228-232, pl. 75, figs 1, 2. -van der Horst 1922: 62. -van der Horst 1931:10. - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 240. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia stimpsonii . -Zibrowius 1985: 234-235, figs 1-14. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 126-127. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 274. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 176-177. -Cairns 2004a: 313. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia (Eupsammia) stimpsoni . - Cairns 2001: 19. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 289-290, figs 142, 152H-J. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>North China Sea; depth unknown (Verrill 1865).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two syntypes are deposited at the YPM (Zibrowius 1985; Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073157 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.3133/lat -31.096699)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.3133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.096699">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 10 km from Port Edward / 24 km off Bilanhlolo Estuary, 31°05'48.11"S, 30°18'47.88"E; 140 m.   SAM_H3196 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.18333/lat -29.566668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.18333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.566668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 9 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 2 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°34'00.00"S, 31°10'59.99"E; 66 m.   SAM_H3831 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.656666/lat -34.388332)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.656666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.388332">Southern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from Cape Point / 18 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°23'17.99"S, 18°39'24.00"E; 97-99 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, slightly curved, unattached. Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), with serrate calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H3831) 10.2  × 9.4 mm in CD, and 21.5 mm in H. Theca well developed. Upper theca porous, and lower theca more solid (epitheca). Costae poorly developed near calicular margin, becoming distinctively visible towards base, and covered with fine pointed granules. Epitheca irregularly banded. Intercostal striae thin and porous. Corallum creamy. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1-2 most exsert, with straight axial margins. S1 independent and extend towards columella. S2 slightly less wide than S1. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert, and bear laciniate axial margins. S31/3 the width of S2. In complete half-systems a pair of S4 fuses before S3 and extend to columella as one septum. All septa eventually join columella deep in fossa. Septal faces granular, with granules arranged perpendicular to septal margin. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a low, slender, and elongated spongy columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Southern to eastern margins of South Africa, off Cape Point extending towards  Shaka’s Rock; 66-99 m. Elsewhere: Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Australia (Cairns 2004a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Chesterfield Islands (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Somalia; Mozambique (Zibrowius and Grygier 1985); Seychelles; Reunion (Zibrowius 1985); Gulf of Oman (Zibrowius and Grygier 1985); Sri Lanka (van der Horst 1926; Gardiner and Waugh 1939); Gulf of Manaar (Bourne 1905); Maldives (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); Andaman Sea (Alcock 1893); Mergui Archipelago; Myanmar (Harisson and Poole 1909); 18-95 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia (E.) stimpsonii resembles  B. carinata (Semper, 1872) amongst the other four Recent unattached congeners (  B. caribbeana Cairns, 1977a,  B. imperialis Kent, 1871,  B. pittieri Vaughan, 1919, and  B. regalis (Alcock, 1983) in its septal arrangement in four cycles (in contrast to five incomplete ones). As stated by Cairns and Zibrowius (1997),  Balanophyllia (E.) stimpsonii differs from  B. carinata in having a less compressed corallum, lack of keeled thecal edges, and S1&gt; S2.  Balanophyllia (E.) stimpsonii is also known to be a host for an ascothoracidan barnacle species (Zibrowius and Grygier 1985).  Balanophyllia (E.) stimpsonii is common shallow water Indo-Pacific species, which was previously reported off False Bay and Natal (Zibrowius 1985). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/45FD3BDEC57CF6B9063C0E4E02D36F3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
8648FF40EBE740AEDA43688C1977CAC1.text	8648FF40EBE740AEDA43688C1977CAC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia Wood 1844	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Balanophyllia Wood, 1844</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, turbinate to trochoid, fixed or free. Costae usually well developed. Synapticulotheca especially well developed near calice. Septa arranged in  Pourtalès plan. Pali may or may not be present. Columella spongy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8648FF40EBE740AEDA43688C1977CAC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
1D55B92372AEA9B9E291D8415DB058F0.text	1D55B92372AEA9B9E291D8415DB058F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balanophyllia Wood 1844	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Balanophyllia Balanophyllia Balanophyllia Balanophyllia Balanophyllia malouinensis Squires, 1961</p>
            <p>Fig. 8C, D</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia malouinensis Squires, 1961: 15, 39-40, 46, fig. 5. - Squires 1969: 17-18. pl. 6, map 2. - Cairns 1979: 206. - Cairns 1982: 52-53, pl. 16, figs 4-7, pl. 17, figs 1-3, pl. 18, fig. 7. -Cairns 2005: 43. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) malouinensis . - Cairns 2001: 17. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>South of East Falkland Island, Atlantic archipelago (52°32'00"S, 61°15'00"W); 358 m (Cairns 1982).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the AMNH (Cairns 1982).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF_BD17-INV02.B (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.288347/lat -33.022938)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.288347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.022938">Southern</a>
                 margin, 27 km from Cintsa Mouth / 25 km off Bulura Estuary, 33°01'22.58"S, 28°17'18.05"E; 122 m.   SAMC_A073031 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.545/lat -31.738298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.545&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.738298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 12 km from Port St. Johns / 11 km off Bulolo Estuary, 31°44'17.87"S, 29°32'42.00"E; 300 m.   SAMC_A073085 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9183/lat -26.9112)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.9112">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 7 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9183/lat -26.9112)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.9112">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 8 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9183/lat -26.9112)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.9112">Kosi-Kumpungwini</a>
                 (Sifungwe) Estuary, 26°54'40.32"S, 32°55'05.88"E; 47 m.   SAMC_A073183 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.2/lat -29.006697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.006697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 27 km from Richards Bay / 40 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°00'24.11"S, 32°12'00.00"E; 152 m.   SAMC_A073184 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -30.566668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.566668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Scottburgh / 36 km off Fafa Estuary, 30°34'00.00"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 900- 625 m.   SAMC_A073186 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.053299/lat -30.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.053299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.018297">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from Durban / 13 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°01'05.87"S, 31°03'11.88"E; 150 m.   SAM_H833 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H3065 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H3066 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H3067 (15 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H3068 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.55/lat -32.566666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.566666">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Mazeppa Bay / 20 km off Great Kei Estuary, 32°34'00.00"S, 28°33'00.00"E; 174 m.   SAM_H3069 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H3070 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.18333/lat -33.104996)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.18333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.104996">Southern</a>
                 margin, 25 km from Gonubie / 24 km off Gqunube Estuary, 33°06'17.99"S, 28°10'59.99"E; 155 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid to sub-cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, attached to substrate by a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.30-0.6) that expands into a thin encrusting base. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), with serrate calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H3069) 14.5  × 13.4 mm in CD, 4.0 mm in PD, and 24.0 mm in H. Synapticulotheca well developed and porous, visible at calicular margin. Costae poorly developed, separated by porous and thin intercostal striae, and covered with fine pointed granules. Epitheca thin, irregularly banded. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S4&gt; S3&gt; S5 (≤ 52 septa). S1-2 most exsert, independent, and reach columella deeper in fossa with straight axial margins. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert. S31/4 the width of S2, with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. S4 as wide as S2 and arranged in a  Pourtalès plan: in each half-system a pair of S4 fuses before S3 and extend to columella as one septum with laciniate axial margins. S5, if present, sometimes restricted to calicular margin, or arranged in  Pourtalès plan before common S4. Septal faces bear granules sparsely arranged. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a thick and elongate spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, extending from off East London extending towards Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary (7 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 47-900 m. Elsewhere: Sub-Antarctic and Antarctica (Cairns 1982); Chile (Cairns et al. 2005); 75-1137 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Although the examined specimens closely resemble  Balanophyllia (B.) malouinensis in their: (i) spongy columella, (ii) synapticulotheca being restricted to the calicular margin, (iii) thin epitheca, and (iv) poorly developed costae, variation in the septal development exists. The examined material consistently has exsert septa (particularly the primaries) unlike those examined by Cairns (1982) which are not exsert. Furthermore, the examined specimens have the septal formula S1-2&gt; S4&gt; S3&gt; S5, whereas that of  B. malouinensis is S1-2&gt; S5&gt; S3&gt; S4. Nonetheless, dendrophylliids are known to exhibit plasticity, making it difficult to evaluate intra-specific variations. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D55B92372AEA9B9E291D8415DB058F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
96750D6F348B20B7BB84194F1B48D002.text	96750D6F348B20B7BB84194F1B48D002.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) dentata (Moseley 1881)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) dentata (Moseley, 1881)</p>
            <p> Acanthocyathus sp. -Moseley 1876: 550. </p>
            <p> Acanthocyathus dentatus Moseley, 1881: 143, pl. 2, fig. 7A-C. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) dentata . - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 98-99, fig. 8A-D. -Kitahara et al. 2010: 92, 112. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Kandavu Islands, Fiji (HMS  ‘Challenger’ stn. 174D: 19°05'50"S, 178°16'20"E); 384 m (Moseley 1881). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NHMUK (Kitahara et al. 2010).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p> USNM 91540 (1 damaged specimen): Eastern margin, 23 km from  Shaka’s Rock/off Tongati Estuary, 29°41'14.39"S, 31°21'10.80"E; 85 m. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off  Shaka’s Rock; 85 m. Elsewhere: Fiji (Moseley 1881); and Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); 90-384 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p>The specimen reported herein is severely damaged and therefore tentatively added to the South African coral fauna- thus representing a new record for the region. Nonetheless, representatives from Indonesia have been well described by Cairns and Zibrowius (1997), who noted the discrepancies in the septal symmetry between the holotype (hexameral) and the specimens they examined (decameral). Apart from the symmetry, the same authors also pointed out a distinctively ridged C1-2 of their studied specimens in relation to the holotype.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/96750D6F348B20B7BB84194F1B48D002	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
869CFA1A076599E00F77336D27E2369A.text	869CFA1A076599E00F77336D27E2369A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) grayi (Moseley 1881)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) grayi (Moseley, 1881)</p>
            <p>Fig. 1K, L</p>
            <p> Acanthocyathus grayi Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848a: 293, pl. 9, fig. 2. - Alcock 1898: 15. -van der Horst 1931: 6. -Umbgrove 1938: 264-265. -Umbgrove 1950: 641-642, pl. 81, figs 27-32. - Wells 1984: 209, pl. 2, figs 5-9. -Zou 1988: 76, figs 8-9. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) grayi . -Cairns 1994: 49, pl. 21, figs I-K. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 97-98, figs 7C, F, I. - Cairns 1998: 377. - Cairns 1999a: 76. -Cairns 2004: 276. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia grayi . -Kitahara et al. 2010: 102, figs 53-55, 58-59. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Unknown (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997; Kitahara et al. 2010).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>One syntype is deposited at the NHMUK (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997; Kitahara et al. 2010).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>USNM 91541 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 32 km south of Ponta Do Ouro/ 20 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°08'10.79"S, 32°52'07.20"E; 98 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, curved, unattached, with a slender and slightly curved pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.09). Calice compressed (GCD:LCD = 1.6). Calicular margin serrate. Only specimen examined: 19.9  × 12.4 mm in CD, 1.8 mm in PD, and 22.1 mm in H. Thecal margins rounded, with three thecal spines. Costae rounded, equal in width, and extending towards pedicel. C1 more prominent than remaining costae. Intercostal striae narrow. Examined specimen eroded with a light brown appearance. </p>
            <p> Septa in 15 sectors arranged in four cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: 15:15:30:8 (68 septa). Primary septa most exsert, and extend  ¾ distance to columella, with straight to slightly sinuous axial margin. Higher cycle septa less exsert (if at all). Secondary septa  ¼ the width of primaries, with sinuous axial margins. Tertiary septa  ¾ less the width of secondaries also having sinuous axial margins. S4 rudimentary. A total of 15 (P3) with sinuous axial margins encircle an elongated fascicular columellar. Fossa of moderate depth. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Kosi Bay Estuary (32 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 98 m. Elsewhere: Japan (Cairns 1994); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Wallis and Futuna Islands; Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Australia (Cairns 2004; Kitahara et al. 2010); Andamans Islands (van der Horst 1931); 37-490 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) grayi differs from  C. dentata , the only other  Acanthocyathus from the region, in having 15 primary septa and in bearing spines on both thecal edges only on one side in  C. dentata . Although  C. grayi was previously reported from South Africa (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997; Cairns 1999a; Kitahara et al. 2010), none of the authors presented the locality information. Nonetheless, South African representatives of  C. grayi are similar to the Australian specimens in S1 bearing a sinuous axial margin, whereas they are both different from the Japanese specimens in that regard. However, this South African specimen differs from both the Japanese and Australian representatives in its septa arranged in 15 sectors, with four pairs of S4 (15:15:30:8); instead of 14 or 18 sectors. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/869CFA1A076599E00F77336D27E2369A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
29EBE6EE14BA81E74418A1CE751DF6A3.text	29EBE6EE14BA81E74418A1CE751DF6A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia with thecal margin spines or crests. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Acanthocyathus grayi Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848a, by subsequent designation (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1850b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/29EBE6EE14BA81E74418A1CE751DF6A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
091E54E3F7908519F6F998EFFD143F07.text	091E54E3F7908519F6F998EFFD143F07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) cinticulata (Alcock 1898)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) cinticulata (Alcock, 1898)</p>
            <p> Thecocyathus cinticulatus Alcock, 1898: 17-18, pl. 2, figs 5, 5A. </p>
            <p> Trochocyathus cinticulatus . - Gardiner 1904: 99, 103-104, pl. 2, fig. 2. - Cairns et al. 1999: 24. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia cinticulata . - Kitahara et al. 2010a: 98, 113, figs 17-21. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) cinticulata . - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 465-466, 468, figs 252, 253A-F. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off the Maldives (HMS  ‘Investigator’ ); 84 m (Alcock 1898; Kitahara et al. 2010). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is purportedly deposited at the IM (Kitahara et al. 2010).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off East London; 59 m (Gardiner 1904). Elsewhere: Maldives (Alcock 1898); and New Caledonia (Kitahara et al. 2010; Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 282-384 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia cinticulata representatives from New Caledonia are well described by Kitahara et al. (2010), in which these authors mention that it displays circumferential transverse ridges on the theca, and differs from its congeners by having decameral symmetry, adults attaining&gt; 10 mm in GCD, S3 smaller than S2, and extremely sinuous S1 and S2 axial margins. No specimens of this species were found in the material examined and therefore the entry is based on  Gardiner’s (1904) record, who reported the species off East London. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/091E54E3F7908519F6F998EFFD143F07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
C33EC2DC694768907BB12734B7D0D2A4.text	C33EC2DC694768907BB12734B7D0D2A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) diomedeae von Marenzeller 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) diomedeae von Marenzeller, 1904</p>
            <p>Fig. 1M, N</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia diomedeae von Marenzeller, 1904b: 79-80, pl. 1, fig. 2. -Durham and Barnard 1952: 10, 82, pl. 9, fig. 43. - Cairns 1991: 11-13, pl. 4, figs C-E. - Cairns 1995: 49-50, pl. 9, figs A-D. -  Cortès 1997: 330. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 88. -Koslow and Gowlett-Holmes 1998: 38. - Cairns 1999a: 74. - Cairns et al. 1999: 20. -  Piñón 1999: 20, 81. -Cairns 2004: 264, 277, 328. - Cairns et al. 2005: 17, 25, 28, fig. 2D-E. -  González-Romero et al. 2008: 1-2, fig. 1. -Kitahara et al. 2010: 100, 102, figs 37-46. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia profunda . - Cairns 1982: 17-19 (in part:  ‘Eltanin’ -1403). </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia sarsiae . -Cairns and Parker 1992: 20, figs 5C, E, F. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Panama (USS  ‘Albatross’ stn. 3358: 6°30'N, 81°44'W); 1043 m (von Marenzeller 1904b). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>One syntype is deposited at NHMUK (Kitahara et al. 2010).</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>MN_SM 85 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 20 km off Cape Vidal/23 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°59'30.00"S, 32°40'47.99"E; 550 m. MN_SM 129 (7 specimens): Eastern margin, 17 km off Margate/ km off Boboyi Estuary, 30°53'24.00"S, 30°31'41.99"E; 850 m. MN_SM 226 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 32 km off Mazeppa Bay/24 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°28'36.00"S, 28°58'48.00"E; 710-775 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum straight to slightly curved, and attached to substrate by a broad pedicel (PD:GCD ~ 0.5) that expands into an encrusting base. Largest imaged specimen (MN_SM 85) 13.0  × 12.0 mm in CD, 5.0 mm in PD, and 29.0 mm in H. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.08-1.14), calicular margin jagged. Costae prominent at calicular margin, with shallow intercostal striae, sometimes bearing granules. Theca thick and porcelaneous. Corallum white to beige. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1-2 most exsert, equal in width, and almost reach columella with vertical to slightly sinuous axial margins. S3-4 progressively narrower and less exsert. S3  ¾ the width of S1-2, each bearing a sinuous pali (12 P3), and consistently 1 mm in width. S4 slightly smaller than S3. Higher cycle septa with sinuous axial margin, especially S3. Septal faces somewhat smooth near calicular margin, but becoming granulated towards fossa. Fossa of moderate depth containing a fascicular columella, encircled by a P3 crown. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Southern and Eastern margins of South Africa, off Mazeppa Bay extending towards Cape Vidal; 550-850 m. Elsewhere: Australia (Cairns and Parker 1992, 1998, 2004a; Kitahara et al. 2010); New Zealand (Cairns 1982, 1995); New Caledonia (Kitahara et al. 2010; Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Cocos and Galapagos Islands (Cairns 1991); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); Mediterranean to the Azores (Cairns et al 1999); Bermuda; Cook Island (Cairns 1995); Chile (Cairns et al. 2005); northern Pacific (  González-Romero et al. 2008); 225-2200 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Among congeners that are attached and display hexamerally arranged septa in four complete cycles,  Caryophyllia (C.) diomedeae closely resembles  C. sarsiae Zibrowius, 1974a (Cairns 1991). It is therefore no surprise that Cairns and Parker (1992) mistook their records of  C. diomedeae for  C. sarsiae , in which they mention the latter to occur in South Africa but did not provide the associated locality data for their South African records. Nonetheless, the imaged specimens (listed under imagery data) seem to have been mixed with  C. sarsiae and have therefore been separated based on: (i) having a smooth theca and costae restricted to calicular margin (Cairns 1995), as compared with  C. sarsiae which has costae prominent throughout corallum, and (ii) pali consistently being 1 mm in width as compared with  C. sarsiae which bears pali being three times less the width of the pali bearing septa (key in Kitahara et al. 2010). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C33EC2DC694768907BB12734B7D0D2A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
F022470C5DEE8F9F882904621442AFDD.text	F022470C5DEE8F9F882904621442AFDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) ephyala Alcock 1891	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) ephyala Alcock, 1891</p>
            <p>Fig. 1O, P</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia ephyala Alcock in Wood-Mason &amp; Alcock, 1891: 6-2. - Alcock 1898: 13-14, pl. 1, fig. 4, 4A. - Gardiner 1904: 117-118. - Yabe and Eguchi 1932a: 388-389. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 219. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off the western margin of Andaman Sea, India (HMS  ‘Investigator’ stn. 56); 439-402 m (Wood-Mason and Alcock 1891). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Types are presumably deposited at the IM.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAMC_A072974 (2 specimens): Western margin, 168 km off PATERNOSTER/ 173 km off Brak Estuary, 32°05'41.99"S, 16°19'47.99"E; 440 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, attached, tapering to a slightly curved and slender pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.20). Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1), with slightly lancet calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A072974) 11.2  × 9.9 mm in CD, 2.4 mm in PD, and 23.0 mm in H. Costae poorly developed, but C1-2 more prominent and double the width of C3-4. C3-4 equal in width. All costae prominent at calicular margin, disappearing towards base, and separated by shallow and thin intercostal furrows. Theca glistening, with faint costal ridges. Corallum white to light brown. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1 highly exsert, and extend towards columella with slightly sinuous axial margins. S2 equal to or slightly less wide and exsert than S1, but otherwise similar in profile. Higher cycle septa progressively less exsert, but S4 more exsert than S3. S4 joining neighbouring S1-2 and forming a slightly lanceted calicular margin. S32/3 the width of S2, but have a more sinuous axial margin. Each S3 bears a thin and sinuous pali (12 P3). S4 rudimentary, with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. All septa and pali covered in granules. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a fascicular columella composed of five or six ribbon-like elements.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western and eastern (Gardiner 1904) margin of South Africa, off Paternoster extending towards Buffalo River mouth (Gardiner 1904); 146-567 m. Elsewhere: Japan (Yabe and Eguchi 1932a); Andaman Sea (Alcock 1891); 146-1289 m (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (C.) ephyala belongs to the largest morphological group of the genus, having septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles, and when keyed out comes closest to  C. huinayensis Cairns,  Häussermann &amp;  Försterra , 2005. However,  C. ephyala is distinguished from  C. huinayensis in its calicular margin being slightly lanceted and having S3 larger than S4. Furthermore, these species differ in distributional range, of which  C. ephyala is known from the Indian Ocean and  C. huinayensis recorded in the South Pacific. Among the South African caryophylliids,  C. ephyala superficially resembles  C. scobinosa Alcock, 1902 in having a slightly lanceted calicular margin, poorly developed costae, and a thin pedicel, but can be differentiated by having a circular calice, corallum attached, and consistently having four complete septa cycles. This species was previously reported from South Africa, off Mossel Bay extending north of Richards Bay (Gardiner 1904 - specimens could not be traced). Thus, the new record reported herein extends its regional distribution to the South Atlantic, off Lamberts Bay. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F022470C5DEE8F9F882904621442AFDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
7B66A7DFF89C3EF2C8176DD9B3B4A412.text	7B66A7DFF89C3EF2C8176DD9B3B4A412.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) grandis Gardiner & Waugh 1938	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) grandis Gardiner &amp; Waugh, 1938</p>
            <p>Fig. 2A, B</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia clavus . -von Marenzeller 1904a: 281 (in part: pl. 16, figs 9-9I). </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia grandis Gardiner &amp; Waugh, 1938: 177, pl. 1, fig. 2. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 32. - Cairns 1991: 12. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 234.- Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 96, fig. 9G-H. - Cairns 1998: 376. - Cairns et al. 1999: 20. -Cairns 2004a: 277. -Kitahara et al. 2010: 102, figs 47-52. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia arcuata . -Boshoff 1980: 36. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off the west of Fadiffolu, Maldives (HEMS  ‘Mabahiss’ stn. 145E: 4°58'42"N, 73°16'24"E); 494 m (Gardiner and Waugh 1938). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Four syntypes are deposited at the NHMUK (Cairns and Keller 1993; Kitahara et al. 2010).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073150 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.7317/lat -32.686703)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.7317&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.686703">Southern</a>
                 margin, 26 km off Mazeppa Bay / 33 km off Great Kei Estuary, 32°41'12.12"S, 28°43'54.12"E; 480-490m.   SAM_H2813 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.68/lat -27.991667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.991667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km off Cape Vidal / 23 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°59'30.00"S, 32°40'47.99"E; 550 m.   ORI_DIIIa3 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.263588/lat -29.489851)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.263588&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.489851">Eastern</a>
                 margin, other locality information unknown. USNM 62497 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.263588/lat -29.489851)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.263588&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.489851">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 4 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 5 km off Mhlali Estuary, 29°29'23.46"S, 31°15'48.92"E; 183-220 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum large, trochoid, usually free, and curved with a narrow pedicel (GCD:PD = 0.08-0.13) Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.41-1.75), calicular margin jagged. Largest specimen examined (ORI_DIIIa3) 35.0  × 20.0 mm in CD, 3.0 mm in PD, and 30.0 mm in H. C1-3 slightly ridged or absent. Upper theca and septal faces light beige, with white or discoloured lower theca. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in five complete cycles according to the formula: S1-3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (96 septa). S1-3 highly exsert, with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. S4 less exsert than S1-3, each bearing a paliform lobe (24 P4). S5 more exsert than S4, and fuse to adjacent septa at the calicular margin forming lancets. Septal faces and pali bear granules arranged parallel to septal margin. Pali thin, with sinuous axial margin, usually narrower than S4, and forming crown encircling columella. Fossa moderately deep, composed of a fascicular columella composed of 6-8 broad twisted elements.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, off Mazeppa Bay extending towards off Cape Vidal; 183-550 m. Elsewhere: Australia (Cairns 1998, 2004); New Caledonia (Kitahara et al. 2010); Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Sumatra (von Marenzeller, 1904); Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); and Maldives (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); 183-595 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (C.) grandis closely resembles  C. ambriosa Alcock, 1898, for which similarities exist in the number of septa (&lt;96 septa), corallum shape, and substrate relationship (both unattached). However,  C. grandis is distinguished by its narrower pedicel and in having S4 wider than S5.  Caryophyllia grandis also has a brownish theca (Cairns and Keller 1993), as compared with  C. ambriosa , which is uniformly white.  Caryophyllia grandis was first recorded from South African (off the Southern margin, off Knysna, 500 m) by von Marenzeller (1904a), who reported several  Caryophyllia under the name  C. clavus Scacchi, 1835 (  C. grandis being one of them). Subsequently, Boshoff (1981) identified  C. grandis as  C. arcuata (Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848a) in his annotated checklist of the southern Africa fauna. Thus, Zibrowius and Gili (1990) represent the first historically reliable record of  C. grandis in the South African region, and authors mention that this species is represented in various localities off Natal but did not list the South African material examined. Cairns and Keller (1993) built on Zibrowius and  Gili’s (1990) also reported  C. grandis in Mozambique. The new records of  C. grandis (SAM_H2813 and SAMC_A073150) are within the previously reported localities (von Marenzeller 1904a a; Zibrowius and Gili 1990; Cairns and Keller 1993). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B66A7DFF89C3EF2C8176DD9B3B4A412	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
5200FBB30E95FEB6998B133B9CACB720.text	5200FBB30E95FEB6998B133B9CACB720.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) Lamarck 1806	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) Lamarck, 1806</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia without thecal margin spines or crests. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Madrepora cyathus Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786, by subsequent designation (Stokes and Broderip 1828). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5200FBB30E95FEB6998B133B9CACB720	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
5BB00118CF8A19D1219BDCDDDD2A6B7E.text	5BB00118CF8A19D1219BDCDDDD2A6B7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) lamellifera Moseley 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) lamellifera Moseley, 1881</p>
            <p>Fig. 2C, D</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia lamellifera Moseley, 1881: 140-141, pl. 1, fig. 7A, B. -Hutton 1904: 315. - Cairns 1991: 12. - Cairns 1995: 51-52, pl. 9, fig. I, pl. 10, figs A-C. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 90. - Cairns 1999a: 74-75. - Cairns et al. 1999: 20. -Cairns 2004: 278. -Kitahara et al. 2010: 104, 105, 113, 115, figs 64-68. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) lamellifera . - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 483-485, figs 263F-G, 264. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Kermadec Ridge (HMS  ‘Challenger’ stn. 170: 29°55'S, 178°14'W); 1152 m (Moseley 1881; Kitahara et al. 2010). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two uncatalogued syntypes are deposited at the NHMUK (Kitahara et al. 2010).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAMC_A090155 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, Sodwana, 120 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum trochoid and attached to substrate by a broad pedicel (PD:GCD = 1.5) that expands into an encrusting base. Specimen examined 12.8  × 10.7 mm in CD, 32.5 mm in H, and displays a case of rejuvenescence. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.27), with a jagged calicular margin. Costae poorly developed, but prominent near calicular margin and progressively disappearing towards base. Theca covered with thin transverse ridges. Corallum mostly white, but brownish purple near calicular margin. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last incomplete, according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (52 total septa). S1-2 equal in width and most exsert septa, with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. S3-4 progressively less exsert, with sinuous axial margins, S3 being most sinuous. S31/3 less wide than S1-2, bearing a thick and sinuous pali (13 P3). S4 dimorphic in size: half systems with S5 the S4 neighbouring S1 being 1/3 less wide than S3, and S4 flanked by S5 being the same width as S3; whilst in half systems without S5 S4 is 1/5 less wide than S3. S5 slightly less wide than S4. Septal and palar faces covered with granules arranged in a perpendicular manner. Fossa moderately deep, containing a fascicular columella composed of 12 twisted elements.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Sodwana; 120 m. Elsewhere: Australia (Cairns 1995, 2004a); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); New Caledonia (Kitahara et al. 2010; Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Wallis and Futuna Islands; and Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); 89-1152 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> As noted by Kitahara et al. (2010),  Caryophyllia (C.) lamellifera differs from the other five congeners (  C. rugosa Moseley, 1880,  C. corrugata Cairns, 1979,  C. cinticulata (Alcock, 1898),  C. versicolorata Kitahara, Cairns &amp; Miller, 2010a, and  C. aspera Kitahara, Cairns &amp; Miller, 2010a) that have theca covered with transverse ridges, by its septal arrangement and profile. Although  C. lamellifera resembles  C. corrugata and  C. aspera in having hexamerally arranged septa, it differs from these two species in having S1 = S2 as compared with S1&gt; S2 as in  C. corrugata and  C. aspera . Septal exsertness is another distinguishing feature, particularly when comparing  C. lamellifera with  C. versicolorata , for which the former displays a highly exsert S1 (2 mm) as compared with 1.5 mm in  C. versicolorata . Furthermore, all septa of  C. lamellifera have sinuous axial margins while the S1 of  C. aspera are straight.  Caryophyllia lamellifera differs from the other two South African congeners (  C. rugosa and  C. cinticulata ) in having septa hexamerally arranged in five incomplete cycles in contrast to septa octamerally (may sometimes be decamerally) arranged in three cycles in  C. rugosa , and decamerally arranged in three cycles in  C. cinticulata . The only examined South African specimen of  C. lamellifera varies from those from New Caledonia in having 13 pali instead of 12, having septa arranged in five incomplete cycles (6:6:12:24:4), and in the dimorphic size shown by S4. This account represents a new record for South Africa and extends the previous Pacific distribution of  C. lamellifera into the Indian Ocean. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5BB00118CF8A19D1219BDCDDDD2A6B7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
B80DBFEF5734D329CFF7DC7B0F2E869A.text	B80DBFEF5734D329CFF7DC7B0F2E869A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) profunda Moseley 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) profunda Moseley, 1881</p>
            <p>Fig. 2E, F</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia profunda Moseley, 1881: 138-139 pl. 1, figs 6, 6b.-von Marenzeller 1904a, 298. -Gardiner 1913: 688-689. - Gardiner 1929: 126. - Gardiner 1939: 331.-Ralph 1948: 108, fig. 2. - Squires 1964, pl. 11. - Squires 1969: 16-17, pl. 6, map 1. - Ralph and Squires 1962: 3, 6-7, pl. 1, figs 8-11. - Squires and Keyes 1967: 15, 17, 23, pl. 2, figs 1-4. - Zibrowius 1974b: 751-755, pl. 1, figs 1-10. - Cairns 1979: 206. - Cairns 1982: 17-19, pl. 5, figs 1-5. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 25-26, pl. 4, figs L-R. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 235-236. - Cairns 1995: 44-45, pl. 7, fig. I, pl.8, figs A-C. -Kitahara et al. 2010: 114. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia cyathus .-von Marenzeller 1904a: 295, pl. 16, figs 6, 6A.-Hoffmeister 1933: 14, pl. 4, figs 4-5.- Gardiner 1939: 330-331.- Squires 1961: 7. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia planilamellata . -Dennant 1906: 157-158, pl. 6, figs 4A, B. - Squires 1961: 18. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia clavus . - Wells 1958: 265, pl. 1, figs 12, 13. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia cf.  C. maculata . -Ralph 1948: 108, fig. 2. - Ralph and Squires 1962: 3, 7, pl. 2, figs 1-2. - Squires and Keyes 1967: 15, 17, 23, pl. 2, figs 4, 5. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Nightingale Island, Sub-Antarctica (HMS  ‘Challenger’ stn. 135: 37°0'50"S, 12°19'10"W); 183-274 m (Moseley 1881). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Twenty syntypes are deposited at the NHMUK (Cairns 1982).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> DTE  Valdivia Stn. 108 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 60 km off AGULHAS/69 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 35°19'18.00"S, 20°15'17.99"E; 126 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Adapted from Cairns (1982) and von Marenzeller (1904a): Corallum trochoid, slightly curved, and attached to substrate by a broad pedicel. Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.04), calicular margins slightly serrate. Imaged specimen 25.0  × 24.0 mm in CD and 54.0 mm in H. Costae flat, more prominent near calicular margin, and equal in width. C1-3 sometimes slightly ridged. Theca thick, porcelaneous, and finely granulated. Corallum white with brown theca. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five complete cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (96 septa). S1-2 moderately exsert, equal in width, and bearing axial margins that join columella deep in fossa. Higher cycle septa progressively less exsert. S31/5 less wide than S1-2. S4 ~  ¾ the width of S3, each bearing a broad pali (24 P4), with vertical inner margin. S5  ¾ the width of S4. All septal faces slightly granulated and septal margins straight, except for S4 which may be slightly sinuous. Fossa moderately deep containing a fascicular columella encircled by a paliform crown. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern margin of South Africa, off Agulhas; 126 m. Elsewhere: St Paul and Amsterdam Islands (Zibrowius 1974b); Australia (Hoffmeister 1933); New Zealand (Ralph and Squires 1962; Squires and Keyes 1967; Cairns 1995); Sub-Antarctic Islands (Moseley 1881; von Marenzeller 1904a; Zibrowius 1974b; Cairns 1982); 35-1116 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (C.) profunda is one of the several  Caryophyllia species reported under the name of  Caryophyllia cyathus (Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786) by von Marenzeller (1904a), a long-standing confusion that Zibrowius (1974b) discusses in his account of the corals of the St Paul and Amsterdam Islands.  Caryophyllia profunda differs from  C. cyathus in its S1 being straight as compared with slightly sinuous in the latter, and having 24-25 instead of 20 P4. Nonetheless, von  Marenzeller’s (1904a) records form the basis of the occurrence of this species in South African territory, as no other known South African samples have been reported subsequently. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B80DBFEF5734D329CFF7DC7B0F2E869A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
6A4EC2F61EC139791E3E95115B6DFE9F.text	6A4EC2F61EC139791E3E95115B6DFE9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) quadragenaria Alcock 1902	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) quadragenaria Alcock, 1902</p>
            <p>Fig. 2G, H</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia quadragenaria Alcock, 1902a: 91-92. - Alcock 1902b: 10, pl. 1, figs 4, 4A. -Keller 1981: 18. - Cairns 1991: 12. -Cairns 1994: 46-47, pl. 20, figs C-H, pl. 51, figs C-D. - Cairns 1995: 45-46, pl. 7, figs G-H. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 88, 93. - Cairns 1998: 375, - Cairns 1999a: 73. - Cairns et al. 1999: 20. -Cairns 2004: 278. -  Gonźalez-Romero et al. 2008: 1-2, fig. 2. - Kitahara et al. 2010a: 107, figs 78-81. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia scobinosa . - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 119 (in part). </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia scobinosa decapali Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1942b: 120, 149, pl. 10, figs 6-7. - Eguchi 1968: C33-34. - Eguchi and Miyawaki 1975: 56. - Cairns 1991: 12. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia profunda . - Squires and Keyes 1967: 23 (in part). </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia decapali . -Grygier 1983: 420. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 120, figs 10-11. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) quadragenaria . - Kitahara and Cairns 2021:490-491, 493, figs 268, 269A-C. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Makassar Strait, Banda and Timor seas (Indonesia) (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stns 90, 251, 289: 1°17'50"N, 12°19'10"W; 5°28'40"S, 132°02'00"W; and 9°0'30"S, 122°24'5"W respectively); 54-281 m (Alcock 1902a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two syntypes are deposited at the ZMA (Cairns 1995; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997; Kitahara et al. 2010a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p> USNM 91538 (3 damaged specimens): Eastern margin, 69 km off Durban/ 68 km off Beachwood Mangroves, 30°08'59.99"S, 31°37'12.00"E; 930 m. USNM 91539 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 44 km from  Shaka’s Rock/ 45 km off Mhlali Estuary, 29°41'59.99"S, 31°37'47.99"E; 350 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum small, ceratoid to subcylindrical, slightly curved, and attached to substrate by a robust but narrow pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.3). Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1), with a slightly lanceted calicular margin. Largest examined specimen (USNM 91539) 8.2  × 7.4 mm, 9.3 mm in H, and 2.5 mm in PD. Costa equal in width, separated by moderately deep furrows that fade towards base. All costae covered with low granules. Theca thick. Corallum white to light brown. </p>
            <p> Septa decamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3 (40 septa). S1 highly exsert and almost meet columella with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. S2 ~  ¾ the width of S1, least exsert, but bear the most sinuous axial margins. Each S2 bears a tall (extending above columella elements) and sinuous pali (10 P2). S3 slightly less wide than S2 and bearing a less sinuous axial margin. All septal faces granular. Fossa moderately deep, with a fascicular columella composed of 6-8 ribbon-like elements. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Durban extending towards off  Shaka’s Rock; 350-930 m. Elsewhere: Japan (Cairns 1994); South China Sea (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Indonesia (Alcock 1902a; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); New Caledonia (Kitahara et al. 2010a; Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Vanuatu, Wallis, and Futuna (Cairns 1999a); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); Australia (Cairns 1998); North Pacific (  Gonźalez-Romero et al. 2008); 54-1669 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Among the  Caryophyllia that have decameral septal symmetry,  Caryophyllia (C.) quadragenaria most closely resembles  C. perculta Cairns, 1991, but can be differentiated by having smooth or slightly granular instead of extremely granular or carinate septal faces.  C. quadragenaria may also be mistaken for  C. cinticulata (Alcock, 1898) and  C. rugosa Moseley, 1881 but may be differentiated from these two South African congeners by lacking circumferential thecal transverse ridges reported. The specimens reported herein represent new records for the Indian Ocean. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A4EC2F61EC139791E3E95115B6DFE9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
A6CE4E620780A169F68DC9DCFC23C54B.text	A6CE4E620780A169F68DC9DCFC23C54B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) rugosa Moseley 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) rugosa Moseley, 1881</p>
            <p>Fig. 2I, J</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia rugosa Moseley, 1881: 141-143, pl. 1, fig. 8. -Wells 1954: 469, pl. 177, figs 5, 6. -Cairns 1984: 11-13, pl. 2, figs A, B, pl. 4, fig. I. - Cairns 1991: 20. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 236, fig. 3I. - Kitahara et al. 2010a: 108, figs 93-97. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia paraoctopali Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1942b: 120, 150, pl. 10, fig. 12. </p>
            <p> Caryophylliia (Caryophyllia) rugosa . -Cairns 1994: 47, pl. 20, fig. I, pl. 21, fig. A. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 91-92. - Cairns 1998: 375. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 495-496, 498, figs 269H-I, 271, 272A-C. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Banda and Sulu Seas, Indonesia (HMS  ‘Challenger’ stns 192 and 201); 187-230 m (Moseley 1881). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Syntypes are deposited at the BMNH (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073073 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.3867/lat -28.739998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.3867&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.739998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 29 km off Richards Bay / 20 km off Nhlabane Estuary, 28°44'23.99"S, 32°23'12.11"E; 320- 340 m.   SAMC_A073180 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.6067/lat -32.7633)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.6067&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.7633">Southern</a>
                 margin, 33 km from Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°45'47.88"S, 28°36'24.12"E; 240- 250 m.   SAMC_A090071(1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.01833/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.01833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 15 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.01833/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.01833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 17 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.01833/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.01833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Kosi-Kumpungwini</a>
                 (Sifungwe) Estuary, 26°55'30.00"S, 33°01'05.99"E; 370 m.   SAMC_A090077 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.08333/lat -29.166666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.08333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.166666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.08333/lat -29.166666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.08333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.166666">Port Dunford</a>
                 / 38 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.08333/lat -29.166666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.08333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.166666">Kosi-Kumpungwini</a>
                 (Sifungwe) Estuary, 29°10'00.00"S, 32°04'59.99"E; 170 m.   USNM 91529 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.848297/lat -27.184996)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.848297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.184996">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 37 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 23 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°11'05.99"S, 32°50'53.88"E; 100 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum small, ceratoid to trochoid, and attached through a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.3-0.8) that expands into a large encrusting base. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.2), with serrated calicular margin. Largest examined specimen (USNM 91529) 6.9  × 5.8 mm in CD, 2.4 mm in PD, and 12.5 mm in H. Costae covered with well-defined transverse ridges; ridges split and re-join around corallum. Corallum white to light brown. </p>
            <p>Septa octamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3 (32 septa). However, one specimen (SAMC_A090071) has decamerally arranged septa (40 septa). S1 highly exsert, extending almost to columella. S2-3 becoming progressively narrower and less exsert. All septa bear sinuous axial margins, sinuosity being extreme in S1-2. S2 bearing a highly sinuous and thick pali (8 P2). Fossa shallow containing a prominent fascicular columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Kei Mouth extending towards Kosi Bay Estuary, (15 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 100-370 m. Elsewhere: New Caledonia (Kitahara et al. 2010a; Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Hawaii (Cairns 1984); Japan; East China Sea (Cairns 1994); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Wallis and Futuna Islands; Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); Australia (Cairns 1998, 2004; Kitahara et al. 2010); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); Mozambique; Kenya; and Maldives (Cairns and Keller 1993); 71-581 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Kitahara et al. (2010) noted that  Caryophyllia (C.) rugosa is easily distinguished from congeners by the presence of transverse ridges and its extremely sinuous septa and pali. Although some specimens have a hexameral or decameral symmetry, the most common septal symmetry is octameral (Kitahara et al. 2010). South African specimens have both septal symmetries (octameral and decameral), for which the specimen (SAMC_A090071) that have decamerally arranged septa also displays rejuvenescence of the corallum.  Caryophyllia rugosa was previously reported from South African waters by Cairns and Keller (1993) off Lake Kosi (in KwaZulu-Natal), and the examined specimens herein extend its regional distribution further north towards the Mozambican border. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6CE4E620780A169F68DC9DCFC23C54B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
7589C364A43B3CF9893DA82468456C51.text	7589C364A43B3CF9893DA82468456C51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) sarsiae Zibrowuis 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) sarsiae Zibrowuis, 1974</p>
            <p>Fig. 2K-N</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia cylindracea . -Jourdan 1895: 11 (in part). </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia cornu . -Jourdan 1895: 27, pl. 2, fig. 21A, B. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia clavus . - Gravier 1920: 16 (in part). </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia arcuata . - Gravier 1920: 25 (in part), pl. 2, figs 26, 29. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia sarsiae Zibrowius, 1974b: 779-782, pl. 3, figs A-F. -Zibrowius et al. 1975: 95, fig. 3A-E. - Zibrowius 1980: 62-63, pl. 24, figs A-J. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia sp. - Zibrowius 1974c: 755-756, pl. 1, fig. 11, pl. 2, fig. 1. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Southeast of Le Chapelle Bank, west of Brittany (RV  ‘Sarsia’ stn. 1: 47°19'00"N, 06°36'00"W); 880-980 m (Zibrowius 1974b). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Types are deposited at the NHMUK (Zibrowius 1974b).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  MN_SM 162 (2 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.516666/lat -32.916668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.916668">Southern</a>
                 margin, 40 km off Kei Mouth / 29 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°55'00.00"S, 28°31'00.00"E; 630 m.   MN_SM 174 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.873331/lat -33.326664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.873331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.326664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 26 km off Kidds Beach / 27 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°19'36.00"S, 27°52'23.99"E; 760 m.   MN_SM 226 (19 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.980001/lat -32.476665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.980001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.476665">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km off Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°28'36.00"S, 28°58'48.00"E; 710-775 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, straight to slightly curved, and attached to substrate through a robust pedicel (PD:GCD &lt;0.60). Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD: LCD = 1.0-1.1), with serrated calicular margin. Largest imaged specimen (MN_SM 226) 15.0  × 15.0 mm in CD, 8.0 mm in PD, and 42.0 mm in H. Costae equal, flat, and smooth. Theca granular. Corallum white, with beige theca. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3 ≥ S4 (48 septa). S1-2 equal in width, highly exsert, thick, and extend to columella with straight (although S1 may be slightly sinuous in some specimens) axial margins. S3  ¾ the width of S1-2, less exsert, with extremely sinuous axial margins, which bear narrow and sinuous pali (12 P3). S4 equal to slightly smaller than S3, but equally exsert, bearing straight axial margins. All septal faces appearing smooth, with small and randomly arranged granules deeper in fossa. Fossa of moderate depth, with fascicular columella composed of 6-9 twisted laths. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern margin of South Africa, off Kei Mouth extending towards Kidds Beach; 630-760 m. Elsewhere: Madeira and Azores, extending to off Portugal and Ireland (Zibrowius 1974b); the Mediterranean (Zibrowius 1980); 520-2200 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> All the imaged specimens represented here have: (i) septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles; (ii) S1-3 bearing sinuous axial margins, S3 being the most extreme; and (ii) S4 having straight axial margins. Further to the septa symmetry and profile, specimens have granulated costae throughout corallum. Zibrowius (1974b) noted the intraspecific variation that may exist in the corallum shape of  C. sarsiae , which is highly dependent on the environmental conditions, particularly in relation to substrate attachment. Some of the examined specimens (for example MN_SM 229) are attached to  Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873, and do indeed display a more curved corallum. This account of  C. sarsiae in South African territory extends the species distributional range further south and, therefore, represents a new record for the region. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7589C364A43B3CF9893DA82468456C51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
12FBF76FC345E7452B808AFA30199BA9.text	12FBF76FC345E7452B808AFA30199BA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) scobinosa Alcock 1902	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) scobinosa Alcock, 1902</p>
            <p>Fig. 2O, P</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia scobinosa Alcock, 1902a: 90. - Alcock 1902b: 8, pl. 1, figs 2, 2A. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 177-178. - Cairns 1991: 12. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 235. -Cairns 1994: 45-46, pl. 20, figs A, B (in part). - Cairns 1995: 52-53, pl. 10, figs G-I, pl. 11, figs A-C. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 94. - Cairns 1999a: 75. - Cairns et al. 1999: 20. -Kitahara 2007: 498, 507, 510, fig. 2K. - Kitahara et al. 2008: 16, fig. 2D. -Cairns 2004: 278. - Kitahara et al 2010a: 109, figs 113,117. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia cultrifera Alcock, 1902b: 7-8, figs 1, 1A. -Faustino 1927: 67-68, pl. 8, figs 8, 9. - Veron 1986: 905. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia clavus . -von Marenzeller 1904a: 281 (in part '  Valdivia '-246), pl. 16, figs 9C-G. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Flores and Sulu Seas (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stns. 45 and 102: 7°24'00"S, 118°15'20"E and 6°04'10"N, 120°44'00"E, respectively); 535-794 m (Alcock 1902a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Six syntypes are deposited at the ZMA (Cairns 1994; Kitahara et al. 2010).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAM_H1248 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 17 km from DURBAN/ 8 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°42'34.21"S, 31°05'50.82"E; 91 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, unattached, and curved to a narrow pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.2). Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1), with jagged calicular margin. Specimen examined 9.5  × 8.6 mm in CD, 2.0 mm in PD, and 11.3 mm in H. Costae granular, flat, and separated by narrow intercostal furrows that fade towards base. Corallum white. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1-2 thick, slightly exsert, and extend to columella deep in fossa with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. S2-3 progressively less exsert. S3 axial margin more sinuous than remaining septa. S3 ~ 2/3 the width to S1-2, each bearing a sinuous pali (12 P3). S4 rudimentary, but joining adjacent S1 and S2 at calicular margin to form rectangular lancets. All septal faces bear small pointed granules. Fossa relatively shallow containing a fascicular columella composed of five ribbon-like elements.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Durban; 91 m. Elsewhere: Brazil (Kitahara 2007); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); New Caledonia (Kitahara et al. 2010; Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Australia (Cairns 1995, 2004; Kitahara et al. 2010); Tanzania (von Marenzeller 1904; Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Madagascar Plateau; Walter Shoal (Cairns and Keller 1993); Sulu Sea; Celebes Sea (Alcock 1902a); off Tonga and Samoa (Cairns 1995); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Wallis and Futuna Islands; and Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); 253-2450 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> As noted by Kitahara et al. (2010),  Caryophyllia (C.) scobinosa can be distinguished from other unattached Indo-Pacific  Caryophyllia in having 48-72 septa, 12-14 pali, and a jagged calicular margin. The South African representative of  C. scobinosa superficially resembles  C. stellula Cairns, 1998 but can be distinguished by its S4 being more exsert than S3, and also by joining neighbouring S1 and S2 at the calicular margin forming triangular lancets. Corallum size and density also differentiate the adult forms of these two species. Although  C. scobinosa has been previously reported in neighbouring areas (Cairns and Keller 1993), the current study confirms the occurrence of this species further south in the South African territory. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/12FBF76FC345E7452B808AFA30199BA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
9ACFE885204FE4E91F11E6D663D8C78C.text	9ACFE885204FE4E91F11E6D663D8C78C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) stellula Cairns 1998	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) stellula Cairns, 1998</p>
            <p>Fig. 3A, B</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia epithecata . - Gardiner 1904: 114-117, pl. 1, figs 3 A-C (in part: localities I-V). - Cairns and Keller 1993: 219. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) stellula Cairns, 1998: 375-376, fig. 2A-C. -Cairns 2004a: 278. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off west of Rottnest Island, Australia (RV  ‘Diamantina’ stn. 25: 31°48'00.0"S, 114°58'12.0"E); 402 m (Cairns 1998). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the WAM (Cairns 1998).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF_SVMEC-INV190 (11 specimen): Southern margin, 54 km from Cape  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.120562/lat -34.73017)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.120562&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.73017">Point</a>
                 / 56 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°43'48.62"S, 18°07'14.02"E  ;   386- 392m. DEFF/SAEON_ A32776 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 200 km from KNYSNA/ 210 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.120562/lat -34.73017)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.120562&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.73017">Ratels</a>
                 Estuary, 34°43'48.62"S, 18°07'14.02"E  ;   636 m. SAMC_A073140 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 6 km off Cape  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.614998/lat -28.1383)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.614998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.1383">Vidal</a>
                 / 17 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°08'17.88"S, 32°36'54.00"E  ;   200 m. SAMC_A088909 (8 specimens): Southern margin, 140 km off Agulhas / 144 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Ratels</a>
                 Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E  ;   445 m. SAMC_A088922 (3 specimens): Southern margin, 140 km off Agulhas / 144 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Ratels</a>
                 Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E  ;   445- 463 m. SAMC_A088923 (4 specimens): Southern margin, 140 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Agulhas</a>
                 / 144 km Ratels off Bulura Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E  ;   445- 463 m. SAMC_A088928 (2 specimens): Southern margin, 65 km off Cape  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.76175/lat -34.784725)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.76175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.784725">St. Francis</a>
                 / 70 km off Slang Estuary, 34°47'05.01"S, 24°45'42.30"E  ;   392 m. SAMC_A090127 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 240 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.212948/lat -36.75948)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.212948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.75948">Agulhas</a>
                 / 247 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°45'34.13"S, 21°12'46.61"E  ;   513 m. SAMC_A090145 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 116 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.044975/lat -35.119797)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.044975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.119797">Knysna</a>
                 /off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.27"S, 23°02'41.91"E  ;   333 m. SAM_H1378 (2 specimens): Southern margin: 11 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">East London</a>
                 / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E  ;   146- 238 m. SAM_H1394 (25 specimens): No locality data. SAM_H1396 (2 specimens): Western margin, 14 km off Saldanha / 31 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.03333/lat -33.10833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.10833">Berg River</a>
                 I Floodplain Estuary, 33°06'29.99"S, 18°01'59.99"E  ;   347 m. SAM_H1418 (8 specimens): Western margin, 1 km off Cape  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.50335/lat -34.361843)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.50335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.361843">Point</a>
                 / 8 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°21'42.64"S, 18°30'12.06"E  ;   549 m. SAM_H1421 (2 specimens): Western margin 1 km off Cape  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.50335/lat -34.361843)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.50335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.361843">Point</a>
                 / 8 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°21'42.64"S, 18°30'12.06"E  ;   567-1024 m. SAM_H1433 (16 specimens): Western margin, 1 km off Cape  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.50335/lat -34.361843)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.50335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.361843">Point</a>
                 / 8 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°21'42.64"S, 18°30'12.06"E  ;   574- 732 m. SAM_H1436 (44 specimens): Southern margin, 2 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.161274/lat -34.186146)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.161274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.186146">Mosselbaai</a>
                 / 11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°11'10.12"S, 22°09'40.59"E  ;   165- 183 m. SAM_H1448 (92 specimens): Southern margin, 241 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.43333/lat -36.666668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.666668">Agulhas</a>
                 / 247 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°40'00.00"S, 21°25'59.99"E  ;   200 m. SAM_H1485 (72 specimens): Southern margin, 241 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.43333/lat -36.666668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.666668">Agulhas</a>
                 / 247 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°40'00.00"S, 21°25'59.99"E  ;   200 m. SAM_H3056 (21 specimen): Southern margin, 2 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.161274/lat -34.186146)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.161274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.186146">Mosselbaai</a>
                 / 11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°11'10.12"S, 22°09'40.59"E  ;  229 m. SAM_H3059 (2 specimens): South Africa, no other locality data . 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> BMNH 1939.7.20.249-251 (2 specimens): South Africa, locality data unknown. RV  ‘Galathea’ stn. 202 (3 specimens): Eastern margin, KwaZulu-Natal, depth unknown. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, unattached, curved, having a slender pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.1-0.2). Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1), with smooth to slightly serrated calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H1485) 11.4  × 10.2 mm in CD, 1.8 mm in PD, and 22.4 mm in H. Costae poorly developed, slightly granular, and separated by shallow intercostal furrows. Costae extending towards base. Theca thick. Corallum white, with yellowish brown theca. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1-2 slightly exsert and extend to columella. S32/3 the width of S1-2, and bear a sinuous pali (12 P3). S4  ¼ the width of S3. All septal have sinuous axial margins, S3 being the most sinuous. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert (if at all). Fossa relatively deep, with a fascicular columella composed of 4-6 ribbon-like elements. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western to eastern margin of South Africa, off Saldanha extending towards Cape Vidal; 200-567 m. Elsewhere: Western Australia (Cairns 1998); 240-402 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Of the  Caryophyllia reported from the South African territory,  C. stellula may be confused with  C. scobinosa , but differs in having a more robust corallum, a thicker calicular margin, and different pattern of septal exsertness.  Caryophyllia (C.) stellula was first reported from South Africa as  C. epithecata (Gardiner 1904) who elevated  Duncan’s (1873)  C. clavus var. epithecata to species level. However, this goes against the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985: article 45g) and, therefore, the correct author of  C. epithecata is Duncan (1873). Despite this,  Duncan’s C. clavus var. epithecata is a junior synonym of  C. smithi (Zibrowius 1974c). In South Africa,  C. stellula shows a broad regional distribution and the several specimens examined herein enabled the observation of intraspecific morphological variation. Some representatives have curved corallum with a narrow pedicel while others display a more robust and thicker pedicel, features also illustrated by Gardiner (1904). Nonetheless, the species consistently have septa hexameral symmetry in four complete cycles, and a total of 12 well-defined P3, each positioned before S3. Unfortunately,  Gardiner’s (1904) specimens were untraceable but his records are within the reported distribution proposed herein. The new material presented here increases the known depth range of this species by 75 m. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9ACFE885204FE4E91F11E6D663D8C78C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
EC30274579B1DBF0FE11ECA61F34446D.text	EC30274579B1DBF0FE11ECA61F34446D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) valdiviae Zibrowuis & Gili 1990	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) valdiviae Zibrowuis &amp; Gili, 1990</p>
            <p>Fig. 3C, D</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia clavus . -von Marenzeller 1904a: 281 (in part '  Valdivia '-291-292), pl. 16, figs 9K-M. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia epithecata . - Boshoff 1981: 35. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia valdiviae Zibrowius &amp; Gili, 1990: 28, 30, 32, pl. 2, figs P-R, pl. 3, figs A-T. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Walvis Ridge, west of Namibia ('Benguela VI  Expedition’ stn. BB12: 25°34'00.0"S, 6°07'00.0"E); 886 m (Zibrowius and Gill 1990). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NHMUK (Zibrowius and Gill 1990).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAM_H3108 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, 35 km from Durban/ 33 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°03'49.62"S, 31°15'30.89"E; depth unknown. ORI_DIIIa1 (7 specimens): Eastern margin, no other locality data.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, unattached, curved, and with a small pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.1). Calice subcylindrical, slightly compressed (GCD:LCD = 0.9-1.2), and with a jagged calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H3108) 26.8  × 23.0 mm in CD, 2.8 mm in PD, and 55.3 mm in H. Costae poorly developed and flat, except for C1-2, which are prominent and high. C1-2 slightly wider than C3-4. All costae covered with fine granules, extending towards base, and separated by narrow intercostal striae. Theca thick. Corallum white, with beige theca. </p>
            <p>Septa octamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3-4 (64 septa). S1 most wide, with straight axial margins that meet columella deep in fossa. S2 slightly less wide than S1, with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. S1-2 most exsert. S3-41/3 less wide than S2, and bear sinuous axial margins. S3 the most sinuous and each bearing a tall and thin pali (16 P3). All septal faces covered with sparsely arranged granules. Fossa relatively deep, with a fascicular columella composed of 4-12 ribbon-like elements.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western (Zibrowius and Gili 1990) and eastern margins of South Africa, off Alexander Bay (Zibrowius and Gili 1990) and southeast of Durban; 442-882 m. Elsewhere: Walvis Ridge (Zibrowius and Gili 1990); 882-2670 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The examined specimens match the characteristics described by Zibrowius and  Gili’s (1990)  Caryophyllia (C.) valdiviae specimens in having: (i) octamerally arranged septa, (ii) four cycles, and (iii) 16 P3.  Caryophyllia valdiviae is similar to  C. cornulum Cairns &amp; Zibrowius, 1997 in adult specimens having 48-72 septa and bearing four to five septa size classes (Kitahara et al. 2010 - key). However,  C. valdiviae can be distinguished by having septa highly exsert (1.8-4.2 mm) as compared with 0.7-1.1 mm in  C. cornulum , S1-2 being equally exsert, and also in septal formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3-4 in  C. valdiviae and S1&gt; S3 ≥ S2 in  C. cornulum . Among the other three unattached  Caryophyllia recorded in South Africa (  C. grandis ,  C. scobinosa , and  C. stellula ),  C. valdiviae overlaps in distribution and superficially resembles  C. grandis , but may be distinguished by its adult corallum having septa octamerally arranged in four cycles (64 septa) as compared with septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles (96 septa). The number of resultant pali also differs between these two species, with  C. valdiviae having 16 P3 and  C. grandis 24 P3. Furthermore,  C. valdiviae bears a robust and trochoid corallum, while  C. grandis have a less robust and ceratoid corallum.  Caryophyllia valdiviae is also one of the species reported by von Marenzeller (1904a) as  C. clavus (  Valdivia Expedition stn. 83) (Zibrowius and Gill 1990). Apart from von  Marenzeller’s (1904a) misidentification of the Atlantic (Walvis Ridge) record, Boshoff (1980) reported an Indian ocean record of  C. valdiviae as  C. epithecata , a sample collected through UCTES and a sub-sample of SAM_H3108. Nonetheless, this KwaZulu-Natal record represents a disjunction in the previously known Atlantic distribution of this species, indicating that this species might occur all around the South African continental slope. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC30274579B1DBF0FE11ECA61F34446D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
FB5E5052C28F50D3EC241C6F6B7F615A.text	FB5E5052C28F50D3EC241C6F6B7F615A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caryophyllia Lamarck 1816	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Caryophyllia Lamarck, 1816</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, attached or free: if attached, corallum cylindrical, trochoid, or ceratoid; if free, corallum usually cornute. Calice circular, elliptical, or compressed; thecal margin spines present on species having compressed coralla. Septal symmetry variable, but hexameral symmetry with four cycles of septa most common. One crown of paliform lobes present before penultimate or rarely the antepenultimate cycle of septa. Columella fascicular, composed of several twisted laths. Exclusively azooxanthellate and common in deep water.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB5E5052C28F50D3EC241C6F6B7F615A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
992D51AB7CFE2521E6A2650D84D920E6.text	992D51AB7CFE2521E6A2650D84D920E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crispatotrochus cornu (Moseley 1881)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Crispatotrochus cornu (Moseley, 1881)</p>
            <p>Fig. 3E, F</p>
            <p> Cyathoceras cornu Moseley, 1881: 156-157, pl. 4, fig. 7 (in part). - Cairns 1979: 67, pl. 12, figs 1, 3. </p>
            <p> Crispatotrochus cornu . - Cairns 1991: 15. - Kitahara and Cairns 2008: 63. - Cairns and Polonio 2013: 70-71, figs 2L-M, 3A-B, 10. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Rio de la Plata, Uruguay (HMS  ‘Challenger’ stn. 320: 37°17'00"S, 53°52'00"W); 1097 m (Moseley 1881). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Lectotype and paralectotype are deposited at the NMNH (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>UCTES_NAD 17 F (1 specimen): Eastern margin, off Isipingo; 49 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, attached through a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.4) that expands into an encrusting base. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.2) with a serrated calicular margin. Only imaged specimen examined (NAD 17 1F) 5.9  × 5.0 mm in CD, 2.2 mm in PD, and 7.0 mm in H. Theca granulated. Costae prominent at calicular margin, with C1--2 more prominent and distinctive. No intercostal striae. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1-2 equal in size and exsertness, with slightly sinuous axial margins, and almost meet columella. Remaining septa (S3-4) becoming progressively less exsert. S3 ~  ¾ the width of S1-2, and have the most sinuous axial margins. S4 rudimentary, also with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. Septal faces bear small and blunt granules. Fossa moderately deep, with a rudimentary fascicular columella composed of two twisted elements. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Isipingo; 49 m. Elsewhere: Seamount or ridge on Heezen fracture zone, South Pacific; 549 m (Cairns 1982).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The imaged specimen, that forms the basis of this species report, is consistent with the known description of  Crispatotrochus cornu in having a robust pedicel and septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles (S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4), but differs in having an exceptionally sinuous as opposed to a straight S3 as previously reported (Cairns 1979, Kitahara and Cairns 2008). This species groups with the other  Crispatotrochus that have septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles (  C. inornatus ,  C. galapagensis Cairns, 1991,  C. rugosus Cairns, 1995, and  C. irregularis Cairns, 1982), all previously reported from the Pacific Ocean.  Crispatotrochus cornu appears to be a juvenile form and is similar to the specimens collected by RV  Gerda and RV Pillsbury stations which display a pedicel measuring  ½ of the calicular diameter (Cairns 1979). However, Cairns (1979) highlights that these specimens were omitted from the description/account on the bases of immaturity and their small size. Species may have septa arranged in a decameral or hexameral fashion (Cairns 1979, 1991), the latter being the pattern observed in the imaged specimen reported herein (UCTES_NAD17F). Nonetheless, the South African record (UCTES_NAD17F) was collected at a much shallower depth than the previously known. Despite this, specimen is added to the account and represents a new record for the  Crispatotrochus in the southwest Indian Ocean. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/992D51AB7CFE2521E6A2650D84D920E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
357A0A7A5BE7872EC153313006953209.text	357A0A7A5BE7872EC153313006953209.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crispatotrochus Tenison-Woods 1878	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Crispatotrochus Tenison-Woods, 1878</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, ceratoid to turbinate, and usually attached. Septotheca costate or covered with transverse ridges. Pali absent; columella fascicular composed of discrete, twisted elements.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Crispatotrochus inortatus Tenison-Woods, 1878, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/357A0A7A5BE7872EC153313006953209	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
43CDFF99C20B9AEFEADD609F75A90992.text	43CDFF99C20B9AEFEADD609F75A90992.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culicia australiensis Hoffmeister 1933	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Culicia sp. cf. australiensis Hoffmeister, 1933</p>
            <p>Fig. 14J-L</p>
            <p> Culicia australiensis Hoffmeister, 1933: 12, pl. 3, figs 3, 4. - Wells 1958: 263, pl. 1, figs 3, 4. -Squires 1960: 200, fig. 8. -Cairns and Parker 1992: 12-13, figs 2A, D, G. - Cairns 1998: 371-372. -Cairns 2004a: 273. </p>
            <p> Culicia sp. Veron, 1986: 600. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Marsden Point, South Australia, 31 m (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Syntypes are deposited at the AM (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p> SAMC_A073032 (2 colonies): Eastern margin, 9 km from  Shaka’s Rock/ 12 km off Mhlali Estuary, 29°32'06.00"S, 31°19'47.99"E; 50 m. </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> Mortensen Stn. 23 (1 colony): Eastern margin, off Durban; 64 m. Mortensen Stn. 30 (1 colony): Eastern margin, off Durban; 94 m. SAM_H1236 (1 colony): Eastern margin,  O’Neil Peak; 101 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Colony reptoid, composed of elongated individual corallites joined by stolons. Corallites cylindrical, with circular to elliptical calices (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), and ≤ 6.8 mm in H. Calicular margin smooth. Epitheca smooth and thin.</p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1-2 equal in width and bearing variable axial margin: sometimes smooth and in other cases dentate, both types extend to columella. S3 equal to or 1/3 smaller than S1-2, and bear a dentate axial margin. S4 rudimentary, also having dentate axial margin. All septa non-exsert and closely packed. Fossa moderately deep containing a papillose columella composed of granulated rods.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, from off  O’Neil Peak extending towards Durban; 50-101 m. Elsewhere: Australia (Hoffmeister 1933; Cairns and Parker 1992; Cairns 1998, 2004a); 3-378 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Three other taxa (  C. tenella tenella Dana, 1846,  C. tenella natalensis (Duncan, 1876), and  C. excavata (Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1849)) are historically known to occur in the south-west Indian Ocean, all of which have three septal cycles, not four. Specimens examined most closely resemble  C. australiensis in all characters (including a hexamerally arranged septa with four cycles), but differ in having a dentated, not smooth S1 axial margin. However,  Culicia requires revision and, therefore, the examined specimens are tentatively reported as  C. sp. cf.  Culicia australiensis until the time that the taxonomy of this genus is reviewed. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43CDFF99C20B9AEFEADD609F75A90992	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
E92BB7C7603A9CEABB3853BD13ED8AEA.text	E92BB7C7603A9CEABB3853BD13ED8AEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culicia Dana 1846	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Culicia Dana, 1846</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum colonial and consisting of low cylindrical corallites linked together by stolons. Corallites epithecate. S1 weakly dentate or lobate. Higher cycle septa finely dentate. Pali absent. Columella rudimentary.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Culicia stellata Dana, 1846, by subsequent designation (Wells 1936). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E92BB7C7603A9CEABB3853BD13ED8AEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
C4F5DACA63E1D0A45EDBBB05134F30B1.text	C4F5DACA63E1D0A45EDBBB05134F30B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culicia excavata (Milne-Edwards & Haime 1849)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Culicia excavata (Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1849)</p>
            <p>Fig. 14M, N</p>
            <p> Angia excavata Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1849: 177. </p>
            <p> Culicia tenella . - Boshoff 1981: 25. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the BMNH.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>BMNH 1840.09.30. 19 (Type: 1 colony): Cape of Good Hope. UCTES_DBN 85 H (1 colony): Eastern margin, off Isipingo, depth unknown.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum colonial, reptoid, with short, cylindrical, and small individual corallites connected by stolons. Calice circular. Calicular margin smooth.</p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1-2 ≥ S3 (24 septa). S1-2 equal in size, convex, and extend to an under-developed columella (if present) with slightly dentated axial margins. S3 rudimentary and curved towards S2 with dentate axial margins. Septa loosely packed. Pali absent. Columella rudimentary or absent. Fossa shallow.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Durban; intertidal-138 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique; depth unknown (Boshoff 1981).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Subsequent to the original description of  Culicia excavata , this species was misidentified and reported as  C. tenella by Boshoff (1981). After close examination of the  Boshoff’s specimen (collected off Mozambique: ORI_CIc1, 3 specimens), we confirm these specimens to be  C. excavata . The occurrence of  Boshoff’s East London record is not clear and should not be considered in biodiversity assessments. Nonetheless, more specimens of the cryptic  C. excavata are required and the revision of the genus is urgently needed. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4F5DACA63E1D0A45EDBBB05134F30B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
5BABA328B8E1B3AC05B8BC4E15F57110.text	5BABA328B8E1B3AC05B8BC4E15F57110.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culicia sp. cf. Culicia tenella Culicia natalensis (Duncan 1876	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Culicia sp. cf. 
Culicia tenellaCulicia natalensis
(Duncan, 1876)
</p>
            <p> Cylicia tenella . - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1857: 608. </p>
            <p> Cylicia tenella var. natalensis Duncan, 1876: 439-440, pl. 40, fig. 3. </p>
            <p> Culicia tenella . - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 230. </p>
            <p> Culicia sp. cf.  C. natalensis . - Cairns and Keller 1993: 232-232, fig. 3G. </p>
            <p> Culicia tenella natalensis . -Cairns 2004a: 274. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NHMUK (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off KwaZulu-Natal; depth unknown (Duncan 1876). Elsewhere: Tanzania (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Kenya (Cairns and Keller 1993); 34 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> This entry is based on  Duncan’s (1876) subspecies  Culicia tenella natalensis . In his account, Duncan (1876) highlighted the association between  C. natalensis and a brachiopod. Although we herein doubt the validity of  Duncan’s South African subspecies, more specimens are required in order to compare  C. natalensis to the Australian  C. tenella and  C. hoffmeisteri Squires, 1966. The latter is an Australian species that Cairns and Keller (1993) reported to have a close resemblance to their  C. natalensis examined specimens from Kenya. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5BABA328B8E1B3AC05B8BC4E15F57110	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
4BDB5ADF0B0227FE0B2FD6519DA5AE99.text	4BDB5ADF0B0227FE0B2FD6519DA5AE99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyathotrochus Bourne 1905	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cyathotrochus Bourne, 1905</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum cuneiform, with rounded base and calice elliptical in cross section. GCD ≤ 25.0 mm. Costae highly ridged, independent in origin, and serrate in ornamentation. Intercostal region equal to costae in width, not pitted, and quite deep. Septa highly exsert and hexamerally arranged in four or five cycles (48-96 septa). Lamellar pali in three crowns before all but last septal cycle (P1-3 or P1-4), higher cycle pali arranged in chevrons. Columella papillose to sub-lamellar.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Cyathotrochus herdmani Bourne, 1905 by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4BDB5ADF0B0227FE0B2FD6519DA5AE99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
4BD4AD9AB4B38DF9B955EA8E31869A15.text	4BD4AD9AB4B38DF9B955EA8E31869A15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyathotrochus pileus (Alcock 1902)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cyathotrochus pileus (Alcock, 1902)</p>
            <p>Fig. 15A, B</p>
            <p> Endopachys australiae Tenison-Woods, 1878: 333, pl. 6, fig. 1A-C. </p>
            <p> Tropidocyathus bougainvillea Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857: 57. </p>
            <p> Trochocyathus pileus Alcock, 1902a: 96-97. - Alcock 1902c: 15-16, pl. 2, figs 11, 11A. -Faustino 1927: 8, 34, 39, 81. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 187. - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 106, 123. </p>
            <p> Tropidocyathus pileus . - Cairns 1989a: 34-35, pl. 17, figs A-H. -Cairns 1994: 68, pl. 29, figs D, E. - Cairns 1995: 91, pl. 28, figs A-C. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 147-148, fig. 19H, I. </p>
            <p> Cyathotrochus pileus . - Cairns 1997: 16, pl. 1, figs F-G, pl. 4, fig. F. - Cairns 1998: 392.- Cairns 1999: 110-111. - Cairns et al. 1999: 40. -Cairns 2004a: 292, figs 6D, E. - Kitahara et al. 2010b: 9. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 95-96, 98, figs 36H, 37, 38A-C. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Sulu Archipelago, Philippines (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stn. 95: 5°43'00"N, 119°40'00"E); 522 m (Cairns 1994). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Four syntypes are deposited at the ZMA (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073181 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.536697/lat -31.7317)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.536697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.7317">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from Port St. Johns / 10 km off Bulolo Estuary, 31°43'54.12"S, 29°32'12.11"E; 190 m.   SAMC_A087424 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.186697/lat -29.89)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.186697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.89">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Durban / 18 km off Beachwood Mangroves, 29°53'24.00"S, 31°11'12.11"E; 270 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum cuneiform, laterally compressed, with a rounded base. Thecal edge crests absent. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.7-1.9), calicular margin lanceted. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073181) 21.2  × 12.3 mm in CD, and 21.5 mm in H. Costae ridged, serrated, highly granular, and equal in width. Intercostal striae narrow, deep, and extend to base. Corallum predominantly pale cream, but freshly collected specimens pale orange with white septa and calicular margin. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in five incomplete cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 or S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S5&gt; S4. S1 highly exsert and each bearing a small palus. S2 slightly less exsert, and slightly smaller or equal in size to S1. P2 similar to P1 but rising higher than it in fossa. In half-systems without S5, S3 smaller and less exsert than S2 and bear the widest pali. S4 dimorphic in development: those adjacent to S1 are wider than those adjacent to S2. S4 fuses to S1 and S2 at calicular margin forming triangular apexes. In half-systems with S5, S3 small and bear a wide palus. S4 adjacent to S2 slightly wider than S3 and also bear a wide palus. S4 adjacent to S1 lack pali. S5 dimorphic in development: those adjacent S1 wider but as exsert as ones neighbouring S2. All axial edge of septa and pali slightly sinuous, with faces being uniformly covered by pointed and sharp granules. Columella papillose and aligned with GCD, but sometimes difficult to view due to the highly compressed corallum.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Port St. Johns extending towards Durban; 190-270 m. Elsewhere: Tanzania (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Japan; South China Sea (Cairns 1994); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Australia (Cairns 1998); Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 123-1110 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Although two authors have reported  Cyathotrochus pileus before (Alcock, 1902a), their priority is discounted based on varying nomenclature reasons.  Endopachys australiae Tenison-Woods 1878 account of species was not used in the literature subsequent to its original description. Whilst  Tropidocyathus bougainvillea Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857 type material is untraceable and the authors did not illustrate their specimens (Cairns 1989a). Thus, according to article 23.9.1 of the ICZN (1999),  Endopachys australiae is considered to be a nomen oblitum and  C. pileus to be a nomen protectum. There are two extant species belonging to  Cyathotrochus (  C. pileus and  C. nascornatus (Gardiner and Waugh 1938 )), which may be distinguished based on the irregularity of coralla (as a result of asexual reproduction) taken by  C. nascornatus (Cairns 1989a). Nonetheless, examined specimens represent new records of  Cyathotrochus pileus from South Africa and, therefore, extend its known distribution from south of Tanzania. Among the  Turbinoliidae of the region,  C. pileus resembles  Tropidocyathus lessonii , but can be distinguished by the lack of thecal edge crest, ridged costae, and triangular apexes at the calicular margin. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4BD4AD9AB4B38DF9B955EA8E31869A15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
CEA2F64F06ADE94F5A3A30C288F340D1.text	CEA2F64F06ADE94F5A3A30C288F340D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Deltocyathoides orientalis (Duncan 1876)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Deltocyathoides orientalis (Duncan, 1876)</p>
            <p>Fig. 15C, D</p>
            <p> Deltocyathus orientalis Duncan, 1876: 431, pl. 38, figs 4-7. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus lens Alcock, 1902a: 99. - Alcock 1902c: 19-20, pl. 2, figs 16, 16A. -Zou 1988: 77-78, pl. 5, figs 6, 6A. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathoides japonicus Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1932a: 389, fig. 3. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus minutus Gardiner &amp; Waugh, 1938: 1980, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> Stephanophyllia fungulus . - Boshoff 1981: 24. </p>
            <p> Peponocyathus orientalis . - Wells 1984: 214. - Veron 1986: 608. </p>
            <p> Peponocyathus australiensis . - Cairns 1989a: 29, 30-32, pl. 14, figs D-J, pl. 15, figs A-D. -Cairns and Parker 1992: 39-40, pl. 13, figs C, D. - Cairns and Keller 1993, 259-261. -Cairns 1994: 64-65, pl. 28, figs C-F, pl. 41, fig. I. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathoides orientalis . - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 144-145. - Cairns 1997: 17, pl. 1, fig. H, pl. 7, fig. F. - Cairns 1998: 392. -Cairns 1999: 111. - Cairns et al. 1999: 40. -Cairns 2004a: 292. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>South-eastern Honshu, Japan (34°12'00"N, 136°20'00"E); 95 m (Cairns 1989a).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is presumed to be lost (Zibrowius 1980).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_BVIa2 (1 specimen):  Locality data unknown, 80 m.   SAMC_A073139 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6367/lat -27.828299)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.828299">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°49'41.87"S, 32°38'12.11"E; 54 m.   USNM 91711 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.699997/lat -29.579998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.699997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.579998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Port St. Johns /off Bulolo Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum bowl-shaped with a pointed base. Calice circular (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.2), with a slightly serrated calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073139) 6.7 mm in CD, and 3.7 mm in H. Costae ridged, granular, with only C1 extending from calicular margin to base epicentre. C3 fuses to their adjacent C4 (~ 1/2 or 1/3 from base epicentre), and closer to base the fused costa joins C2 to form a single costa that reaches base epicentre. Intercostal striae wide and deep near calicular margin, but progressively getting narrower and shallower near base epicentre. Corallum white.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2 ≥ S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1 independent, most exsert, and separated from columella by a small palus, which is difficult to distinguish from columellar elements. S2 less exsert and  ¾ width of S1, each bearing a thick palus that joins neighbouring P3-4 closer to columella. S3 ~  ½ the width of S2, less exsert, and bearing a thin palus (P3). S4 dimorphic in development: those adjacent to S1 are wider than S3, but S4 adjacent to S2 are equal in width to S3. Small spines perpendicular to septal and palar margins give them a coarse appearance. Fossa absent. Columella papillose. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa; extending off  Shaka’s Rock towards Cape Vidal; 54-138 m. Elsewhere: Japan (Yabe and Eguchi 1932a); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Wallis and Futuna (Cairns 1999a); Australia (Cairns and Parker 1992; Cairns 2004); New Zealand (Cairns 1994); Tanzania; Red Sea (Gardiner and Waugh 1938; Cairns and Keller 1993); Florida; and Brazil (Cairns 1979); 44-635 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> This widespread turbinoliid was first reported in the region by Boshoff (1981), who identified it as  Stephanophyllia fungulus . More than one decade later Cairns and Keller (1993) noted the occurrence of  Deltocyathoides orientalis in Natal, but as  Peponocyathus australiensis (Cairns and Keller 1993). Subsequent authors (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997; Cairns 1999a, 2004a), then agreed with Cairns (1995) that the genus  Deltocyathoides should be applied to previously identified  Peponocyathus that do not undergo transverse division.  Deltocyathoides orientalis differs from other turbinoliids in the region in its bowl-shaped corallum, independent S1, fused P2-4 (which gives septa a V-shaped appearance), septa and pali with spines perpendicular to their margins, and costal morphology. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CEA2F64F06ADE94F5A3A30C288F340D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
21EBA8ACB67FB46591F9AB09B41DCC8A.text	21EBA8ACB67FB46591F9AB09B41DCC8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Deltocyathoides sentus Kitahara & Cairns 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Deltocyathoides sentus Kitahara &amp; Cairns, 2021</p>
            <p>Fig. 15E, F</p>
            <p> Deltocyathus lens . -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 198. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus italicus . - Zibrowius 1974a: 756-757. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus sp. A. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 245-246, fig. 5G, H. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus sentus Kitahara &amp; Cairns, 2021: 101-102, figs 40, 41G-I. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p> USNM 91551 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 33 km from  SHAKA’S ROCK/ 34 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°44'17.99"S, 31°27'36.00"E; 300 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum unattached, shaped as a bowl with a pointed epicentre base. Calice circular, with serrate calicular margin. Specimen examined 10.0  × 9.8 mm in CD, and 6.3 mm in H. Costae granular, rounded, wider near calicular margin, and progressively smaller in width toward base. Only C1-2 extend towards pointed base. Intercostal spaces deep, also being wider near calicular margin, and progressively getting narrower towards base. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (total of 48 septa). S1 most exsert, septa independent, bearing the largest and highest pali, which are separated from septa by a deep notch. Higher cycle septa (S2-4) becoming progressively less exsert. S2 slightly smaller than S1, also with a deep notch before a smaller palus. S3  ¾ the width of S2, with small pali. S4  ¼ wider than S3, with a pali slightly smaller than P2. P4 extend towards columella where it forms delta with adjacent P2. Sharp granules present on septal and palar faces. Moderately deep fossa, containing a papillose columella composed of a group of intertwined rods. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off  Shaka’s Rock; 300 m (Cairns and Keller 1993). Elsewhere: Zanzibar (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Madagascar (Zibrowius 1974a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 217-1400 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> This taxon is based on the conical  Deltocyathus species reported by Cairns and Keller (1993), who also suggested that it may be similar to the species mentioned by Zibrowius (1974a) from Madagascar. Cairns and Keller (1993) additionally emphasiszed the differences in the rounded and granular costae, relatively small P3, and moderately deep fossa; features with are in agreement with  Deltocyathoides sentus Kitahara &amp; Cairns, 2021 recently reported from New Caledonia. In addition;  D. sentus can be distinguished from the only other congener (  D. orientalis ) by having a pointed epicentre, palar faces bearing lateral ridges, S3 being less wider that S4. The specimen reported herein therefore confirms that  D. sentus can be found in shallow waters than previously reported (Kitahara and Cairns 2021). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/21EBA8ACB67FB46591F9AB09B41DCC8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
00381A8D896735285AF4A8793014F7EF.text	00381A8D896735285AF4A8793014F7EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Deltocyathoides Yabe & Eguchi 1932	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Deltocyathoides Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1932</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum bowl-shaped, with rounded base, and calice circular in cross section; transverse division absent. Costae ridged and serrate; intercostal regions deep, narrow, and not pitted. Higher cycle costae (C3-4) originate by bi- or trifurcation. Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles. Sub-lamellar to styliform pali before all but last cycles of septa. Columella papillose.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Deltocyathoides japonicus Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1932a (junior synonym of  Deltocyathus orientalis Duncan, 1876, which is the type of  Paradeltocyathus by original designation) (Cairns 1997). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/00381A8D896735285AF4A8793014F7EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
E368EA46E8E5DF8EF73968D9C76CB675.text	E368EA46E8E5DF8EF73968D9C76CB675.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Deltocyathus italicus (Michelotti 1838)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Deltocyathus italicus (Michelotti, 1838)</p>
            <p> Turbinolia italica Michelotti, 1838: 51, pl. 1, fig. 8. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus agassizii . -Moseley 1876: 546, 551 (in part). </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus italicus . -  Pourtalès 1880: 101 (in part), pl. 1, figs 2, 3. - Moseley 1881: 145-147 (in part). -von Marenzeller 1904a: 281 (in part). - Gravier 1920: 34-36 (in part). -Keller 1975: 177, pl. 2, figs 1-4B. -Kitahara 2007: 502-503. -Kitahara and Cairns 2009: 236. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus sp. cf.  D. italicus . - Cairns 1979: 95-97, pl. 17, figs 1-3. - Reyes et al. 2009: 16, fig. 3E, F. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus conicus Zibrowius, 1980: 83-85, pl. 39, figs A-L. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 35, pl. 2, figs M-O. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Tortona, Italy (Miocene) (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is lost (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western margin of South Africa, off Alexander Bay and Port Nolloth; 882-1412 m (Zibrowius and Gili 1991). Elsewhere: widespread in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico (Cairns 1978, 1979; Cairns et al. 2009); off Rio de Janeiro in Brazil; Bermuda (Cairns 1979; Kitahara 2007); Colombia (Reyes et al. 2009); Gulf of Gasco; Azores; Morocco; Miocene of Italy; Gulf of Guinea; Angola (Zibrowius 1980); 403-2634 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> This species is well described by Cairns (1979) and Zibrowius (1980), who both noted that the corallum is patellate and free, with a prominent conical base bearing no basal scar. The costae are ridged, unequal in size, and with a dentate appearance. The regional occurrence of  Deltocyathus italicus is based on the Zibrowius and Gili (1991) record as no other specimens have been examined. Apart from the inter-species variation in the H:D ratio and columella development, highlighted by Zibrowius and Gili (1991),  D. italicus may be differentiated from the other Atlantic species of  Deltocyathus in having a strongly conical base (Cairns 1979 b; Zibrowius 1980). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E368EA46E8E5DF8EF73968D9C76CB675	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
C931A9A6E32F556AFED5F46F9652C3C7.text	C931A9A6E32F556AFED5F46F9652C3C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Deltocyathus Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Deltocyathus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Solitary, discoidal to patellate, usually free. Septotheca costate. Septa arranged in 4-5 cycles, only S1 being independent. Pali before all but last cycle. Axial margins of higher cycle pali join to faces of adjacent septa (deltas). Columella papillose.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Turbinolia italica Michelotti, 1838, by monotypy. 181 </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C931A9A6E32F556AFED5F46F9652C3C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
0E3B782C20EA18658574D593767BC70B.text	0E3B782C20EA18658574D593767BC70B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Deltocyathus rotulus (Alcock 1898)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Deltocyathus rotulus (Alcock, 1898)</p>
            <p>Fig. 7E, F</p>
            <p> Trochocyathus rotulus Alcock, 1898: 16, pl. 2, figs 1, 1A. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus fragilis Alcock, 1902a: 99, 100. - Alcock 1902c: 21, pl. 1, figs 15, 15A. </p>
            <p> Deltocyathus rotulus . -van der Horst 1931: 6. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 196. - Yabe and Eguchi 1937: 129. -Keller 1982: 50. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 245, pl. 5, fig. I. -Cairns 1994: 55, 56, pl. 24, figs J, K. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 125, 126, fig. 16A-C. - Cairns 1999a: 91-92. -Cairns 2004a: 280. -Kitahara and Cairns 2009: 238, fig. 1B. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 399, 401, figs 204, 216A-D. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> North of Maldive Atoll, Flores Seas (HMS  ‘Investigator’ stn. 216: 7°24'S, 118°15.2'E); 794 m (Alcock 1898; Kitahara and Cairns 2009). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is presumed to be deposited at the IM (Cairns 2004a; Kitahara and Cairns 2009).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>USNM 91550 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 28 km from Scottburgh/ 21 km off Mkomazi, 30°11'59.99"S, 32°01'00.00"E; 1360 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum discoidal, unattached, with a flat to slightly bowl-shaped base. Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.2), with a lanceted and scalloped calicular margin. Specimen examined 30.4  × 25.5 mm in CD. All costae serrated and prominent at calicular margin. Intercostal spaces deep and wider at calicular margin, becoming progressively narrower towards base. Costae granular, resulting in a serrated costal margin. Corallum white, being light reddish brown around columella. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (total of 96 septa). S1-2 appearing independent septa, but fusing to neighbouring septa through porous connections. S1-2 moderately exsert, bear pali, each of which is separated from its septum by a notch. S3  ¾ the width of S1-2, less exsert, and sometimes each bearing a small palus. S4 less wide than S3, but equally exsert, and each bearing a tall palus, which form a distinctive crown around columella. S5 rudimentary. All septa fuse to adjacent septa, but position of fusion varies: S1-4 join neighbouring septa near columella whilst S5 join S4 near calicular margin. P1-3 small, with P1-2 being  ¼ or  ½ the size of P4, and P3 consistently half the size of P1-2, positioned at porous fusions. P4 positioned further away from columella, alluding to a crown of 24 pali. Upper margins of all septa smooth. Fossa shallow, containing a papillose columella composed of irregularly shaped papillae. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Scottburgh; 1360 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique; Zanzibar (Cairns and Keller 1993); Maldives (Alcock 1898; Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Gulf of Aden (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Sri Lanka (van der Horst 1931); Tanzania (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Japan (Cairns 1994); Philippines; Indonesia; Malaysia (Alcock 1902c; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Vanuatu; Wallis, and Futuna region (Cairns 1999a); Australia (Cairns 2004a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2009, 2021); 210-2340 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Among the  Deltocyathus s from South Africa, the Indo-Pacific  D. rotulus differs from the Atlantic  D. italicus in having a large and discodial corallum, a total of five cycles of septa (the highest cycle sometimes incomplete), costae giving a serrated appearance, and the reddish brown pigmentation around the columella. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E3B782C20EA18658574D593767BC70B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
8296B6CBF4241146A9A703656B7E1EA6.text	8296B6CBF4241146A9A703656B7E1EA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrophyllia arbuscula van der Horst 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendrophyllia arbuscula van der Horst, 1922</p>
            <p>Fig. 8G, H</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia arbuscula van der Horst, 1922: 53, pl. 8, fig. 6 (in part:  ‘Siboga’ Stn. 277, pl. 8, fig. 6). - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 162, 166-167. -Crossland 1952: 92. - Eguchi 1968: C55-C56, pl. C21, figs 5, 13. - Wells 1964: 108. - Pillai and Scheer 1974: 462, fig. 7A. -Pillai 1983: 89. - Veron 1986: 578. -Cairns 1994: 90-91, pl. 38, figs I-L. - Cairns 1995: 125-126, pl. 43, figs E, F. - Ogawa and Takahashi 1995: 17, pl. 1, figs 1-7. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 192-193, fig. 29A-C. - Cairns 1998: 408-409. - Cairns 1999a: 133-134. - Cairns et al. 1999: 26. - Cairns 2001: 34. -Cairns 2004a: 267, 315. -Lam et al. 2009, 732-733, fig. 1E-I. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia micranthus . -van der Horst 1922: 50. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia subcornigera Eguchi, 1968: C64, pl. C32, figs 3, 4. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia horsti Gardiner &amp; Waugh, 1939: 237-238, pl. 2, figs 5, 6. -Fricke and Schuhmacher 1983: 184, fig. 14D. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia sp. cf.  D. horsti . - Cairns and Keller 1993: 278, pl. 13, figs F, I. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Banda Sea, Indonesia (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stns. 260 and 277); 45-90 m (van der Horst 1922). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Three syntypes are deposited at the ZMA (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073119 (1 colony):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6483/lat -27.789997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.789997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Cape Vidal / 29 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°47'23.99"S, 32°38'53.87"E; 65- 70 m.   SAM_H3064 (1 colony):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.28333/lat -33.816666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.28333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.816666">Southern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Padrone / 30 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°49'00.00"S, 26°16'59.99"E; 65 m.   SAM_H5104 (1 colony):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6675/lat -27.610682)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6675&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.610682">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 59 km from Cape Vidal / 9 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°36'38.45"S, 32°40'02.99"E; 59 m.   USNM 91815 (2 colonies):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.329998/lat -29.536697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.329998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.536697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 90 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 9 km off Boesmans Estuary, 29°32'12.11"S, 31°19'47.99"E; 50 m.   USNM 91816 (3 colonies):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.905003/lat -27.003298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.905003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.003298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 17 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.905003/lat -27.003298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.905003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.003298">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 10 km off Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary, 27°00'11.87"S, 32°54'18.00"E; 68 m.   USNM 91817 (1 colony):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.920002/lat -27.006697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.006697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 17 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.920002/lat -27.006697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.006697">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 11 km off Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary, 27°00'24.11"S, 32°55'12.00"E; 66 m.   USNM 91818 (2 colonies):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9183/lat -27.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.018297">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9183/lat -27.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.018297">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 12 km off Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary, 27°01'05.87"S, 32°55'05.88"E; 69- 73 m.   USNM 91819 (1 colony):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.8817/lat -27.113298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.8817&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.113298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 29 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 19 km Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°06'47.87"S, 32°52'54.12"E; 74 m.   USNM 91820 (1 colony):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.828297/lat -27.216698)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.828297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.216698">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 26 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'00.11"S, 32°49'41.87"E; 72 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Colony small, attached, and bear few corallites, of which one is axial; remaining budding from lower or upper corallum of axial corallite. Primary corallite elongate cylindrical, and firmly attached to substrate through a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.9). Secondary corallites low (&lt;5 mm in H). Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1-1.4), calicular margin lanceted. Largest corallite examined (axial) 12.0  × 10.7 mm in CD, and 31.2 mm in H. Costae conspicuous, broad, equal in width, flat, slightly porous, and granular. Intercostal furrows shallow and quite porous. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 or S1 ≥ S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa), with S5 sometimes present. At calicular margin, upper outer margin of S4 fuses to neighbouring septa (S1 or S2) forming small triangular lancets. S1 independent, slightly exsert, and extend towards columella with straight axial margins. S2 also independent, slightly less exsert, as wide to only slightly smaller than S1, and also bearing straight axial margins. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) becoming progressively less exsert, if at all. S3 dimorphic in size, being 1/3 the width of S2 or sometimes rudimentary, with dentate to laciniate axial margins. S4 arranged in a  Pourtalès plan: a pair of S4 curves towards common S3 fusing before it deep in fossa, may be a 1/3 wider than S3, axial margins dentate to laciniate. Septal faces finely granular. Fossa deep, containing a massive columella usually swirled in a clockwise direction. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern and Eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape Padrone extending towards Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary (17 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 50-73 m. Elsewhere: Japan, China Sea (Cairns 1994); Philippines, Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Australia (Cairns 1998); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); Red Sea (Fricke and Schuhmacher 1983); Maldives; Pemba; Tanzania (Gardiner and Waugh 1939; Cairns and Keller 1993); 2-386 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia arbuscula is historically known from the eastern margin of South Africa. One of the examined specimens (SAM_H3064) extends the regional distribution south towards Cape Padrone. Although Gardiner and Waugh (1939) noted the resemblance of  D. horsti to  D. arbuscula , an observation also made by Cairns and Keller (1993), it was only four years later that  D. horsti was listed as a junior synonym of  D. arbuscula (Cairns &amp; Zibrowius, 1997). Nonetheless, based on growth form,  D. arbuscula is within  Cairns’ (1994) second  Dendrophyllia morphological group. Two other South African congers (  D. cladonia van der Horst, 1927 and  D. cornigera (Lamarck, 1816)) are known to form small and bushy colonies that originate from an axial corallite (with relatively few additional corallites to the primary), however, dissimilarities will be discussed in these  species’ accounts. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8296B6CBF4241146A9A703656B7E1EA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
74968583053D136C2A591430A3726F7E.text	74968583053D136C2A591430A3726F7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrophyllia Blainville 1830	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendrophyllia Blainville, 1830</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Colonies formed by extra-tentacular budding, resulting in three general forms: arborescent colonies with axial corallites; small bushy colonies with sparse branching; or dendroid colonies with sympodial branching. All forms originate from a single basal stem. Synapticulothecate. Costae usually clearly defined. Septa arranged in  Pourtalès plan. Pali may be present. Columella spongy. Tabular endothecal dissepiments may be present. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Madrepora ramea Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1850b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/74968583053D136C2A591430A3726F7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
E1387F10F6016C1B4535A4C2BFBEEE63.text	E1387F10F6016C1B4535A4C2BFBEEE63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrophyllia cladonia van der Horst 1927	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendrophyllia cladonia van der Horst, 1927</p>
            <p>Fig. 8I, J.</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia cladonia van der Horst, 1927: 3-4, pl. 1, figs 5, 6, pl. 2, fig. 7. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 44. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 279. - Cairns 2001: 34. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Port Shepstone (?), South Africa (RV 'Pieter  Faure’ at ca. 30°44'15.3"S, 30°27'35.0"E); 457 m (van der Horst 1927). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Type specimen is possibly deposited at the NHMUK (GBIF 2020).</p>
            <p>Material examine.</p>
            <p>
                 DEFF_BD13-INV 03 (6 fragments): Southern margin, 25 km from Cintsa Mouth/off Bulura Estuary, 32°58'59.08"S, 28°19'10.82"E; 104 m.  DEFF/SAEON_ D00491 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 138 km from Agulhas / 145 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 35°54'16.19"S, 20°45'46.19"E; 135 m. DEFF/SAEON_ D00584 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 56 km from Knysna / 57 km off Goukamma Estuary, 34°34'32.40"S, 23°06'04.20"E; 111 m. DEFF/SEAON_ D00829 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 153 from Agulhas / 157 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 35°51'57.60"S, 21°07'14.87"E; 122 m. DEFF/SAEON_ D00832 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 171 km from Stilbaai / 172 km off Goukou Estuary, 35°54'51.47"S, 21°42'48.59"E; 165 m. DEFF/SAEON_ D00851 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 50 km from Agulhas / 55 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 35°08'14.27"S, 20°24'55.08"E; 113 m.  SAMC_A073012 (1 fragment): Eastern margin, 10 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.2967/lat -31.112997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.2967&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.112997">Port Edward</a>
                 / 27 km off Bilanhlolo Estuary, 31°06'46.79"S, 30°17'48.12"E; 120- 125 m.   SAMC_A073015 (2 fragments): Southern margin, 32 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.971697/lat -32.4167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.971697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.4167">Mazeppa Bay</a>
                 / 19 km off Mendu Estuary, 32°25'00.11"S, 28°58'18.11"E; 330- 340 m.  SAMC_A073028 (4 fragments): Eastern margin, 26 km from Cape Vidal/ 25 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°54'18.00"S, 32°37'59.87"E; 105 m. SAMC_A073042 (1 fragments): Eastern margin, 53 km from  Shaka’s Rock/ 46 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°32'53.88"S, 31°47'12.11"E; 200 m.   SAMC_A073046 (10 fragments): Eastern margin, 9 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.3/lat -31.089998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.089998">Port Edward</a>
                 / 9 km off Blinde Estuary, 31°05'23.99"S, 30°18'00.00"E; 125 m.  SAMC_A073057 (1 fragment): Eastern margin, 6 km from Cape Vidal/ 17 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°08'17.88"S, 32°36'54.00"E; 200 m.   SAMC_A073076 (1 fragment): Locality unknown. SAMC_A073165 (1 fragment): Eastern margin, 28 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.8667/lat -27.105)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.8667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.105">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 17 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°06'18.00"S, 32°52'00.12"E; 50 m.  SAMC_A073212 (4 fragment): Eastern margin, 5 km from Cape Vidal/ 16 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°07'05.88"S, 32°36'35.99"E; 145 m.   SAM_H1362 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 28 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Port Alfred</a>
                 / 3 km off Old  Woman’s Estuary, 33°30'00.00"S, 27°08'59.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H1412 (6 fragments): Eastern margin, 2 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.399998/lat -34.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.399998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.1">Port Shepstone</a>
                 / Mzimkulu Estuary, 30°44'14.23"S, 30°27'34.72"E; depth unknown. SAM_H1445 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 4 km from Plettenberg Bay / 7 km off Piesang Estuary, 34°06'00.00"S, 23°23'59.99"E; 146 m.  SAM_H1447 (1 fragment): Eastern margin, 38 km from St. Lucia / 31 km off Nhlabane Estuary, 28°40'59.99"S, 32°34'00.00"E; 73 m. SAM_H1513 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 68 km from Kidds Beach/off Gouda Estuary, 33°36'00.00"S, 28°10'59.99"E; 174 m. SAM_H2833 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 25 km from Gonubie/ 24 km off Gqunube Estuary, 33°06'17.99"S, 28°10'59.99"E; 155 m.   SAM_H3042 (1 fragment) Southern margin, 28 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Port Alfred</a>
                 / 3 km off Old  Woman’s Estuary, 33°30'00.00"S, 27°08'59.99"E; 93 m.   SAM_H3058 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 9 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.8/lat -34.291668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.291668">Pringle Bay</a>
                 / 7 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°17'30.00"S, 18°48'00.00"E; 33 m.  SAM_H3064 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 18 km from Cape Padrone/ 30 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°49'00.00"S, 26°16'59.99"E; 65 m. SAM_H3413 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 18 km from Gansbaai/ 38 km off Ratels Estuary, 34°44'12.00"S, 19°25'36.00"E; 70- 50 m.   SAM_H3838 (1 fragment): Eastern margin, 7 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.699997/lat -29.579998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.699997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.579998">Port Shepstone</a>
                 /off Boboyi Estuary, 30°48'00.00"S, 30°29'05.99"E; depth unknown. USNM 91823 (48 fragments): Eastern margin, 26 km from Port St. Johns /off Bulolo Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m.   USNM 91825 (7 fragments): Eastern margin, 35 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.08333/lat -29.166666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.08333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.166666">Port Dunford</a>
                 / 38 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°10'00.00"S, 32°04'59.99"E; 168 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Colony with axial corallite reaching ≤ 93.5 mm. Primary corallite elongate, cylindrical, and firmly attached to substrate through a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 1.2-1.5). Secondary corallites ceratoid/trochoid to cylindrical. Calice slightly circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.3); calicular margin lanceted. Largest corallite examined (axial) 11.1  × 10.7 mm in CD, 17.0 mm in PD, and 93.5 mm in H. Costae conspicuous throughout corallum, broad, equal in width, flat, slightly porous, and granular. Intercostal furrows shallow and quite porous. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1 independent and reach columella with vertical and straight axial margins. S2 also independent, and as wide to only slightly smaller than S1. S2 axial margins also vertical and straight. S3 smallest septa, and bear dentate to laciniate axial margins. S4 arranged in a  Pourtalès plan: in each system the S4 neighbouring S1 fuses before S2, before meeting columella. S4 also have dentate to laciniate axial margins. Septal faces finely granular. Fossa deep, containing a massive spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern and Eastern margin of South Africa, off Gansbaai extending towards Kosi Bay Estuary (276 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 33-340 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); 49-457 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> As in  Dendrophyllia arbuscula ,  D. cladonia belongs to the second  Dendrophyllia group (Cairns 2001), which form small and bushy colonies originating from an axial corallite and with relatively few additional corallites to the primary.  Dendrophyllia cladonia may be distinguished by its  Pourtalès plan arrangement, whereby S4 adjacent to S1 are wider than S4 neighbouring S2, and merge towards S2 before joining the columella (Cairns and Keller 1993), and by its smaller axial corallite GCD (&lt;9 mm). Under-developed  D. cladonia may be confused with  Balanophyllia capensis but can be differentiated by having S4&gt; S3 (S3&gt; S4 in  B. capensis ). Apart from the septal arrangement,  D. cladonia can further be distinguished by its S4 merging towards S2, and have a more robust pedicel. Although the calicular margin of  D. cladonia is rarely intact, making it difficult to evaluate septa exsertness, the arrangement of septa assists in distinguishing species from both  D. arbuscula and  B. capensis (as highlighted above). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E1387F10F6016C1B4535A4C2BFBEEE63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
A524DD032247526FE0FEC7DB8A981883.text	A524DD032247526FE0FEC7DB8A981883.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrophyllia cornigera (Lamarck 1816)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendrophyllia cornigera (Lamarck, 1816)</p>
            <p>Fig. 8K, L</p>
            <p> Madrepora ramea . - Linnaeus 1758: 797. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia cornigera Lamarck, 1816: 228. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia cornigera . - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1848c: 100. -Lacaze-Duthiers 1879: 216, pl. 11, fig. 8. -von Marenzeller 1904a: 313, pl. 18, fig. 21. - Moseley 1881: 198. - Gravier 1920: 104, pl 12, figs 186-192. -Joubin 1922: 8, figs 4, 5. -van der Horst 1926: 44. -van der Horst 1928: 1, pl. 1, fig. 1. - Best 1970: 315, fig. 15. -Zibrowius et al. 1975: 97, pl. 5G. -Zibrowius 1979: 19, pl. 1, figs 1, 2. - Zibrowius 1980: 172-175, pl. 87, fig. 1A. - Blainville 1834: 354. -  Ocaña et al. 2015: 44-43. - Cairns 2001: 33. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Unknown, presumed to be off the Mediterranean (Zibrowius 1980).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Type specimen is presumably lost (Zibrowius 1980).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF/SAEON_ D00817 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.414/lat -34.271)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.414&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.271">Southern</a>
                 margin, 23 km from Plettenberg Bay / 25 km off Piesang Estuary, 34°16'15.60"S, 23°24'50.40"E; 95 m.   SAMC_A072969 (1 specimen):  Locality data unknown; 125 m.   SAMC_A072982 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.684996/lat -34.396667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.684996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.396667">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Pringle Bay / 16 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°23'48.00"S, 18°41'05.99"E; 88 m.   SAMC_A073003 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.053299/lat -30.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.053299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.018297">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A073010 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.053299/lat -30.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.053299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.018297">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from Durban / 13 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°01'05.87"S, 31°03'11.88"E; 150 m.   SAMC_A073023 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.545/lat -31.738298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.545&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.738298">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A073031 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.545/lat -31.738298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.545&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.738298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 12 km from Port St. Johns / 11 km off Bulolo Estuary, 31°44'17.87"S, 29°32'42.00"E; 300 m.   SAMC_A073087 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.989998/lat -29.189999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.989998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.189999">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 32 km from Port Dunford / 33 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°11'24.00"S, 31°59'23.99"E; 50 m.   SAMC_A073148 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.633297/lat -27.904999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.633297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.904999">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Cape Vidal / 25 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°54'18.00"S, 32°37'59.87"E; 105 m.   SAMC_A073174 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.28/lat -31.980001)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.980001">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 132 km from Coffee Bay / 13 km off Bitou Rivier Estuary, 31°58'48.00"S, 29°16'48.00"E; 90 m.   SAMC_A073272 (1 specimen):  Locality data unknown; 101 m.   SAMC_A090119 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.881664/lat -27.108332)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.881664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.108332">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 18 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°06'29.99"S, 32°52'54.00"E; 70 m.   SAM_H1361 (2 specimens):  Southern margin, off CAPE ST BLAIZE; 212 m.   SAM_H3062 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H3063 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.051666/lat -33.158333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.051666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.158333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Gonubie / 27 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°09'29.99"S, 28°03'06.00"E; 86 m.   SAM_H3147 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.026667/lat -33.655003)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.026667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.655003">Southern</a>
                 margin, 15 km from Port Alfred / 11 km off Riet Estuary, 33°39'18.00"S, 27°01'36.00"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3148 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.01333/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.01333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 32 km from Coffee Bay / 9 m off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°15'00.00"S, 29°00'47.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3412 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.210001/lat -34.609997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.210001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.609997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Gansbaai / 31 km off Bot River Lagoon, 34°36'35.99"S, 19°12'36.00"E; 78 m.   SAM_H3839 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.746668/lat -34.251667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.746668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.251667">Southern</a>
                 margin, 9 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.746668/lat -34.251667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.746668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.251667">East London</a>
                 / 6 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.746668/lat -34.251667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.746668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.251667">Buffalo Estuary</a>
                 , 33°04'00.00"S, 27°56'59.99"E; depth unknown. SAM_H3840 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.746668/lat -34.251667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.746668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.251667">Southern</a>
                 margin, 15 km from Pringle Bay / 14 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°15'06.00"S, 18°44'48.00"E; 53 m.   SAM_H3841 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.77833/lat -34.21)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.77833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.21">Southern</a>
                 margin, 12 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.77833/lat -34.21)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.77833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.21">Pringle Bay</a>
                 / 10 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.77833/lat -34.21)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.77833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.21">Buffels Oos Estuary</a>
                 , 34°17'35.99"S, 18°45'00.00"E; depth unknown. SAM_H3842 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.77833/lat -34.21)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.77833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.21">Southern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Pringle Bay / 16 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°12'36.00"S, 18°46'41.99"E; 40 m.   SAM_H3843 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.741667/lat -34.299995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.741667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.299995">Southern</a>
                 margin, 12 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.741667/lat -34.299995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.741667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.299995">Pringle Bay</a>
                 / 10 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.741667/lat -34.299995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.741667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.299995">Buffels Oos Estuary</a>
                 , 34°17'35.99"S, 18°45'00.00"E; depth unknown. SAM_H3844 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.741667/lat -34.299995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.741667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.299995">Southern</a>
                 margin, 12 km from Pringle Bay / 11 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°17'59.99"S, 18°44'30.00"E; 40 m.   USNM 91827 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.266666/lat -29.8)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Durban / 22 km off Beachwood Mangroves, 29°48'00.00"S, 31°16'00.00"E; 232 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>BMNH 1939.7.20.8 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, off Umhloti River mouth; depth unknown. BMNH 1939.7.20.317 (2 specimens): Locality data unknown. ZMA 1194 (2 specimens): Southern margin; 95 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Colony bushy, stemming from an elongate, cylindrical, and firmly attached axial corallite that has a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 1.1). Secondary corallites ceratoid/trochoid to cylindrical. Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1); calicular margin lanceted. Largest corallite examined (axial) 9.3  × 8.3 mm in CD, 9.9 mm in PD, and 55.0 mm in H. Costae conspicuous throughout corallum, broad, equal in width, flat, slightly porous, and granular. Intercostal furrows shallow and quite porous. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1 independent, not reaching columella, and bear dentate (occasionally smooth) axial margins. Remaining septa (S2-4) also bear dentate axial margins, of which that of S4 having conspicuously longer teeth. S2 also independent, as wide to only slightly smaller than S1. S3 least wide septa. S4 arranged in a  Pourtalès plan: in each system a pair of S4 neighbouring S1 curves towards common S2, fusing with S4 closer to S2 deeper in fossa before reaching columella. Septal faces finely granular. Fossa moderately deep, containing a spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Western to eastern margins of South Africa, from off Pringle Bay extending towards off Kosi Bay Estuary (28 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 40-300 m. Elsewhere: Mediterranean (Duncan 1873;  Ocaña et al. 2015); Morocco (Zibrowius 1983); Celtic Sea (Joubin 1922); off France (Lacaze-Duthiers 1879; Moseley 1881); Bay of Biscay (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1848c); Portugal (Zibrowius 1980); Canary Islands (Gravier 1920); Maldives; Almirantes; and Providence (van der Horst 1926); 89-600 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia cornigera has been systematically recorded in the southwest Indian Ocean (van der Horst 1926), specifically off the southern Agulhas (von Marenzeller 1904a; van der Horst 1927) and KwaZulu-Natal region (van der Horst 1927; Cairns and Keller 1993). Nonetheless, the examined specimens are in accordance with the description of Mediterranean specimens (Zibrowius 1980).  Dendrophyllia cornigera is distinguished from  D. arbuscula and  D. cladonia by S4 bearing a distinctively long dentate axial margins as compared with S4 bearing slightly dentate to laciniate axial margins (  D. arbuscula and  D. cladonia ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A524DD032247526FE0FEC7DB8A981883	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
FE22A5B6E3C2C4E2784BB4520CA4634E.text	FE22A5B6E3C2C4E2784BB4520CA4634E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrophyllia dilatata van der Horst 1927	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendrophyllia dilatata van der Horst, 1927</p>
            <p>Fig. 8M, N</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia dilatata van der Horst, 1927: 2-3, figs 2-4. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 44. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 278-279. -Cairns 1994: 89. - Cairns 2001: 34. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Richards Bay, South Africa (RV 'Pieter  Faure’ stn. 12103: ca. 28°47'00.0"S, 32°20'00.0"E); 97 m (van der Horst 1927). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the ZMA (Creuwels 2020).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073016 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.26/lat -29.015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.015">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 31 km from Richards Bay / 46 km Mlalazi Estuary, 29°00'54.00"S, 32°15'35.99"E; 500 m.   SAMC_A073068 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.676697/lat -27.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.676697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.719997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 47 km from Cape Vidal / 28 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°43'11.99"S, 32°40'36.11"E; 100 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Colony unattached and arborescent, with sympodial branching formed by extra-tentacular budding. Corallum ceratoid to sub-cylindrical, straight to slightly curved. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073016) 105.5 mm in H, with ≤ 30 corallites. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 0.9-1.2), with serrated calicular margin. Epitheca absent. Costae well developed at upper corallum, rounded, granular, non-perforate, and separated by thin, porous, intercostal striae. Corallum white.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1-2 both independent, reaching the columella with straight axial margins, which may also be finely serrated. S1 most exsert, followed by S2. S3 ~ 1/3 the width of S2. S4 slightly wider than flanked S3, arranged in  Pourtalès plan: in each half-system a pair of S4 fuses before S3 with jaggedly dentate axial margins. Fossa deep, containing a large, and slightly raised spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Richards Bay towards Cape Vidal; 97-500 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); 97-132 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia dilatata resembles  Dendrophyllia sp. 1 in its growth form: i.e., large, dendroid colonies with fairly regular sympodial arranged corallites (Cairns 1994). However, it can be distinguished by having four cycles of septa as compared with three (  Dendrophyllia sp. 1), a well-developed  Pourtalès plan development (poorly developed in  Dendrophyllia sp. 1), lacking P2 which is present in  Dendrophyllia sp. 1, and a larger columella (smaller in  Dendrophyllia sp. 1). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE22A5B6E3C2C4E2784BB4520CA4634E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
386909BDAD77B91FB450D8C6C1F2A38C.text	386909BDAD77B91FB450D8C6C1F2A38C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrophyllia ijimai Yabe & Eguchi 1934	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendrophyllia ijimai Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1934</p>
            <p>Fig. 8O, P</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia ijimai Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1934: 2026. - Eguchi 1965a: 294, 2 figs. - Eguchi 1968: C65 (in part: pl. C16, figs 1, 2, pl. C22, fig. 1). -Kikuchi 1968: 9, pl. 15, fig. 2. - Eguchi and Miyawaki 1975: 54. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 280, fig. 13G. -Cairns 1994: 89, pl. 38C, F. - Cairns 1999a: 133. - Cairns et al. 1999: 26. - Cairns 2001: 34. -Cairns 2004a: 267, 315. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 310, 312, figs 164, 165A-C. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia micranthus . - Eguchi 1965a: 294, fig. 1. - Eguchi 1968: C66, pl. C24, figs 2, 3. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia minuscula . -van der Horst 1922: 51-52, pl. 8, fig. 30. -Utinomi 1965: 257. - Boshoff 1981: 42. -Tribble and Randall 1986: 159. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia subcornigera cylindrica Eguchi, 1968: C64-C65, pl. C32, figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia subcornigera . - Wells 1984: 215-216, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia sp. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 123, 126, figs 22, 23. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia sp. cf.  D. ijimai . - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 191-192, fig. 29E. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Presumably off Japan (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Presumably lost (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073008 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.1517/lat -29.091698)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.1517&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.091698">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 33 km from Port Dunford / 38 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°05'30.11"S, 32°09'06.11"E; 95 m.   SAMC_A090121 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.09/lat -29.149998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.09&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.149998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, off 33 km from Port Dunford / 37 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°08'59.99"S, 32°05'24.00"E; 85 m.   USNM 91843 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.651/lat -27.78933)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.651&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.78933">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Cape Vidal / 29 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°47'21.59"S, 32°39'03.60"E; 62- 84 m.   USNM 91844 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.519997/lat -29.449997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.519997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.449997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 19 km off Mdlotane Estuary, 29°26'59.99"S, 31°31'11.99"E; 68- 70 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Colony composed of one elongate, straight to slightly curved axial corallite, from which secondary corallites bud. Secondary corallites robust and bud in all directions, reaching ≤ 130 mm in H. Tertiary corallites small (&lt;3 mm in H). Corallites circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), with lanceted calicular margins Costae well defined, slightly ridged, and highly granular. Intercostal furrows deep and porous. Corallum white.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles, S5 occasionally present in some half-systems, in a strongly developed  Pourtalès plan according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S4&gt; S3&gt; S5 (≤ 60 septa). S1 independent and with straight axial margins. S2 as wide to only slightly smaller than S1, and have slightly sinuous axial margins. Both S1 and S2 extend to columella. S3 narrowest, also with slightly sinuous axial margins. S4 dimorphic in size, with laciniate axial margins: in half-systems without S5, S41/5 smaller than S2; however, in half-systems with S5, S4 half the size of S4. S4 arranged in  Pourtalès plan: curving towards common S3, and fusing before extending to columella as one septum. However, in half-systems with S5, the S5 is arranged in  Pourtalès plan: merging in front of flanked S4, before meandering towards S3 and joining S4 neighbouring S2. Septal faces finely granular. Fossa shallow to moderately deep, with a non-discrete spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, from off  Shaka’s Rock extending towards Cape Vidal; 62-95 m. Elsewhere: Japan (Yabe and Eguchi 1934; Cairns 1994); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Australia (Cairns 2004a); New Zealand; Red Sea (Scheer and Pillai 1983); Zanzibar (Cairns and Keller 1993); 10-366 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia ijimai is the only  Dendrophyllia species in the region that has arborescent colonies bearing large axial corallites that give off shorter corallites budding in an irregular form (Cairns 1994). This growth form makes it easily distinguishable from the other South African congeners. Only one other western Pacific species is known to exhibit such a growth form (  D. cribrosa Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1851) and  D. ijimai may be distinguished by its non-anastomotic branches (and exsert corallites) which are not flushed as in the case of  D. cribrosa (see Cairns 1994). As noted by Cairns and Keller (1993), this species may be mistaken with  Tubastraea micranthus , but differs in having its septa arranged in a well-developed  Pourtalès plan. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/386909BDAD77B91FB450D8C6C1F2A38C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
B8EE013962831FD7D60E68F3BCCF3D87.text	B8EE013962831FD7D60E68F3BCCF3D87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrophyllia sp. 1	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendrophyllia sp. 1</p>
            <p>Fig. 9A, B</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DSCS-INV 29 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   DSCS-INV 30 (1 fragment  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   DSCS-INV 31 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   DSCS-INV 33 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   DSCS-INV 35 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   DSCS-INV 44 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   DSCS_INV 527 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.76175/lat -34.784725)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.76175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.784725">Southern</a>
                 margin, 65 km from Cape St. Francis / 70 km off Slang Estuary, 34°47'05.01"S, 24°45'42.30"E; 392- 418 m.   SAMC_A090158 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.044975/lat -35.119816)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.044975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.119816">Southern</a>
                 margin, 116 km from Gouritsmond /off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>SAM_H1441 (in part: 3 fragments): Southern margin, 3 km from Mosselbaai/11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°10'59.99"S, 22°10'00.00"E; 216 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Colonies uniplanar with sympodial budding and dendroid, formed by extra-tentacular budding. Calices occur in lateral plane of branching. Diameter of largest basal branch examined (SAMC_A090158) 7.0 mm. Calice circular, with slightly serrate margin, reaching a maximum CD of 5.5 mm. Costae prominent, but occasionally inconspicuous in some calices. Costal granulation consisting of small spines better developed on terminal branches. Intercostal ridges narrow. Corallum white.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in three complete cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3 (≤ 24 septa). S1 widest and extend to columella with straight and vertical to slightly concave axial margins. S2 ~ 1/2 width of S1, also with straight axial margins, sometimes bearing a palus. S1-2 sometimes slightly exsert. S3 smallest septa and have laciniate axial margins. All septa joining columella deep in fossa. Poorly developed  Pourtalès plan only visible deeper in fossa. Fossa deep, containing a tall and thick lamellar columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern margin of South Africa, off Agulhas extending towards Gouritsmond; 212-445 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Specimens examined closely resemble the Atlantic  Dendrophyllia alternata Pourtalès , 1880 </p>
            <p> but disagree with its diagnosis in costae being poorly developed, having three cycles of septa, S1-2 sometimes being slightly exsert, and its columella being a solid and elongated rod. However, the uniplanar, dichotomous branching, sympodial budding, and spines on corallum resemble  D. alternata . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B8EE013962831FD7D60E68F3BCCF3D87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
9980DD7FD9557AE778A52725F4748DAE.text	9980DD7FD9557AE778A52725F4748DAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper 1794)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794)</p>
            <p>Fig. 3G-J</p>
            <p> Madrepora dianthus Esper, 1794: pl. 69, figs 1-3. -Esper 1795: 85-86. - Scheer 1990: 406. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum cristagalli Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848a: 253, pl. 7, figs 10, 10a. - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1857: 76. - Duncan 1873: 321. -  Pourtalès 1878: 203 (in part: Blake Stn. 2). -  Pourtalès 1880: 96, 106 (in part: BL-288). -Verrill 1885: 150. - Agassiz 1888: 151. - Alcock 1902c: 28. -von Marenzeller 1904a: 267-268, pl. 15, fig. 2A-B. -Vaughan 1907: 67, pl. 7, figs 3, 3A-B. - Verrill 1908: 494. -Stephens 1909: 25. -  Döderlein 1913: 126, pl. 8, figs 45, 45A. - Gravier 1920: 72-76 (in part), pl. 8, figs 130-135. - Gardiner 1929: 125-126. - Zibrowius 1974a: 758-761, pl. 3, figs 1-10. -Zibrowius et al. 1975: 98, pl. 4, fig. A-B. -Zibrowius and Grieshaber 1977: 379. - Zibrowius 1978: 535. -Zibrowius 1979: 19, pl. 1, figs 5-6. - Cairns 1979: 117-119, pl. 21, figs 7-8, pl. 22, fig. 8. - Zibrowius 1980: 117-121, pl. 61, figs A-O, pl. 62, figs A-M. - Cairns 1981: 10. - Cairns 1982: 29, pl. 8, figs 9-12, pl. 9, figs 1-3. - Zibrowius 1988: 136. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 35-36. - Cairns 1991: 17, pl. 6, figs G-I. -Cairns and Parker 1992: 28-29, fig. 8B-C. -Tyler and Zibrowius 1992: 227. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 246. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum capense Gardiner, 1904: 96-97. - Gardiner 1939: 329-330. - Wells 1958: 262. - Cairns 1979: 206. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum capensis . - Squires 1961: 23, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum dianthus . -Ehrenberg 1834: 299-300. -Milne-Edwards and Haime 1848a: 254-255. - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1857: 77-78. - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 113-114, pl. 9, figs 1-3. - Eguchi 1965a: 290. -Cairns 1994 a: 26-27, pl. 9, figs 9A-D. - Cairns 1995: 77, pl. 21, figs D-F. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 131, fig. 17G-H. - Cairns 1998: 385-386. - Cairns 1999a: 104-105. - Cairns et al. 1999: 22. -Stolarski 2003: 508, fig. 7A-G. -Cairns 2004a: 281. - Cairns 2006: 47. -Kitahara 2007: 502, 503, fig. 3K-L. -Pires 2007: 269. - Cairns 2009: 13. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 520-523, figs 284D-E, 289. </p>
            <p>Type Locality.</p>
            <p>Sagami Bay, Japan, depth unknown (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The neotype is deposited at the NMNH (Cairns 1994 a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A072968 (2 specimens): no locality data. SAMC_A072974 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.329998/lat -32.094997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.329998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.094997">Western</a>
                 margin, 168 km off Paternoster / 173 km off Brak Estuary, 32°05'41.99"S, 16°19'47.99"E; 440 m.   SAMC_A073013 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.093298/lat -32.289997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.093298&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.289997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from Coffee Bay / 18 km off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°17'23.99"S, 29°05'35.87"E; 340- 450 m.   SAMC_A073015 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.971697/lat -32.4167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.971697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.4167">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km from Mazeppa Bay / 19 km off Mendu Estuary, 32°25'00.11"S, 28°58'18.11"E; 330- 340 m.   SAMC_A073263 (1 specimen):  Eastern margin, Wright Canyon; 171 m.   SAMC_A088918 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.414/lat -34.271)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.414&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.271">Southern</a>
                 margin, 23 km from Plettenberg Bay / 25 km off Piesang Estuary, 34°16'15.60"S, 23°24'50.40"E; 95 m.   SAMC_A088919 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.401697/lat -36.3395)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.401697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.3395">Southern</a>
                 margin, 172 km from Agulhas / 182 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°20'22.20"S, 20°24'06.11"E; 166 m.   SAMC_A088929 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km off Agulhas / 144 km Ratels off Bulura Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   SAMC_A090122 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.0183/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.0183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 15 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.0183/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.0183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 17 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.0183/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.0183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Kosi-Kumpungwini</a>
                 (Sifungwe) Estuary, 26°55'30.00"S, 33°01'05.88"E; 370 m.   SAM_A090128 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.420599/lat -32.942482)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.420599&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.942482">Western</a>
                 margin, 46 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.420599/lat -32.942482)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.420599&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.942482">Paternoster</a>
                 / 71 km off Berg River V Estuary Estuary, 32°56'32.93"S, 17°25'14.16"E; 325 m.   SAM_A090130 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.3855/lat -31.67933)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.3855&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.67933">Western</a>
                 margin, 147 km from Groen River / 144 km off Brak Estuary, 31°40'45.59"S, 16°23'07.80"E; 360 m.   SAM_A090131 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.855831/lat -35.462166)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.855831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.462166">Southern</a>
                 margin, 74 km from Agulhas / 79 km off Ratels Estuary, 35°27'43.79"S, 19°51'20.99"E; 154 m.   SAM_A090132 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.577217/lat -30.79868)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.577217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.79868">Western</a>
                 margin, 86 km from Hondeklipbaai / 84 km off Spoeg Estuary, 30°47'55.25"S, 16°34'37.98"E; 235 m.   SAM_A090133 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.577217/lat -31.232182)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.577217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.232182">Western</a>
                 margin, 113 km from Groen River / 114 km off Groen Estuary, 31°13'55.85"S, 16°34'37.98"E; 310 m.   SAM_A090134 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.090747/lat -30.068832)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.090747&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.068832">Western</a>
                 margin, 195 km from Port Nolloth / 194 km off Buffels Estuary, 30°04'07.79"S, 15°05'26.69"E; 393 m.   SAM_A090135 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.272284/lat -29.75245)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.272284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.75245">Western</a>
                 margin, 165 km from Port Nolloth / 165 km off Holgat Estuary, 29°45'08.82"S, 15°16'20.22"E; 183 m.   SAMC_A090151 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.044975/lat -35.119797)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.044975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.119797">Southern</a>
                 margin, 116 km from Knysna / off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.27"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m.   SAM_H1475 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.830387/lat -34.38647)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.830387&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.38647">Western</a>
                 margin, 3 km from Pringle Bay / 6 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°23'11.29"S, 18°49'49.39"E; 80 m.   SAM_H3049 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.68/lat -27.991667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.991667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km off Cape Vidal / 23 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°59'30.00"S, 32°40'47.99"E; 550 m.   SAM_H3050 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.516666/lat -30.883331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.883331">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from Margate /off Boboyi Estuary, 30°52'59.99"S, 30°31'00.00"E; 850 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> BMNH 1939.7.20.218 (2 specimens), MCZ (1 specimen): locality data unknown. SS  ‘Pickle’ stn. 1480 (1 specimen): Western margin, off Hout Bay; 131 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum variable, ranging from serpentine to ceratoid, attached to substrate by a pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.3-0.8) that expands into an encrusting base. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1-2.5), calicular margin serrate. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A088919) 57.4  × 22.8 mm in CD, 30.0 mm in PD, and 119.3 mm in H. Theca granular. Costae more prominent near calicular margin, disappearing towards base. Corallum white to beige. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in five complete cycles according to formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (96 septa). S1-2 most exsert, extend furthest to fossa (sometimes almost meeting opposite septa), with vertical and straight axial margins. S3 half as exsert and ⅓ smaller than S1-2, also with vertical and straight axial margin. S4 least exsert septa and 4/5 the size of S3, with straight to slightly sinuous axial margin. S5 more exsert than S4 and fuses to adjacent S1-3 at calicular margin. S5 ~ 1/2 the width of S4, with straight upper axial margins that become sinuous deeper in fossa. Fossa deep, columellar absent.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Western to eastern margin of South Africa, off  Lambert’s Bay extending towards Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary (15 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 80-850 m. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan except from continental Antarctica and Boreal Pacific (Cairns 1994 a); 8-2460 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Desmophyllum dianthus is the most well-studied azooxanthellate solitary coral. The species was first reported in South Africa by Gardiner (1904) sample SAM_H1475 off Cape Hangklip (False Bay area) at 80 m deep. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9980DD7FD9557AE778A52725F4748DAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
B055A73A42A940435D83E8A025FEFC98.text	B055A73A42A940435D83E8A025FEFC98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Desmophyllum Ehrenberg 1834	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Desmophyllum Ehrenberg, 1834</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Solitary, trochoid, fixed. Pali absent. Columella absent or rudimentary. Sparse endothecal dissepiments.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Madrepora dianthus Esper, 1794, by subsequent designation (Cairns 1994). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B055A73A42A940435D83E8A025FEFC98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
56874CE6C80C3F8EF11950BB8FE93E91.text	56874CE6C80C3F8EF11950BB8FE93E91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Desmophyllum pertusum (Linnaeus 1758)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Desmophyllum pertusum (Linnaeus, 1758)</p>
            <p>Fig. 3K, L</p>
            <p> Madrepora pertusa Linnaeus, 1758: 797. </p>
            <p> Madrepora prolifera Pallas, 1766: 307. </p>
            <p> Lophelia prolifera . - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1850a: 81. - Cecchini 1917: 149. -Laborel 1970: 156. - Cairns 1979:125-127, pl. 24: figs 1-5. - Cairns 1982: 30-31, pl. 9: fig. 6. - Cairns 1991 a:17-18, pl. 6: fig. J. </p>
            <p> Lophohelia prolifera . - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1857: 117. -  Pourtalès 1871: 24-25, pl. 1, figs 3-5. - Duncan 1873: 328-332, pl. 42, figs 7-8. - Moseley 1881: 178-179, pl. 8, figs 7-8 (not Challenger-109). -Verrill 1883: 63-64. - Agassiz 1888: 151, fig. 472. -Jordon 1895: 25. -von Marenzeller 1904a: 307, pl. 15, figs 3, 3A. - Gourret 1906: 121, pl. 11, fig. 10, pl. 12, fig. 10A. - Gravier 1920: 87-89 (in part: not pl. 10, fig. 157). - Nobre 1931: 67-68, pl. 19-20. </p>
            <p> Lophelia affinis Pourtalès , 1868: 135. </p>
            <p> Lophohelia tubulosa Studer, 1878: 631, pl. 1, fig. 8A-E </p>
            <p> Bathelia candida . -Jourdan 1895: 27. </p>
            <p> Lophelia californica Durham, 1947: 36, pl. 1: figs 13, 16; pl. 2: fig. 11. - Cairns 1991: 17. </p>
            <p> Dendrosmilia nomlandi . -Durham and Barnard 1952: 85, pl. 10: fig. 47. - Cairns 1979: 126. -Bythell 1986:16, pl. 10: fig. F. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum cristagalli . - Squires 1959a: 18-22 (in part: figs 8-10). </p>
            <p> Lophelia pertusa . -Zibrowuis 1974b: 761, pl. 2, figs 6-9. -Zibrowuis 1980: 126-130, pl. 66, figs A-L. -Zibrowius and Gill 1990: 36-38. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 218. -Cairns 1994: 27-28: pl. 9. figs E-I. - Cairns 2000: 100-102. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum pertusum Addamo et al., 2016: 10-11, fig. 1A, B, D, E, fig. 3F-I. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Southern California, depth unknown (Cairns 1994 a).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The type is presumed lost.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A072974 (2 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.329998/lat -32.094997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.329998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.094997">Western</a>
                 margin, 168 km off Paternoster / 173 km off Brak Estuary, 32°05'41.99"S, 16°19'47.99"E; 440 m.   SAMC_A088910 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.115686/lat -34.889427)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.115686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.889427">Southern</a>
                 margin, 92 km from Oubosstrand / 89 km off Tsitsikamma Estuary, 34°53'21.93"S, 24°06'56.47"E; 355 m.   SAMC_A088911 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.115686/lat -34.889427)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.115686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.889427">Southern</a>
                 margin, 92 km from Oubosstrand / 89 km off Tsitsikamma Estuary, 34°53'21.93"S, 24°06'56.47"E; 355 m.   SAMC_A088912 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.115686/lat -34.889427)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.115686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.889427">Southern</a>
                 margin, 92 km from Oubosstrand / 89 km off Tsitsikamma Estuary, 34°53'21.93"S, 24°06'56.47"E; 355 m.   SAMC_A088914 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.115686/lat -34.889427)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.115686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.889427">Southern</a>
                 margin, 92 km from Oubosstrand / 89 km off Tsitsikamma Estuary, 34°53'21.93"S, 24°06'56.47"E; 355 m.   SAMC_A088915 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.383684/lat -33.109936)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.383684&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.109936">Western</a>
                 margin, 53 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.383684/lat -33.109936)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.383684&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.109936">Saldanha</a>
                 / 80 km off Berg River V Estuary, 33°06'35.77"S, 17°23'01.26"E; 375 m.   SAM_A090136 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.915497/lat -31.173832)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.915497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.173832">Western</a>
                 margin, 162 km from Hondeklipbaai / 159 km off Spoeg Estuary, 31°10'25.80"S, 15°54'55.79"E; 434 m.   SAM_H1605 (5 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.151667/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.151667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Western</a>
                 margin, 43 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.151667/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.151667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Melkbosstrand</a>
                 / 7 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.151667/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.151667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Dwars</a>
                 (North)  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.151667/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.151667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Estuary</a>
                 , 33°24'39.01"S, 18°10'11.80"E; depth unknown. SAM_H1608 (6 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.151667/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.151667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Western</a>
                 margin, 13 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.151667/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.151667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Cape Town</a>
                 / 6 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.151667/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.151667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Diep Estuary</a>
                 , 33°52'59.66"S, 18°25'34.08"E; depth unknown. SAM_H3129 (8 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.151667/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.151667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 30 km off Coffee Bay / 20 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 32°15'00.00"S, 29°09'06.00"E; 500-520 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Colony dendroid to bushy (branching pattern variable). Majority of budding intratentacular. Slender terminal branches bearing sympodially arranged corallites. Calicular size variable, reaching ≤ 15.6  × 9.0 mm in CD. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.3), with slightly serrated calicular margin. Peritheca finely granular, resulting in a smooth texture. Costae short and ridged, generally corresponding to primary septa. Corallum white. </p>
            <p>Septa not arranged in regular systems nor cycles. Seven to nine slightly exsert primary septa extend deep into fossa. Secondary septa slightly less exsert and less wide than primaries, sometimes also extending deep into fossa. Tertiaries smaller than secondary septa, being rudimentary deep in fossa. Tertiaries sometimes missing in some systems. All septa with vertical and straight axial margins. Fossa deep and curved. Columella absent.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western to eastern margin of South Africa, extending from off Clanwilliam extending towards Coffee Bay; 350-520 m. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical waters (Zibrowius and Gill 1990; Cairns 2000), being common in the Atlantic and rarely collected off the Indo-Pacific (Cairns 1999b); 60-2170 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Recent molecular studies suggest that  Lophelia is a synonym of  Desmophyllum (Addamo et al. 2012, 2016). Such findings are demonstrated by the overwhelming genetic similarities between  L. pertusa and  D. dianthus , however, we recommend the sequencing of additional genes as a priority for future studies pertaining to this name change.  Lophelia pertusa is one of the most well-known and studied azooxanthellate framework-building coral and was first reported in South African waters by Zibrowius and Gill (1990), who did not list locality data. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/56874CE6C80C3F8EF11950BB8FE93E91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
0C0B26B5A29A80A7728539C16A989B96.text	0C0B26B5A29A80A7728539C16A989B96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ednapsammia columnapriva Filander 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ednapsammia columnapriva Filander sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Fig. 9C-G</p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Knysna, South Africa (RV  ‘Algoa’ stn. DCS13: 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E); 333 m. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>Holotype - SAMC_A090159 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 116 km from Gouritsmond/off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m. Paratypes -DSCS-INV 226 (1 specimen), DSCS-INV 227 (1 specimen), DSCS-INV 229 (1 specimen), DSCS-INV 231 (1 specimen), DSCS-INV 232 (1 specimen), DSCS-INV 235 (1 specimen), DSCS-INV 238 (1 specimen), SAMC_A090149 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 116 km from Gouritsmond/off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>SAM_H1441: Southern margin, 3 km from Mosselbaai/11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°10'59.99"S, 22°10'00.00"E; 216 m.</p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> The species name  Ednapsammia columnapriva (derived from Latin columna meaning pillar and privus meaning deprived of) alludes to the lack of columella. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum dendroid formed by extra-tentacular budding from base and from theca of parent corallite. Holotype consists of 19 corallites, and 54.7 mm in H. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), calicular margin finely laciniate. Thin epitheca, predominantly porous near calicular margin. Costae thick, equal in width, granular, extending to base, and separated by deep intercostal striae. Corallum white.</p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles, last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3 (≤ 21 septa). S1 extend to fossa, sometimes almost meeting opposite septa. S2 ~ 1/3 smaller than S1. Third septal cycle incomplete, usually with only one S3 per half-system. S31/3 the width of S2. Primary and secondary septa cycles (S1-2) with straight and vertical axial margins, whilst S3 bears slightly laciniate axial margins. Fossa deep, columella absent.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern margin of South Africa, extending from off Mosselbaai towards Gouritsmond; 216-333 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Examined specimens are easily distinguished from other colonial dendrophylliids by their septa being hexameral and arranged normally (no  Pourtalès plan), in three incomplete cycles. Despite that the imaged specimen (SAM_H1441 [in part: 1 specimen]) was not traceable in the Iziko Museums collection. This record nonetheless confirms that such a form was historically collected off the southern margin of South Africa. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0C0B26B5A29A80A7728539C16A989B96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
273B25090F37E1A4F50AF01C09D37CF6.text	273B25090F37E1A4F50AF01C09D37CF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ednapsammia Filander 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ednapsammia Filander gen. nov.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Colony dendroid with sympodial branching, all achieved by extra-tentacular budding (frequently from theca of a parent corallite at an acute angle). Thin epitheca present. Septa normally arranged and granular. Columella absent. Endothecal dissepiments present.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Ednapsammia columnapriva Filander, 2020, by original designation. </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> The genus name  Ednapsammia is to honour the late Dr Edna Molewa, who was instrumental for the declaration of the offshore Phakisa Marine Protected Areas in South Africa. Gender: feminine. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Ednapsammia gen. nov. closely resembles  Dendrophyllia in having a dendroid colony formed from sympodially arranged branches and well-developed costae. However, it can be differentiated in lacking a  Pourtalès plan and columella.  Ednapsammia gen. nov. is also morphologically similar to  Atlantia López &amp; Capel, 2020, a genus that has dendroid to phaceloid colonies and normally arranged septa, but differs in the presence of a thin epitheca, porosity being prevalent near calicular margin, and lacking a columella. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/273B25090F37E1A4F50AF01C09D37CF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
46CC6CE31A669B8437CB74A4585EC950.text	46CC6CE31A669B8437CB74A4585EC950.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enallopsammia Michelotti 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Enallopsammia Michelotti, 1871</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Colonial. Arborescent colonies formed by extra-tentacular budding. Corallites often, but not always, unifacially arranged. Coenosteum dense, synapticulotheca porous only near calices and on distal branches. Septa arranged normally. Columella small.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Coenopsammia scillae Seguenza, 1864, by monotypy </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/46CC6CE31A669B8437CB74A4585EC950	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
5DA8B9531B02F44B454CCC8864D7B2F2.text	5DA8B9531B02F44B454CCC8864D7B2F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enallopsammia pusilla (Alcock 1902)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Enallopsammia pusilla (Alcock, 1902)</p>
            <p>Fig. 9H</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia (Coenopsammia) pusilla Alcock, 1902a: 113. - Alcock 1902c: 44, pl. 5, figs 38, 38A. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia (Coenopsammia) profunda . - Alcock 1902c: 43. </p>
            <p> Coenopsammia profunda . -von Marenzeller 1904a: 313-314, pl. 18, fig. 24. </p>
            <p> Enallopsammia marenzelleri . -Zibrowius 1973: 49-51, pl. 1, figs 1-7. - Zibrowius 1980: 204-205. </p>
            <p> Enallopsammi a sp. cf.  E. marenzelleri . - Cairns 1982: 57-58, pl. 18, figs 5-6. - Cairns 1995: 128-129, pl. 44, figs G, H. </p>
            <p> Enallopsammia pusilla . - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 194, fig. 29F. -Cairns 2004a: 316, fig. 12F, G. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Sulu Archipelago, Philippines (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stn. 95: 5°43.5'00"N, 119°40'00"E); 522 m (Alcock 1902a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype and the paratypes are deposited at the ZMA (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>DSCS_INV 34 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 140 km from Agulhas/ 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m. DSCS_INV 40 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 140 km from Agulhas/ 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m. DSCS_INV 42 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 140 km from Agulhas/ 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m. DSCS_INV 223 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 116 km from Gouritsmond/off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m. DSCS_INV 225 (2 specimens): Southern margin, 116 km from Gouritsmond/off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m. DSCS-INV 238 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 116 km from Gouritsmond/off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m. SAMC_A090153 (1 specimen): 116 km from Knysna/off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Irregularly shaped colonies formed by extra-tentacular budding, and firmly attached to substrate by an encrusting base. Buds projecting ≤ 3 mm above branch coenosteum. Corallites circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), calicular margin serrated. Costae well developed on entire branch, slightly convex, and covered with small granules. Intercostal striae deep, thin, and porous. Corallum white.</p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in three complete cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3 (24 septa in two size classes). S1 independent, narrow, extending closer to columella deep in fossa with smooth axial margins. S2 equal in width to S1, and bearing smooth upper axial margins that become finely serrated deep in fossa. S3 slightly less wide than S1-2, sometimes appearing rudimentary, and have dentate axial margins. S3 fuses to adjacent S2 near columella. Fossa deep, containing a spongy columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern margin of South Africa, extending from Agulhas towards Knysna; 333-463 m. Elsewhere: Philippines; Indonesia; South China Sea (Alcock 1902a; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); Meteor Seamounts; Azores; Nicobar Islands (Zibrowius 1980; Cairns 1982); Bay of Bengal (von Marenzeller 1904a); Australia (Cairns 2004a); 371-805 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The examined specimens of  Enallopsammia pusilla represent a new record for the region, the species differing from its congeners in having three complete cycles, corallites forming on all branch faces, and well-developed costae throughout the corallum (Zibrowius 1973). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5DA8B9531B02F44B454CCC8864D7B2F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
84AFF290FF8667E51961D9E71721122D.text	84AFF290FF8667E51961D9E71721122D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enallopsammia rostrata (Pourtales 1878)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Enallopsammia rostrata (
Pourtales
, 1878)
</p>
            <p>Fig. 9I, J</p>
            <p> Amphihelia rostrata Pourtalès , 1878: 204, pl. 1, figs 4, 5. - Agassiz 1888: 152, fig. 473. - Gourret 1906: 122, pl. 12, fig. 11A, B. </p>
            <p> Stereopsammia rostrata . -  Pourtalès 1880: 97, 110-111. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia (Coenopsammia) amphelioides Alcock, 1902a: 43-44, pl. 5. </p>
            <p> Anisopsammia amphelioides . -Vaughan 1907: 156-157, pl. 47, figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> Coenopsammia amphelioides var. cucullata Vaughan, 1907: 157, pl. 48, figs 1-4. </p>
            <p> Anisopsammia rostrata . -Gravier 1915: 3. - Gravier 1920: 102, pl. 12, figs 181-185. </p>
            <p> Enallopsammia rostrata . - Squires 1959a: 40. -Laborel 1970: 156. -Zibrowius 1973: 44-45, pl. 2, figs 14-15. - Cairns 1978: 9. - Cairns 1979: 186-188, pl. 37, figs 2-3, 6. - Zibrowius 1980: 201-203, pl. 105, figs A-K, pl. 106, figs A-C. - Cairns 1982: 57, pl. 18, figs 1-4. -Cairns 1984: 27-28. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 131, figs 48-50. -Zibrowius 1985: 314, 319, 322, 323. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 39-42, pl. 6, figs A-F, pl. 7, figs A-F. - Cairns 1991: 26, pl. 12, fig. B. -Dawson 1992: 45. -Cairns and Parker 1992: 52-53, pl. 18, figs E-I. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 281-282. -Cairns 1994: 92-93, pl. 39, figs D-F. - Cairns 1995: 127-128, pl. 44, figs C-F. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 195. - Cairns 1999a: 134-135. - Cairns et al. 1999: 27. -Romano and Cairns 2000: 1049. -Cairns 2004a: 267, 316. -Le Goff-Vitry et al. 2004: 170, 176. - Cairns 2006: 48. -Kitahara 2007: 504, 505, 511, 513, 516, fig. 5G. -Pires 2007: 269. - Kitahara et al. 2010b. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 326-328, figs 173D-G, 174. </p>
            <p> Enallopsammia amphelioides . -Zibrowius 1973: 45-46. - Cairns 1979: 187, pl. 40, figs 4, 5. - Zibrowius 1980: 203-204, pl. 106, figs D-I. -Grygier and Newman 1985: 6, fig. 2A-D. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off the Straits of Florida (SSS  ‘Blake’ stn. 2: 23°14'00"N, 82°25'00"W); 1472 m (  Pourtalès 1878). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two syntypes are deposited at the MCZ (Cairns 1979; Zibrowius 1980).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073270 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.92/lat -31.501698)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.501698">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Port St. Johns / 13 km off Mkweni Estuary, 31°30'06.11"S, 29°55'12.00"E; 200 m.   DSCS_INV 158 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.998281/lat -36.157814)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.998281&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.157814">Southern</a>
                 margin, 200 km from Gouritsmond / 204 km off Goukou Estuary, 36°09'28.13"S, 21°59'53.81"E; 226- 236 m.   DSCS_INV 160 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.998281/lat -36.157814)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.998281&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.157814">Southern</a>
                 margin, 200 km from Gouritsmond / 204 km off Goukou Estuary, 36°09'28.13"S, 21°59'53.81"E; 226- 236 m.   DSCS_INV 238 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.044975/lat -35.10313)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.044975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.10313">Southern</a>
                 margin, 114 km from Knysna /off Bulolo Estuary, 35°06'11.27"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333m.   DSCS_INV 238 (1 specimen): 116 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.044975/lat -35.119816)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.044975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.119816">Knysna</a>
                 /off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m.   DSCS_INV 224 (1 specimen): 116 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.044975/lat -35.119816)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.044975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.119816">Knysna</a>
                 /off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m.   DEFF_SVMEC_INV 261 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.21417/lat -34.87277)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.21417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.87277">Southern</a>
                 margin, 88 km from Oesterbaai / 85 km off Tsitsikamma Estuary, 34°52'21.97"S, 24°12'51.01"E; 341- 367 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Uniplanar colonies formed by extra-tentacular budding, and firmly attached to substrate by an encrusting base. Corallites confined to one face of corallum, arranged uniserially, and projecting ≤ 4.1 mm above branch. Corallites circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1); calicular margin serrate. Costae prominent at calicular margin, often forming a hood that partially covers the calice; becoming poorly-defined in direction to base, slightly convex, and covered with small granules. Intercostal striae deep, thin, and porous. Corallum white.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in three complete cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S3&gt; S3 (24 septa). S1 most exsert, narrow, and extending closer to columella deep in fossa with concave and slight serrate axial margins. S2  ¾ the width of S1, and bear serrated axial margins. S3 slightly less wide than S1-2, sometimes appearing rudimentary, and have dentate axial margins. S3 sometimes fusing to adjacent S2 near columella. Fossa deep, containing a rudimentary or trabecular columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, extending from Knysna towards Port St. Johns; 200-367 m. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan, except for eastern Pacific and continental Antarctica; 110-2165 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The examined specimens extend the known distribution of  Enallopsammia rostrata in the southwest Indian Ocean (Cairns and Keller 1993) further south from the Madagascar Plateau, thus representing a new record for South Africa. Species is easily distinguished by its uniplanar development with calices in only one side of the colony, (unlike the bushy and irregularly arranged calice of both  E. profunda (  Pourtalès , 1868) and  E. pusilla ), and costae being prominent at the calicular margin (instead of being prominent throughout corallum as in the case of both  E. profunda and  E. pusilla ). Although previous specimens of  E. rostrata have been reported to display septocostal rostrum (the enlargement of one CS1) (Cairns 1982; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997), this feature is absent in the South African examined representatives (all of which are small colonies). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/84AFF290FF8667E51961D9E71721122D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
10AF50E37E445B3D8F79204408E93618.text	10AF50E37E445B3D8F79204408E93618.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Endopachys grayi Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Endopachys grayi Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Fig. 9K, L</p>
            <p> Endopachys grayi Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848b: 82-83, pl. 1, figs 2, 2A. - Semper 1872: 267. -van der Horst 1922: 68, 74. -van der Horst 1926: 51. - van der Horst 1927: 6-7, pl. 2, fig. 12. -Faustino 1927: 240-241. - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 241. - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 139. - Squires 1961: 17. - Pillai 1972: 213. - Boshoff 1981: 42 (in part). -Cairns 1984: 27, pl. 5, fig. E. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 137. - Veron 1986: 610. - Cairns 1989b: 34. - Cairns 1991 a: 24-25, pl. 10, figs I-J, pl. 11, figs A, B. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 276. -Cairns 1994: 84-85, pl. 36, figs E, H pl. 37, fig. I. - Cairns 1995: 121-122, pl. 41, figs C-H. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 185-186. - Cairns 1998: 362, 365. -Cairns 1999: 132, fig. 22F. - Cairns et al. 1999: 27. - Cairns 2001: 25, pl. 7, fig. G. -Cairns 2004a. 276, 316. - Cairns 2006: 49. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 329-330, 332, figs 173H-J, 175, 176A-B. </p>
            <p> Endopachys weberi Alcock, 1902a: 109-110. </p>
            <p> Endopachys oahense Vaughan, 1907: 147-148, pl. 44, fig. 3. </p>
            <p> Endopachys japonicum Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1932e: 388, 399. - Yabe and Eguchi 1932b: 443. - Yabe and Eguchi 1932a: 14-17, pl. 2, figs 1-6. -Eguchi 1934 a: 268. - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 139. -Eguchi 1965: 293. - Eguchi and Miyawaki 1975: 59. </p>
            <p> Endopachys vaughani Durham, 1947: 39-40, pl. 11, figs 6-8, 10, 11. </p>
            <p> Endopachys sp. -van der Horst 1922: 68, pl. 8,fig. 4. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Unknown (Cairns 1994; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Presumably lost (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_EId1(2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.606697/lat -28.125)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.606697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.125">Eastern</a>
                 margin, other locality data unknown. SAMC_A073064 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, 4 km from Cape Vidal /off Groot Brak Estuary, 28°07'30.00"S, 32°36'24.11"E; 75- 80 m.   SAMC_A073069 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.681698/lat -27.714998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.681698&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.714998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 48 km from Cape Vidal / 21 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°42'53.99"S, 32°40'54.11"E; 160 m.   SAMC_A073213 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0133/lat -30.1067)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.1067">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Durban / 14 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°06'24.12"S, 31°00'47.88"E; 160- 170 m.   SAMC_A073266 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.423746/lat -34.382015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.423746&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.382015">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Stilbaai / 1 km off Goukou Estuary, 34°22'55.26"S, 21°25'25.49"E; 88 m.   SAMC_A090114 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.449997/lat -31.75)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.449997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.75">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from Port St. Johns / 13 km off Bulolo Estuary, 31°45'00.00"S, 29°26'59.99"E; 70 m.   SAMC_A090115 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.28333/lat -29.766666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.28333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Durban / 22 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°46'00.00"S, 31°16'59.99"E; 110- 130 m.   SAM_H1420 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -29.216667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.216667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Mtunzini / 8 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°13'00.00"S, 31°30'00.00"E; 66- 77 m.   SAM_H1427 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°52'00.00"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 99 m.   SAM_H1476 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667">Eastern</a>
                 margin 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°52'00.00"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 99 m.   SAM_H3120 (28 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -29.216667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.216667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Mtunzini / 8 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°13'00.00"S, 31°30'00.00"E; 73 m.   SAM_H3121 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -29.216667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.216667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Mtunzini / 8 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°13'00.00"S, 31°30'00.00"E; 73 m.   SAM_H3122 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.051388/lat -29.883331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.051388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883331">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Durban / 9 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°52'59.99"S, 31°03'05.00"E; 86 m.   SAM_H3123 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.18333/lat -29.566668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.18333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.566668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 9 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 2 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°34'00.00"S, 31°10'59.99"E; 66 m.   SAM_H4593 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.699997/lat -29.579998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.699997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.579998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Port St. Johns /off Bulolo Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m.   DEFF_NANSEN-INV 32 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.429996/lat -29.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.429996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.719997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 30 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 31 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°43'11.99"S, 31°25'47.99"E; 185 m.   USNM 91812 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.303299/lat -29.765)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.303299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.765">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 24 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°45'54.00"S, 31°18'11.88"E; 105 m.   USNM 91813 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.813297/lat -27.2433)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.813297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.2433">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 44 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 28 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°14'35.88"S, 32°48'47.87"E; 74 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> PF 10983 (4 specimens): Eastern margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock/3 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 71-73 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum (anthocyathus) variable in shape, including cuneiform, compressed-cylindrical, and flabellate. Corallum free, compressed and usually with a rounded base on GCD plane. Largest specimen examined (DEFF_NANSEN-INV 32) 37.2  × 19.7 mm in CD (excluding crests), and 25.8 mm in H. Thecal edges project outward to form slightly porous, and straight to slightly sinuous thecal crests. Upper thecal crest meets in acute angle, and often support one bud obliquely oriented (sometimes supporting ≤ four buds). Crest wider at lower half of corallum. Costae equal in width and flat to slightly convex, becoming progressively less developed towards base. Intercostal striae thin, narrow, and porous. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five complete cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S5&gt; S4 (96 septa). S1-2 thick, most exsert, porous at upper distal margin, and extend towards columella with straight, vertical, and finely dentate axial margins. S3 less exsert and extend  ¾ the distance of S1-2 with dentate axial margins. S4 variable in development: if not flanked by a pair of S5, both S4 in a half-system bend towards each other meeting before S3 in a characteristic  Pourtalès plan, but, if flanked, S4 have highly laciniate axial margins. S5 dimorphic in development: those adjacent to S1 more exsert and wider than those adjacent to S2. Each  Pourtalès plan terminates in a palus-like structure. All septal faces granular. Fossa deep, containing septum in the elongate and spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, extending from off Port St. Johns towards Kosi Bay Estuary (44 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 66-170 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique; Tanzania (Cairns 1989b); Zanzibar; Mauritius (van der Horst 1926); Saya de Malha; Arabian Sea (Gardiner and Waugh 1939) Cairns and Keller 1993); Philippines and Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997; Kitahara and Cairns 2021), Malaysia; Australia (Cairns 2004); New Caledonia (Zibrowius and Grygier 1985); Wallis and Futuna; Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); Hawaii; United States; Japan (Cairns 1984; Zibrowius and Grygier 1985; Cairns 1994); 37-550 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Endopachys grayi is easily recognised by its corallum shape and presence of lateral thecal crest. Overall,  Tropidocyathus lessoni (Michelin, 1842) resembles  E. grayi , but belongs to a different family (  Turbinoliidae ) and is easily distinguished by having a solid corallum (not porous as dendrophylliids). Within the genus, only two species,  E. grayi and  Endopachys bulbosa Cairns &amp; Zibrowius, 1997, are known and they differ in: (i) distribution (  E. grayi = Indo-Pacific vs.  E. bulbosa = South Pacific), (ii) basal thickness (  E. grayi = 3 mm vs.  E. bulbosa = 4 mm), (iii) thecal face angle in relation to height (  E. grayi = face angle being low initially and broadens with height vs.  E. bulbosa = face angle being high initially and decreases with height), (iv) septal exsertness (  E. grayi = S1-2 being ≤ 3.0 mm vs.  E. bulbosa = S1-2 being ≤ 5.0 mm), (v) costae (  E. grayi = poorly-defined vs.  E. bulbosa = well-defined costae), and (vi) presence or absence of pali (  E. grayi = pali present vs.  E. bulbosa = pali absent) (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997). The DEFF_NANSEN-INV 32 specimen appears to be the largest  E. grayi recorded to date. It is 37.2  × 19.7 mm in CD (excluding crests), 25.8 mm in H, and has a pair of S6, totalling 98 septa. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/10AF50E37E445B3D8F79204408E93618	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
F206BDF2503AAF5B1ADD4BEB8DD7304A.text	F206BDF2503AAF5B1ADD4BEB8DD7304A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Endopachys Lonsdale 1845	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Endopachys Lonsdale, 1845</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary and free, resulting from transverse division or budding from corallum margin. Corallum straight. Shape of corallum variable, including cuneiform, compressed-cylindrical, and flabellate. Some species with six or twelve robust ridges or flanges aligned to C1 and C2. Epitheca absent. Base of corallum covered with spines. Towards calices, spines usually aligned into narrow costae.  Pourtalès plan present. ≤ five cycles of septa. P3 or P4 usually present. Columella elongate, discrete, and spongy. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Endopachys alatum Lonsdale, 1845, by subsequent designation (Wells 1975). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F206BDF2503AAF5B1ADD4BEB8DD7304A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
ED03AF52DA6BAFF91E791B6688AC2545.text	ED03AF52DA6BAFF91E791B6688AC2545.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Endopsammia Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Endopsammia Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, conical to subcylindrical, and firmly attached. Epitheca thin, covering most of the synapticulotheca. Underlying epitheca weakly costate, covered with low granules. Septa arranged in normal insertion pattern in ≤ four cycles. Axial margins of all septa coarsely dentate to laciniate. Columella spongy, non-discrete. Tabular endothecal dissepiments present in elongate coralla.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Endopsammia philippensis Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED03AF52DA6BAFF91E791B6688AC2545	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
5FB471FC6579950E549634DE7707C0A6.text	5FB471FC6579950E549634DE7707C0A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Endopsammia philippensis Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Endopsammia philippensis Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Fig. 9M, N</p>
            <p> Endopsammia philippensis Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848b: 91, pl. 1, figs 5, 5A. -Faustino 1927: 243-244, pl. 77, figs 5, 6. -Pillai and Scheer 1976: 71-72. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 188, fig. 28C-E. - Cairns 2001: 23, pls 5H, I. -Cairns 2004a: 316. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia regularis . -van der Horst 1922: 63. -van der Horst 1926: 50, pl. 3, figs 10, 11. </p>
            <p> Endopsammia philippinensis . - Wells 1964: 118, pl. 2, figs 12, 13. - Cairns 1991: 26. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 221. </p>
            <p> Certotrochus brunneus . - Boshoff 1981: 36. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Philippines, depth unknown (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1848b).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NHMUK or MNHN (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997; Cairns 2001, 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>ORI_DIIIb1 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, 33 km from Durban/ 31 km off Beachwood Mangroves, 29°55'00.00"S, 31°19'59.99"E; 442 m.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>SAM_H1576 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 35 km from Port Edward/10 km off Mtentu Estuary, 31°18'00.00"S, 29°58'00.00"E; depth unknown.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum conical to sub-cylindrical, relatively small, attached to substrate by a thin encrusting base. Calice circular and calicular margin lanceted. Largest specimen examined (ORI_DIIIb) 7.80  × 7.70 mm in CD, 8.20 mm in H. Epitheca thin and extending  ¾ of lower corallum. Theca near calicular margin porous and non-costate. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles, last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (≤ 30 septa). S1 slightly exsert and reaches columella. Higher cycle septa (S2-4) progressively less exsert (if at all). S2 equal or  ¾ the width of S1. S3 being 1/4 the width of S2, sometimes rudimentary in some half-systems without S4. S4, if present, rudimentary. All septa bear dentate to slightly laciniate axial margins. Septa faces bearing spines. Fossa shallow, containing a spongy or rudimentary columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, from north of Port Edward extending towards Durban; 442 m. Elsewhere: Philippines (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1848b); Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Indian Ocean islands (Maldives, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Chagos) (van der Horst 1926; Pillai and Scheer 1976); tropical Pacific Ocean; Loyalty Islands; Queensland; Papua New Guinea (Wells 1964; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997; Cairns 2004a); 0-73 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Among congeners (  Endopsammia regularis (Gardiner, 1899) and  E. pourtalesi (Durham &amp; Barnard, 1952)),  E. philippensis closely resembles  E. regularis in having septa hexamerally arranged in four incomplete cycles, in corallum being solitary (relatively squat), and bearing an epitheca that extends  ¾ of the corallum height. However, they differ as  E. regularis has exsert septa. Although  E. pourtalesi also has septa arranged hexamerally in four incomplete cycles, this species is distinguished from  E. philippensis by its quasi-colonial coralla with slender corallites, presence of endothecal dissepiments, and bearing non-exsert septa (Cairns 1991).  Endopsammia philippensis has previously been documented in the southwest Indian Ocean (van der Horst 1922, 1026; Cairns and Keller 1993), therefore the examined Boshoff (1981) material (ORI_DIIIb1) represents a species range extension further south of Zanzibar, and a new record for South Africa. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5FB471FC6579950E549634DE7707C0A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
7B065B78C8CB2A70A08EFF431F87AFE6.text	7B065B78C8CB2A70A08EFF431F87AFE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flabellum (Flabellum) leptoconus Cairns & Zibrowius 2016	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Flabellum (Flabellum) leptoconus Cairns &amp; Zibrowius, 2016</p>
            <p>Fig. 11C, D</p>
            <p> Flabellum sibogae Gardiner, 1904: 98. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 220, 221. </p>
            <p> Adkinsella sp. - Boshoff 1981: 34. </p>
            <p> Flabellum (Flabellum) leptoconus Cairns &amp; Zibrowius, 2016: 161-162, fig. 1F, J. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>South of Natal region, South Africa (USNM 62498: 31°23'00"S, 29°54'00"E); 409-440 m (Cairns and Zibrowius 2016).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype and three paratypes are deposited at the NMNH (Cairns and Zibrowius 2016), whilst one paratype is deposited at ORI.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                 ORI_DIIa1 (1 specimen: paratype):   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.899998/lat -31.383331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.899998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.383331">Southern</a>
                 margin, 44 km from Port St. Johns / 4 km from Mkweni Estuary, 31°22'59.99"S, 29°53'59.99"E; 409- 440 m.   DSCS INV-358 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.115686/lat -34.889427)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.115686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.889427">Southern</a>
                 margin, 92 km from Oubosstrand / 89 km off Tsitsikamma Estuary, 34°53'21.93"S, 24°06'56.47"E; 355 m.   DSCS-INV 569 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.76175/lat -34.784725)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.76175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.784725">Southern</a>
                 margin, 65 km from Cape St. Francis / 70 km from Slang Estuary, 34°47'05.01"S, 24°45'42.30"E; 392 m.   SAMC_A073153 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.328299/lat -32.048298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.328299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.048298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Coffee Bay / 18 km off Mdumbi Estuary, 32°02'53.87"S, 29°19'41.87"E; 250- 280 m.   SAMC_A073179 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.986698/lat -32.393303)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.986698&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.393303">Southern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from Mazeppa Bay / 17 km off Mendu Estuary, 32°23'35.88"S, 28°59'12.11"E; 295- 350 m.   SAMC_A073190 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.986698/lat -32.393303)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.986698&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.393303">Southern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from Mazeppa Bay / 17 km off Mendu Estuary, 32°23'35.88"S, 28°59'12.11"E; 295- 350 m.   SAMC_A090154 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.499329/lat -33.652832)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.499329&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.652832">Southern</a>
                 margin, 58 km from Port Alfred / 35 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°39'10.19"S, 27°29'57.58"E; 304 m.   SAM_H1239 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.664427/lat -34.17286)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.664427&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.17286">Southern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Cape Point / 20 km off Sand Estuary, 34°10'22.29"S, 18°39'51.94"E; 567 m.   SAM_H2841 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.68/lat -27.991665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.991665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from Cape Vidal / 23 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°59'29.99"S, 32°40'47.99"E; 550 m.   SAM_H3150 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.383331/lat -33.549995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.383331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.549995">Southern</a>
                 margin, 48 km from Port Alfred / 19 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°32'59.99"S, 27°22'59.99"E; 80 m.   SAM_H3180 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.17333/lat -32.24833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.17333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.24833">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Coffee Bay / 19 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 32°14'53.99"S, 29°10'23.99"E; 620- 560 m.   SAM_H3181(I specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.809996/lat -30.556664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.809996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.556664">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 30 km from Scottburgh / 20 km off Fafa Estuary, 30°33'23.99"S, 30°48'35.99"E; 690 m.   SAM_H3182 (24 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.516665/lat -32.916664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.516665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.916664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 40 km from Cintsa / 29 km from Cwili Estuary, 32°54'59.99"S, 28°30'59.99"E; 630 m.   SAM_H3183 (7 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.980001/lat -32.476665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.980001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.476665">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km off Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°28'36.00"S, 28°58'48.00"E; 710- 775 m.   SAM_H3184 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.13833/lat -33.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.13833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.1">Southern</a>
                 margin, 22 km from Gonubie / 21 km off Gqunube Estuary, 33°06'00.00"S, 28°08'17.99"E; 700- 650 m.   USNM 62498 (2 specimen: holotype):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.899998/lat -31.383331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.899998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.383331">Southern</a>
                 margin, 44 km from Port St. Johns / 4 km from Mkweni Estuary, 31°22'59.99"S, 29°53'59.99"E; 410 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>USNM 91721 (4 specimens: paratypes): Eastern margin, 46 km from Port Dunford/45 km off Nyoni Estuary, 29°19'12.00"S, 32°00'00.00"E; 366 m. Galathea St. 196 (2 specimens). USNM 87645 (5 specimens): Eastern margin, 146 km from Gouritsmond/152 km off Goukou Estuary, 35°40'12.00"S, 21°58'48.00"E; 424 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum elongated, sub-cylindrical, mostly attached through a slender pedicel, which expands into an encrusting base. Thecal edge diverging at an angle of 7-9°. Coralla rarely straight, most examined specimens bent near base. Calice calicular with thin and fragile calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H2841) 6.3  × 6.2 mm in CD, and 38.0 mm in H. Theca fragile; epitheca bear longitudinal ridges corresponding to septa. Spaces between epithecal ridges usually have transverse and fine striations. Corallum light brown and sometimes white. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in two cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2 (12 septa). S1 extend towards centre of fossa with straight to slightly sinuous axial margin. S2 half the width of S1, also with slightly sinuous axial margin. Lower septal faces bear a row of spines. Fossa deep and narrow.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape Point extending to Cape Vidal, 80-775 m. Elsewhere: Only known from South Africa (Cairns and Zibrowius 2016).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Flabellum (F.) leptoconus was well described by Cairns and Zibrowius (2016) and examined specimens add no taxonomic information, apart from the row of spines present on the septal faces deep in fossa. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B065B78C8CB2A70A08EFF431F87AFE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
F6E2ACC544B8E087022AAE35D8E6DE4E.text	F6E2ACC544B8E087022AAE35D8E6DE4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flabellum (Flabellum) Lesson 1831	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Flabellum (Flabellum) Lesson, 1831</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Flabellum having a smooth calicular margin. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Flabellum pavoninum Lesson, 1831, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F6E2ACC544B8E087022AAE35D8E6DE4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
42064027CD8F9D7E520FBD0535F10847.text	42064027CD8F9D7E520FBD0535F10847.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flabellum (Flabellum) pavoninum Lesson 1831	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Flabellum (Flabellum) pavoninum Lesson, 1831</p>
            <p>Fig. 11E-H</p>
            <p> Flabellum pavoninum Lesson, 1831: 2. -Gardiner 1902: 123-125, pl. 4, figs 18-12. - Gardiner 1904: 98. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 174. -Zibrowius et al. 1975: 98-99, pl. 2, figs D-E. - Boshoff 1981: 35. -Cairns 1984: 20. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 122. </p>
            <p> Flabellum coalitum von Marenzeller, 1888: 48-49. - Cairns 1989a: 46, 50, fig. 24E, F, I-L. </p>
            <p> Flabellum thourarsii . - Boshoff 1981: 34. </p>
            <p> Flabellum sp. 6. - Cairns 1989a: 63, 67, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> Flabellum (Flabellum) pavoninum . - Cairns 1989a: 46-50, figs 23G-L, fig. 24A-D. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 263-264. -Cairns 1994: 70-71, pl. 30, figs G-L, pl. 31, figs A-E. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 150-151, figs A-D, G, H. - Cairns 1999a: 115-116, fig. 18G-I. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Sandwich Islands, Hawaiian Islands; no depth given (Cairns 1989b).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Five syntypes are deposited at the MNHNP (Cairns 1989a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_DIIb1 (3 specimens):  Locality data unknown; 27 m.   ORI_DIIb4 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.91/lat -30.3)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.91&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.3">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. DEFF_NANSEN-INV17 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.91/lat -30.3)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.91&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.3">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 15 km from Scottburgh / 16 km off Mahlongwana Estuary, 30°18'00.00"S, 30°54'36.00"E; 226 m.   DEFF_NANSEN-INV 51 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.629997/lat -29.579998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.629997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.579998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 37 km from Mdlotane Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°37'47.99"E; 130- 144 m.   SAMC_A073053 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.606697/lat -28.14)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.606697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.14">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 5 km from Cape Vidal / 16 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°08'24.00"S, 32°36'24.11"E; 165 m.   SAMC_A073063 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.57/lat -28.291697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.291697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Vidal / 19 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°17'30.11"S, 32°34'12.00"E; 100 m.   SAMC_A073135 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.328299/lat -32.048298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.328299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.048298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Coffee Bay / 18 km off Mdumbi Estuary, 32°02'53.87"S, 29°19'41.87"E; 250- 280 m.   SAMC_A073171 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.681698/lat -27.714998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.681698&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.714998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 48 km from Cape Vidal / 21 km from Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°42'53.99"S, 32°40'54.11"E; 160 m.   SAMC_A073213 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0133/lat -30.1067)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.1067">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Durban / 14 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°06'24.12"S, 31°00'47.88"E; 160- 170 m.   SAMC_A073225 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.43333/lat -29.766665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from  Shaka’s Rock /off Tongati Estuary, 29°45'59.99"S, 31°25'59.99"E; 110- 130 m.   SAMC_A090097 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.43333/lat -29.766665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from  Shaka’s Rock / off Tongati Estuary, 29°45'59.99"S, 31°25'59.99"E; 110- 130 m.   SAMC_A090098 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.699997/lat -29.583332)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.699997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583332">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 46 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 42 km off Mdlotane Estuary, 29°34'59.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m.   SAM_H1432 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°51'59.99"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 101 m.   SAM_H1477 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 3 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 49 m.   SAM_H3845 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.43333/lat -29.766665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from  Shaka’s Rock / off Tongati Estuary, 29°45'59.99"S, 31°25'59.99"E; 110- 130 m.   SAM_H4582 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.501663/lat -29.663334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.501663&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.663334">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 31 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 33 km from Mhlali Estuary, 29°39'48.00"S, 31°30'05.99"E; 150 m.   USNM 82134 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.269997/lat -29.8)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.269997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 27 km from Durban / 22 km from Beachwood Mangroves, 29°48'00.00"S, 31°16'11.99"E; 232 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>BMNH 1950.1.11.30 (2 specimens): Locality data unknown. Mortensen 31 (5 specimens): Eastern margin, off Durban, 128 m. ZH10 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 68 km from Cape Vidal/8 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°32'34.79"S, 32°43'33.59"E; 150 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum flabellate, unattached, but bearing a narrow pedicel circular in profile. Calice compressed (GCD:LCD = 1.26-2.50), with smooth calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (DEFF_NANSEN-INV17) 48.3  × 19.3 mm in CD, 34.4 mm in H, and 1.3 mm in PD. Thecal faces planar but diverging in an angle between 50-70°. Thecal edges bear low and convex crest. Angle of thecal edge (excluding crest) between 93-138°. Corallum white or sometimes reddish brown. </p>
            <p> Septa arranged in six cycles, last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-3&gt; S4&gt; S5&gt; S6 (≤ 141 septa). S1-3 equidistant, having moderately sinuous axial margin that join columella. Upper S1-3 distal margins notched. S4 ~  ¼ the size of S1-3, and have sinuous axial margin that sometimes joins columella. S5  ½ the width of S4 with sinuous to dentate axial margin. S6, if present, restricted to calicular margin. Septal faces bear spines perpendicular to septal margin. Fossa deep and narrow, containing a rudimentary columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Coffee Bay extending towards Cape Vidal; 49-280 m. Elsewhere: Tanzania (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Kenya (Cairns 1989b); Madagascar (Gardiner and Waugh 1938, Zibrowius et al. 1975); Maldives (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Australia (Cairns 2004a); Vanuatu; Wallis and Futuna Islands (Cairns 1999a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Hawaiian Islands; South China Sea; Japan (Cairns 1989a, 1999); 73-665 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Flabellum (F.) pavoninum is reported in two forms that display different GCD:LCD and thecal edge ratios. The GCD:LCD ratio range from 1.9-2.1 (as reported in the  Flabellum coalitum form) to &lt;2.4 (typical form), and the thecal edge from 74° (  Flabellum coalitum ) to 139° (typical) (Cairns 1994). Intraspecific variation is detailed by Cairns (1989a, 1989b), who suggested that the South African representative is potentially a different species. This suspicion was later clarified by Cairns and Keller (1993) who noted that characteristics of both, the Japanese and South African representatives overlapped, therefore confirming the Indian Ocean species to be indeed  F. pavoninum . Nonetheless,  F. pavoninum may be mistaken with Pacific  F. arcuatile Cairns, 1999, but can be distinguished by its lateral thecal edge. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/42064027CD8F9D7E520FBD0535F10847	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
DE5BFB293D0BCF8F3F7BBAC1D0F3B0DC.text	DE5BFB293D0BCF8F3F7BBAC1D0F3B0DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flabellum (Flabellum) politum Cairns 1989	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Flabellum (Flabellum) politum Cairns, 1989a</p>
            <p>Fig. 11I, J</p>
            <p> Flabellum pavoninum paripavoninum . - Yabe and Eguchi 1942a: 91-93 (in part: 'Soyo  Maru’ Stn. 419, pl. 5, fig. 8A-C). - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 129-130 (in part: pl. 11, fig. 9A-C). </p>
            <p> Flabellum (Flabellum) politum Cairns, 1989a: 53-54, pl. 28, figs A-F. - Cairns 1989b: 67. -Cairns 1994: 73, pl. 32, figs A-C. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 153-154. - Cairns 1998: 394. - Cairns et al. 1999: 31. -Cairns 2004a: 303. - Cairns 2009: 18. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 186-188, figs 91E-H, 93. </p>
            <p> Flabellum sp. 1. - Cairns 1989b: 63, 77. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Samar Sea, Philippines (12°13'15"N, 124°05'03"E); 216 m (Cairns 1989a).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype and fourteen paratypes are deposited at the NMNH (Cairns 1989a, 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF_NANSEN- INV 34 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.429996/lat -29.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.429996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.719997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 32 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 16 km off Nhlabane Estuary, 29°43'11.99"S, 31°25'47.99"E; 184 m.   DEFF_NANSEN-INV 96 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.399998/lat -28.679996)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.399998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.679996">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 32 km from Richards Bay / 91 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 28°40'47.99"S, 32°23'59.99"E; 20 m.   SAMC_A090160 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.339998/lat -29.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.339998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 10 km from  Shaka’s Rock / Mhlali Estuary, 29°30'00.00"S, 31°20'23.99"E; 53-54 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum flabellate, unattached, and bearing a narrow circular pedicel. Calice compressed (GCD:LCD = 2.1-2.4), with a smooth calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A090160) 38.9  × 16.4 mm in CD, 30.8 mm in H, and 1.3 mm in PD. Thecal faces planar and diverging in an angle between 50-70°. Angle of thecal edge (excluding crest) between 124-150°, thecal crest rounded. Corallum white with reddish brown stripes corresponding to septa, usually porcelaneous. </p>
            <p> Septa arranged in six complete cycles according to the formula: S1-3&gt; S4&gt; S5&gt; S6, sometimes pairs of S7 present (≤ 194 septa). S1-3 equidistant, and joining columella with moderately sinuous axial margins. S1-3 upper distal edge notched. S4 ~  ¼ the size of S1-3, sometimes joining columella with sinuous axial margin. S5  ½ the size of S4. S6 rudimentary. S7, if present, also rudimentary. Septa faces with spines arranged perpendicular to septal margin. Fossa deep, narrow, with a rudimentary columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off  Shaka’s Rock extending towards Richards Bay; 20-185 m. Elsewhere: Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); South China Sea; Japan (Cairns 1989a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Australia (Cairns 2004a); 40-717 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> These specimens represent new records of  Flabellum (F.) politum in the southwestern Indian Ocean and illustrate that it may be found in shallower waters. It is also worth noting that adult  F. politum can be easily mistaken for juvenile  Flabellum (F.) pavoninum "  Flabellum coalitum " form (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997), but may be distinguished by its smooth and porcelaneous thecal face. A full comparison of  F. politum and other species can be found in Cairns (1989b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DE5BFB293D0BCF8F3F7BBAC1D0F3B0DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
342EC8BA1A353BB186B6A536E01ADABB.text	342EC8BA1A353BB186B6A536E01ADABB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flabellum (Ulocyathus) alabastrum Moseley 1873	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Flabellum (Ulocyathus) alabastrum Moseley, 1873</p>
            <p>Fig. 11K, L.</p>
            <p> Flabellum alabastrum Moseley in Thompson, 1873: 403, fig. 2. - Moseley 1881: 169, pl. 7, figs 1, 1A, B, 2, 2A, B, pl. 16, fig. 11. - Zibrowius 1980: 148, pl. 77 A-J. - Cairns 1981: 6. -Zibrowius 1985: 318. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 38. pl. 2S, T. </p>
            <p> Flabellum minus Duncan 1878: 243, pl. 45, figs 10-13. </p>
            <p> Flabellum (Ulocyathus) alabastrum . -Cairns 1989: 54. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Azores (HMS  ‘Challenger’ stn. 73: 37°26'00"N, 25°13'00"W); 1829 m (Zibrowius 1980). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Syntypes are deposited at the BMNH (Zibrowius 1980).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAMC_A090102 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 125 km from Agulhas/ 134 km off Ratels Estuary, 35°56'37.38"S, 20°02'27.30"E; 168 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum unattached with a narrow and circular pedicel. Calice compressed (GCD:LCD = 1.4), with a highly jagged calicular margin. Largest specimen examined 28.3  × 19.8 mm in CD, 22.1 mm in H, and 2.2 mm in PD. Thecal faces planar and diverging at an angle of 110°. Thecal edges crested and diverging in an angle of 150° (excluding crests). Thecal crest sinuous. C1-3 well developed and extending from calicular margin towards base. Thin and faint growth ridges, corresponding to higher cycle septa (S4-5) present. Corallum predominantly white, but pedicel and intercostal striae reddish brown. </p>
            <p> Septa arranged in five cycles, last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (≤ 80 septa). S1-3 equidistant and join columella with moderately sinuous axial margins. S4 ~  ½ the size of S1-3, and bear sinuous axial margin. S5 rudimentary. Septal faces bear small spines sparsely arranged along the septal margins. Fossa moderately deep, narrow, and containing a rudimentary columella composed by fusion of lower axial margin of larger septa. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western to southern margin of South Africa, off Alexander Bay extending towards Algulhas; 168-1089 m. Elsewhere: Walvis Ridge (Zibrowius and Gili 1990); Hebrides; Azores; Gulf of Guinea, Georgia towards Davis Strait (Cairns 1981); Bahamas (Zibrowius 1980); 357-2000 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Flabellum (U.) alabastrum is one of the four flabellid species with a constricted corallum and may be mistaken with  F. lowekeyesi Squires &amp; Ralph, 1965. However, the two species differ in having a shorter, crested lateral edges (LEL: H = 0.3-0.5 vs. 0.9 for  F. alabastrum ), and a taller corallum (GCD: H = 1.0-1.3 vs. 1.5 for  F. alabastrum )(Cairns 1989a, 1995).  Flabellum (U.) alabastrum is historically only known from the Atlantic, thus the current South African record extends the species distribution to the Indian Ocean (east of Cape Point). Furthermore, the examined specimens confirm that the  F. alabastrum is found 189 m shallower than previously known. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/342EC8BA1A353BB186B6A536E01ADABB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
82AD8FD0FBA3BF47C8BFA66760E4366E.text	82AD8FD0FBA3BF47C8BFA66760E4366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flabellum (Ulocyathus) lowekeyesi Squires & Ralph 1965	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Flabellum (Ulocyathus) lowekeyesi Squires &amp; Ralph, 1965</p>
            <p>Fig. 11M, N</p>
            <p> Flabellum lowekeyesi Squires &amp; Ralph, 1965: 259-261, figs 1, 2. - Squires and Keyes 1967: 27, pl. 6, figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> Flabellum (Ulocyathus) lowekeyesi . - Cairns 1989a: 54. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 262, fig. 10 D, E. - Cairns 1995: 100-101, pl. 32, figs G-I. -Cairns 2004a: 304. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 200-202, figs 100I-L, 101. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Cape Brett, New Zealand (stn. 29: 26 miles off Cape Brett); 732 m (Squires and Ralph 1965).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the MoNZ and one paratype at the NMNH (Cairns 1995).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAM_H1695 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.916664/lat -27.291666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.291666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 49 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.916664/lat -27.291666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.291666">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 37 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°17'30.00"S, 32°54'59.99"E; 720-780 m.   SAM_H1696 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.91/lat -27.246664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.91&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.246664">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 44 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.91/lat -27.246664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.91&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.246664">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 32 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°14'47.99"S, 32°54'35.99"E; 700 m.   SAM_H2814 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.576664/lat -28.364998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.576664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.364998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from St. Lucia / 34 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.576664/lat -28.364998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.576664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.364998">Mfolozi Estuary</a>
                 , 28°37'47.99"S, 32°38'29.99"E; 1200- 1000 m. SAM_H3095 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.576664/lat -28.364998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.576664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.364998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 17 km from St. Lucia Estuary / 16 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°21'53.99"S, 32°34'36.00"E; 775-825 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum unattached and bearing a narrow and circular pedicel. Calice compressed (GCD:LCD = 1.3), with highly lacerated calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H2814) 27.6  × 20.9 mm in CD, 30.1 mm in H, and 2.8 mm in PD. Thecal faces straight and diverging in an angle between 55-73°. Thecal edge short and continuously crested. Angle of thecal edges (excluding crest) between 160-190°. C1-3 well developed and extending from calicular margin towards base. Theca bear chevron-shaped growth lines, and fine granulation. Corallum predominantly white, but pedicel, intercostal striae, and axial septal faces reddish brown. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in a variable number of cycles. Examined specimens have five or six cycles, last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-3&gt; S4&gt; S5&gt; S6 (88-110 septa). S1-3 equidistant and joining columella deep in fossa with straight and thickened axial margins. S4 ~ 1/3 the size of S1-3, and also have straight axial margin. S5 rudimentary in specimens with fifth cycle incomplete, but  ½ the width of S4 in specimens having sixth cycle incomplete. S6 rudimentary. Septal faces finely granular. Fossa deep, narrow, with a trabecular columella following the shape of the curved corallum. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off St. Lucia extending towards Kosi Bay Estuary (49 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 700-1200 m. Elsewhere: Off Mozambique; Mascarene Plateau; Madagascar (Cairns and Keller 1993); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Tasmania; New Zealand (Squires and Ralph 1965; Cairns 1995, 2004a); 278-1100 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Specimens represent at range extension, from Mozambique to South African territory.  Flabellum (U.) lowekeyesi closely resembles  F. messum Alcock, 1902a but differs in its greater thecal edge angle, tendency of S4 axial margin to fuse to adjacent septa, larger white coralla, and smaller pedicel (Cairns 1989a, 1995). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/82AD8FD0FBA3BF47C8BFA66760E4366E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
FDB3C397F169F3AF68E832126F4CBA73.text	FDB3C397F169F3AF68E832126F4CBA73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flabellum (Ulocyathus) Sar 1851	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Flabellum (Ulocyathus) Sar, 1851</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Flabellum having a jagged or lacerate calicular edge. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Ulocyathus arcticus Sars, 1851 (=  Flabellum macandrewi Gray, 1849), monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FDB3C397F169F3AF68E832126F4CBA73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
703284BE3C20E13EBD1DDB8976C18B88.text	703284BE3C20E13EBD1DDB8976C18B88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flabellum Lesson 1831	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Flabellum Lesson, 1831</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary; attached or free. Corallum shaped in a variety of ways, including ceratoid, campanulate, bowl-shaped, discoidal, or compressed-flabellate. Transverse division lacking. Base and lower pedicel not reinforced with stereome. Wall epithecal, usually porcelaneous, without costae. Pali, dissepiments, and synapticulae absent. Columella rudimentary to absent, when present a simple fusion of lower axial margin of larger septa. Exclusively azooxanthellate.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/703284BE3C20E13EBD1DDB8976C18B88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
279F29CA46F7A79A2F8D7A0CAAFB00B0.text	279F29CA46F7A79A2F8D7A0CAAFB00B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) hydra Zibrowius & Gili 1990	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) hydra Zibrowius &amp; Gili, 1990</p>
            <p>Fig. 13G, H</p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus hydra Zibrowius &amp; Gili, 1990: 22-25, pl. 1, figs A-N. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Walvis Ridge (Benguela VI Expedition stn. BB12: 25°34'00"S, 06°07'00"E); 882-886 m (Zibrowius and Gill 1990).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype and paratypes are deposited at the NMNH (Zibrowius and Gili 1990).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>USNM 86869 (3 paratypes): Western margin, off Alexandra Bay; 882 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>(based on Zibrowius and Gill 1990) Corallum small (GCD ~ 9.0-12.0 mm), fragile, discoidal, with a slightly concave, convex, or flat base. Calice circular and ~ 5.0 mm in H. Base bear distinct, granular to serrate, costa. C1-2 prominent near calicular margin, becoming less so towards centre of base. C3 and C4 unequal and less developed than C1 and C2. Intercostal spaces fairly deep and smooth. Corallum white.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3-4 (48 septa). S1 independent but joining adjacent S4 by extended synapticular bars. S2  ¼ smaller than S1, whilst S3-4 are equal in width. S2-4 solidly fused, thus forming distinct delta junctions. Septal faces smooth, with no dentations. Columella absent or may be present as narrow tabular spines </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western margin of South Africa, off Kerbehuk; 882 m (Zibrowius and Gill 1990). Elsewhere: Walvis Ridge; 882-886 m (Zibrowius and Gill 1990).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The regional occurrence of  Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) hydra is based on Zibrowius and Gili (1990), and no additional specimens have since been reported.  Fungiacyathus (B.) hydra resembles  F. symmetricus (  Pourtalès , 1871) in having a small-sized corallum, but can be distinguished by its less sinuous septa and poorly developed columella (Zibrowius and Gili 1990). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/279F29CA46F7A79A2F8D7A0CAAFB00B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
AF0D1683E057ED03991266AA29099AD4.text	AF0D1683E057ED03991266AA29099AD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) Moseley 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) Moseley, 1881</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus with four septal cycles (48 septa). </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Fungia symmetrica Pourtalès , 1871, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF0D1683E057ED03991266AA29099AD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
306DB8BD66741BAF73DA6A2BD8823856.text	306DB8BD66741BAF73DA6A2BD8823856.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) sibogae (Alcock 1902)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) sibogae (Alcock, 1902a)</p>
            <p>Fig. 13I-L</p>
            <p> Bathyactis sibogae Alcock, 1902a: 108. </p>
            <p> Bathyactis symmetrica . -von Marenzeller 1904a: 312-313, pl. 18, fig. 25. - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 231. </p>
            <p> Bathyactis stabilis Gardiner &amp; Waugh, 1939: 231-232, figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) sibogae . - Cairns 1989b: 10-11, pl. 3, figs D-K, pl. 4, figs A-C. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 218, 230. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 70. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Ceram Sea, Indonesia (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stn. 175: 2°37.7'00"S, 130°33.4'00"E); 1914 m (Alcock, 1902a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The paralectotype is deposited at the ZMA (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>SAM_H1403 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, off Durban harbour, 805 m. SAM_H1688 (in part: 2 specimens): eastern margin, 51 km south of Ponta Do Ouro/40 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°18'42.00"S, 32°57'47.99"E; 840 m. SAM_H1689 (in part: 1 specimen): eastern margin, 44 km south of Ponta Do Ouro/35 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°14'47.99"S, 32°57'59.99"E; 900 m. SAM_H1697 (2 specimens): eastern margin, 58 km south of Ponta Do Ouro/46 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°21'18.00"S, 33°03'53.99"E; 1050 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum discoidal, with a flat to slightly convex base, reaching ≤ 14.5 mm in CD. Costae ridged, serrate, and narrow. C1-2 ridged from epicentre of base to calicular margin, and C3-4 ridged only near calicular margin. Costae correspond with septa in width, with C1-2 equal in width and C3-4 becoming progressively narrower. Intercostal spaces moderately deep and granulated. Corallum white.</p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1 highly exsert and extend to columella. S1 appear to be independent, but are connected to adjacent S4 by five or six synapticular bars, which gradually increase in size near calicular margin. S2 slightly less exsert and less wide than S1. S2 bear 4-6 trabecular spines, of which the third and fourth are the tallest and often curved towards columella. S3 equally exsert and slightly wider than S2, bearing 4-7 trabecular spines, of which the fourth to sixth are elongated and inclined towards columella. S4 least exsert and smaller septa, but have nine or ten trabecular spines. S2-4 fuse in a typical fungiacyathid fashion, forming porous and rudimentary canopies. All septa, except S4, have septal lobe occurring peripheral to spines. Septal faces planar, covered with serrated ridges, which are covered by broad and well-spaced teeth, thus giving a dentated appearance. Marginal shelf absent. Columella papillose.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Durban towards Kosi Bay Estuary (35 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 805-1050 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); Tanzania (von Marenzeller 1904a); Kenya; Madagascar; Gulf of Oman (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); Indonesia (Alcock 1902a; Cairns 1989b; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); 463-1914 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus (B.) sibogae differs from  F. hydra in its septal faces being dentate, and its papillose columella. Although the above records are based on images of specimens that we were unable to track in the South African Museum collection, the diagnostic features are visible and as such specimens fit the description provided in Cairns (1989b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/306DB8BD66741BAF73DA6A2BD8823856	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
E6BA590CA59EDA4ABE477BAABE2712A4.text	E6BA590CA59EDA4ABE477BAABE2712A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fungiacyathus (Fungiacyathus) (Fungiacyathus 1872) Sars 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fungiacyathus (Fungiacyathus) (Sars, 1872)</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus with five septal cycles (96 septa). </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus fragilis Sars, 1872, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E6BA590CA59EDA4ABE477BAABE2712A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
0A2FE1B91B3E8176E30F72D25AA2D6CB.text	0A2FE1B91B3E8176E30F72D25AA2D6CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fungiacyathus (Fungiacyathus) sp.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fungiacyathus (Fungiacyathus) sp.</p>
            <p>Fig. 13M, N</p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus sp. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 119-120, figs 6-9. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> SAM_H1431 (1 specimen with excavations): Eastern margin, 5 km from Durban/7 km off Umgeni Estuary, (RV 'Pieter  Faure’ : 29°52'00.00"S, 31°03'00.00"E); 99 m. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, Durban; 99 m (Zibrowius and Grygier 1985).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Two species of fungiacyathids (  F. stephanus and  F. paliferus ) with five cycles of septa have been reported within the south-western Indian Ocean (Cairns and Keller 1993).  Fungiacyathus stephanus differs from  F. paliferus in its fragile corallum, sinuous septal margin, and fairly high septal lobes (Cairns 1989a). Nonetheless, due to most of the diagnostic features being damaged in this specimen, we have retained this entry at genus level. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A2FE1B91B3E8176E30F72D25AA2D6CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
88FD1760E03817F20F7EC6E5CE0E73BD.text	88FD1760E03817F20F7EC6E5CE0E73BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fungiacyathus (Fungiacythus) stephanus (Alcock 1893)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fungiacyathus (Fungiacythus) stephanus (Alcock, 1893)</p>
            <p> Bathyactis stephanus Alcock, 1893: 149, pl. 5. figs 12, 12A. </p>
            <p> Bathyactis stephana . - Alcock 1898: 11, 28-29, pl. 3. </p>
            <p> Bathyactis sibogae Alcock, 1902a (in part). - Alcock 1902c: 38 (in part). </p>
            <p> Bathyactis symmetrica . - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 230-231 (in part). </p>
            <p> Bathyactis stephana . - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 232. </p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus (Fungiacythus) stephanus . - Cairns 1989a: 7-9, pl 1, figs A-K, pl. 2, figs A-N. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 218, 230. - Cairns 1995: 31-32, pl 1, figs A-C. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 68-69. - Cairns 1998. 369. -Cairns 1999. -Cairns 54-56. -Cairns 2004a: 271. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 162-164, figs 79E-F, 80. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Krishna Delta, Bay of Bengal; (HMS  ‘Investigator’ stn. 133: 15°43'30"N, 81°19'30"E); 1240 m (Cairns 1989a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is presumed to be deposited at the IM (Cairns 1989b).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Natal (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); depth unknown. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); Gulf of Aden (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); Japan (Cairns 1994 a); Bay of Bengal (Alcock 1893); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns 1989b; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Malaysia; Wallis and Futuna; Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); Australia; New Zealand (Cairns 1995, 1998); 245-2000 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus (F.) stephanus was first reported from South Africa as  Bathyactis stephana (Gardiner and Waugh 1939). Subsequently, Cairns and Keller (1993) also reported on records from the region. Of the five other Recent species (  F. fragilis Sars, 1872,  F. paliferus (Alcock, 1902a),  F. pusillus pusillus (  Pourtalès , 1868),  F. pusillus pacificus Cairns, 1995,  F. multicarinatus Cairns, 1998,  F. sandoi Cairns, 1999),  F. stephanus resembles  F. fragilis but differs in having smaller P2, its S1-2 bearing higher septal lobes, and the concave-based forms having a marginal shelf. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/88FD1760E03817F20F7EC6E5CE0E73BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
84C6474A972BE1F68B878D582E6FE34D.text	84C6474A972BE1F68B878D582E6FE34D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fungiacyathus Sars 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fungiacyathus Sars, 1872</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, cupolate, free. Septotheca horizontal. Costae either thin serrate ridges or rounded and granular. Four or five cycles of septa. Septal faces carinate. Septa usually linked to their adjacent septa by synapticular plates. Pali may be present. Columella spongy.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Fungiacyathus fragilis Sars, 1872, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/84C6474A972BE1F68B878D582E6FE34D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
F89DC6AA89DCF34E4EE0F0EB5E8CEC01.text	F89DC6AA89DCF34E4EE0F0EB5E8CEC01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniocorella dumosa (Alcock 1902)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Goniocorella dumosa (Alcock, 1902)</p>
            <p>Fig. 3M, N</p>
            <p> Pourtalosmilia dumosa Alcock, 1902c: 36-37, pl. 5, fig. 33. </p>
            <p> Goniocorella dumosa . - Yabe and Eguchi 1932a: 389-390. -Eguchi 1965b: 291, 2 figs. - Cairns 1982: 31-34, pl. 9, figs 7-9, pl. 10, figs 1, 2. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 250. fig. 6E. - Cairns 1995: 80-81, pl. 22, figs E, F. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Banda Sea, Indonesia (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stns. 156 and 259: 0°29'02.00"S, 130°05'03.00"E and 5°29'02.00"S, 132°52'05.00"E, respectively); 469-487 m (Alcock 1902c). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The syntypes are deposited at the ZMA (Cairns 1994 a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A088913 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.992666/lat -35.04033)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.992666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.04033">Southern</a>
                 margin, 110 km from Oubosstrand /off Tsitsikamma Estuary, 35°02'25.19"S, 23°59'33.60"E; 915 m.   SAMC_A090137 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.394331/lat -36.13933)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.394331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.13933">Southern</a>
                 margin, 203 km from Gouritsmond / 214 km off Goukou Estuary, 36°08'21.59"S, 22°23'39.59"E; 997 m.   SAMC_A090138 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.85033/lat -34.350494)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.85033&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.350494">Southern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from Knysna / 33 km off Goukamma Estuary, 34°21'01.79"S, 22°51'01.19"E; 87 m.   SAMC_A090139 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.190166/lat -34.0795)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.190166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.0795">Southern</a>
                 margin, 25 km from Jeffreys Bay / 20 km off Gamtoos Estuary, 34°04'46.20"S, 25°11'24.60"E; 69 m.   SAM_H3185 (2 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.68/lat -27.991667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.991667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from Cape Vidal / 23 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°59'30.00"S, 32°40'47.99"E; 550 m.   SAM_H3186 (2 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.195/lat -33.65667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.65667">Southern</a>
                 margin, 31 km from Port Alfred / 20 km off Kleinemond Estuary, 33°39'24.00"S, 27°11'42.00"E; 86 m.   SAM_H3187 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.453331/lat -33.0)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.453331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.0">Southern</a>
                 margin, 54 km from Port Edward / km off Mdumbi Estuary, 33°00'00.00"S, 30°27'11.99"E; 900 m.   SAM_H3188 (2 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.52833/lat -30.89)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.52833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.89">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 17 km from Margate /off Boboyi Estuary, 30°53'24.00"S, 30°31'41.99"E; 850 m.   SAM_H3189 (16 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.81333/lat -30.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.81333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.719997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km off Port Shepstone / 49 km off Mtentu Estuary, 30°43'11.99"S, 30°48'47.99"E; 900 m.   SAM_H3190 (14 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.873331/lat -33.326664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.873331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.326664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Kidds Beach / 27 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°19'36.00"S, 27°52'23.99"E; 760 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum bushy. New branches formed from extra-tentacular budding at right angles from parent branch. Colonies reinforced by coenosteal bridges, which unite adjacent branches. Coenosteum with low and round granules. Branches cylindrical and straight, with circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.4) corallites. Costae poorly developed, terminal corallites with slightly ridged C1-2.</p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3. Upper region of all septa usually narrower than lower part. S1 slightly exsert, with straight and vertical axial margins. S21/3 the width of S1, also with straight and vertical margins. S3 rudimentary and bearing dentate axial margins. Fossa deep, usually filled with tabular endothecal dissepiments. Columella absent.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, Port Alfred extending towards Cape Vidal; 86-997 m. Elsewhere: Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Japan (Yabe and Eguchi 1932a; Cairns 1994 a); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic regions (Eguchi 1965b; Cairns 1982); 100-760 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Goniocorella dumosa is known to contribute to the three-dimensional habitat structures in deep waters (Cairns 1982, 1995; Le Goff-Vitry et al. 2004). It is distinctive from the other framework-building caryophylliids (e.g.,  Solenosmilia variabilis and  Lophelia pertusa ) in asexually reproducing by extra-tentacular budding, having coenosteal bridges that reinforce the colony, and also by having prominent ridges on terminal corallites. The species was first reported from South Africa by Cairns and Keller (1993), a sub-sample from their South African record was also examined (SAM_H3190) in the present study. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F89DC6AA89DCF34E4EE0F0EB5E8CEC01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
EF427641F30C780E8CF7377157337417.text	EF427641F30C780E8CF7377157337417.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniocorella Yabe & Eguchi 1932	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Goniocorella Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1932</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Colonial, extra-tentacular budding forming bushy colonies. Branch anastomosis common, the branches also united by slender, tubular coenosteal bridges. No pali nor columella. Tabular endothecal dissepiments common and widely spaced.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Pourtalosmilia dumosa Alcock, 1902c, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF427641F30C780E8CF7377157337417	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
8CE8702922F4F679CDA4D892B63067B8.text	8CE8702922F4F679CDA4D892B63067B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Guynia annulata Duncan 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Guynia annulata Duncan, 1872</p>
            <p>Fig. 13O, P</p>
            <p> Guynia annulata Duncan, 1872: 32, pl. 1, figs 1-8. - Duncan 1873: 335-336, pl. 47, figs 9-16. -  Pourtalès 1874: 44, pl. 9, figs 3-4. -  Pourtalès 1878: 209 -  Pourtalès 1880: 97, 112.- Hickson 1910: 5. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 172. -Zibrowius 1969: 327-328. -Wells 1972: 6, figs 11-14. - Wells and Lang 1973: 58. - Wells 1973: 59-63, figs 1-3. - Bourcier and Zibrowius 1973: 827. -Zibrowius and Saldanha 1976: 101-102. -Zibrowius and Grieshaber 1977: 381. - Cairns 1977b: 5. - Cairns 1978: 11. - Cairns 1979: 164-165, pl. 32, figs 1-3. - Zibrowius 1980: 161-162, pl. 83, figs A-Q. -Gili 1982: 131, 137-138, fig. 62H. -Cairns 1984: 23, pl. 5, figs A, B. - Cairns et al. 1986: 187-188, pl. 56. - Cairns 1989a: 42-43, pl. 21, fig. f, pl. 42, figs A-E. - Cairns et al. 1991: 48. -Cairns and Parker 1992: 42-43, pl. 14, figs G, H. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 273, figs 12H, I. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 150. - Cairns 1998: 392. - Cairns 1999a: 113-114. - Cairns 2000: 148-149, figs 170, 173. -Stolarski 2000: 13-33, figs 1A, 2, 3A-C, E, F, 4G. -Romano and Cairns 2000: 1048, 1052, 1054. -Stolarski 2000: 13-38, figs 1, 2, 3A-C, 4D. -Randall 2003: 136. -Cairns 2004a: 266, 302. -Le Goff-Vitry et al. 2004: 170. -Zibrowius and Taviani 2005: 811. - Cairns 2006: 48. -Cairns et al. 2009: 345. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 355-356, 358, figs 190, 191A-C. </p>
            <p> Pyrophyllia inflata Hickson, 1910: 1-7. </p>
            <p> Guynia n. sp.  Guynia sensu Goreau and Wells 1967: 449. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Adventure Bank, Mediterranean; 168 m (Duncan, 1872).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Eighteen syntypes are deposited at the BMNH (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>USNM 77201 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 26 km from Port St. Johns/off Bulolo Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, small, vermiform to scolecoid, and usually attached by its side, but occasionally free. Calice cylindrical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), calicular margin smooth. Specimen examined (USNM 77201) 1.0  × 0.9 mm in CD and 5.2 mm in H. Epitheca ringed by imbricate transversal ridges, which meet with vertical costae giving a grid-like pattern along coralla. Corallum light brown. </p>
            <p>Septa octamerally arranged in two cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2 (16 septa). S1 with narrow upper margin, which gradually widen deep in fossa with sinuous axial margin. S2 slightly smaller and bearing a less sinuous axial margin compare with S1. Septal faces smooth. Fossa shallow containing a single ribbon as columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Port St. Johns, at 138 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); Gulf of Oman (Hickson 1910); New Caledonia (Cairns 1989; Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Australia (Cairns and Parker 1992; Cairns 2004a); New Zealand; Philippines; Indonesia; Japan (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Wallis and Futuna region; Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); Mediterranean (Duncan 1872; Zibrowius 1980); Gulf of Mexico; western Caribbean; Bermuda (Cairns 1979); Hawaiian Islands (Cairns 1984 a); 28-653 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Guynia annulata is the only extant representative of the family  Guyniidae . The only other species assigned to the genus is a fossil collected from the Eocene and Oligocene, for which Cairns (1989a / b) considers the generic placement doubtful. Apart from the genus being monotypic,  G. annulata has the smallest calicular diameter of all known scleractinian corals, and has a widespread tropical and sub-tropical distribution (Cairns and Parker 1992; Cairns and Keller 1993; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997). No new records of this cryptic species are reported herein and the description above is based on Cairns and  Keller’s (1993) specimen collected off KwaZulu-Natal. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8CE8702922F4F679CDA4D892B63067B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
21D76C009CAF472A97EDE7E9C554CDCA.text	21D76C009CAF472A97EDE7E9C554CDCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Guynia Duncan 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Guynia Duncan, 1872</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Solitary, ceratoid to scolecoid, free or fixed laterally. Chain of individuals sometimes produced by extra-tentacular budding. Wall epithecal. A row of mural  “pores” present in every interseptal space. Pali absent. Columella composed of one twisted ribbon. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Guynia annulata Duncan, 1872, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/21D76C009CAF472A97EDE7E9C554CDCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
A7A32F3CFB8E6E9ADA2D3E7B3D100F11.text	A7A32F3CFB8E6E9ADA2D3E7B3D100F11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterocyathus aequicostatus Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Heterocyathus aequicostatus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Fig. 3O, P</p>
            <p> Heterocyathus aequicostatus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848a: 324, pl. 10, fig. 8. - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1857: 51. - Alcock 1893: 141. - Gardiner 1904: 105-112, 125 (in part), pl. 3, figs 1-11, 22-32, 39-43. - Gardiner 1905: 955. -Bourne 1905: 193-194, 213-226, pl. 3, pl. 4, figs 12-21. -Harrison and Poole 1909a: 898-899, pl. 85, fig. lA-F. - Harrison and Poole 1909b: 913. - Harrison 1911: 1026, pl. 58, fig. 12. -Faustino 1927: 83-87, pl. 8, figs 1-7. - Yabe and Eguchi 1932b: 443. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 186-187. -Umbgrove 1938: 265. - Eguchi 1941: 417. -Yabe and Eguchi 1941 b: 213, fig. 6A, B. -Yabe and Eguchi 1941 c: 270, figs 3-4. -Crossland 1952: 102-103. -Durham and Barnard 1952: 87-88, pl. 11, fig. 49A-D. -Scheer and Pillai 1983: 158, pl. 36, fig. 9. - Wells 1984: 310, fig. 4.1. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 121. -Pillai 1986: 188. - Veron 1986: 558-559 (in part). -Hu 1988: 146, 147, pl. 3, figs 9, 12, 13, 16, 17. -Hoeksema and Best 1991: 226-230, figs 1-11. -Hodgson and Carpenter 1995: 243. - Cairns 1998: 382-384, fig. 3A, B. - Cairns et al. 1999: 22. -Veron 2000: 412-413, figs 1-4. -Stolarski et al. 2001: 324, figs 6A-D. -Cairns 2004a: 281. - Cairns 2009: 12. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 528-529, 531, figs 290, 291A-G. </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus roussaeanus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848a: 324-325, pl. 10 fig. 9, 9A. -Vaughan and Wells 1943: pl. 41 figs 16, 16A. </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus cochlea . - Gray 1849: 77, pl. 2, figs l, 2A. -Gray 1850: 410. </p>
            <p> Psammoseris hemispherica . - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1851: 127. - Veron 1986: 610. </p>
            <p> Stephanoseris rousseaui . - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1851: 127. </p>
            <p> Stephanoseris lamellosa Verrill, 1865: 149. </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus philippinensis Semper, 1872: 254 (in part: pl. 20 figs 13, 14). - Eguchi 1941 a: 414. </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus japonicus . - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 127-128, pl. 11 fig. 6 A, B. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The type material was never traceable (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073100 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.225">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 414 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 41 km off Groot Berg Estuary, 27°13'30.00"S, 32°49'30.00"E; 78 m.   SAMC_A073106 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7167/lat -27.553299)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.553299">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 66 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°33'11.88"S, 32°43'00.12"E; 140 m.   SAMC_A073186 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.053299/lat -30.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.053299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.018297">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from Durban / 13 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°01'05.87"S, 31°03'11.88"E; 150 m.   USNM 90840 (1 specimen): 26 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.699997/lat -29.579998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.699997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.579998">Port St. Johns</a>
                 /off Bulolo Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum free, squat and always encapsulating a gastropod shell colonised by a sipunculid worm. Sipunculid efferent pore &lt;2 mm in diameter, located aborally. Base flat, but area with pore more prominent, giving a pear-shaped appearance. Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1). Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073186) 8.2  × 7.8 mm in CD, and 4.6 mm in H. Costae equidistant, separated by narrow intercostal striae. Calicular margin lanceted. Corallum creamy. </p>
            <p> Septa crowded and hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1 most exsert, with rounded upper and oblique axial margins. S1 extend towards columella and bear a paliform lobe. S2 less exsert,  ¾ the width of S1, and bearing multiple paliform lobes, which extend towards columella. S3 least exsert and smallest septa, but bear ≤ five paliform lobes. S4 almost as exsert as S2, bearing a paliform lobe (P4) that fuses to adjacent P3. All paliform lobes (P1-4) inclined towards columella. All septa have straight axial margins. Septal and palar faces granulated. Fossa shallow, containing a papillose columella composed of 10-25 cylindrical elements which are indistinguishable from pali. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, 19 km from Durban extending towards Groot Berg Estuary (414 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 78-145 m. Elsewhere: Zanzibar (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Australia (Cairns 1998); Japan (Verrill 1866); China; Thailand (Gray 1849); Philippines; and Indonesia (Hoeksema and Best 1991); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 0-268 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Heterocyathus aequicostatus resembles  H. alternatus in septal formula (S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4), septa having straight axial margins, and in S3 bearing ≤ five pali, but can be distinguished in S1 bearing only one palus as compared with bearing two to three paliform lobes as in  H. alternatus . Differences in costae among the two species may also be a distinguishing feature:  H. aequicostatus has same sized costae as compared with those of  H. alternatus Guynia sensu Hoeksema and Best 1991 that vary in size (with C1-2 sometimes being slightly narrower than other costae).  Heterocyathus aequicostatus was first reported off South Africa by Gardiner (1904), who detailed the intraspecific variation by comparing the eastern margin to the western margin representatives. The examined eastern margin South African representatives add no new taxonomic knowledge to what is already known apart from extending the depth range reported by Hoeksema and Best (1991). Additionally, specimens examined include zooxanthellate representatives (&gt; 40 m) (Hoeksema and Best 2015) and should therefore not be considered in biodiversity assessments focusing on azooxanthellate forms. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7A32F3CFB8E6E9ADA2D3E7B3D100F11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
966C632519F6D08F2BDD626F7783BF35.text	966C632519F6D08F2BDD626F7783BF35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterocyathus alternatus Verrill 1865	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Heterocyathus alternatus Verrill, 1865</p>
            <p>Fig. 4A, B</p>
            <p> Heterocyathus alternata Verrill, 1865: 149 </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus alternatus . -Folkeson 1919: 10-11, pl. 1, figs 10-11. -Hoeksema and Best 1991: 230-231, figs 12-18. - Cairns 1998: 384, fig. 3D-E. - Cairns 1999a: 99-100, fig. 14E-F. -Cairns 2004a: 281. </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus aequicostatus . - Boshoff 1981: 37 (in part). </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Gaspar Straits, between the Bangka and Belitung Islands, Sumatra, (Indonesia); depth unknown (Hoeksema and Best 1991).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the YPM (Hoeksema and Best 1991).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073105 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.640003/lat -27.814999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.640003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.814999">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°48'54.00"S, 32°38'24.00"E  ;   52 m. SAMC_A073126 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.611694/lat -27.911697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.611694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.911697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 25 km from Cape Vidal / 23 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°54'42.11"S, 32°36'42.11"E  ;   42- 50 m. SAMC_A073214 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6483/lat -27.8133)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.8133">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 37 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°48'47.88"S, 32°38'53.87"E  ;   50 m. SAM_H2808 (10 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.66889/lat -27.98472)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.66889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.98472">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from Cape Vidal / 22 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°59'04.99"S, 32°40'08.00"E  ;   550 m. SAM_H3118 (19 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°52'00.00"S, 31°00'00.00"E  ;   99 m. SAM_H3119 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.38018/lat -34.051888)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.38018&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.051888">Southern</a>
                 margin, 3 km from Plettenberg Bay / 2 km off Piesang Estuary, 34°03'06.80"S, 23°22'48.65"E  ;   30- 35 m. ORI_DIIIe1_1 (1 specimen):  Locality data unknown  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum squat, free, and with aboral or lateral efferent pores smaller than 1.5 mm in diameter. Base flat, but a prominent pore result in an asymmetric corallum. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1). Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073126) 9.5  × 8.6 mm in CD, and 6.4 mm in H. Costae well-defined, finely granulated, and usually unequal in width. C1-2 sometimes slightly narrower than other costae. Intercostal striae relatively deep but disappear towards base. Base finely granulated. Central part of corallum darker than costae and associated septa. </p>
            <p>Septa loosely packed and having a star-like appearance, hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1 highly exsert, each bearing two or three paliform lobes. S2 slightly less exsert than S1. S3 smallest septa, not as exsert as S1-2, and bearing one or two paliform lobes. S4 wider than S3 and bears four or five paliform lobes, which are distinguishable from columellar elements. At calicular margin, S4 fuses to adjacent S1-2 forming prominent lancets. All septa appear to have straight axial margins, with granules arranged perpendicular to septal faces. All paliform lobes cylindrical, rising slightly above columellar elements, with traces of small and sparsely arranged granules. Fossa relatively deep, containing a papillose columella composed of 5-20 cylindrical elements.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, from Plettenberg Bay extending towards Cape Vidal; 30-150 m. Elsewhere: Off Indonesia (Hoeksema and Best 1991; Cairns 2004a); Vanuatu; and Wallis and Futuna Islands (Cairns 1999a); 0-319 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Examined specimens closely resemble specimens reported by Hoeksema and Best (1991) as  Heterocyathus alternatus . However, some of the examined specimens (e.g., SAMC_A073126) have a darker centre and costal pigmentation, characters which Hoeksema and Best (1991) suggested to be representative of  H. sulcatus (see key from Hoeksema and Best 1991 [page 222]). Cairns (1999) also noted specimens of  Heterocyathus that are conspecific to  H. sulcatus , but lacked pigmentation, and other specimens of  Heterocyathus that display colouration but are distinctively different from  H. sulcatus . Based on this, we suggest that colouration is of low taxonomic importance. Nonetheless,  H. alternatus closely resembles  H. aequicostatus among the South African congers. Apart from the differences in septa and costae profile highlighted in the  H. aequicostatus account (see remarks section), the less crowded septa and star-like appearance (a result of S4 inclination towards S3) of  H. alternatus distinguishes it from  H. aequicostatus . Furthermore, the pali of  H. alternatus are distinguishable from columellar elements in comparison to that of  H. aequicostatus , which are indistinguishable.  Heterocyathus alternatus was first reported in South Africa by Boshoff (1991), who identified it as  H. aequicostatus (ORI_DIIIe1). Additionally, specimens examined include zooxanthellate representatives (&gt; 40 m) (Hoeksema and Best 2015) and should therefore not be considered in biodiversity assessments focusing on azooxanthellate forms. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/966C632519F6D08F2BDD626F7783BF35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
49411DB4E58F0642B575342074BC0FEA.text	49411DB4E58F0642B575342074BC0FEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterocyathus Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Heterocyathus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum free and usually encapsulating a gastropod or scaphopod shell inhabited by a sipunculan worm. Costae at lateral theca distinct and either equal or unequal in thickness. At base costae transform into granulations. Lower part of corallum shows a relatively large worm opening (occasionally two) and several small pores.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Heterocyathus aequicostatus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848, by subsequent designation (Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1850b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/49411DB4E58F0642B575342074BC0FEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
508D6D3691F1EBE1108FF6E86F430C2E.text	508D6D3691F1EBE1108FF6E86F430C2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterocyathus monileseptatum Filander & Kitahara 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Heterocyathus monileseptatum Filander &amp; Kitahara sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Fig. 4C, D</p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Durban Harbour, South Africa, 99 m.</p>
            <p>Type material/.</p>
            <p> Holotype. SAM_H1431A: eastern margin, 5 km from Durban/7 km off Umgeni Estuary, (RV 'Pieter  Faure’ : 29°52'00.00"S, 31°03'00.00"E); 99 m. Paratypes. SAM_H1431B (4 specimens): eastern margin, 5 km from Durban/7 km off Umgeni Estuary, (RV 'Pieter  Faure’ : 29°52'00.00"S, 31°03'00.00"E); 99 m. SAM_H1246 (8 specimens): Locality data unknown. </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> The species name  Heterocyathus monileseptatum (derived from Latin monile meaning "string of beads" and septum meaning "enclosure, wall, fence") which alludes to the beaded septal margins. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum unattached and tall, with lateral efferent pores ranging in diameter from 1.00 ≤ 2.00 mm. Base flat, but a prominent basal pore results in an asymmetric corallum with an irregularly shaped base (BD = 1.1-1.6). Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), with serrate calicular margin. Holotype (SAM_H1431) 11.0  × 9.7 mm in CD, 11.1  × 6.9 mm in BD, and 10.6 mm in H. Paratypes having one or two aboral pores randomly positioned. Costae equidistant and progressively decreasing in width towards base. All costae finely granulated. C4 bears distinctive low spine-like granules. At base each costae become a row of granules. Intercostal striae equal in width and depth. Corallum white, with theca and columella with blackish pigment. </p>
            <p> Septa thin, spaced out, delicate, and hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles (which follow a  Pourtalès plan) according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1 most exsert and extend to columella with straight and smooth axial margins. S2 only slight less exsert and ca. as wide as S1. S2 axial margins slightly sinuous. S3 least exsert septa and 2/3 the size of S2. In each half-system, a pair of S4 joins common S3 deep in fossa, and extends towards columella as one septum. S3-4 junctions beaded. S4 more exsert than S3, and also with sinuous axial margin. S4 dimorphic in size: those adjacent to S1 being wider and more exsert than those adjacent to S2. At calicular margin, S4 fuses to adjacent S1-2 forming high rectangular lancets. Septal faces granular. No pali. Fossa deep, containing a poorly developed papillose columella composed of ≤ seven sparsely arranged rods. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Durban; 99 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Amongst the six extant  Heterocyathus species (  H. aequicostatus ,  H. alternatus ,  H. antoniae Reyes, Santodomingo &amp; Cairns, 2009,  H. hemisphaericus Gray 1849,  H. japanicus (Verrill, 1866), and  H. sulcatus ) (Hoeksema and Cairns 2021), the specimens reported herein are distinctive in the lack of pali, height of corallum, and by having a beaded axial margin at the S3-4 junctions. However, there are intermediate similarities with each of these species, for example  Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. resembles  H. aequicostatus ,  H. alternatus , and  H. hemisphaericus in having septa arranged in four cycles (S1&gt; S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 = 48 septa), but differs from the first two species in having no pali rather than P1-4 (in case of  H. aequicostatus ) or P1, 3, 4 (in case of  H. alternatus ). On the contrary, the lack of pali in  Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. is a similarity shared with  H. hemisphaericus but this species can be distinguished by their septa profile: all septa are thin (max 0.6 mm) and solid in  Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. compared with being thick (max 0.9 mm) and porous in  H. hemisphaericus (Cairns 1998). The maximum height observed in  Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. (10.9 mm) is higher than that reported in the Atlantic  H. antoniae (9.0 mm) and both species also have septa arranged in a  Pourtalès plan fashion. Nonetheless, differences between  Heterocyathus sp. nov. and  H. antoniae include (i) septa being arranged according to S1&gt; S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 and S1 = S2 = S4 &gt;&gt; S3, respectively; (ii) lack of pali in  Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov.; (iii) columella of  Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. being papillose and composed of sparsely arranged rods versus a spongy columella composed of crispate elements in  H. antoniae .  Heterocyathus japanicus is also reported to have septa arranged in a  Pourtalès plan (Zibrowuis 1997). However,  Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. can be differentiated by beaded S3-4 axial margins, a feature that is unique in relation to all  Heterocyathus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/508D6D3691F1EBE1108FF6E86F430C2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
E7E367ED2925DDC3EA3262D29492026F.text	E7E367ED2925DDC3EA3262D29492026F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterocyathus sulcatus (Verrill 1866)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Heterocyathus sulcatus (Verrill, 1866)</p>
            <p>Fig. 4E, F</p>
            <p> Stephanoseris sulcata Verrill, 1866: 48. -Vaughan 1905: 416. </p>
            <p> Psammoseris cyclicioides Tenison-Woods, 1879 (in part): 10-11, pl. 1, figs 1-5. -Tenison-Woods 1880: 299-300. </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus pulchellus Rehberg, 1892: 8-9, pl. 1, fig. 7A-B. </p>
            <p> Homophyllia incrustans Dennant, 1906: 161, pl. 6, fig. 3A-B. </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus aequicostatus . -Folkeson 1919: 8-10 (in part), pl. 1, figs 4-7. - Boshoff 1981: 37 (in part). </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus cyclicioides . - Wells 1964: 109. </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus sulcatus . -Hoeksema and Best 1991: 231-233, figs 19-23. - Cairns 1998: 384. - Cairns 1999a: 98-99, figs A-D. - Cairns et al. 1999: 22. -Stolarski et al. 2001: 320. -Randall 2003: 135. -Cairns 2004a: 281-282, fig. 3K. - Cairns 2009: 13. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 531-533, figs 291H-J, 292. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Ceylon, Sri Lanka, depth unknown (Verrill 1866).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the YPM (Verrill 1866).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073054 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.166668/lat -29.066668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.066668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 33 km from Richards Bay / 39 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°04'00.00"S, 32°10'00.00"E; 50 m   . SAMC_A073071 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.2983/lat -29.573298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.2983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.573298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 9 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 13 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°34'23.87"S, 31°17'53.88"E; 60 m   . SAMC_A073089 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7367/lat -27.436697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.436697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 67 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 14 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°26'12.11"S, 32°44'12.11"E; 55- 60 m   . SAMC_A073105 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.640003/lat -27.814999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.640003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.814999">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°48'54.00"S, 32°38'24.00"E; 52 m   . SAMC_A073108 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.821697/lat -27.2267)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.821697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.2267">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 27 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'36.12"S, 32°49'18.11"E; 75 m   . SAMC_A073123 (24 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.762497/lat -29.504997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.762497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.504997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 51 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 41 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°30'17.99"S, 31°45'44.99"E; 100- 105 m   . SAMC_A073144 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6367/lat -27.828299)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.828299">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 35 km off Cape Vidal / 32 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°49'41.87"S, 32°38'12.11"E; 54 m   . SAMC_A073156 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6367/lat -27.828299)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.828299">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°49'41.87"S, 32°38'12.11"E; 54 m   . SAMC_A073161 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.666664/lat -31.833332)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.833332">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Port St. Johns /off Bulolo Estuary, 31°49'59.99"S, 29°39'59.99"E; 140- 145 m   . SAM_H1245 (15 specimens), SAM_H1430 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAM_H1472 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°52'00.00"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 99 m   . SAM_H1512 (2 specimens):  Eastern margin, locality data unknown; 55- 165 m   . SAM_H3112 (7 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.184792/lat -29.571934)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.184792&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.571934">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 9 km off  Shaka’s Rock / 2 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°34'18.96"S, 31°11'05.25"E; 66 m.  ORI_DIIIe1_2 (1 specimen): Locality data unknown. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum unattached and variable in shape. All specimens examined encapsulate a gastropod shell. Shape of corallum correlates with size and shape of gastropod shell. Aboral efferent pore not exceeding 2.0 mm in diameter. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1). Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073161) 9.8  × 9.0 mm in CD, and 6.4 mm in H. Costae granulated, unequal in size with C3-4 wider than C1-2, and progressively diminishing in size towards base. Base smooth. Upper parts of corallum, columella, and S1-2 darker than other corallum elements. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1 most exsert, extend to columella with sinuous axial margins and bear a well-developed pali (P1). S2 slightly less exsert and may be equal or less wide than S1. S2 also have sinuous axial margins bordered by a smaller pali. S3 least exsert, also with sinuous axial margins bordered by variable sized pali. S4 dimorphic in development: those adjacent to S1 being wider and more exsert than those adjacent to S2. Approximately 1/2 distance to columella each S4 fuses to adjacent S1-2 forming a V-shaped pattern. Pali cylindrical and bear meniane-like ridges. Fossa shallow, containing a papillose columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Port St. Johns extending towards Kosi Bay Estuary (42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 50-164 m. Elsewhere: Indonesia (Hoeksema and Best 1991; Cairns 2004a); Australia (Cairns 1998); Vanuatu; Wallis and Futuna Islands (Cairns 1999a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 11-351 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Heterocyathus sulcatus differs from the other three South African congeners in having S3&gt; S4 as compared with S4&gt; S3 as in  H. aequicostatus ,  H. alternatus , and  Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. The presence of meniane-like structures on the palar faces of  H. sulcatus further differentiates it from the other South African representatives. Part of the specimens reported herein were identified by Boshoff (1981) as  H. aequicostatus , thus this account serves as a first record for the species in South African territory. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E7E367ED2925DDC3EA3262D29492026F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
1BC018A7F120BF9F9A0D23BD2DBA21C3.text	1BC018A7F120BF9F9A0D23BD2DBA21C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsammia cochlea (Spengler 1781)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Heteropsammia cochlea (Spengler, 1781)</p>
            <p>Figs 9O, P, 10A, B</p>
            <p> Madrepora cochlea Spengler, 1781: 240-248, figs A-D. </p>
            <p> Psammoseris cylicioides Tenison-Woods, 1879: 10-11. -Tenison-Woods 1880: 297-299. </p>
            <p> Heteropsammia michelini . -Kent 1893: 106, 177. - Wells 1964: 108, 120. </p>
            <p> Heteropsammia cochlea . -van der Horst 1922: 66-67. -van der Horst 1926: 51. -Veron and Pichon 1980: 416-420, figs 727, 729. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 129, figs 43-44. - Veron 1986: 576-577. -Hoeksema and Best 1991: 234-237, figs 24-28 (in part). - Cairns 1998: 406-408. - Cairns 1999a: 132-133. - Cairns et al. 1999: 27. -Veron 2000: 407. - Cairns 2001: 19-20, pl. 2, figs H-J, pl. 3, figs A-E -Cairns 2004a: 316. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 334, 336, figs 176C,178A-C. </p>
            <p> Heterocyathus aequicostatus . - Boshoff 1981: 37. </p>
            <p> Heteropsammia aphrodes . - Boshoff 1981: 42. </p>
            <p> Heteropsammia cochleata . - Cairns 2009: 25. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Tranquebar, southeastern India, depth unknown (Spengler 1781).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The type specimen is presumably lost (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_DIIIe1_3 (1 specimen), ORI_EIe1 (10 specimens):  Eastern margin, locality data unknown. SAMC_A073006 (1 specimen): Locality data unknown; 17 m.   SAMC_A073051 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.828297/lat -27.216698)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.828297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.216698">Eastern</a>
                 margin,, 41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 26 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'00.11"S, 32°49'41.87"E; 72 m.   SAMC_A073061 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.611694/lat -27.911697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.611694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.911697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 25 km from Cape Vidal / 23 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°54'42.11"S, 32°36'42.11"E; 42- 50 m.   SAMC_A073065 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7/lat -27.5467)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.5467">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 67 km from CAPE VIDA/ 6 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°32'48.12"S, 32°42'00.00"E; 50 m.   SAMC_A073072 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.640003/lat -27.814999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.640003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.814999">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from Cape Vidal / 33 km Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°48'54.00"S, 32°38'24.00"E; 52 m.   SAMC_A073084 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -32.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.9217">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A073086 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -32.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.9217">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 329 km from Port Edward / 330 km off Mtentu Estuary, 32°55'18.12"S, 32°55'18.12"E; 49 m.   SAMC_A073089 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7367/lat -27.436697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.436697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 67 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 14 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°26'12.11"S, 32°44'12.11"E; 55- 60 m.   SAMC_A073090 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.696697/lat -27.5267)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.696697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.5267">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 69 km from Cape Vidal / 5 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°31'36.12"S, 32°41'48.11"E; 40 m.   SAMC_A073091 (2 specimens), SAMC_A073093 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7417/lat -27.433296)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.433296">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A073095 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7417/lat -27.433296)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.433296">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 66 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 15 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°25'59.87"S, 32°44'30.12"E; 55- 100 m.   SAMC_A073098 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.225">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A073100 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.225">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 27 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'30.00"S, 32°49'30.00"E; 78 m.   SAMC_A073112 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6367/lat -27.828299)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.828299">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°49'41.87"S, 32°38'12.11"E; 54 m.   SAMC_A073115 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6367/lat -27.828299)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.828299">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°49'41.87"S, 32°38'12.11"E; 47- 50 m.   SAMC_A073118 (12 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7383/lat -27.431696)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.431696">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 25 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7383/lat -27.431696)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.431696">Cape Vidal</a>
                 / 23 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7383/lat -27.431696)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.431696">St Lucia Estuary</a>
                 , 27°54'42.11"S, 32°36'42.11"E; 42-50 m; SAMC_A073124 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7383/lat -27.431696)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.431696">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 66 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 15 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°25'54.11"S, 32°44'17.88"E; 46- 66 m.   SAMC_A073142 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.920002/lat -27.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.018297">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.920002/lat -27.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.018297">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 12 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.920002/lat -27.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.018297">Kosi-Kumpungwini</a>
                 (Sifungwe) Estuary, 27°01'05.87"S, 32°55'12.00"E; 78 m.   SAMC_A073143 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.85/lat -27.189999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.189999">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 38 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 24 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°11'24.00"S, 32°51'00.00"E; 100 m.   SAMC_A073156 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6483/lat -27.789997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.789997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Cape Vidal / 29 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°47'23.99"S, 32°38'53.87"E; 65- 70 m.   SAMC_A073170 (31 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6483/lat -27.789997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.789997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Cape Vidal / 29 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°47'23.99"S, 32°38'53.87"E; 65- 70 m.   SAMC_A073192 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.713333/lat -27.53)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.713333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.53">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 69 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°31'48.00"S, 32°42'47.99"E; 70 m.   SAMC_A073193 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7/lat -27.541697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.541697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 67 km from Cape Vidal / 6 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°32'30.11"S, 32°42'00.00"E; 48- 58 m.   SAMC_A073205 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7042/lat -27.5633)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7042&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.5633">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 65 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°33'47.88"S, 32°42'15.12"E; 64 m.   SAMC_A073214 (30 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6483/lat -27.8133)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.8133">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 37 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°48'47.88"S, 32°38'53.87"E; 50 m.   SAMC_A073218 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.225">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 27 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'30.00"S, 32°49'30.00"E; 74 m.   SAMC_A090117 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7133/lat -27.553299)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.553299">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 66 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°33'11.88"S, 32°42'47.87"E; 85 m.   SAMC_A090118 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -32.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.9217">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 59 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -32.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.9217">Cape Vidal</a>
                 / 10 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -32.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.9217">Mgobezeleni Estuary</a>
                 , 27°37'00.00"S, 32°40'54.00"E; depth unknown. SAM_H814 (21 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -32.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.9217">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -32.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.9217">Shaka's
Rock
</a>
                 / 3 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -32.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.9217">Mdloti Estuary</a>
                 , 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; depth unknown. USNM 90242 (1 specimen, sub-sample of SAMC_A073086):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -32.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.9217">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 329 km from Port Edward / 330 km off Mtentu Estuary, 32°55'18.12"S, 32°55'18.12"E; 49 m.   USNM 90426 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.828297/lat -27.216698)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.828297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.216698">Eastern</a>
                 margin,, 41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 26 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'00.11"S, 32°49'41.87"E; 72 m.   USNM 90434 (5 specimens, sub-samples of SAMC_A073205):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7042/lat -27.5633)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7042&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.5633">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 65 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°33'47.88"S, 32°42'15.12"E; 64 m.   USNM 90435 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7083/lat -27.545)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.545">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 67 km from Cape Vidal / 6 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°32'42.00"S, 32°42'29.88"E; 63 m.   USNM 90439 (11 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.701702/lat -27.570002)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.701702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.570002">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 64 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°34'12.00"S, 32°42'06.12"E; 62- 64 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, encapsulating a gastropod shell, with one large efferent pore projecting downward from base of corallum, and several smaller pores on lower theca. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.3-1.5); calicular margin lanceted. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073170) 11.4  × 9.1 mm in CD, and 13.1 mm in H. Upper theca highly porous and usually composed of discontinuous interconnected granular rows. Lower theca granular. Corallum white. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1-2 highly exsert, equally wide, with straight axial margins that fuse to columellar elements. S3 least exsert septa and bear serrate axial margins. S4 fuse to neighbouring septa near calicular margin forming well-developed and porous triangular lancets. In each half-system, a pair of S4 fuses before flanked S3 and reach columella as one septum. S4 upper axial margins highly concave becoming almost vertical after fusing to adjacent S4 near columella. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a spongy columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, extending from off Port Edward towards Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary (19 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 17-100 m. Elsewhere: Widespread throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific (Veron and Pichon 1980; Hoeksema and Best 1991; Cairns 1999a); 6-622 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Heteropsammia cochlea is a symbiotic facultative species, known to be zooxanthellate or azooxanthellate in shallow waters and those found in deeper waters being azooxanthellate (Hoeksema and Mathews 2015). The variation in corallum type has resulted in a long standing discussion regarding the number of species represented within  Heteropsammia . As such, two valid species are recogniszed (  H. cochlea and  H. eupsammides (Gray, 1849)) on the basis of the number of calices (monostomous or polystomous) (Hoeksema and Best 1991; Hoeksema 1993). Whilst Cairns (2001) on the other hand, cautiously acknowledges three (  H. cochlea ,  H. eupsammides (Gray, 1849), and  H. moretonensis Wells, 1964) in his generic revision of dendrophylliids. Irrespective of this, two species are represented in South Africa, and the differences between the two are elaborated in the account of  H. eupsammides below. Zibrowius and Grygier (1985) have reported  H. cochlea from the Great Barrier Reef and Somalia to host endoparasites of the ascothoracid crustacean  Petrarca okadai , an observation not evident in the South African specimens examined. Additionally, specimens examined include zooxanthellate representatives (&gt; 40 m) (Hoeksema and Best 2015) and should therefore not be considered in biodiversity assessments focusing on azooxanthellate forms. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1BC018A7F120BF9F9A0D23BD2DBA21C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
442C17A6CD1AF003A6E4252D855ED51F.text	442C17A6CD1AF003A6E4252D855ED51F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsammia eupsammides (Gray 1849)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Heteropsammia eupsammides (Gray, 1849)</p>
            <p>Fig. 10C, D.</p>
            <p> Heterocyathus eupsammides Gray, 1849: 77, pl. 2, figs 5-7. </p>
            <p> Heteropsammia geminata Verrill, 1870: 370-371, fig. 1. -van der Horst 1922: 67. -Faustino 1927: 239-240, pl. 76, figs 11-13. </p>
            <p> Heteropsammia multilobata Moseley, 1881: 196-197, pl. 12, figs 1-3. </p>
            <p> Heteropsammia michelini . -van der Horst 1926: 51, pl. 3, figs 14-20. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 241. </p>
            <p> Heteropsammia cochlea . -Veron and Pichon 1980: 416-420. </p>
            <p> Heteropsammia eupsammides . -Hoeksema and Best 1991: 237-240. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 336-338, figs 178D-I, 179. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>China Sea (Verrill 1870).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAMC_A090129 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 69 km from Cape Vidal/ 5 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°31'36.12"S, 32°41'48.11"E; 40 m.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>ZMK (in part: 2 specimens): Locality data unknown.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, encapsulating a gastropod shell, with one large efferent pore projecting downward from base of corallum, and several smaller efferent pores on lower theca. Calice irregular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.5), calicular margin lanceted. Only specimen examined (SAMC_A090129) 12.9  × 8.7 mm in CD and 8.9 mm in H. Upper theca highly porous and usually composed of discontinuous but interconnected granular rows. Lower theca becoming more granular. Corallum white. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in six incomplete cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S5&gt; S4 (107 septa). S1-2 highly exsert, equally wide, with lower axial margins fusing to columellar elements. Higher cycle septa (S1-2) progressively less exsert. S31/2 the width of S1-2. S4 dimorphic in development: those in half-systems lacking S6 ~ 1/5 the width of S3; but those in half-systems with S61/3 the width S3. S5 also dimorphic, being double the width of S4 in half-systems lacking S6 and merging in front of S4 before meeting columella as one septum. However, in half-systems with S6, those S5 neighbouring S3 are double the width of S4, but those flanked by S6 are rudimentary. S61/3 the width of S4 and fuse before flanked S5, reaching columella as one septum. All septa with straight and slightly serrate axial margins. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a spongy columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margins of South Africa, off Cape Vidal; 40 m. Elsewhere: China Sea (Verrill 1870); Indonesia (van der Horst 1922; Hoeksema and Best 1991); Philippines (Moseley 1881); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Australia (Veron and Pichon 1980); Maldives; Seychelles (van der Horst 1926); and Zanzibar (van der Horst 1926; Gardiner and Waugh 1938); 38-281 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Heteropsammia eupsammides is one of the apozooxanthellate species, like  H. cochlea , it exhibits a symbiotic relationship with sipunculan worms. These two species may be distinguished from one another by whether they are monostomous or polystomous (Cairns 2001:  Heteropsammia eupsammides is polystomous [i.e., has&gt; 2 calices formed by intra-stomodeal budding] (Hoeksema and Best 1991). The examined specimen of  H. eupsammides appears to be in its early stages of calyx separation and therefore can be mistaken with  H. cochlea . However, can be distinguished by the number of cycles (six incomplete cycles in  H. eupsammides as compared with four complete ones in  H. cochlea ) and a higher number of septa (  H. eupsammides :107 vs.  H. cochlea :48), which is a resuly of varying stomata (smaller in  H. eupsammides ). Apart from the number of septa cycles, the septa profile varies between the two species, whereby  H. eupsammides bears S3&gt; S5&gt; S4, with straight to slightly serrated axial margins, and lacking porous triangular lancets (as compared with  H. cochlea which has S4&gt; S3, with consistent straight axial margins, and bearing triangular lancets). This record represents a range southern range extension from Zanzibar. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/442C17A6CD1AF003A6E4252D855ED51F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
CDBE8B76C76B915B9F6D7A68FB8BB59D.text	CDBE8B76C76B915B9F6D7A68FB8BB59D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsammia Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Heteropsammia Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary or colonial, latter condition achieved by intratentacular budding and resulting in ≤ 40 contiguous corallites. Adult corallum free and mobile, globular in shape. Coralla usually attached to small gastropod shells, these subsequently overgrown. Each specimen apparently in obligate symbiosis with a sipunculid worm, which lives in base of corallum. Epitheca absent. Synapticulotheca covered with finely serrate ridges, usually one to three ridges per corresponding septum (not considered to be conventional costae).  Pourtalès plan present. Paliform lobes may be present. Columella spongy, not discrete. Endotheca absent. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Heteropsammia michelinii Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CDBE8B76C76B915B9F6D7A68FB8BB59D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
19E69D4CEAC7D8252921EE97EB186E79.text	19E69D4CEAC7D8252921EE97EB186E79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Javania antarctica (Gravier 1914)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Javania antarctica (Gravier, 1914)</p>
            <p>Fig. 11O, P</p>
            <p> Desmophyllum antarcticum Gravier, 1914: 236-238. -Cairns 1914b: 122-125, pl. 1, figs 1-3 (in part). </p>
            <p> Javania antarctica . - Cairns 1982: 48, 50, pl. 15, figs 1-4. - Cairns et al. 1999: 31. - Cairns 2004b: 8. - Cairns 2009: 20. - Cairns and Polonio 2013: 79, figs 4G, H, J, 18. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 204-205, figs 102E-G, 103. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Anvers Island, Antarctica (RV  ‘Pourquoi-Pas’ (?) stn. 8: 64°50'00"S, 63°30'00"W); 53 m (Cairns 1982). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The syntype is deposited at the MNHNP (Cairns 1982).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAMC_A090150 (3 specimens): Southern margin, 116 km from Gouritsmond/km off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.27"S, 23°02'41.75"E; 333 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum trochoid to ceratoid, straight to slightly curved, and attached through a slender but reinforced pedicel, which expands into an encrusting base. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.4), with a thin and serrated calicular margin, which is usually broken. Largest specimen examined 27.9  × 19.4 mm in CD, and 46.2 mm in H. Theca thin, glistening, and porcelaneous. Faint costae correspond to all septa, and extend from calicular margin to base. Transversely arranged, chevron-shaped growth lines more distinctive at major septa. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (96 septa). Septa of all examined specimens damaged at calicular margin, therefore unable to observe exsertness. S1-2 almost joining opposite septa with straight to slightly sinuous, thickened axial margins. S3 slightly less wide and less sinuous than S1-2. S4 ~  ¼ smaller than S3, with similarly or slightly more sinuous axial margin. S5 rudimentary, but bearing the most sinuous axial margin. Septal faces finely granulated with pointed spines. Fossa deep. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern margin of South Africa, Gouritsmond; 333m. Elsewhere: Antarctica (Cairns 1982); Argentina (Cairns and Polonio 2013); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021) 53-1626 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Among all congeners,  Javania antarctica most closely resembles J. lamprotichum (Moseley, 1880) but differs in corallum pigmentation, shape, and height.  Javania antarctica is also similar to  J. insignis in having five cycles of septa, but can be distinguished by its delicate theca, thin calicular margin, and less exsert septa. Specimens examined herein represent a new record for South Africa. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/19E69D4CEAC7D8252921EE97EB186E79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
FF95CE4D40DE417FB4E3CADE1578C87C.text	FF95CE4D40DE417FB4E3CADE1578C87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Javania Duncan 1876	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Javania Duncan, 1876</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, sub-cylindrical to turbinate, and attached by a pedicel that is strongly reinforced with numerous layers of dense stereome (tectura). Three to five cycles of highly exsert septa present, resulting in a lacerate calicular edge. Pali absent. Columella rudimentary or absent.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Javania insignis Duncan, 1876, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF95CE4D40DE417FB4E3CADE1578C87C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
63BD4A547A8C2988C1F1E646F85F5BBE.text	63BD4A547A8C2988C1F1E646F85F5BBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Javania insignis Duncan 1876	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Javania insignis Duncan, 1876</p>
            <p>Fig. 12A, B</p>
            <p> Javania insignis Duncan, 1876: 435, pl. 39, figs 11-13. -von Marenzeller 1907: 23, pl. 2, fig. 6. - Yabe and Eguchi 1932e: 388. - Zibrowius 1974c: 8-9, pl. 1, figs 1-6. -Scheer and Pillai 1983: 165-166, pl. 37, figs 9-12. -Cairns 1984: 23, pl. 4, figs F-H. - Cairns 1989a: 77-78, pl. 40, figs D-E, G-H, J-K. -Cairns 1994: 80, pl. 34, figs I-K. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 272. -Tachikawa 2005: 10, pl. 4, figs C-D. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 163-164. - Cairns et al. 1999: 31. -Cairns 2004a: 304. - Cairns 2004b: 8. - Cairns 2009: 20. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 214-215, figs 103, 108D-F. </p>
            <p> Flabellum weberi Alcock, 1902a: 107. 94. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum cf. insigne . - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 115, pl. 9, figs 5, 6. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum insignis . - Eguchi 1965a: 290. - Eguchi 1968: C41-C42, pl. C9, figs 4-9. - Song 1982: 136, pl. 2, figs 5, 6. </p>
            <p> Flabellum rubrum . - Boshoff 1981: 35. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Owase, Japan (34°13'00'N, 136°13'00'E); 88 m (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NHMUK (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF_CCS2D17-INV116 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.383684/lat -33.109936)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.383684&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.109936">Western</a>
                 margin, 53 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.383684/lat -33.109936)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.383684&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.109936">Saldanha</a>
                 / 80 km off Berg River V Estuary, 33°06'35.77"S, 17°23'01.26"E; 410 m.   ORI_DIIb5 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.26/lat -29.015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.015">Southern</a>
                 margin, other locality data unknown. SAMC_A073082 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.26/lat -29.015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.015">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 31 km from Richards Bay / 46 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°00'54.00"S, 32°15'35.99"E; 500 m.   SAMC_A073083 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.201702/lat -29.015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.201702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.015">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Richards Bay / 40 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°00'54.00"S, 32°12'06.12"E; 215 m.   SAMC_A073096 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.225">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_ A73218 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.225">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 27 km from Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'30.00"S, 32°49'30.00"E; 74 m.   SAMC_ A90116 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.09/lat -29.149998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.09&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.149998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 33 km from Port Dunford / 37 km from Mlalazi Estuary, 29°08'59.99"S, 32°05'24.00"E; 85 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, robust, expanding into a flared calice, and attached through a slender reinforced pedicel, which expands into an encrusting base. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.40-1.70), with a thick and jagged calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A90116) 25.6  × 15.9 mm in CD, and 25.5 mm in H. Theca robust and smooth. C1-3 restricted to upper 1/3 of coralla. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (96 septa). S1 most exsert, with straight and vertical axial margin. S2 smaller, slightly less exsert than S1, and have slightly sinuous axial margin. S3 as exsert as S2 but only  ½ the width of S2. S3 axial edge as sinuous as that from S2. S4 non-exsert,  ¼ the size of S3, and bear moderately sinuous axial margin. S5 rudimentary, but have the most sinuous axial margin. All septal faces finely granulated with blunt spines. Fossa deep. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Richards Bay extending towards Kosi Bay Estuary (42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 74-500 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique; Madagascar (Cairns and Keller 1993); Red Sea (von Marenzeller 1907); Reunion (Zibrowius and Grygier 1985); Hawaiian Islands (Cairns 1984); Japan (Cairns 1989b); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 46-1050 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Javania insignis was first collected off the South African margin through the UCT Ecological Survey, but identified as  Flabellum rubrum (ORI_ DIIb5) by Boshoff (1981). Subsequently, Cairns and Keller (1993) reported on the occurrence of this species within the region and their account, therefore, represents the first reliable record of  J. insignis within South African territory.  Javania insignis is compared with J.  Javania antarctica in the species account above. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/63BD4A547A8C2988C1F1E646F85F5BBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
7353B4EDF900D4E3C26E754C5D7A6782.text	7353B4EDF900D4E3C26E754C5D7A6782.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Labyrinthocyathus Cairns 1979	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Labyrinthocyathus Cairns, 1979</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, ceratoid to subcylindrical, and firmly attached. Costae poorly defined or composed of transverse epithecal ridges. Pali absent. Columella well developed and composed of an interconnected maze of lamellar plates.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Labyrinthocyathus langae Cairns, 1979, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7353B4EDF900D4E3C26E754C5D7A6782	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
256A6BC0DBD6CE8C6F93369F28517A81.text	256A6BC0DBD6CE8C6F93369F28517A81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Labyrinthocyathus delicatus (von Marenzeller 1904)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Labyrinthocyathus delicatus (von Marenzeller, 1904)</p>
            <p>Fig. 4G, H</p>
            <p> Ceratotrochus delicatus von Marenzeller, 1904a: 302, pl. 18, fig. 18. </p>
            <p> Cyathoceras cornu . - Gardiner 1904: 121-122. </p>
            <p> Labyrinthocyathus sp. - Cairns 1979: 70, pl. 11, figs 10-11. </p>
            <p> Paracyathus indicus . - Boshoff 1981: 38. </p>
            <p> Labyrinthocyathus delicatus . -Zibrowuis and Gili 1990: 44. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 244. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off the Agulhas Bank, South Africa (SS '  Valdivia ' stn. 104: 35°16'00"S, 22°26'00"E); 155 m (von Marenzeller 1904a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                 DEFF_AI2-INV 135 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, 37 km from Cintsa/ 21 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°49'59.99"S, 28°30'00.00"E;   228 m. SAMC_A073158 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.31333/lat -31.096668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.31333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.096668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 10 km from Port Edward / 24 km off Bilanhlolo Estuary, 31°05'48.00"S, 30°18'47.99"E  ;   140 m. SAMC_A073173 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.383331/lat -31.966667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.383331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.966667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 24 km from Coffee Bay / 17 km off Mdumbi Estuary, 31°58'00.00"S, 29°22'59.99"E  ;   200 m. SAMC_A073180 (13 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.6067/lat -32.7633)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.6067&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.7633">Southern</a>
                 margin, 33 km from Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°45'47.88"S, 28°36'24.12"E  ;   240- 250 m. SAM_H1482 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E  ; 146- 238 m. SAM_H2805 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, locality data unknown;   550 m. SAM_H2828 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E  ;   146- 238 m. SAM_H2832 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.365107/lat -32.708836)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.365107&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.708836">Southern</a>
                 margin, 3 km from Kei Mouth /off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 32°42'31.81"S, 28°21'54.38"E  ;   159 m. SAM_H2834 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.18333/lat -33.104996)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.18333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.104996">Southern</a>
                 margin, 25 km from Gonubie / 24 km off Gqunube Estuary, 33°06'17.99"S, 28°10'59.99"E  ;   155 m. SAM_H2835 (20 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.368856/lat -32.708466)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.368856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.708466">Southern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Cintsa / 3 km off Morgan Estuary, 32°42'30.47"S, 28°22'07.88"E  ;   159 m. SAM_H2836 (7 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E  ;   146- 238 m. SAM_H2837 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.93074/lat -33.014908)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.93074&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.014908">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 3 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°00'53.67"S, 27°55'50.67"E  ;   128 m. SAM_H2845 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.52833/lat -30.89)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.52833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.89">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 17 km from Margate /off Boboyi Estuary, 30°53'24.00"S, 30°31'41.99"E  ;   850 m. SAM_H3131 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.516666/lat -32.916668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.916668">Southern</a>
                 margin, 40 km from Cintsa / 29 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°55'00.00"S, 28°31'00.00"E  ;   630 m. SAM_H3132 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.17333/lat -32.24833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.17333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.24833">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Coffee Bay / 19 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 32°14'53.99"S, 29°10'23.99"E  ; 620-   560 m. SAM_H3133 (7 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.980001/lat -32.476665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.980001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.476665">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km off Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°28'36.00"S, 28°58'48.00"E  ;   710- 775 m. SAM_H3134 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.916666/lat -32.549995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.549995">Southern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Mazeppa Bay / 27 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°32'59.99"S, 28°55'00.00"E  ;   775- 790 m. SAM_H4242 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.649998/lat -31.661667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.649998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.661667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from Port St. Johns / 15 km off Bulolo Estuary, 31°39'42.00"S, 29°38'59.99"E  ; 300- 540 m. ORI_DIIIg1 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, other locality unknown. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>AB_357 E (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 34 km from Port Dunford/38 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°10'00.00"S, 32°04'59.99"E; 168 m. BMNH 1973.2.20.26 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, 22 km from Port Shepstone/21 km off Damba Estuary, 30°46'59.99"S, 30°40'00.00"E; 457 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, ceratoid to trochoid, attached to substrate through a pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.3-0.5) that expands into an encrusting base. Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), calicular margin thick and slightly serrated. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H2836) 11.6  × 11.4 mm in CD, 4.8 mm in PD, and 17.8 mm in H. Theca bears thin transverse ridges composed of fine granules. Costae poorly developed, granular, separated by faint and narrow intercostal striae, and more prominent near calicular margin. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1-2 largest septa and equal to only slightly more exsert than S2, almost reaching columella. S34/5 the size of S1-2. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert. S4  ½ to  ¾ the width of S3, with the least sinuous axial margin. All septal faces bear low rounded granules. Fossa moderately deep, containing a well-defined labyrinthiform columella composed of interconnected lamellar plates. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin, off East London extending towards Port Dunford; 128-790 m. Elsewhere: off south-eastern Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); 155-1000 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Labyrinthocyathus delicatus was described by von Marenzeller (1904a) based on specimens sampled from off the Agulhas Bank, South Africa. Subsequently, Gardiner (1904) also reported on specimens collected off the Agulhas region but as  Cyathoceras cornu . Zibrowius and Gili (1991) noted that  Gardiner’s (1904) specimens of  C. cornu were representatives of  L. delicatus . As  Gardiner’s (1904) specimens were not examined during the course of the present study, their identification remains tentative but in agreement with Zibrowius and Gili (1990) and Cairns and Keller (1993) as  L. delicatus . Boshoff (1981) further reported the species in the region, but as  Paracyathus indicus Duncan, 1889. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/256A6BC0DBD6CE8C6F93369F28517A81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
DCCFC2B6021D694C6D260E6E537F6AAD.text	DCCFC2B6021D694C6D260E6E537F6AAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Letepsammia formosissima (Moseley 1876)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Letepsammia formosissima (Moseley, 1876)</p>
            <p>Fig. 14A, B</p>
            <p> Stephanophyllia formosissima Moseley, 1876: 561-562. - Moseley 1877: 4. -Mosely 1881: 201-201, pl. 4, fig. 11, pl. 13, figs 6-7, pl. 16, figs 8, 9. -Vaughan 1907: 17, 23-24, 27, 28, 35, 38, 43-44, 146-147, 419, 426, pl. 44, figs 2, 2A. - Boschma 1923: 144-145, pl. 10, fig. 31. - Yabe and Eguchi 1932d: 61-63, pl. 8, figs 7, 8. -Eguchi 1934: 368. - Eguchi 1938: table 2. - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 107, 138, 139. -Crossland 1952: 92. - Wells 1958: 263, pl. 1, figs 1, 2. - Squires 1961:19. - Ralph and Squires 1962: 4, 16. -Uitnomi 1965: 249. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 120. -Owens 1994: 586. </p>
            <p> Stephanophyllia (  Letepsammia )  Letepsammia formosissima . - Yabe and Eguchi 1932b: 443. </p>
            <p> Leptopenus discus . -Dennant 1906: 162. </p>
            <p> Letepsammia formosissima . - Owens 1986b: 486-487. -Cairns 1984: 6-7. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 120. - Cairns 1989b: 15-18, pl. 6, fig. J, pl. 7, figs G-I, pl. 8, figs A-D. -Cairns and Parker 1992, 8-9, pl. 1, figs F, H. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 230-231. fig. 3D. -Cairns 1994: 40-41, pl. 5, figs C, F. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 73-75. - Cairns 1998: 371. -Cairns 1999: 59. - Cairns et al. 1999: 34. -Plusquellee et al. 1999: 998. -Riemann-Zurneck and Iken 2003: 383. -Cairns 2004a: 264, 271. - Cairns 2006: 47. - Cairns 2009: 2. -Janiszewska et al. 2011: 10. - Quattrini et al. 2020: 1538, fig. 2. -Seilitz et al. 2020: 6, fig. 1A-C. -Kitahara and Carins 2021: 55-56, figs 12I-L, 13. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Philippines and Indonesia (HMS  ‘Challenger’ stns. 192 and 209: 5°49'12"S, 132°14'24"E, 10°14'00"S, 123°54'00"E, respectively); 174-236 m (Moseley 1876). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Five syntypes are deposited at the BMNH (Cairns 1989a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p> DEFF_NANSEN-INV 18: Eastern margin, 20 km from Durban/ 19 km off Beachwood Mangroves, 29°52'56.39"S, 31°12'15.59"E; 224 m.   SAM_H1395 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, off  Umdloti River mouth; 183 m.   SAM_H1426 (1 specimen): Southern margin, off  Great Fish River mouth; 183 m.  SAM_H1429 (7 specimens): Southern margin, 6 km from Kidds Beach/ 5 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°11'59.99"S, 27°40'59.99"E; 79 m.   SAM_H1452 (8 specimens): Locality data unknown. SAM_H1473 (2 specimens):  Eastern margin, off Durban Harbor; 99 m.  USNM 91505 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 26 km from Cape Vidal/ 25 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°54'18.00"S, 32°37'59.87"E; 105 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum discoidal (GCD:H = 3.5-3.7) with a flat to convex porous base, giving a low density to corallum. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H1426) 25.3 mm in CD and 7.0 mm in H. Calice circular, with serrated calicular margin. Costae ridged and thin, with closely packed granules resulting in serrated edges. Costal bifurcations correspond to septal pattern. Intercostal spaces porous, broader towards calicular margin and thinner towards epicentre of base. Synapticular bars connect each costa to neighbouring septa near calicular margin, and near epicentre of base synapticular bars connect adjacent costae. Marginal shelf low, reaching a maximum of 3 mm in width. Corallum white.</p>
            <p>Up to 120 septa arranged in a typical micrabaciid fashion. S1-2 non-bifurcate and straight, with subsequent S3 leading to multiple bifurcations. S1 extend from calicular margin to columella with vertical axial margins. S2 also straight, extending from calicular margin to columella, but joined by S3 near columella. S2-3 fusion forms a delta bearing ≤ two spines. S3 bifurcates repeatedly. The first bifurcation produces two S3i on either side of S2. The resultant edges of S3i adjacent to S2 bifurcates three more times in which the first bifurcation produces one S3ii, second one S3iii, and the last two S3iv. The S3i adjacent to S1 bifurcates four times, in which the first gives three S3iii and two S3iv. Axial edge of S1-2 and sometimes S3 join the spongy columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Great Fish River mouth extending towards Cape Vidal; 79-183 m. Elsewhere: Tanzania (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); Mozambique; Madagascar (Cairns and Keller 1993); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Malaysia; Wallis and Futuna; Vanuatu; Australia; New Zealand (Cairns 1995, 1998;1999); Japan (Cairns 1994); 270-610 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Letepsammia formosissima is one of the two species in the genus known from South African waters. It differs from the other reported species (  L. franki Owens, 1994) in its coarser septal dentition.  Letepsammia formosissima was first reported in the region by van der Horst (1927) off Durban (towards St Lucia). Cairns (1989) subsequently alluded that three of van der  Horst’s (1927) specimens were an undescribed species (USNM 82091). Later, Cairns and Keller (1993) also documented specimens resembling this undescribed species, which were later described as  L. franki (Owens 1994). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DCCFC2B6021D694C6D260E6E537F6AAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
04C980B399CD4113C48376A58A14CCB9.text	04C980B399CD4113C48376A58A14CCB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Letepsammia franki Owens 1994	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Letepsammia franki Owens, 1994</p>
            <p>Fig. 14C, D</p>
            <p> Stephanophyllia formosissima . - van der Horst 1927: 7. - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 234. - Boshoff 1981: 24. </p>
            <p> Letepsammia formosissima . - Cairns and Keller 1993: 218. </p>
            <p> Letepsammia franki Owens 1994: 586-589, figs 1, 2. - Cairns 1999a: 59. -Seilitz et al. 2020: 2, fig. 2. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 57- 58, 60, figs 14, 15A-C. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Durban area, South Africa (RV 'Anton  Bruun’ stn. 390S: 29°35'00"S, 31°42'00"E); 138 m (Owens 1994). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NMNH (Owens 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_BIVa1 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.633297/lat -27.904999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.633297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.904999">Eastern</a>
                 margin, Locality data unknown. SAMC_A073050 (14 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.633297/lat -27.904999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.633297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.904999">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Cape Vidal / 25 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°54'18.00"S, 32°37'59.87"E; 105 m.   SAMC_A073151 (7 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0133/lat -30.1067)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.1067">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Durban / 14 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°06'24.12"S, 31°00'47.88"E; 160- 170 m.   SAMC_A073152 (7 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.073298/lat -33.03)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.073298&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.03">Southern</a>
                 margin, 12 km from Gonubie / 12 km off Gqunube Estuary, 33°01'48.00"S, 28°04'23.87"E; 85 m.   SAMC_A073164 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.026667/lat -30.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.026667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.1">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Durban / 14 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°06'00.00"S, 31°01'36.00"E; 245- 250 m.   SAMC_A073175 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.42/lat -31.932997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.932997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Coffee Bay / 16 km off Hluleka Estuary, 31°55'58.79"S, 29°25'12.00"E; 300 m.   SAMC_A073177 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.328299/lat -32.048298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.328299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.048298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Coffee Bay / 18 km off Mdumbi Estuary, 32°02'53.87"S, 29°19'41.87"E; 250- 280 m.   SAMC_A073178 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.026667/lat -30.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.026667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.1">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Durban / 14 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°06'00.00"S, 31°01'36.00"E; 245- 250 m.   SAMC_A073185 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.06333/lat -30.01)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.06333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.01">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Durban / 14 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°00'36.00"S, 31°03'47.99"E; 140 m.   SAMC_A087428 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.204998/lat -29.8367)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.204998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8367">Locality</a>
                 data unknown, SAMC_A090070 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.204998/lat -29.8367)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.204998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8367">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from Durban / 16 km off Beachwood Mangrove, 29°50'12.12"S, 31°12'17.99"E; 95 m.   SAMC_A090148 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.429996/lat -29.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.429996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.719997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 30 km from Durban / 31 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°43'11.99"S, 31°25'47.99"E; 185 m.   SAM_H1364 (1 damaged specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°51'59.99"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 99 m.   SAM_H1429 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.68333/lat -33.199997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.199997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kidds Beach / 5 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°11'59.99"S, 27°40'59.99"E; 79 m.   SAM_H1453 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.68333/lat -33.199997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.199997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kidds Beach / 5 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°11'59.99"S, 27°40'59.99"E; 79 m.   SAM_H3126 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.01833/lat -33.655003)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.01833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.655003">Southern</a>
                 margin, 15 km from Port Alfred / 11 km off Riet Estuary, 33°39'18.00"S, 27°01'05.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3127 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.195/lat -33.65667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.65667">Southern</a>
                 margin, 31 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.195/lat -33.65667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.65667">Port Alfred</a>
                 / 20 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.195/lat -33.65667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.65667">Kleinemond</a>
                 (Oos) Estuary, 33°39'24.00"S, 27°11'42.00"E; 86 m.   USNM 75640 (7 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.699997/lat -29.579998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.699997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.579998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Port St. Johns /off Bulolo Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>BMNH 1939.07.20.401 (1 specimen): Locality data unknown. UCTES_NAD10B (6 specimens): Eastern margin, 29 km from Durban/22 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°46'00.00"S, 31°16'59.99"E; 110-130 m. Mortensen-Java (4 specimens): Locality data unknown.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum discoidal (GCD:H = 3.2-4.1), with a flat to convex and porous base. Closely packed septa, with coarse dentition giving the corallum a beaded appearance. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073164) 33.5 mm in CD and 8.0 mm in H. Calice circular, with serrated calicular margin. Costae ridged and thin, with closely packed low profile granules resulting in serrated costae. Costal bifurcations correspond to septal pattern. Intercostal spaces porous, thin at calicular margin and broaden towards epicentre of base. Synapticular bars connect each costa to neighbouring septa near calicular margin, and near epicentre of base synapticular bars connect adjacent costae. Marginal shelf low and narrow, reaching a maximum of 3 mm. Corallum white.</p>
            <p>Septa arranged in a typical micrabaciid fashion reaching ≤ 120 septa. S1-2 non-bifurcate and straight, with subsequent S3 leading to multiple bifurcations. S1 imperforate and extend from columella to calicular margin. S1 with vertical and slightly dentated axial margin. S2 also straight and extending to columella, but joined by S3 near columella. S2-3 fusions form porous delta bearing numerous spines. S3 bifurcates repeatedly. First bifurcation produces two S3i on either side of S2. Resultant edges of S3i adjacent to S2 bifurcates three more times in which the first bifurcation gives S3ii, second one S3iii, and the last gives two S3iv. S3i adjacent to S1 bifurcates four times, in which the first gives three S3iii and two S3iv. Axial edge of S1-2 and sometimes S3, join the spongy columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, from off Port Alfred extending towards Cape Vidal; 79-300 m. Elsewhere: Off Pemba, Tanzania (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); 50-650 m (Owens 1994).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Letepsammia franki was first reported in the region as  Stephanophyllia formosissima . This misidentification, together with  Boshoff’s (1981) (ORI_BIVa1), was noted by Cairns (1989a) and Cairns and Keller (1993). However, the undescribed species was named a year later by Owens (1994), who emphasiszed the difference between  L. franki and  L. formosissima to be the closely packed and dentate septa, which gave  L. franki a more compact and beaded appearance. Another notable difference between the two species is that S1 are imperforate in  L. franki and perforate in  L. formosissima . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/04C980B399CD4113C48376A58A14CCB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
0EF6103AEFE654FC2A274989B7002D3F.text	0EF6103AEFE654FC2A274989B7002D3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Letepsammia Yabe & Eguchi 1932	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Letepsammia Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1932c</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, discoidal, and free. Synapticulothecate. Marginal shelf usually present. Costae thin and ridged. Intercostal spaces broader than costae and penetrated by large pores. Septa also highly porous, with complex dentition. Septa alternate in position with costae. Septa arranged in typical micrabaciid pattern, having multiple S3 bifurcations. Number of septa a function of calicular diameter, but 120 is the common adult number. Columella spongy.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Stephanophyllia formosissima Moseley, 1876, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0EF6103AEFE654FC2A274989B7002D3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
93E6A76CFDA731EBC5BF2C066CA6153C.text	93E6A76CFDA731EBC5BF2C066CA6153C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Madrepora Linnaeus 1758	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Madrepora Linnaeus, 1758</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Colonial, extra-tentacular sympodial budding forming dendroid colonies. Coenosteum dense. Costae and pali sometimes absent. Columella papillose or absent.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Verrill 1901). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/93E6A76CFDA731EBC5BF2C066CA6153C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
6EFFF801366C59EE81D187231F7FD5B5.text	6EFFF801366C59EE81D187231F7FD5B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Madrepora oculata Linnaeus 1758	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758</p>
            <p>Fig. 14I</p>
            <p> Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758: 798. -Esper 1791: 108, pl. 12, figs 1-3. -von Marenzeller 1904b: 79. -Durham and Barnard 1952: 11. - Squires 1959a: 5. - Eguchi 1968: C29, pl. C8, figs 1-9. - Best 1970: 298, fig. 2. - Bourcier and Zibrowius 1973: 826, figs 6, 7. - Zibrowius 1974a: 761-766, pl. 2, figs 3-5. - Zibrowius 1980: 36-40, pl. 13, figs A-P. -Zibrowius and Grieshaber 1977: 377. - Cairns 1979: 39-42, pl. 3, fig. 2, pl. 4, fig. 5, pl. 5, figs 1-3. -Zibrowius 1979: 21. - Zibrowius 1980: 36-40, pl. 13, figs A-P. - Cairns 1982: 15, pl. 3, figs 4-6. -Cairns 1984: 10, pl. 1, fig. H. - Cairns 1991 a: 9-10, pl. 2, fig. J, pl. 3, figs A-D. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 233. -Cairns 1994: 18-19, pl. 3, figs F-H. - Cairns 1995: 41, pl. 5, figs C-F, pl. 6, figs A, B. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 79-80. - Cairns 1998: 372-374, fig. 1F-L. -Cairns 1999: 61, fig. 2E, F. - Cairns et al. 1999: 35. -Cairns 2004a: 274-275. -Le Goff-Vitry et al. 2004: 171, 173. -Kitahara 2006: 58, fig. 2A, B. -Kitahara 2007: 500-501, fig. 2G. - Cairns 2009: 4. - Kitahara et al. 2010b. -Miller et al. 2010, 3-5, 7, 9-10, 12. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 447-449, figs 241G-I, 243. </p>
            <p> Amphihelia oculata . - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1857: 119. - Duncan 1873: 326, pl. 45, figs 1-3. - Alcock 1902c: 35. -von Marenzeller 1904a: 308-310, pl. 14, fig. 1. - Gravier 1920: 89, pl. 10, fig. 158-164. </p>
            <p> Amphihelia ramea . - Duncan 1873: 326, pl. 44, figs 1-3, pl. 45, figs 4-6, pl. 46, figs 1-19. -Jordon 1895: 26. - Alcock 1902c: 35. </p>
            <p> Lophohelia candida . - Moseley 1881: 179-180, pl. 9, figs 6-13. </p>
            <p> Lophohelia tenuis . - Moseley 1881: 180-181, pl. 8, figs 11-14. -Bourne 1903: 26. </p>
            <p> Cyathohelia formosa Alcock, 1898: 26-27, figs 2, 2A. </p>
            <p> Lophohelia investigatoris Alcock, 1898: 24-25. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum sp. - Alcock 1902c: 28. </p>
            <p> Madrepora kauaiensis Vaughan, 1907: 83-81, pl. 8, figs 1-2. - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 227. -Crossland 1952: 121. - Wells 1964: 109. - Veron 1986: 599. - Cairns 2006: 47. </p>
            <p> Amphihelia sp. -Gardiner 1913: 689. </p>
            <p> Madrepora tenuis . -Faustino 1927: 107-108, pl. 14, figs 2, 5. </p>
            <p> Madrepora alcocki Faustino, 1927: 106. </p>
            <p> Madrepora formosa . - Zibrowius 1974b: 568-570, figs 6-9. </p>
            <p> Lophelia exigua . - Boshoff 1981: 37. </p>
            <p> Madrepora sp. - Veron 1986: 599. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Tyrrhenian Sea and Sicily, Mediterranean; depth unknown (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Types are lost (Zibrowius 1980).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_DIIIf1 (1 fragment):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.576664/lat -28.364998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.576664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.364998">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAM_H3038 (5 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.576664/lat -28.364998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.576664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.364998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 17 km from St. Lucia Estuary / 16 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°21'53.99"S, 32°34'36.00"E; 775-825 m.   SAM_H3039 (10 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.81333/lat -30.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.81333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.719997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km off Port Shepstone / 49 km off Mtentu Estuary, 30°43'11.99"S, 30°48'47.99"E; 900 m.   SAM_H3040 (1 fragments):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.81333/lat -30.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.81333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.719997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from Port Shepstone / 29 km off Mhlabatshane Estuary, 30°43' 11.99" S, 30°48'47.99"E; 780 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum colonial, with delicate distal branches. Colonies usually bushy but distal branches uniplanar, with sympodially arranged corallites. Corallites circular, reaching ≤ 3.0 mm in CD, with slightly serrated calicular margin. Costae thin and prominent near calicular edge, usually corresponding to higher cycle septa. Coenosteum finely granular, longitudinally striated. Corallum light beige to white.</p>
            <p>Septa thin and hexamerally arranged in three complete cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3 (24 septa). S1 highly exsert, extending towards columella deep in fossa with dentate and sometimes laciniate axial margin. S2 less exsert, half the width of S1, and have dentate axial edges. S3 rudimentary and discontinuous. Fossa deep, containing a poorly developed papillose columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern and Eastern margins of South Africa, off Still Bay (Boshoff 1981) extending towards St Lucia; 780-900 m. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan, apart from Antarctica (Alcock 1898; von Marenzeller 1904a; Gardiner and Waugh 1938; Zibrowius 1980; Cairns 1979, 1982, 1984; Cairns and Keller 1993; Cairns 2004a); 15-1950 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Madrepora oculata is one of the most well-studied framework building azooxanthellate coral species, and has been reported worldwide (apart from Antarctica). The first record from South Africa was identified as  Lophelia exigua Pourtalès , 1871 (Boshoff 1981) (ORI_DIIIf1), but two localities were listed, making it unclear where the sample was collected. Nonetheless, both of the stations fall within the southern margin of South Africa. One of the examined specimens (SAM_H3038) is attached to hexactinellid sponge spicules </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6EFFF801366C59EE81D187231F7FD5B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
24F9C0384414BC326CD8C83406E2761B.text	24F9C0384414BC326CD8C83406E2761B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monohedotrochus capensis (Gardiner 1904) Filander & Kitahara & Cairns & Sink & Lombard 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monohedotrochus capensis (Gardiner, 1904) comb. nov.</p>
            <p>Fig. 4I-K</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia capensis Gardiner, 1904: 113-114, pl. 1, fig. 4A-D. - Boshoff 1981: 36. -Zibrowius and Gill 1990: 44. </p>
            <p> Desmophyllum cristagalli . - Boshoff 1981: 37. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia capensis . - Boshoff 1981: 40 (in part). </p>
            <p> Paraconotrochus capensis . -Cairns and Parker 1992: 21. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off East London, South Africa (33°03'00"S, 27°57'00"E); 59 m (Gardiner 1904).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is lodged at the NMNH.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                 SAMC_A072992 (1 specimen): Southern margin, other locality data unknown. SAMC_A073228 (1 specimen): Southern margin, False Bay; depth unknown. SAMC_A073233 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 14 km from Cape Point/ 10 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°13'59.99"S, 18°30'00.00"E;   42 m. SAM_A073245 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, 34 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Coffee Bay</a>
                 / 7 km off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°15'11.99"S, 28°57'42.00"E  ; 47 m. SAMC_A088924 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 23 km from Kidds Beach/ 24 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°18'01.37"S, 27°51'30.58"E; 247- 147m. SAMC_A088927 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 92 km from Oubosstrand/ 89 km off Tsitsikamma Estuary, 34°53'21.93"S, 24°06'56.47"E;   355 m. SAM_A090072 (1 specimen): Western margin, 13 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.714998/lat -34.309998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.714998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.309998">Pringle Bay</a>
                 /off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°18'36.00"S, 18°42'53.99"E  ;   71 m. SAMC_A090073 (1 specimen): Western margin, 23 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.784166/lat -34.16833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.784166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.16833">Pringle Bay</a>
                 / 20 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°10'05.99"S, 18°47'03.00"E  ;   36 m. SAMC_A090074 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, 34 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Coffee Bay</a>
                 / 7 km off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°15'11.99"S, 28°57'42.00"E  ; 47 m. SAMC_A090075 (1 specimen): Western margin, 49 km from Cape Point/ 51 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°43'18.00"S, 18°12'29.99"E; 360- 365 m. SAMC_A090076 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 16 km from Cape Point/off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°15'00.00"S, 18°36'00.00"E; 51 m. SAMC_A090078 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 14 km from Cape Point/ 10 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°13'59.99"S, 18°30'00.00"E;   42 m. SAMC_A090081 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 12 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.75/lat -34.28333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.28333">Pringle Bay</a>
                 / 11 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°16'59.99"S, 18°45'00.00"E  ; 58 m. SAMC_A090140 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 92 km from Oubosstrand/ 89 km off Tsitsikamma Estuary, 34°53'21.93"S, 24°06'56.47"E;   355 m. SAM_H1365 (2 specimens): Southern margin, 28 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Port Alfred</a>
                 / 3 km off Old  Woman’s Estuary, 33°30'00.00"S, 27°08'59.99"E  ;   40 m. SAM_H1366 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 5 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.949997/lat -33.00383)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.949997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.00383">East London</a>
                 / 3 km off Blind Estuary, 33°00'13.79"S, 27°56'59.99"E  ; 59 m. SAM_H1374 (7 specimens): Southern margin, 241 km from Agulhas/ 247 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°40'00.00"S, 21°25'59.99"E; 200 m. SAM_H1406 (2 specimens): Western margin, off Somerset West; depth unknown. SAM_H1439 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 25 km from Gonubie/ 24 km off Gqunube Estuary, 33°06'17.99"S, 28°10'59.99"E;   155 m. SAM_H1474 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 11 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">East London</a>
                 / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E  ; 146- 238 m. SAM_H3060 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 28 km from Gonubie/ 27 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°09'29.99"S, 28°03'06.00"E;   86 m. SAM_H3061 (4 specimens): Southern margin, 28 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Port Alfred</a>
                 / 3 km off Old  Woman’s Estuary, 33°30'00.00"S, 27°08'59.99"E  ; 93 m. SAM_H3210 (4 specimens): Eastern margin, 30 km from Scottburgh/ 20 km off Fafa Estuary, 30°33'24.00"S, 30°48'35.99"E; 690 m. SAM_H3211 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 17 km from Margate/off Boboyi Estuary, 30°53'24.00"S, 30°31'41.99"E;   850 m. SAM_H3398 (2 specimens): Southern margin, 11 km from Gansbaai/ 38 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.284166/lat -34.65776)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.284166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.65776">Bot River</a>
                 Lagoon, 34°39'27.93"S, 19°17'03.00"E  ;   36 m. ORI_DIIIa2 (2 specimens), ORI_DIIId1 (2 specimens), ORI_EIa4_2 (5 specimens): Eastern margin, other locality data unknown. USNM 100854 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 5 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.622417/lat -33.947865)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.622417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.947865">Port Elizabeth</a>
                 / 3 km off Bakens River Estuary, 33°56'52.31"S, 25°37'20.70"E  ; depth unknown. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> BMNH 1939.7.20.37-39 (1 specimen), BMNH 1950.1.11.63 (1 specimen): South Africa, other locality data unknown. SAM_H1377 (2 specimens): Southern margin, 28 km from Port Alfred/3 km off Old  Woman’s Estuary, 33°30'00.00"S, 27°08'59.99"E; 93 m. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid to trochoid, firmly attached to substrate by a slender pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.3-0.7) that expands into a monocyclic encrusting base. Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1-1.3). Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A090140) 26.2  × 23.3 mm in CD, 9.6 mm in PD, and 48.1 mm in H. Costae flat to slightly convex, being prominent at calicular margin. Costae bear irregular and small granules. Intercostal striae thin and shallow. Both costae and intercostal striae become progressively faint towards base. Corallum white with theca being slightly light brown. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, sometimes the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-3&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (96 septa). S1-2 highly exsert and equal in width, extending to columella with straight axial margins. S3 less exsert, 1/3 less the width of S1-2, but in larger specimens meet columella deeper in fossa. However, in smaller specimens (&lt;13.0 mm in CD), S3 do not join columella and has a slightly dentate axial margin. S4 less exsert and  ½ the width of S3, with dentate axial margin. S5 not exsert, rudimentary, with the most dentate axial margin. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a papillose columella composed of a group of 15-20 well-defined rods. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western to eastern margin of South Africa, off Gansbaai extending towards Scottburgh; 36-365 m. Elsewhere: No other distributional records are known.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The species was first reported in South African boundaries by Gardiner (1904) as  Caryophyllia capensis , and later tentatively placed in the genus  Paraconotrochus (Cairns and Parker 1992). However, among the three genera (  Caryophyllia ,  Paraconotrochus , and  Monohedotrochus ) only the latter lacks paliform lobes before S3. In addition, after examining  Gardiner’s (1904: [fig. 4C]) illustrations, no pali were observed. Furthermore, the coralla of specimens examined display well-defined granular costae, whereas those of  Paraconotrochus are generally smooth and costae absent or poorly defined. Based on these differences, we propose the new combination  Monohedotrochus capensis (Gardiner, 1904). Within the examined material some are represented by small specimens (i.e., SAM_H3210 [Fig. 4K] and SAM_H3211), which resemble  Gardineria Vaughan, 1907 in having transversely wrinkled epitheca and outer septal margins being separated from calicular margin by a notch. However, juvenile  Monohedotrochus capensis and  Gardineria species are difficult to distinguish and thus these two samples (SAM_H3210 and SAM_H3211) are added here with caution. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/24F9C0384414BC326CD8C83406E2761B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
4552B8C6B58069B2E3AAE4D9C85C7425.text	4552B8C6B58069B2E3AAE4D9C85C7425.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monohedotrochus Kitahara & Cairns 2005	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Monohedotrochus Kitahara &amp; Cairns, 2005</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, attached, straight, and elongate-conical to trochoid. Base monocyclic. Septotheca costate. Pedicel and base thick. Pali may be present, indistinguishable from columella. Columella papillose.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Monohedotrochus capitolii Kitahara &amp; Cairns, 2005, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4552B8C6B58069B2E3AAE4D9C85C7425	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
207EBD2CBAB0C17F621BE79141AF3412.text	207EBD2CBAB0C17F621BE79141AF3412.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Placotrochides Alcock 1902	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Placotrochides Alcock, 1902</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary and compressed-cylindrical. Transverse division present, resulting in an anthocyathus with a basal scar almost as large as calicular diameter. Thecal spines absent. Three to four cycles of non-exsert septa. Calicular edge smooth. Columella well developed, trabecular.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Placotrochides scaphula Alcock, 1902c, by subsequent designation (Wells 1936). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/207EBD2CBAB0C17F621BE79141AF3412	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
C496504ED2EBDE31BA02074F51868ECC.text	C496504ED2EBDE31BA02074F51868ECC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Placotrochides scaphula Alcock 1902	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Placotrochides scaphula Alcock, 1902</p>
            <p>Fig. 12C, D</p>
            <p> Placotrochides scaphula Alcock, 1902c: 34, pl. 4, figs 32, 32A. -Wells 1936:124. - Zibrowius 1974d: 23. - Zibrowius 1980: 159. - Cairns 1989b: 78-79, pl. 40-41, figs 1 and A-E. -Cairns and Parker 1992: 48-49, figs 15H-I. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 272-273, pl. 12, figs D, G. -Cairns 1994: 79-80, pl. 34, figs F-H. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 174. -Cairns and Kithara 2012: pl. 20, figs N-O. - Cairns 2016: 40, fig. 11C. - Li et al. 2017: 149. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 222, figs 110, 111A-C. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off southeastern Celebes, Flores Sea, 462 m (Cairns 1989b).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the ZMA (Cairns 1989b).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>USNM 91772 (3 specimens): Eastern margin, 28 km from Scottburgh/ 21 km off Mkomazi Estuary, 30°11'59.99"S, 32°01'00.00"E; 1360 m.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>MN_SM246 (4 specimens): Eastern margin, 39 km from Port St. Johns/32 km off Hluleka Estuary; 1660-1640 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum compressed, cylindrical and robust. Thecal faces parallel. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.2-1.3), with a smooth calicular margin. Largest specimen examined 6.4  × 5.0 mm in CD, and 3 mm in H. Costae wide and flat. Intercostal striae narrow. Reported to bear chevron-shape growth lines peaking at each costae and a large basal scar. However, examined specimens are eroded and these features are not visible. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (42 septa). S1-2 have vertical and slightly sinuous axial margin. S3 dimorphic in development: when flanked by a pair of S4, S3 being  ¼ smaller than S1-2, and bear smooth axial margin that fuse to columella. However, unflanked S3 being  ¾ smaller than S1-2, and bear finely serrated axial margin. S4 rudimentary. All septa are non-exsert and widely spaced. Fossa deep and elongated, containing a trabecular columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Scottburgh extending towards Port St. Johns; 930-1660 m. Elsewhere: Madagascar (Cairns and Keller 1993); Australia (Cairns and Parker 1992); Japan (Cairns 1994); Philippines; Indonesia (Alcock 1902a, 1902b; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 462-1628 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Apart from  Placotrochides scaphula , there are four other  Placotrochides known to date (  P. cylindrica Cairns, 2004,  P. frustum Cairns, 1979,  P. minuta Cairns, 2004, and  P. yapensis Li, Yu-Rong &amp; Xu, 2017), of which  P. scaphula most resembles  P. minuta but can be distinguished by its larger corallum and higher number of septa at the same calicular diameter (Cairns 2004a). The large corallum size (&lt;12 mm) and septa arrangement are features  P. scaphula shares with  P. yapensis . These two species can be separated by the GCD:LCD ratio (1.4-2.1 in  P. scaphula vs. 1.1-1.2 in  P. yapensis ) and also by the number of septa (≤ 42 in  P. scaphula vs. 48 in  P. yapensis ).  Placotrochides scaphula is well described by Cairns (1989b, 1994), and there are no new South African records subsequent to Cairns and Keller (1993), apart from the imagery records represented herein (MN_SM246). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C496504ED2EBDE31BA02074F51868ECC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
2DB612A7833E6541B22013293A9288F4.text	2DB612A7833E6541B22013293A9288F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycyathus Duncan 1876	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycyathus Duncan, 1876</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum colonial. Corallites cylindrical to slightly conical bud from a common coenosteum or from stolons. Septotheca costate. Three to four cycles of septa. Pali present before all but last septal cycle. Columella papillose.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Polycyathus atlanticus Duncan, 1876, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2DB612A7833E6541B22013293A9288F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
90EEDB8A596A74E0D57C79BFDB5C5CD3.text	90EEDB8A596A74E0D57C79BFDB5C5CD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycyathus sp.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycyathus sp.</p>
            <p>Fig. 4L, M</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>USNM 91677 (1 colony): Eastern margin, 33 km from Port Dunford/ 35 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°10'59.99"S, 32°01'59.99"E; 69 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>The colony consists of 12 ceratoid to cylindrical corallites that reach ≤ 4.9 mm in H, and bud from a common coenosteum. Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), calicular margin thin and serrated. Theca glistening and covered by low-profile granules. Costae poorly developed. Corallum predominantly beige; but pali, columella, and base white.</p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (≤ 34 septa). S1 most exsert, and as wide or only slightly wider than S2. Both S1-2 with sinuous axial margin, bearing pali which are as thick as septa. S3 not exsert, 3/4 the width of S1-2, and have vertical axial margin. S4 rudimentary. Septal faces granulated and slightly sinuous. Pali present and distinct in all but last septal cycle (14-16 pali). Half-systems with S4, P3 sometimes join neighbouring P2 resulting in a V-shaped appearance. All paliform lobes terminate at same level and form a crown encircling columella. Paliform lobes sometimes indistinguishable from columellar elements. Fossa of moderate depth containing a papillose columella composed of a group of fairly spaced rods.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin, Port Dunford; 69 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Although corallites of the examined colony are mostly damaged, features that characterise the genus are still distinguishable. However, more specimens are required to enable a thorough comparison to the other  Polycyathus representatives. This colony represents a new record of the genus in South Africa. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90EEDB8A596A74E0D57C79BFDB5C5CD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
CA012853022FFC771B6F429C9DE85447.text	CA012853022FFC771B6F429C9DE85447.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pourtalopsammia Cairns 2001	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pourtalopsammia Cairns, 2001</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, conical to subcylindrical (sometimes scolecoid), and attached. Epitheca well developed, covering basal synapticulotheca; coenosteum distal to epitheca covered with thin, hispid ridges. Septa arranged in normal insertion pattern (not  Pourtalès plan); three or four cycles of septa; axial margins of S1 highly sinuous. Columella absent. Endothecal dissepiments absent. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia togata van der Horst, 1927, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA012853022FFC771B6F429C9DE85447	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
6038A627E77D3DA200340DBF774B9652.text	6038A627E77D3DA200340DBF774B9652.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pourtalopsammia togata (van der Horst 1927)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pourtalopsammia togata (van der Horst, 1927)</p>
            <p>Fig. 10E-H</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia togata van der Horst, 1927: 5-6. </p>
            <p> Thecopsammia togata . -Wells 1935: 531. </p>
            <p> Trochopsammia togata . - Cairns and Keller 1993: 275-276. - Cairns 2000: 22, pl. 4, figs F-I, pl. 5, fig. A. </p>
            <p> Pourtalopsammia togata . - Cairns 2001: 22. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Buffalo River mouth, South Africa; 567 m (van der Horst 1927).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The type material is presumably at the BMNH (Cairns 2001).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF_AI2-INV 135 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.5/lat -32.83333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.83333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 37 km from Cintsa / 21 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°49'59.99"S, 28°30'00.00"E; 228 m.   DSCS-INV 124 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.19628/lat -36.25948)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.19628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.25948">Southern</a>
                 margin, 192 km from Agulhas / 198 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°15'34.13"S, 21°11'46.61"E; 513 m.   DSCS-INV 364 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.643248/lat -34.79327)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.643248&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.79327">Southern</a>
                 margin, 68 km from Cape St. Francis / 70 km off Slang Estuary, 34°47'35.77"S, 24°38'35.69"E; 520 m.   DSCS-INV 424 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.148186/lat -34.727814)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.148186&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.727814">Southern</a>
                 margin, 65 km from Cape St. Francis / 78 km off Slang Estuary, 34°43'40.13"S, 25°08'53.47"E; 622 m.   DSCS-INV 425 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.148186/lat -34.727814)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.148186&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.727814">Southern</a>
                 margin, 65 km from Cape St. Francis / 78 km off Slang Estuary, 34°43'40.13"S, 25°08'53.47"E; 622 m.   DSCS-INV 477 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.499329/lat -33.652832)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.499329&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.652832">Southern</a>
                 margin, 58 km from Port Alfred / 35 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°39'10.19"S, 27°29'57.58"E; 304 m.   DSCS-INV 516 (17 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.499329/lat -33.652832)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.499329&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.652832">Southern</a>
                 margin, 58 km from Port Alfred / 35 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°39'10.19"S, 27°29'57.58"E; 304 m.   DSCS-INV 569 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.76175/lat -34.784725)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.76175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.784725">Southern</a>
                 margin, 65 km from Cape St. Francis / 70 km off Slang Estuary, 34°47'05.01"S, 24°45'42.30"E; 304 m.   SAMC_A073015 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.971697/lat -32.4167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.971697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.4167">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km from Mazeppa Bay / 19 km MenduEstuary, 32°25'00.11"S, 28°58'18.11"E; 330- 340 m.   SAMC_A073042 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.786697/lat -29.5483)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.786697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5483">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 53 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 46 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°32'53.88"S, 31°47'12.11"E; 200 m.   SAMC_A073105 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.640003/lat -27.814999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.640003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.814999">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°48'54.00"S, 32°38'24.00"E; 52 m.   SAMC_A073157 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.3133/lat -31.096699)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.3133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.096699">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 10 km from Port Edward / 24 km off Bilanhlolo Estuary, 31°05'48.11"S, 30°18'47.88"E; 140 m.   SAMC_A073158 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.3133/lat -31.096699)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.3133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.096699">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 10 km from Port Edward / 24 km off Bilanhlolo Estuary, 31°05'48.11"S, 30°18'47.88"E; 140 m.   SAMC_A073159 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.003298/lat -32.343296)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.003298&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.343296">Southern</a>
                 margin, 37 km from Mazeppa Bay / 15 km off Mendu Estuary, 32°20'35.87"S, 29°00'11.87"E; 100 m.   SAMC_A073172 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.1033/lat -32.3033)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.1033&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.3033">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from Coffee Bay / 20 km off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°18'11.88"S, 29°06'11.88"E; 550 m.   SAMC_A073180 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.6067/lat -32.7633)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.6067&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.7633">Southern</a>
                 margin, 33 km from Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°45'47.88"S, 28°36'24.12"E; 240- 250 m.   SAMC_A073269 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.929996/lat -31.5025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.929996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.5025">Southern</a>
                 margin, 40 km from Port St. Johns / 13 km off Mkweni Estuary, 31°30'09.00"S, 29°55'47.99"E; 300 m.   SAMC_A090113 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.654999/lat -35.255)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.654999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.255">Southern</a>
                 margin, 98 km from Gansbaai / 103 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 35°15'18.00"S, 18°39'18.00"E; 547 m.   SAMC_A090152 (4 specimens): 116 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.044975/lat -35.119816)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.044975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.119816">Knysna</a>
                 /off Goukamma Estuary, 35°07'11.34"S, 23°02'41.91"E; 333 m.   SAM_H1379 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.916666/lat -33.024998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.024998">Southern</a>
                 margin, 3 km from East London / 1 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°01'29.99"S, 27°55'00.00"E; 549 m.   SAM_H1687 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.576664/lat -28.364998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.576664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.364998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 17 km from St. Lucia Estuary / 16 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°21'53.99"S, 32°34'36.00"E; 775- 825 m.   SAM_H2827 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.68/lat -28.066668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.066668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Cape Vidal / 21 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°04'00.00"S, 32°40'47.99"E; 550 m.   SAM_H2829 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H2830 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.55/lat -32.566666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.566666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Mazeppa Bay / 20 km off Great Kei Estuary, 32°34'00.00"S, 28°33'00.00"E; 174 m.   SAM_H2831 (14 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.365107/lat -32.708836)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.365107&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.708836">Southern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from CINSTA/ 3 km off Morgan Estuary, 32°42'31.81"S, 28°21'54.38"E; 159 m.   SAM_H2842 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.646667/lat -28.271666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.646667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.271666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Vidal / 27 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°16'18.00"S, 32°38'48.00"E; 670 m.   SAM_H3032 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.81333/lat -30.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.81333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.719997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from Port Shepstone / 29 km off Mhlabatshane Estuary, 30°43'11.99"S, 30°48'47.99"E; 780 m.   SAM_H3033 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.52833/lat -30.949997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.52833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.949997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Margate /off Bilanhlolo Estuary, 30°56'59.99"S, 30°31'41.99"E; 850 m.   SAM_H3109 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.566666/lat -28.52833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.52833">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 23 km from St. Lucia Estuary / 21 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°31'41.99"S, 32°34'00.00"E; 680 m.   SAM_H3135 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.516666/lat -32.916668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.916668">Southern</a>
                 margin, 40 km from Cintsa / 29 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°55'00.00"S, 28°31'00.00"E; 630 m.   SAM_H3136 (18 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.17333/lat -32.24833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.17333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.24833">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Coffee Bay / 19 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 32°14'53.99"S, 29°10'23.99"E; 620- 560 m.   SAM_H3137 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.980001/lat -32.476665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.980001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.476665">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km off Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°28'36.00"S, 28°58'48.00"E; 710- 775 m.   SAM_H3138 (11 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.809996/lat -30.556665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.809996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.556665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 30 km from Scottburgh / 20 km off Fafa Estuary, 30°33'24.00"S, 30°48'35.99"E; 690 m.   SAM_H3139 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.951668/lat -32.49167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.951668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.49167">Southern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Mazeppa Bay / 25 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°29'30.00"S, 28°57'06.00"E; 650- 700 m.   SAM_H3157 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.161667/lat -32.256668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.161667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.256668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 30 km from Coffee Bay / 21 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 32°15'24.00"S, 29°09'42.00"E; 600- 650 m.   SAM_H3209 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.68/lat -28.066668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.066668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Cape Vidal / 21 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°04'00.00"S, 32°40'47.99"E; 550 m.   SAM_H4244 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.82333/lat -27.28)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.82333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.28">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 48 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 32 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°16'48.00"S, 32°49'23.99"E; 400 m.   SAM_H4245 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.0467/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.0467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.0467/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.0467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 20 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.0467/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.0467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Kosi-Kumpungwini</a>
                 (Sifungwe) Estuary, 26°55'30.00"S, 33°02'48.12"E; 500 m.   SAM_H4246 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.0183/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.0183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 15 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.0183/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.0183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 17 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.0183/lat -26.925)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.0183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.925">Kosi-Kumpungwini</a>
                 (Sifungwe) Estuary, 26°55'30.00"S, 33°01'05.88"E; 370 m.   SAM_H4247 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9183/lat -26.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.9217">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 8 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9183/lat -26.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.9217">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 7 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9183/lat -26.9217)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.9217">Kosi-Kumpungwini</a>
                 (Sifungwe) Estuary, 26°55'18.12"S, 32°55'05.88"E; 50 m.   SAM_H4592 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.980001/lat -32.476665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.980001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.476665">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km off Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°28'36.00"S, 28°58'48.00"E; 710- 775 m.   USNM 77237 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.0/lat -29.316668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.316668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 46 km from Port Dunford / 45 km off Nyoni Estuary, 29°19'00.00"S, 32°00'00.00"E; 366 m.   USNM 91791 (4 specimens, sub-sample of SAM_H3136):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.17333/lat -32.24833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.17333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.24833">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Coffee Bay / 19 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 32°14'53.99"S, 29°10'23.99"E; 620- 560 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum variable in shape, ranging from conical to subcylindrical, sometimes scolecoid, but always attached to substrate by a robust pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.3-0.6) that expands into a thin encrusting base. Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), with a slightly serrate calicular margin. Theca thick and uniformly hispid. Costae absent. Lower epitheca well developed, covering synapticulotheca, covered in granules. Corallum white.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1 most exsert. S2 slightly less exsert than S1, and being  ¾ the width of S1. Both S1 and S2 bearing straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) becoming progressively less exsert and smaller. S3 is  ½ the width and less sinuous than S2. S4 rudimentary, and bear the least sinuous but slightly dentate axial margins. Septal faces granular. Fossa deep, containing a rudimentary columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, extending from off Gansbaai towards Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary (8 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 50-775 m. Elsewhere: Only known from South Africa.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Pourtalopsammia togata appears to be endemic to South Africa, and records presented herein extend its distribution further south towards Gansbaai. Furthermore, the genus is monotypic and closely resembles  Trochopsammia Pourtalès , 1878 but differs in having a hispid theca (Cairns and Keller 1993; Cairns 2001). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6038A627E77D3DA200340DBF774B9652	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
134AB59BA961FD114C726C6C7432D76D.text	134AB59BA961FD114C726C6C7432D76D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizopsammia annae (van der Horst 1933)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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        <div>
            <p> Rhizopsammia annae (van der Horst, 1933)</p>
            <p>Fig. 10I, J</p>
            <p> Balanophyllia annae van der Horst, 1933: 156-158, pl. 7, fig. 1-4. -van der Horst 1938, pl. 5, fig. 1. - Boshoff 1981: 40. </p>
            <p> Rhizopsammia annae . -Zibrowuis and Gili 1990: 44. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 276, fig. 13C. - Cairns 2001: 27. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Oudekraal, Cape Peninsula, South Africa; depth unknown (van der Horst 1938).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_EIg3 (10 specimens), SAMC_A072994 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.26/lat -29.015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.015">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A073016 (3 specimens): Eastern margin, 31 km from Richards Bay / 46 km Mlalazi Estuary, 29°00'54.00"S, 32°15'35.99"E; 500 m.  SAM_H1497 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 3 km from Agulhas/ 16 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 34°49'52.54"S, 20°00'49.88"E; depth unknown. SAM_H1498 (1 specimen):): Southern margin, 3 km from Agulhas/ 16 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 34°49'52.54"S, 20°00'49.88"E;   depth unknown. SAM_H3041 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.155315/lat -34.177105)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.155315&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.177105">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Mosselbaai / 10 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°10'37.57"S, 22°09'19.14"E; 55 m   . SAM_H3366 (6 specimens): Southern margin, 15 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.666666/lat -33.83333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.666666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.83333">Port Elizabeth</a>
                 / 16 km off Bakens River Estuary, 33°49'59.99"S, 25°40'00.00"E  ; depth unknown. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>UCTES_FAL 368 L (3 specimens): Southern margin, 19 km from Pringle Bay/16 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°12'36.00"S, 18°46'41.99"E; 40 m. UCTES_SCD 268 F (5 specimens): Southern margin, 6 km from East London/4 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°02'30.00"S, 27°56'30.00"E; 55 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Reptoid colonies formed by ceratoid to cylindrical, straight to slightly curved corallites attached through a pedicel that expands into a thin encrusting base. Corallites united by narrow basal stolons. Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.2), calicular margin lanceted. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H1497) 6.3  × 5.3 mm in CD, and 13.4 mm in H. Epitheca variable in development: in some corallites epitheca reaches calicular margin, but in other corallites it is restricted to base. Costae conspicuous below theca, being equal in width and covered with fine, pointed, and randomly arranged granules. Intercostal striae porous and thin. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (≤ 48 septa). S1-2 independent. S1 most exsert, extending to columella with dentate axial margins. S2 slightly less exsert, sometimes slightly less wide, but otherwise similar in profile as S1. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert, if at all. S3 is 1/3 the width of S2, with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. S4  ¾ wider than S3, merging towards flanked S3 and again in front of S2 before joining columella as one septum. S4 axial margins the most dentate (but with fewer teeth). Septa commonly closely packed, with all septal faces being granular. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern and eastern margin of South Africa, from Pringle Bay extending towards Richards Bay; 40-500 m. Elsewhere: Only known from South Africa.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> As noted by previous authors (van der Horst 1922; Cairns 1994; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997), a damaged  Rhizopsammia specimen may be confused with  Balanophyllia as it is the intact stolons that distinguish  Rhizopsammia from other dendrophylliids. Nonetheless, the examined specimens agree with van der  Horst’s (1922) description of the species, apart from a couple of specimens (i.e., SAMC_A072994) that followed a divergent septa arrangement according to: S1&gt; S3&gt; S2&gt; S4. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/134AB59BA961FD114C726C6C7432D76D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
97BCD29311D1E102BDED648508E9E3DF.text	97BCD29311D1E102BDED648508E9E3DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizopsammia compacta Sheppard & Sheppard 1991	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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        <div>
            <p> Rhizopsammia compacta Sheppard &amp; Sheppard, 1991</p>
            <p>Fig. 10K, L</p>
            <p> Rhizopsammia compacta Sheppard &amp; Sheppard, 1991: 153, fig. 179. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 277, fig. 13B, E. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia bairdiana . - Boshoff 1981: 40. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia ponderosa . - Boshoff 1981: 41. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Musandam, Gulf of Oman; 35 m (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is lodged at the BMNH (GBIF 2020).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_EIa2 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.03333/lat -29.966667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.966667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Durban / 12 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 29°58'00.00"S, 31°01'59.99"E; 49 m.   ORI_EIa6 (40 specimens), ORICH_1 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.78333/lat -33.98333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.78333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.98333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, other locality data unknown. SAMC_A072979 (20 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.78333/lat -33.98333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.78333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.98333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 21 km off Port Elizabeth / 16 km off Bakens River Estuary, 33°58'59.99"S, 25°46'59.99"E; 90 m.   SAMC_A073033 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.8667/lat -27.105)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.8667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.105">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 17 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°06'18.00"S, 32°52'00.12"E; 50 m.   SAMC_A073041 (1 specimen): 24 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.883327/lat -27.066668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.883327&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.066668">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 /16 off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°04'00.00"S, 32°52'59.99"E; 69 m.   SAMC_A073081 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.2/lat -29.006697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.006697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 27 km from Richards Bay / 40 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°00'24.11"S, 32°12'00.00"E; 152 m.   SAMC_A073083 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.201702/lat -29.015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.201702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.015">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Richards Bay / 40 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°00'54.00"S, 32°12'06.12"E; 215 m.   SAMC_A073136 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6483/lat -27.789997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.789997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Cape Vidal / 29 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°47'23.99"S, 32°38'53.87"E; 65- 70 m.   SAMC_A073192 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.713333/lat -27.53)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.713333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.53">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 69 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°31'48.00"S, 32°42'47.99"E; 70 m.   SAMC_A073199 (1 specimen, sub-sample of USNM 91800):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.9217/lat -27.004997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.9217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.004997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 17 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 11 km off Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary, 27°00'17.99"S, 32°55'18.12"E; 67 m.   SAMC_A073204 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.71/lat -27.5467)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.71&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.5467">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 67 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°32'48.12"S, 32°42'36.00"E; 68 m.   SAMC_A073208 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.5433/lat -28.291697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.5433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.291697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from St. Lucia Estuary / 17 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°17'30.11"S, 32°32'35.88"E; 50 m.   SAMC_A073221 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7/lat -27.53333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.53333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 68 km from Cape Vidal /5 off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°31'59.99"S, 32°42'00.00"E; 77 m.   SAMC_A090105 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.824999/lat -34.274998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.824999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.274998">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A090112 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 11 km from Pringle Bay / 8 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°16'29.99"S, 18°49'29.99"E; 14- 17 m.   SAM_H1373 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.3724/lat -33.958668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.3724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.958668">Western</a>
                 margin, 14 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.3724/lat -33.958668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.3724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.958668">Cape Town</a>
                 / 13 km off Diep Estuary, 33°57'31.20"S, 18°22'20.64"E; depth unknown. SAM_H1375 (1 specimen): Western margin, 14 km from Cape Town / 13 km off Diep Estuary, 33°57'31.20"S, 18°22'20.64"E; 44 m.   SAM_H1380 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.465923/lat -34.216404)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.465923&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.216404">Southern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from Cape Point / 8 km off Elsies Estuary, 34°12'59.05"S, 18°27'57.32"E; 40 m.   SAM_H1414 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.627209/lat -33.718777)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.627209&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.718777">Southern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.627209/lat -33.718777)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.627209&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.718777">Cape Point</a>
                 / 8 km off Elsies Estuary, 34°12'59.05"S, 18°27'57.32"E; depth unknown. SAM_H1686 (6 specimens): Southern margin, 16 km from Cape Point/ 8 km off Elsies Estuary, 34°12'59.05"S, 18°27'57.32"E; depth unknown. SAM_H 2844 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 6 km from Kenton On Sea / 5 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°43'07.59"S, 26°37'37.95"E; 90 m.   SAM_H4578 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.926666/lat -26.891666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.926666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.891666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 6 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.926666/lat -26.891666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.926666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.891666">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 9 km off Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary, 26°53'30.00"S, 32°55'36.00"E; 51 m.   SAM_H4579 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.225">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 27 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'30.00"S, 32°49'30.00"E; 74 m.   USNM 91807 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.83733/lat -27.18833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.83733&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.18833">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 38 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 23 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°11'17.99"S, 32°50'14.39"E; 78 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Colony irregularly shaped, composed of corallites interconnected by narrow stolons, or composed of small corallites budding from lower edge zone of larger corallites. Corallites ceratoid to cylindrical, bearing elliptical calices (GCD:LCD = 1.4-1.8), calicular margin lanceted. Largest colony examined (ORI_EIa6) consists of 20 corallites. Largest corallite (SAMC_A073041) 20.2  × 13.0 mm in CD, and 33.5 mm in H. If present, epitheca thin. Costae conspicuous throughout corallum, equal in width, covered with fine, pointed, and randomly arranged granules. Intercostal striae thin and deep. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S5&gt; S4, with occasional pairs of S6 in half-systems (≤ 112 septa). S1-2 both independent, most exsert, reaching columella with straight and smooth axial margins that become dentate deep in fossa. S3 slightly less to as exsert as S1-2, but having only  ½ the width of S1-2, but otherwise similar in profile. Higher cycle septa (S4-5) progressively less exsert, if at all. S41/3 the width of S3, and have the least dentate lower axial margins. S5  ¾ wider than S4, merging towards S4 before joining columella as one septum. S5 axial margins dentate to laciniate. S6, if present, restricted to calicular margin. Septa commonly closely packed, with all septal faces being granular. Pali absent. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a spongy columella that fuses with axial margins of all septa except S4 (and S6 if present). </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western to eastern margin of South Africa, extending from off Cape Town towards Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary (9 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 40-215 m. Elsewhere: Gulf of Oman (Sheppard and Sheppard 1991; Cairns and Keller 1993); Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); 35-110 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Our examined specimens agree with the redescription of Cairns and Keller (1993) of  Rhizopsammia compacta . Although the lack of stolons may cause confusion with  Balanophyllia diademata based on van der  Horst’s (1927) description (and associated image),  R. compacta can be distinguished by consistently having five complete septal cycles (occasionally with a pair of S6 = 6:6:12:24:48:16) as compared with five incomplete cycles of  B. diademata (6:6:12:24:34).  Rhizopsammia compacta may be distinguished from the other South African congeners by its relatively large adult corallum (20.0 mm CD), as compared with the medium-sized  R. verrilli van der Horst, 1922 (8.0 mm) and the small  R. annae (6.3 mm). The hexamerally arranged septa in six cycles (≤ 112 septa) may also assist with separating  R. compacta from  R. verrilli and  R. annae , which both have septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles (48 septa). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97BCD29311D1E102BDED648508E9E3DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
07769710A18A4DE3BCDA9D58E843DF2D.text	07769710A18A4DE3BCDA9D58E843DF2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizopsammia Verrill 1870	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhizopsammia Verrill, 1870</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Small reptoid colonies produced by extra-tentacular stoloniferous budding. Synapticulotheca of finely granular costae, often covered with epitheca.  Pourtalès plan present; pali absent. Columella spongy, usually small. Endotheca absent. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Rhizopsammia pulchra Verrill, 1870, by monotypy </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/07769710A18A4DE3BCDA9D58E843DF2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
E9723A3CFFB24217462665BFEE80FF36.text	E9723A3CFFB24217462665BFEE80FF36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizopsammia verrilli van der Horst 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhizopsammia verrilli van der Horst, 1922</p>
            <p>Fig. 10M, N</p>
            <p> Rhizopsammia verrilli van der Horst, 1922: 64, pl. 8: figs 1, 2. - Wells 1983: 241-242, pl. 15: figs 1-4. - Cairns 1991: 25, pl. 22, figs C-E. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 188-189, fig. 28F, G. - Cairns 1998: 408. -Cairns 2004a: 318. </p>
            <p> Balanophyllia scheeri Durham, 1962:46, 53-54, figs 2B, C, 4, 7. - Durham 1966: 125. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia gracilis . - Cairns 1991: 23. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Indonesia (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stns. 220 and 282); 54-278 m (van der Horst 1922). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Syntypes are deposited at the ZMA (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073042 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.786697/lat -29.5483)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.786697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5483">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 53 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 46 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°32'53.88"S, 31°47'12.11"E; 200 m.   SAMC_A073157 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.3133/lat -31.096699)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.3133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.096699">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 10 km from Port Edward / 24 km off Bilanhlolo Estuary, 31°05'48.11"S, 30°18'47.88"E; 140 m.   SAMC_A073197 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.435/lat -28.53)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.53">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from St. Lucia Estuary / 15 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°31'48.00"S, 32°26'06.00"E; 160- 180 m.   SAMC_A073198 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.329998/lat -29.536667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.329998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.536667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 10 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 12 km off Mhlali Estuary, 29°32'12.00"S, 31°19'47.99"E; 50 m.   SAM_H1502 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.016666/lat -28.883331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.016666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.883331">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Richards Bay / 23 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 28°52'59.99"S, 32°01'00.00"E; 165 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Colony consists of corallites interconnected by narrow stolons, and composed of small corallites budding from upper margin zone of larger corallites. Corallites ceratoid to cylindrical. Largest examined corallite (SAMC_ A073198) 9.3  × 8.8 mm in CD, and 21.5 mm in H. Epitheca thin, if present. Costae granular, conspicuous throughout corallum, and equal in width. Intercostal striae thin, porous. Corallum white. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2 ≥ S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1-2 independent, most exsert, and joining columella deeper in fossa with straight axial margins. S2 slightly less wide than S1. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert. S31/3 the width of S2, and bear laciniate axial margins. In complete half-systems a pair of S4 meets before S3 and joins columella as one septum. S4 axial margins dentate to laciniate. Septa appearing loosely packed, with all septal faces covered with granules. Pali absent. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a spongy columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, extending from off Port Edward towards St Lucia; 50-200 m. Elsewhere: Philippines (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Indonesia (van der Horst 1922; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021);  Galápagos Islands (Cairns 1991); Cocos Island (Durham 1962); Mozambique? (MacNae and Kalk 1958); 2-700 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Based on a literature comparison, the South African  Rhizopsammia verrilli differs from the previously reported Indo-Pacific representatives by having four complete cycles instead of five, the last incomplete. Striking similarities between  R. verrilli and  R. wettsteini Scheel &amp; Pillai, 1983 have been highlighted (Arrigoni et al 2014), however specimens of the latter have not been examined and thus a comparison is not detailed herein. Specimens reported here are new records for the South African region, but not for the southwest Indian Ocean, as this  R. verrilli has been recorded off Mozambique by MacNae and Kalk (1958). This Mozambican record forms part of the Inhaca collection, presumably examined by Boshoff and reported in MacNae and  Kalk’s (1958). Unfortunately, the subsequent Boshoff (1981) checklist historically raised concerns on the reliability of  R. verrilli in the southwest Indian Ocean. Furthermore, Cairns and Keller (1993) did not list this species in their southwest Indian Ocean account. However, the specimens reported herein confirm the occurrence  R. verrilli in the region. Nonetheless, the Inhaca collection is of concern and the examination of these specimens is of high priority for biodiversity assessments of the region. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E9723A3CFFB24217462665BFEE80FF36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
902974F0F2DA815AEF87B35F1DE9F140.text	902974F0F2DA815AEF87B35F1DE9F140.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizosmilia Cairns 1978	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhizosmilia Cairns, 1978</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Colonies formed by extra-tentacular budding from a common basal coenosteum. Corallite base increase in diameter by adding exothecal dissepiments over raised costae producing concentric rings of partitioned chambers that resemble polycyclic development. Septotheca costate and granular. Septal axial margins smooth. Paliform lobes occur before penultimate septal cycle. Columella papillose or lamellar. Vesicular endotheca present.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Rhizosmilia gerdae Cairns, 1978, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/902974F0F2DA815AEF87B35F1DE9F140	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
5847355BFDCCF463D752AB917FF1CDCD.text	5847355BFDCCF463D752AB917FF1CDCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizosmilia robusta Cairns in Cairns & Keller 1993	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhizosmilia robusta Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993</p>
            <p>Fig. 4N, O</p>
            <p> Rhizosmilia robusta Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993: 250-253, pl. 6, figs F-I. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 133-134. - Cairns 1999a: 107. - Cairns et al. 1999: 24. - Cairns 2009: 14. - Kitahara et al. 2010a 108, figs 88-89. - Kitahara et al. 2010b: 9. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 554-556, figs 305D-I, 306. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Inhaca Island, Mozambique (RV 'Anton  Bruun’ stn. 373B: 26°00'00"S, 33°05'00"E); 135 m (Cairns and Keller 1993). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NMNH (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>USNM 91689 (3 specimens): Eastern margin, 42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro/ 27 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'30.00"S, 32°49'30.00"E; 74 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Adapted from Cairns and Keller 1993: Colony phaceloid. Corallites trochoid, firmly attached through a massive pedicle (PD:GCD = 0.03), that expands into a thin encrusting base. Lower pedicel reinforced by concentric rings of hollow chambers. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.18), with a jagged calicular margin. Holotype (USNM 91681) 31  × 26.20 mm in CD, 16.80 mm in PD, and 25 mm in H. Costae equal and bearing low and rounded granules. Intercostal striae shallow. Corallum white. </p>
            <p>Septa arranged in five cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5. S1 moderately exsert, and extend to columella with vertical to straight axial margins. Higher cycle septa (S2-5) progressively less exsert and less wide, except for those S5 adjacent to S1 which are more exsert than S4. Axial margins of S2 also straight, but those of S3-4 slightly sinuous. S5 rudimentary and irregular in profile (i.e., may be straight to slightly sinuous or sinuous to dentate). All septal faces smooth, bearing only sparsely spaced low-profile granules. Small pali present before penultimate cycle, usually indistinguishable from columellar elements. Fossa deep and bearing endothecal dissepiments. Columella trabecular, composed of an irregular group of intertwined elements.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Kosi Bay Estuary (41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 75 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique; Madagascar (Cairns and Keller 1993); Philippines (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 66-996 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> As no new samples have been examined, the description above is adapted from Cairns and Keller (1993), who noted that although the holotype is a phaceloid colony with four corallites, paratypes (specimen examined and imaged herein) represent individual corallites that were broken apart from a larger colony or have not yet formed a colony. Variation in septal cycles correlates to corallum size: the fourth septal cycle is complete at a GCD between 8 and 9 mm, whereas the fifth is completed when the corallite is&gt; 19-21 mm in GCD. The largest corallite (Philippines, see Cairns and Zibrowius 1997 [page 134]), measures 29.8  × 36.7 mm in CD, 18.1 mm in PD, 41.6 mm in H, have eight pairs of S6, and one pair of S7 (total of 116 septa). Notable differences between  Rhizosmilia robusta from the Pacific and southwestern Indian Ocean are the position of paliform lobes, which are present before the penultimate cycle (P4, if S5 is present; and P3 if S5 is absent) in the latter and occur before S4 (irrespective of the presence of S6-7) in the former. This is the only representative of the genus in South African waters. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5847355BFDCCF463D752AB917FF1CDCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
F82C6F37155E5AD16BD251233E3C2EA6.text	F82C6F37155E5AD16BD251233E3C2EA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizotrochus Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhizotrochus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848a</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum ceratoid to turbinate or compressed. Transverse division absent. Pedicel small and not reinforced by stereome; however, two to twenty slender hollow rootlets anchor corallum base. Thecal spines absent. Three to six cycles of non-exsert septa, the lower septal cycle being usually highly concave near calicular edge. Pali absent. Columella rudimentary.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Rhizotrochus typus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F82C6F37155E5AD16BD251233E3C2EA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
B5578C63B6CB3EADE0454D1AFAA06F85.text	B5578C63B6CB3EADE0454D1AFAA06F85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizotrochus typus Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhizotrochus typus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Fig. 12E-H</p>
            <p> Rhizotrochus typus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848a 282, pl. 8, fig. 16. -  Pourtalès 1871: 13. - Studer 1881: 28. - Moseley 1881: 131. -von Marenzeller 1907: 23, pl. 2, fig. 5. - Yabe and Sugiyama 1936: 346-348, figs 3, 3A. - Cairns 1989a: 79-81, pl. 41, figs F, J. -Cairns 1994 81, pl. 35, figs A-C, pl. 40, figs H, I. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 161, figs 22D, E. - Cairns 1999a: 127, fig. 22A. - Cairns et al. 1999: 31. -Tachikawa 2005: 10-11, pl. 4, figs E-H. - Cairns 2009: 21. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 234-236, figs 120F-G, 121. </p>
            <p> Flabellum rubrum . -Gardiner 1902 a: 125-152, pl. 4, fig. 34. -Gardiner 1902 b: 464-471. </p>
            <p> Flabellum harmeri . - Boshoff 1981: 35. </p>
            <p> Monomyces sp. - Boshoff 1981: 35. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Singapore, depth unknown (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two syntypes are deposited at the MNHNP (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                 ORI_DIIb3 (in part: 1 specimen): Locality data unknown, 27 m   . ORI_DIIc1 (4 specimens), SAMC_A072990 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.0467/lat -32.953297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.0467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.953297">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A073048 (1 specimen): Locality data unknown; SAMC_A073194 (2 specimens): Southern margin, 5 km from Gonubie / 3 km off Gqunube Estuary, 32°57'11.87"S, 28°02'48.12"E; 30 m   . SAMC_A073247 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961664/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from Coffee Bay / 7 km off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°15'11.99"S, 28°57'41.99"E; 160 m   . SAM_ A90094 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.066664/lat -32.28333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.066664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.28333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from Coffee Bay / 16 km from Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°16'59.99"S, 29°03'59.99"E; 160 m   . UCTES_SCD39B (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.066664/lat -32.28333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.066664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.28333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from Coffee Bay / 16 km from Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°16'59.99"S, 29°03'59.99"E; 160 m 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>BMNH 1939.7.20.816-833 (1 specimen), BMNH 1950.1.10.34 (1 specimen), BMNH 1950.10.97-102 (1 specimen), BMNH 1950.1.11.63 (1 specimen): Cape of Good Hope, other locality data unknown.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum conical, robust, and attached to substrate by a slender and non-reinforced pedicel (&lt;3 mm in D). Calice irregularly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.2-1.5), with thin, smooth, and flared calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A072990) 14.4  × 9.8 mm in CD, and 21.1 mm in H. Theca thin and usually encrusted, lower theca bears numerous (&gt; 5) hollow rootlets that improve corallum anchoring (rootlets of examined specimens broken). Costae equally wide but poorly developed. Intercostal striae shallow. Transversal chevron-shaped growth lines present from calicular margin towards pedicel. Corallum predominantly white, becoming light-beige from lower theca towards base. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in six cycles, last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5&gt; S6. However, specimens examined also have fifth cycle incomplete (totalling 78-89 septa). S1-2 equal in width and have straight and vertical axial margin, which become slightly sinuous deeper in the fossa. Higher cycle septa (S3-5) progressively smaller, and bearing slightly sinuous axial margins. S6 if present rudimentary, but, if absent, then S5 rudimentary. Septal faces finely granulated. Fossa deep, with rudimentary or absent columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern and eastern margin of South Africa, off Gonubie extending Coffee Bay; 30-160 m. Elsewhere: Andaman Islands; Bay of Bengal (Alcock 1893); Red Sea (von Marenzeller 1907); Japan (Cairns 1989b, 1994); South China Sea; Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Vanuatu (Cairns 1999a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); 20-1048 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Although  Rhizotrochus typus was collected off the South African margin (Cape of Good Hope) in the early 20th century, it was incorrectly identified by Gardiner (1902 a, 1902b) as  Flabellum rubrum . Subsequently, Boshoff (1981) misidentified  R. typus as two other flabellids (  F. harmeri [ORI_DIIb3] and  Monomyces sp. [ORI_DIIc1]).  Rhizotrochus has long been synonymiszed with  Monomyces , however historical accounts have outlined the difference in the number and placement/pattern of their rootlets, in which  Rhizotrochus has&gt; 2 rootlets that are not fused to pedicel as compare with  Monomyces Ehrenberg, 1834, which displays &lt;2 rootlets fused to the pedicel (Cairns 1989a). Despite the examined specimens having broken rootlets (thus not showing whether they join pedicel or not), we herein provide the first reliable record for the species within South African localities by use of the number of rootlets (&gt; 5) observed. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B5578C63B6CB3EADE0454D1AFAA06F85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
76DF899FC60D8E6406273669EBAA8EA7.text	76DF899FC60D8E6406273669EBAA8EA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhombopsammia niphada Owens 1986	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhombopsammia niphada Owens, 1986</p>
            <p>Fig. 14E, F</p>
            <p> Rhombopsammia niphada Owens, 1986a: 252-255, figs 2B, 3A-D. - Cairns 1989a: 19-20, text-fig. 2, pl. 9, figs D-I, pl. 10, figs A, B. -Cairns 1994: 41, pl. 15, figs I-K, pl. 16, figs A, B. -Owens 1994: 588. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 75-76. - Cairns 1998: 371. - Cairns et al. 1999: 34. -Plusquellec et al. 1999: 998. -Cairns 2004a: 271. - Cairns 2009: 2. - Kitahara et al. 2010b. -Janiszewska et al. 2011. - Quattrini et al. 2020: 1538, fig. 1. -Seilitz et al. 2020: 11. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 64-65, 67, figs 15D, H, 18, 19A-D. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Kyushu (USS  ‘Albatross’ stn. 4911: 31°38'00"N, 129°19'00"E); 715 m (Owens 1986a; Cairns 1989a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Types are deposited at the NMNH (Cairns 1989a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAM_H1390 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Southern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Port Alfred / 3 km off Old  Woman’s Estuary, 33°30'00.00"S, 27°08'59.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H1453 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.68333/lat -33.199997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.199997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kidds Beach / 5 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°11'59.99"S, 27°40'59.99"E; 79 m.   SAM_H3126 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.01833/lat -33.655003)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.01833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.655003">Southern</a>
                 margin, 15 km from Port Alfred / 11 km off Riet Estuary, 33°39'18.00"S, 27°01'05.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3128 (1 specimen): 15 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.026667/lat -33.655003)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.026667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.655003">Port Alfred</a>
                 / 11 km off Riet Estuary, 33°39'18.00"S, 27°01'36.00"E; 90 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum discoidal (GCD:H = 3.1-3.9), with a flat to slightly concave or convex base. Septa imperforate, solid, and dentate. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H1453) 22.7 mm in CD and 5.8 mm in H. Calice circular, with finely serrated edges. Costae ridged and thin, with closely packed low profile granules resulting in serrated costae. Costal bifurcation alternates with septal pattern. Intercostal spaces porous, broader than costae, decreasing towards epicentre of base. Synapticular bars connect two costae to common adjacent septum, resulting in pores that also decrease in size towards epicentre of base. Septa gradually slope towards calicular margin, producing a narrow marginal shelf, which reaches a maximum of 2 mm. Corallum white.</p>
            <p>Septa arranged in typical micrabaciid fashion, with ≤ 144 septa. S1-2 non-bifurcate and straight, with subsequent S3 leading to multiple bifurcations. S1 extend to columella with complex and uniform dentitions along septal margin, and bearing vertical vepreculae on lateral faces. S2 also straight and extending to columella, but joined by S3 near columella. Resulting S2-3 fusion forming a delta with numerous spines. S3 bifurcates repeatedly. First bifurcation produces two S3i on either side of S2. Resultant edges of S3i adjacent to S2 bifurcates three more times in which the first branching gives S3ii, second one S3iii, and last gives two S3iv. S3i adjacent to S1 bifurcates six times, in which the first gives two S3iii, three S3iv, and two S3iv. All septa are predominantly solid, with S3 being perforated at base and at bifurcations. Axial edge of S1-2 and sometimes S3, join the spongy columella.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern margin of South Africa, off Port Alfred extending towards Kidds Beach; 79-90 m. Elsewhere: Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns 1989a; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Japan (Owens 1986a); 424-852 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The material examined herein represents a new record of  Rhombopsammia niphada for South Africa, but adds no taxonomic information to what is already known about the  species’ morphology.  Rhombopsammia niphada may be mistaken for  Letepsammia formosissima , which is also found in South Africa, but differs in having predominantly solid septa, and in S1 septal faces bearing vepreculae, as compare with porous septa and smooth S1 septal faces in  L. formosissima (Cairns 1989a; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/76DF899FC60D8E6406273669EBAA8EA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
1F6BEDAAD7AF75D1D66214003D5F0557.text	1F6BEDAAD7AF75D1D66214003D5F0557.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhombopsammia Owens 1986	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhombopsammia Owens, 1986</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, discoidal, and free. Synapticulothecate. Broad marginal shelf present. Costae ridged, thin and dentate. Intercostal spaces broader than costae and penetrated by large pores. Septa imperforate, with complex dentitions. Septa alternate in position with costae. Septa arranged in typical micrabaciid pattern, having multiple bifurcations of S3; number of septa a function of calicular diameter, varying between 99 and 144 in adult stage. Columella spongy.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Rhombopsammia squiresi Owens, 1986a, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F6BEDAAD7AF75D1D66214003D5F0557	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
96E3C0CDFFBCACEEA7A94B81C793B6A1.text	96E3C0CDFFBCACEEA7A94B81C793B6A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenosmilia Duncan 1873	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Solenosmilia Duncan, 1873</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum firmly attached, colonial. Colony dendroid or sub-phaceloid formed by intratentacular budding. Stereome granular, costae sometimes correspond to first septal cycle. Tabular endothecal dissepiments. Columella small.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/96E3C0CDFFBCACEEA7A94B81C793B6A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
E51E3A9A73B61C6F0DBC77578F39BB69.text	E51E3A9A73B61C6F0DBC77578F39BB69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan 1873	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873</p>
            <p>Fig. 4P</p>
            <p> Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873: 328, pl. 42, figs 11-18. -  Pourtalès 1878: 206. pl. 1, figs 1-3. -  Pourtalès 1880: 108. - Moseley 1881: 181, pl. 9, figs 1-5. -von Marenzeller 1904: 310-311, pl. 15, figs 4, 4A. - Zibrowius 1974a: 768-769. - Gravier 1920: 94-96, pl. 9, figs 153-156. -Hoffmeister 1933: 14, pl. 4, fig. 7. - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 229-230. - Cairns 1979: 136-138, pl. 26, figs 2-4. - Zibrowius 1980: 143-145, pl. 75, figs A-N.- Scheer and Pallai 1983: 160. -Cairns and Parker 1992: 29-30, pl. 8, figs D, E.- Cairns and Keller 1993: 250, fig. 6D. -Cairns 2004a: 284. </p>
            <p> Solenosmilia jeffreyi Alcock, 1898: 27-28, pl. 3, fig. 3, 3A, B. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Spain (HMS '  Porcupine ' stns. 17 and 32: 39°42'00"N, 9°43'00"W and 35°41'00"N, 7°08'00"W, respectively); 1190-2003 m (Duncan 1873). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The syntype is deposited at the NHMUK (Cairns 1979, 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                 DSCS-INV 122 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 240 km from Agulhas/ 247 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°45'34.13"S, 21°12'46.61"E; 513 m.   SAMC_A088916 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 280 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.148186/lat -36.727814)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.148186&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.727814">Cape St.</a>
                 Francis/ 287 km off Slang Estuary, 36°43'40.13"S, 25°08'53.47"E; 622 m.  SAMC_A090142 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 240 km from Agulhas/ 247 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°45'34.13"S, 21°12'46.61"E; 513 m.   SAMC_A090143 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 287 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.643248/lat -36.79327)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.643248&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.79327">Cape St.</a>
                 Francis/ 291 km off Slang Estuary, 36°47'35.77"S, 24°38'35.69"E; 520 m.   SAM_H1397 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 3 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.916666/lat -33.024998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.024998">East London</a>
                 / 1 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°01'29.99"S, 27°55'00.00"E; 566- 928 m.  SAM_H2807 (1fragment): Eastern margin, 20 km from Cape Vidal/ 22 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°59'04.99"S, 32°40'08.00"E; 550 m. SAM_H2840 (14 fragments): Eastern margin, 19 km from Cape Vidal/ 22 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°59'30.00"S, 32°40'00.00"E; 550 m.   SAM_H3034 (13 fragments): Eastern margin, 36 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.81333/lat -30.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.81333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.719997">Port Shepstone</a>
                 / 49 km off Mtentu Estuary, 30°43'11.99"S, 30°48'47.99"E; 900 m.   SAM_H3035 (10 fragments): Eastern margin, 16 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.583332/lat -30.81833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.81833">Port Shepstone</a>
                 /off Boboyi Estuary, 30°49'05.99"S, 30°34'59.99"E; 930 m.   SAM_H3036 (21 fragments): Eastern margin, 36 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.81333/lat -30.716667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.81333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.716667">Port Shepstone</a>
                 / 28 km off Mhlabatshane Estuary, 30°43'00.00"S, 30°48'47.99"E; 780 m.  SAM_H3037 (1 fragment): Eastern margin, 17 km from Margate/off Boboyi Estuary, 30°53'24.00"S, 30°31'41.99"E; 850 m. SAM_H3140 (17 fragments): Southern margin, 26 km from Kidds Beach/ 27 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°19'36.00"S, 27°52'23.99"E; 760 m.   SAM_H3141 (13 fragments): Southern margin, 32 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.980001/lat -32.476665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.980001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.476665">Mazeppa Bay</a>
                 / 24 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°28'36.00"S, 28°58'48.00"E; 710- 775 m.  SAM_H3142 (3 fragments): Southern margin, 22 km from Gonubie/ 21 km off Gqunube Estuary, 33°06'00.00"S, 28°08'17.99"E; 700- 650 m. SAM_H3158 (38 fragments): Southern margin, 40 km from Cintsa/ 29 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°55'00.00"S, 28°31'00.00"E; 630 m.   SAM_H3179 (1 fragment): Southern margin, 31 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.195/lat -33.65667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.65667">Port Alfred</a>
                 / 20 km off Kleinemond (Oos) Estuary, 33°39'24.00"S, 27°11'42.00"E; 86 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum bushy achieved by intra-tentacular budding. Budding dichotomous. Calice rarely exceeds 6 mm in CD. Coenosteum completely smooth or granular. Costae ridged, with granules arranged in a longitudinal manner. Corallum white and sometimes light brown.</p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in three or four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4. S1 highly exsert and extend deep into fossa with straight axial margins. S2 less exsert and 1/3 the width of S1, but otherwise similar in profile. S3 not exsert and forms in upper fossa, appearing rudimentary. S4 usually absent, but when present has dentate or laciniate axial margin. Septal faces bear tall and slender granules. Tabular endothecal dissepiments common and widespread. Columella usually absent, but some corallites have a small spongy columella deep in fossa.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape St. Francis extending towards Cape Vidal; 86-930 m. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan, except from the continental Antarctica; 220-2165 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Together with  Madrepora oculata ,  Lophelia pertusa , and  Goniocorella dumosa ,  Solenosmilia variabilis is one of the most studied framework-building coral species. The equal distomedial budding in  S. variabilis makes it easily distinguishable from the other deep-water framework-building species.  Solenosmilia variabilis was first reported from South Africa off the Agulhas region (von Marenzeller 1904a). Subsequently, Cairns and Keller (1993) documented its northward regional distribution to off Durban. Part of the examined material includes sub-samples (SAM_H3037, SAM_H3141, and SAM_H3158) of Cairns and  Keller’s (1993) records, all of which are broken fragments. Therefore, details on the size of the base and end branches are not included in the description. Nevertheless, Cairns (1979) provides a more detailed description of these features. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E51E3A9A73B61C6F0DBC77578F39BB69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
339DDEFC974D2B166558754287C86A92.text	339DDEFC974D2B166558754287C86A92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenotrochus (Eusthenotrochus) gilchristi Gardiner 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenotrochus (Eusthenotrochus) gilchristi Gardiner, 1904</p>
            <p>Fig. 15G, H</p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus gilchristi Gardiner, 1904: 98-99, pl. 1, figs A-G. - Boshoff 1981: 39. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 44. </p>
            <p> Eusthenotrochus moseri Wells, 1935: 530. </p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus (Eusthenotrochus) moseri . -Wells 1935: 530-532, pl. 18, figs 5, 6. </p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus dentosus Boshoff 1981: 39. </p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus sp. (incertae sedis). - Boshoff 1981: 39. </p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus (Eusthenotrochus) gilchristi . - Cairns and Keller 1993: 259, fig. 7A, B. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Near Kowie, South Africa (33°45'20.0"S 26°44'20.0"E); 79-81m (Gardiner 1904).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two syntypes are deposited at the BMNH.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_DIIIi2 (2 specimens), ORI _ DIIIi3 (3 specimens), SAMC_A073226 (1 specimen), SAMC_A073075 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.583332/lat -34.18333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.18333">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A073232 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.583332/lat -34.18333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.18333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 21 km from Cape Point / 14 km off Sand Estuary, 34°10'59.99"S, 18°34'59.99"E; 42 m.   SAMC_A073236 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.458332/lat -34.166664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.458332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.166664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 22 km from Cape Point / 4 km off Elsies Estuary, 34°09'59.99"S, 18°27'29.99"E; 24 m.   SAMC_A090086 (14 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.458332/lat -34.166664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.458332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.166664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 22 km from Cape Point / 4 km off Elsies Estuary, 34°09'59.99"S, 18°27'29.99"E; 24 m.   SAMC_A090087 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.583332/lat -34.216667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.216667">Southern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Point / 16 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°13'00.00"S, 18°34'59.99"E; 44 m.   SAMC_A090088 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.3/lat -34.983334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.983334">Southern</a>
                 margin, 80 km from Gouritsmond / 91 km off Blinde Estuary, 34°59'00.00"S, 22°18'00.00"E; 106 m.   SAM_H1376 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.149998/lat -33.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5">Southern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Port Alfred / 3 km off Old  Womans’ Estuary, 33°30'00.00"S, 27°08'59.99"E; 183 m.   SAM_H1405 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.738886/lat -33.755554)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.738886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.755554">Western</a>
                 margin, 51 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.738886/lat -33.755554)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.738886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.755554">Cape Point</a>
                 / 48 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.738886/lat -33.755554)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.738886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.755554">Krom Estuary</a>
                 , 34°28'59.87"S, 17°58'00.11"E; depth unknown. SAM_H1413 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 11 km from Kenton On Sea / 11 km off Boesmans Estuary, 33°45'19.99"S, 26°44'19.99"E; 79- 80 m.   SAM_H1480 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.216665/lat -33.466663)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.216665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.466663">Southern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from Port Alfred / 5 km off Mpekweni Estuary, 33°27'59.99"S, 27°12'59.99"E; 97 m.   SAM_H3204 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.627209/lat -33.718777)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.627209&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.718777">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kenton On Sea / 5 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°43'07.59"S, 26°37'37.95"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3205 (7 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.92083/lat -34.091663)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.92083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.091663">Southern</a>
                 margin, 37 km from Port Elizabeth / 32 km off Bakens River Estuary, 34°05'29.99"S, 25°55'14.99"E; 123 m.   SAM_H3206 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.95/lat -33.049995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.049995">Southern</a>
                 margin, 7 km from East London / 5 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°02'59.99"S, 27°57'00.00"E; 59 m.   SAM_H3207 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.383331/lat -33.484444)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.383331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.484444">Southern</a>
                 margin, 47 km from Kidds Beach / 13 km off Bira Estuary, 33°29'03.99"S, 27°22'59.99"E; 80 m.   SAM_H3208 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.2/lat -33.166664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.166664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 31 km from Gonubie /off Gqunube Estuary, 33°09'59.99"S, 28°12'00.00"E; 90 m.   SAM_H4243 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.904999/lat -30.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.904999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.25">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from Scottburgh / 12 km off Mkomazi Estuary, 30°15'00.00"S, 30°54'18.00"E; 100 m.   SAM_H4590 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.53333/lat -34.219166)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.219166">Southern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from Cape Point / 12 km off Elsies Estuary, 34°13'08.99"S, 18°31'59.99"E; 37 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>BMNH 1970.1.26.7 (2 syntypes imaged): Eastern margin, north of Durban; 79-81m; DTE (sub-genus type): Southern margin, 113 km from Gouritsmond/125 km off Blinde Estuary, 35°15'59.99"S, 22°26'06.99"E; 155 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum cuneiform, appearing swollen around theca in lateral view. Base rounded giving a V-shaped appearance in side view. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.4-2.8), with serrated calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H4243) 8.6  × 3.4 mm in CD, and 10.5 mm in H. Costae smooth, well defined, each composed of two or more discontinuous ridges per septa. S3 associated costae have three or four longer continuous ridges, which separate 5.0 mm above base. Intercostal striae vary with costae size and arrangement, appearing deep and narrow. Corallum white and sometimes orange. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3 (24 septa). S1-2 have straight axial margins. S3 dimorphic in size: sometimes 2/3 the size of S1-2 and bearing slightly sinuous axial margin or rudimentary. All septa thick and equally exsert. Septal thickening deposits connect septa to a solid lamellar columella deeper in fossa.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western to eastern margin of South Africa, from off Cape Point extending towards Scottburgh; 24-155 m. Elsewhere: Only known from South Africa; 24-165 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus (E.) gilchristi was first reported in the region by Gardiner (1904), and was subsequently placed in a subgenus by Wells (1935) who reported it as  Sphenotrochus (E.) moseri . Thereafter, Cairns and Keller (1993) reported the species in the region and extended the known regional distribution further west. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/339DDEFC974D2B166558754287C86A92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
BF4E363B9EB8D1A9D0EC24F470F5F627.text	BF4E363B9EB8D1A9D0EC24F470F5F627.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenotrochus (Eusthenotrochus) Wells 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenotrochus (Eusthenotrochus) Wells, 1935</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus in which the costae are each composed of two or more irregular rows of short narrow ridges. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF4E363B9EB8D1A9D0EC24F470F5F627	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
23516094DA5BB89035A0715A0ACCA17B.text	23516094DA5BB89035A0715A0ACCA17B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) aurantiacus von Marenzeller 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) aurantiacus von Marenzeller, 1904</p>
            <p>Fig. 15I, J</p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus aurantiacus von Marenzeller, 1904a: 280-281, pl. 18, fig. 15. -Wells 1935: 531. - Boshoff 1981: 38-39. - Cairns 1989b: 38. - Cairns 1997: 25. </p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) aurantiacus . - Cairns and Keller 1993: 254-255, fig. 7D, E, G, H. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Agulhas Bank, South Africa (SS '  Valdivia ' stn. 104: 35°16'00"S 22°26'00"E); 115 m (von Marenzeller 1904a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two syntypes are deposited at the ZMB (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF_SVMEC-INV346:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.7715/lat -34.867046)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.7715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.867046">Southern</a>
                 margin, 96 km from PLETT/ 95 km off Storms Estuary, 34°52'01.38"S, 23°46'17.40"E; 213 m.   SAMC_A072997 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.3867/lat -28.739998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.3867&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.739998">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A073073 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.3867/lat -28.739998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.3867&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.739998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Richards Bay / 20 km off Nhlabane Estuary, 28°44'23.99"S, 32°23'12.11"E; 320- 340 m.   SAMC_A073145 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.606697/lat -28.14)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.606697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.14">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 5 km from Cape Vidal / 16 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°08'24.00"S, 32°36'24.11"E; 165 m.   SAMC_A073160 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.006697/lat -30.083302)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.006697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.083302">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 27 km from Durban / 12 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°04'59.88"S, 31°00'24.11"E; 100 m.   SAMC_A073162 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.328299/lat -32.048298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.328299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.048298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Coffee Bay / 18 km off Mdumbi Estuary, 32°02'53.87"S, 29°19'41.87"E; 250- 280 m.   SAMC_A073168 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.0133/lat -32.379997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.0133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.379997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 37 km from Mazeppa Bay / 18 km off Mendu Estuary, 32°22'48.00"S, 29°00'47.88"E; 450- 500 m.   SAMC_A073172 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.1033/lat -32.3033)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.1033&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.3033">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from Coffee Bay / 20 km off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°18'11.88"S, 29°06'11.88"E; 550 m.   SAMC_A073176 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.051662/lat -30.133331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.051662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.133331">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from Durban / 26 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°07'59.99"S, 31°03'05.99"E; 150 m.   SAMC_A073237 (1 specimen):  Southern margin,  False Bay ; depth unknown. SAMC_A087450 (1 specimen): Locality data unknown. SAMC_A090082 (3 specimens): Locality data unknown; 106 m.   SAM_H817 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.161274/lat -34.186146)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.161274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.186146">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Mosselbaai / 11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°11'10.12"S, 22°09'40.59"E; 229 m.   SAM_H1372 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.85/lat -29.176666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.176666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 27 km from Mtunzini / 25 km off Matigulu Estuary, 29°10'36.00"S, 31°51'00.00"E; 115 m.   SAM_H1385 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°51'59.99"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 101 m.   SAM_H1401 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.929163/lat -33.112495)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.929163&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.112495">Southern</a>
                 margin, 13 km from East London / 10 km off Ngqenga Estuary, 33°06'44.99"S, 27°55'44.99"E; 79 m.   SAM_H1404 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.161274/lat -34.186146)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.161274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.186146">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Mosselbaai / 11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°11'10.12"S, 22°09'40.59"E; 165- 183 m.   SAM_H1409 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.216665/lat -33.466663)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.216665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.466663">Southern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from Port Alfred / 5 km off Mpekweni Estuary, 33°27'59.99"S, 27°12'59.99"E; 97 m.   SAM_H1410 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.316664/lat -33.766663)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.316664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.766663">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Cape Padrone / 26 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°45'59.99"S, 26°18'59.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H1411 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.95/lat -33.049995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.049995">Southern</a>
                 margin, 7 km from East London / 5 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°02'59.99"S, 27°57'00.00"E; 59 m.   SAM_H1416 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.43333/lat -36.666664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.666664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 241 km from Agulhas / 247 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°39'59.99"S, 21°25'59.99"E; 200 m.   SAM_H1422 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.68333/lat -33.199997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.199997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kidds Beach / 5 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°11'59.99"S, 27°40'59.99"E; 79 m.   SAM_H1424 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.43333/lat -36.666664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.666664">Southern</a>
                 margin, off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.43333/lat -36.666664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.666664">East London</a>
                 ; 95 m; SAM_H3197 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.43333/lat -36.666664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.666664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 846 km from Port St. Johns / 842 km off Mkweni Estuary, 36°39'59.99" S, 21°25'59.99"E; 366 m.   SAM_H3202 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Southern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Gonubie /off Gqunube Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3203 (in part: 2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.383331/lat -33.49)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.383331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.49">Southern</a>
                 margin, 48 km from Kidds Beach / 14 km off Bira Estuary, 33°29'24.00"S, 27°22'59.99"E; 80 m.   SAM_H4589 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.0/lat -29.316668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.316668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 46 km from Port Dunford / 45 km off Nyoni Estuary, 29°19'00.00"S, 32°00'00.00"E; 366 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>FAL700 (1 specimen): Southern margin, 24 km from Cape Point/20 km off Sand Estuary, 34°11'06.00"S, 18°38'59.99"E; 44 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum cuneiform, appearing swollen. Base rounded or irregular in shape depending on the substrate. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.79-3.7), with calicular margin slightly serrated. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H1372) 7.7  × 2.8 mm in CD, and 13.8 mm in H. Costae smooth, well defined, each composed of a single longitudinal ridge near calicular margin, which overlaps with adjacent costae towards base. Costae sometimes discontinuous at base. Costae arrangement and size correspond to septa. Corallum white and sometimes orange. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1-2 highly exsert and bear slightly sinuous axial margins. S3 less exsert, 1/3 smaller than S1-2, and have slightly dentate axial margins. S4 rudimentary. All septal faces bear fine, regularly arranged granules. Columella solid, lamellar, and aligned with S1. Columellar lamellae rise above septa.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western to eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape Vidal and extending towards St Lucia; 59-500 m. Elsewhere: No other geographical records are known.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus (S.) aurantiacus is distinctive from the other two Recent species reported in the region by its: i) solid lamellar columella that rises far above the upper septal margin, ii) in having septa arranged in four cycles (48 septa), and iii) a costa:septa ratio of 1:1. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/23516094DA5BB89035A0715A0ACCA17B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
21D7D3C5D53755DDDBB22A13FF7FCA57.text	21D7D3C5D53755DDDBB22A13FF7FCA57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) evexicostatus Cairns in Cairns & Keller 1993	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) evexicostatus Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993</p>
            <p>Fig. 15K, L</p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus intermedius . - Macnae and Kalk 1958: 123. </p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus sp. -Pichon 1974: 176, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus aurantiacus . - Boshoff 1981: 38-39 (in part). </p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) evexicostatus Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993: 255, 258, fig. 9A-H. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off south-eastern Mozambique (RV 'Anton  Bruun’ stn. 372B: 24°48'00"S, 34°59'00"E); 42 m (Cairns and Keller 1993). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype and five paratypes are deposited at the NMNH, whilst one paratype is deposited at the SAM (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  ORI_DIIIi1 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.458332/lat -34.166664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.458332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.166664">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC_A090080 (3 specimens): Southern margin, 22 km from Cape Point / 4 km off Elsies Estuary, 34°09'59.99"S, 18°27'29.99"E; 24 m.   SAMC_A090083 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.583334/lat -34.216667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.583334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.216667">Southern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Point / 16 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°13'00.00"S, 18°35'00.0"E; 44 m.  SAMC_A090085 (in part: 1 specimen): Locality data unknown; 43 m.   SAM_H806 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.92083/lat -34.091663)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.92083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.091663">Southern</a>
                 margin, 37 km from Port Elizabeth / 32 km off Bakens River Estuary, 34°05'29.99"S, 25°55'14.99"E; 20 m.   SAM_H3200 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 3 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 49 m.   SAM_H3201 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 3 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 71- 73 m.   SAM_H3202 (10 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Southern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Gonubie /off Gqunube Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H4584 (1 paratype):  Eastern margin, 31 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 32 km off Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary, 24°48'00"S, 34°59.00"E; 42 m.   USNM 77188 (12 paratypes):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.35/lat -29.316664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.316664">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 24 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 5 km off Mdlotane Estuary, 29°18'59.99"S, 31°21'00.00"E; 38 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum cuneiform. Thecal faces diverge at 12°, producing a triangular profile in lateral view. Base rounded. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 2.4-3.1), with serrated calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H806) 6.7  × 2.3 mm in CD, and 8.8 mm in H, showing an episode of rejuvenescence. Costae rounded, equal in width, and do not overlap with adjacent costae. Costae slanting inwards towards base, being continuous until ~ 1.5 mm above base where they form discontinuous ridges. All costae smooth, except C1 and adjacent C4, which are slightly granulated. Pairs of C4 occur in each half-system adjacent to S1 (32 costae), but S4 do not correspond to C4. Intercostal striae wider than costae. Corallum white but sometimes light-yellow to brown. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3 (24 septa). S1-2 moderately exsert, equal in width, and join columella deep in fossa with slightly sinuous axial margin. S3 less exsert, 1/3 the width of S1-2, and bear slightly dentated axial margin. Columella solid and lamellar. Lamella rises almost to the height of septal upper margins. Columellar elements and septal faces bear low-profile granules.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, from off Cape Point extending towards Durban; 24-90 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); Madagascar (?) Pichon 1974); 12-73 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Examined specimens of  Sphenotrochus (S.) evexicostatus add no taxonomic knowledge to the existing diagnosis. The species is well described by Cairns and Keller (1993), who noted that it may co-exist with  S. imbricaticostatus , which has similar septa, costae, and columella. However,  S. evexicostatus can be distinguished in having: round, ridged, non-imbricate, equidistant costae; wide intercostal striae that are&gt; 35% width of costae; and S3 ~ 1/3 the width of S1-2. The ornamentation of costae of  S. evexicostatus , which is continuous from calice and become disconnected ~ 1.5 mm from base, is also a distinctive feature. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/21D7D3C5D53755DDDBB22A13FF7FCA57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
B1521CC3BDCB575D2A1BD2E2CB52E4E8.text	B1521CC3BDCB575D2A1BD2E2CB52E4E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) imbricaticostatus Cairns in Cairns & Keller 1993	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) imbricaticostatus Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993</p>
            <p>Fig. 15M, N</p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus aurantiacus . - Boshoff 1981: 38-39 (in part). </p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) imbricaticostatus Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993: 258-259, fig. 9A-H. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Kosi Bay, South Africa (RV 'Meiring  Naude’ stn. ZB27: 27°03'00"S 32°53'00"E); 44 m (Cairns and Keller 1993). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype and eight paratypes are deposited at the NMNH, whilst one paratype is deposited at the SAM (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A090084 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.458332/lat -34.166664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.458332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.166664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 22 km from Cape Point / 4 km off Elsies Estuary, 34°09'59.99"S, 18°27'29.99"E; 24 m.  SAMC_A090085 (in part: 12 specimen): Locality data unknown; 43 m.   SAM_H3203 (in part: 2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.383331/lat -33.49)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.383331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.49">Southern</a>
                 margin, 48 km from Kidds Beach / 14 km off Bira Estuary, 33°29'24.00"S, 27°22'59.99"E; 80 m.   SAM_H4586 (2 paratypes):  Eastern margin, 31 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 32 km off Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary, 24°48'00"S, 34°59.00"E; 42 m.   USNM-91715 (holotype):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.883327/lat -27.059)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.883327&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.059">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 23 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.883327/lat -27.059)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.883327&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.059">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 15 km off Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary, 27°03'32.40"S, 32°52'59.99"E; 44 m.   USNM-91717 (2 paratypes):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.583332/lat -29.35)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.35">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 38 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 16 km off Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°21'00.00"S, 31°34'59.99"E; 57 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum cuneiform, with highly compressed faces in lower corallum. Upper corallum highly flared, producing a rectangular-like side view. Base slightly rounded. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.4-2.8). Largest specimen examined (USNM-91717) 3.7  × 2.5 in CD, and 6.7 mm in H. Costae smooth, flat, unequally in width, and ridged. In some specimens 12-14 costae overreach base and meet counterparts from opposite side. Pairs of C4 occur in each half-system adjacent to two S1 (32 costae), but S4 does not correspond to C4. Intercostal striae narrow, being slightly wider than costae. Corallum light brown. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3 (24 septa). S1-2 moderately exsert, equal in width, and extending 4/5 distance to columella with thickened and vertical axial margins. S3 equally exsert, but  ¾ the width of S1-2. S3 axial margin narrow, straight to sinuous. Columella composed of a sharp-edged lamella that rises as high as septa. Columella and all septal faces covered by slender spines, giving them a rough appearance. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern and Eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape Point extending towards Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary (23 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 24-80 m. Elsewhere: south-eastern Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); 37-347 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus (S.) imbricaticostatus differs from the two other South African species in the subgenus (  S. evexicostatus and  S. aurantiacus ) by its compressed rectangular cuneiform corallum and wide, flat, imbricate costae, which alternates in width and imbricate with edges of adjacent costae (Cairns and Keller 1993). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B1521CC3BDCB575D2A1BD2E2CB52E4E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
F8EAEF8C63882193BAB4B5E1E8A9E291.text	F8EAEF8C63882193BAB4B5E1E8A9E291.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Sphenotrochus in which each costae composed of a single, elongated ridge and are continuous from calice to base, or, at least, for upper part of thecal face. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8EAEF8C63882193BAB4B5E1E8A9E291	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
8921A660AA371D3EF60875E0F8E8EE57.text	8921A660AA371D3EF60875E0F8E8EE57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenotrochus Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenotrochus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum cuneiform with a rounded base; transverse division lacking. Theca imperforate; costae smooth, corresponding to septa. Costae sometimes degenerate into discontinuous fragments on basal or all of thecal face. Three or four cycles of septa. Pali absent; columella lamellar.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Turbinolia crispa Lamarck, 1816, by subsequent designation (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1850b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8921A660AA371D3EF60875E0F8E8EE57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
03EE3E0F3F682274A92C69BBA80617CB.text	03EE3E0F3F682274A92C69BBA80617CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stenocyathus Pourtalès 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Stenocyathus 
Pourtales
, 1871
</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, ceratoid to cylindrical, free or attached. Wall epithecal with rows of thecal spots (pores) flanking each S3. Pali, if present, opposite S2. Columella composed of one or two twisted, crispate ribbons.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Coenocyathus vermiformis Pourtalès , 1868, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE3E0F3F682274A92C69BBA80617CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
9AF0A0B7702A2620C95DD4A971E9DE3E.text	9AF0A0B7702A2620C95DD4A971E9DE3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stenocyathus vermiformis (Pourtales 1868)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Stenocyathus vermiformis (
Pourtales
, 1868)
</p>
            <p>Fig. 14O, P</p>
            <p> Coenocyathus vermiformis Pourtalès , 1868: 133-134. </p>
            <p> Stenocyathus vermiformis . -  Pourtalès 1871: 10, pl. 1, figs 1, 2, pl. 3, figs 11-13. -  Pourtalès 1878: 202. -  Pourtalès 1880: 96, 101 (in part), pl. 1, figs 15, 16. -Duncan 1883: 368. - Agassiz 1888: 148, fig. 483. -von Marenzeller 1904a: 298-300, pl. 18, fig. 16. -Gravier 1915: 2. - Gravier 1920: 30-32, pl. 3, figs 35-37, pl. 13, figs 193-197. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 172. -Wells 1947: 167, pl. 10, figs 1-5. - Wells 1958: 262. - Squires 1959a: 23. -Zibrowius 1969: 328. -Laborel 1970: 153. -Zibrowius 1971: 244. - Cairns 1977b: 5. - Cairns 1978: 11. - Cairns 1979: 168-170, pl. 32, figs 8-10, pl. 33, figs 1, 2. - Zibrowius 1980: 163-165, pl. 84, figs A-Q. - Cairns 1982: 52, pl. 16, figs 8-11. -Cairns 1984: 23, 25, pl. 5, fig. C. - Cairns et al. 1991: 48. -Cairns and Parker 1992: 43, fig. 14B, C. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 273, fig. 12E, F. -Cairns 1994: 69-70, pl. 22, fig. G, pl. 29, figs C, F. - Cairns 1995: 94-95, pl. 30, figs C-G. - Cairns et al. 1999: 33. - Cairns 2000: 151-153, fig. 178. -Cairns 2004a: 302. - Cairns 2006: 48. -Kitahara 2007: 504, 505, 511, 512, fig. 5F. - Cairns 2009: 22. - Kitahara et al. 2010b. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 559-561, figs 308D-F, 309. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia simplex Duncan, 1878: 237, pl. 43, figs 32-34. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia carpenteri Duncan, 1878: 237, pl. 43, figs 28-31. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Off Florida Keys, United States; 274-329 m (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Syntypes are deposited at the MCZ (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAM_H1699 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.68/lat -27.991667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.991667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from Cape Vidal / 23 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°59'30.00"S, 32°40'47.99"E; 550 m.   SAM_H3212 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.35333/lat -33.49)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.35333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.49">Southern</a>
                 margin, 46 km from Port Alfred / 12 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°29'24.00"S, 27°21'11.99"E; 80 m.   SAM_H3213 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.516665/lat -32.916664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.516665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.916664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 40 km from Cintsa / 29 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°54'59.99"S, 28°30'59.99"E; 630 m.   SAM_H3214 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.980001/lat -32.476665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.980001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.476665">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km off Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°28'36.00"S, 28°58'48.00"E; 710- 775 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, small, vermiform, usually free, but occasionally attached. Calice cylindrical to sub-cylindrical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.4), calicular margin smooth. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H1699) 4.5  × 4.4 mm in CD and 20.0 mm in H. Theca thin, marked with transverse ridges extending from calicular edge to base, and white spots aligned in 24 longitudinal rows. Costae absent. Corallum white with light brown theca. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S3 ≥ S2 (24 septa). S1 extend  ¾ distance to columella. S2 half the width of S1, and bear a pali. S3 slightly wider or equal to S2. All septa have sinuous axial edges, and granules arranged perpendicular to septal margin. Pali also granular and sinuous. Columella fascicular in a shallow to moderately deep fossa. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Southern to eastern margins of South Africa, from off Cintsa extending to Cape Vidal; 80-775 m. Elsewhere: Walters Shoal; St Paul and Amsterdam Islands (von Marenzeller 1904a; Zibrowius 1974a; Cairns and Keller 1993); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); Australia (Cairns 2004a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Mediterranean Sea (Zibrowius 1980); from off the United States (  Pourtalès 1868; Cairns 1979) to Brazil (Kitahara 2007); and Antarctica (Cairns 1982); 80-1500 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Specimens of  S. vermiformis examined herein represent new records for the region, thus extending the previously known distribution from south of Madagascar towards South Africa. Furthermore, this is the only species of the family representative in the region and is distinctive in its small vermiform corallum, three septal cycles, and presence of thecal spots aligned in rows. Molecular evidence suggests that  S. vermiformis groups with  Caryophylliidae (Kitahara et al. 2010b) and thereby supports the hypothesis that thecal pores originated independently in different scleractinian lineages (Stolarski 2000). Nonetheless, additional work on the placement of the other species representatives of the family needs to be undertaken. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9AF0A0B7702A2620C95DD4A971E9DE3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
1FCA4AC93544A3A25076922DD8802815.text	1FCA4AC93544A3A25076922DD8802815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) explanans (von Marenzeller 1904)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) explanans (von Marenzeller, 1904)</p>
            <p>Fig. 5A-F</p>
            <p> Stephanotrochus explanans von Marenzeller, 1940a: 304-307, pl. 8, fig. 19A, B. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 192. </p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus nobilis . - Boshoff 1981: 39. </p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) spiniger . - Cairns and Keller 1993: 243-244. </p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) explanans . - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 119, fig. 14E. - Cairns 1998: 38. -Cairns 2004a: 285. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Sumatra, Zanzibar Island and Pemba (SS '  Valdivia ' stns. 194, 243 and 245: 0°15'02"N, 98°08'08"E, 6°39'01"S, 39°30'08"E, and 05°27'09"S, 39°18'08"E, respectively); 245-614 m (von Marenzeller 1904a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Ten syntypes are deposited at the ZMB (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A090144 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.6106/lat -31.661997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.6106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.661997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 8 km from Port St. Johns / 11 km off Bulolo Estuary, 31°39'43.19"S, 29°36'38.16"E; 96-98 m.   ORI_DIIIk2 (I specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.333332/lat -29.916666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.916666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 33 km from Durban / 31 km off Beachwood Mangroves, 29°55'00.00"S, 31°19'59.99"E; 442 m.   USNM 62500 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.071785/lat -29.774767)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.071785&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.774767">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from Durban / 4 km off Beachwood Mangroves, 29°46'29.16"S, 31°04'18.42"E; 183-220 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p> RV  ‘Galathea’ stn. 202 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, Natal. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum bowl-shaped, free, with a slightly rounded base. BD smaller than CD; base has a basal attachment scar. All specimens bear short, straight, and slender C1 costal spines, and are usually longer (in relation to CD) in juveniles. Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), with a serrated calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (USNM 62500) 30.4  × 27.6 mm in CD, 26.6 in BD, and 11.2 mm in H. Costae slightly convex and granular, extending from calicular margin and disappearing towards base. Costae absent at base epicentre, which is usually eroded. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (≤ 72 septa). S1 highly exsert and extend to columella with straight axial margin. A deep notch separates P1 from S1. P1 fuse to columella. S2 as exsert and as large to only slightly smaller than S1. P2 also fuse to columella, but is slightly smaller than P1. S3 ~ 1 mm less exsert and  ¾ the width of S1-2. P3 broad and separated from S3 by a narrow notch. S4 flanked by S5 as wide and exsert as S3, but those unflanked S4 are the least exsert septa, and only  ½ the width of S3. S4 become rudimentary deeper in fossa. P4 fuse to P3. S5 closely resembling unflanked S4. All septal margins straight. Paliform lobes also straight, and appear to be arranged in a single palar crown. Fossa relatively shallow, containing a papillose columella, composed of ≤ 20 granular and closely-packed rods. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Port St. Johns extending towards Durban; 96-695 m. Elsewhere: Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Tanzania; Madagascar (Cairns and Keller 1993); 180-1016 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus (A.) explanans differs from the only other subgeneric extant species [  S. spiniger (von Marenzeller, 1888)], in its calicular margin, number of septa, and costal spines. Cairns and Zibrowius (1997) elaborated on these taxonomic differences, highlighting that  S. explanans may be distinguished in having a serrated calicular margin (lanceted in  S. spiniger ), 48-72 septa (instead of 96 septa), and 6-11 marginal circular spines (consistently 6 elongated and basally compressed in  S. spiniger ).  Stephanocyathus explanans was first reported from South Africa by Gardiner and Waugh (1938), however no further locality information apart from noting that specimens were collected "off South Africa" was provided. Subsequently, Boshoff (1981) incorrectly identified the species as  Stephanocyathus (O.) nobilis (von Marenzeller, 1904a) (ORI _ D111k2), a record later corrected as  S. explanans by Cairns and Keller (1993). The South African representatives add no new morphological information apart from S1 being slightly wider than S2 in some of the examined specimens. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1FCA4AC93544A3A25076922DD8802815	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
E9BA8C819ED315F78474EADC0C190BF2.text	E9BA8C819ED315F78474EADC0C190BF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) Wells 1984	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) Wells, 1984</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus with six elongate spines corresponding to C1. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Stephanotrochus spiniger von Marenzeller, 1888, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E9BA8C819ED315F78474EADC0C190BF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
C1056FBF9E614DBA3C4AE47CB0868E15.text	C1056FBF9E614DBA3C4AE47CB0868E15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) campaniformis (von Marenzeller 1904)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) campaniformis (von Marenzeller, 1904)</p>
            <p>Fig. 5G-I</p>
            <p> Stephanotrochus campaniformis von Marenzeller, 1904a: 302, pl. 18, figs 20, 20A. </p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus campaniformis . -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 189, 191. - Zibrowius 1980: 103. - Zibrowius and Gili 1990: 32-35, pl. 4, figs A-F, pl. 5, figs E-J </p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) campaniformis . - Cairns and Keller 1993: 243, fig. 5A, B. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Walvis Ridge, Namibia (SS '  Valdivia ' stn. 83: 25°25'03"S, 6°12'04"E); 981 m (von Marenzeller 1904a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two syntypes are deposited at the ZMB (Zibrowius and Gili 1990).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAM_H3178 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 39 km from Coffee Bay/ 31 km off Hluleka Estuary, 32°00'42.00"S, 29°33'00.00"E; 1420 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum highly variable in shape, ranging from flat, cylindrical, bulbous, to bowl-shaped (as in the examined specimen) with rounded base. BD smaller than CD, and having a basal scar indicating point of attachment. Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1), with serrated calicular margin. Only specimen examined 29.8  × 27.5 mm in CD, 24.3 in BD, and 12.6 mm in H. Lower costae unevenly sized and spaced, with C1-2 prominent and extending from calicular margin to base, where they bear basal tubercles. C3-5 equal, separated by fine striae, and less distinct towards base. All costae covered with fine granules. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (≤ 80 septa). S1-2 highly exsert, and extend to columella with straight axial margins. Each S1-2 bears a palus separated from its respective septum by a deep notch. P1 fuse to columella. S3 less exsert and  ¾ the width of S1-2, with a straight axial margin, and separated from respective P3 by a notch. When flanked by S4, S3 and S4 join deeper in fossa, meeting columella as one septum. S4 less exsert,  ½ the width of S3, with straight to slightly dentate axial margins. S5 equally exsert as surrounding S4, but rudimentary in development. Septal faces covered with fine granules. Pali variable in size and shape. Fossa relatively shallow, but reported to be deep in larger specimens. An under-developed papillose columella present, usually a result of pali fusing. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Coffee Bay; 1420 m. Elsewhere: Madagascar Plateau (Cairns and Keller 1993); Walvis Ridge (off Namibia) (Zibrowius and Gili 1990); 882-1610 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Among the Atlantic extant species of  Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) ,  S. campaniformis closely resembles  S. nobilis (Moseley, 1873), but differs in having a considerably smaller adult size (7.5-11.5 mm) compared with that reported for  S. nobilis (10.0-15.0) (Cairns and Keller 1993; Zibrowius and Gili 1990), and a higher H:GCD ratio (0.4-1.3) unlike that of  S. nobilis (0.4-0.8 mm) (Cairns and Keller 1993; Zibrowius and Gili 1990). The resemblance of the Indian and Atlantic Ocean  S. campaniformis representatives has been historically noted (Cairns and Keller 1993), and specimens reported herein add no taxonomic knowledge to this discussion. Specimens examined herein represent a new South African record, thus extending the Indian Ocean records from the Madagascar Plateau further southwards. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C1056FBF9E614DBA3C4AE47CB0868E15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
8BCC9720311E0162931DE02A96560629.text	8BCC9720311E0162931DE02A96560629.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) Moseley 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) Moseley, 1881</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus with 12-18 short basal spines or tubercles (C1-2, sometimes C3), sometimes fusing into a basal rim. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Platytrochus coronatus Pourtalès , 1867, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8BCC9720311E0162931DE02A96560629	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
05C25918E88A6389CA9B96A4BC3EAE16.text	05C25918E88A6389CA9B96A4BC3EAE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) nobilis (Moseley 1873)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) nobilis (Moseley, 1873)</p>
            <p>Fig. 5J-L</p>
            <p> Ceratrochus nobilis Moseley in Thomson, 1873: 402, fig. 3. -Moseley in Thomson 1876: 554. </p>
            <p> Stephanotrochus nobilis . - Moseley 1881: 155, pl. 3, fig. 3A-B. -Jourdan 1895: 20. </p>
            <p> Stephanotrochus nitens Alcock in Wood-Mason &amp; Alcock, 1891: 7-8. </p>
            <p> Stephanotrochus platypus . -Jourdan 1895: 19, pl. 2, figs 14-16. </p>
            <p> Stephanotrochus diadema var. nobilis . - Gravier 1920: 47-51, pl. 5, figs 80-86, pl. 6, figs 87-89, pl. 14, figs 205, 206. </p>
            <p> Sabinotrochus opulens Gravier, 1920: 54, pl. 6, figs 101-103. </p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus nobilis . -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 189-192, pl. 6, figs 13, 15. -Pillai and Scheer 1976: 16. - Zibrowius 1980: 101-108, pl. 51, figs A-K. </p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) nobilis . - Cairns 1979: 110-111, pl. 20, figs 7, 10. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 242, fig. 5D, E. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> South of Flores, Azores (HMS  ‘Challenger’ stn. 38°30'00"N, 31°14'00"W); 1830 m (Moseley 1876). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NHMUK (Zibrowius 1980).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAM_H1697 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 58 km south of Ponta Do Ouro/ 46 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°21'18.00"S, 33°03'53.99"E; 1050 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum bowl-shaped with rounded base. BD smaller than CD. Base eroded but usually having a basal scar indicating point of previous attachment. Prominent basal tubercles corresponding to C1-2. Calice slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.03), with serrated calicular margin. Only specimen examined 41.3  × 40.0 mm in CD, 29.3 in BD, and 24.9 mm in H. Lower costae unevenly sized and spaced. C1-2 prominent and extending from calicular margin to base. Theca mostly smooth and glossy, with traces of costae, which change to 2-3 tubercles at basal inflection point, and progressively becoming less prominent at basal centre. C3-5 subequal, with thin and deep striae at calicular margin, becoming faint and slowly disappearing towards base. All costae covered by fine granules. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (≤ 76 septa). S1-2 highly exsert and extend to columella with straight axial margins. P1-2 separated from their respective septum by a shallow notch. P1 reaches/fuses to columella. S3 less exsert and 3/4 the width of S1-2. S3 axial margins straight to slightly sinuous and bear a palus (P3). P3 sometimes joined by adjacent S4 deeper in fossa. S4 less exsert and  ½ the width of S3, with straight axial margins. S5 rudimentary but as exsert as S4. All septal faces covered with fine granules. Pali variable in size, shape, and height. P1-3 form an inner crown encircling the well-developed papillose columella composed of closely packed rods. Fossa relatively deep, but reported to be shallow in smaller specimens. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Mgobezeleni Estuary (58 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 1050 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); off Zanzibar; off Kenya (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Madagascar (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Arabian Sea (Wood-Mason and Alcock 1891 a); Maldives (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); off England; Azores; Gulf of Guinea (Zibrowius 1980); 609-2200 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> As mentioned in the remarks section of  Stephanocyathus (O.) campaniformis ,  S. nobilis may be confused with  S. campaniformis but differs in corallum size and height in relation to GCD. Both species have overlapping distributional patterns and are reported to occur in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean basins, this observation leading up to historical discussions around the validity of the Indian Ocean representatives as  S. nobilis . However, Cairns and Keller (1993) agreed with Zou (1988) and confirmed that the Indian and Atlantic Ocean representatives are indeed one species of  S. nobilis . The current Indian Ocean record represents a southern range extension from Mozambique and is a new record for South Africa. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/05C25918E88A6389CA9B96A4BC3EAE16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
DB7E7B2DEA531FE8AC09A4B9762BD184.text	DB7E7B2DEA531FE8AC09A4B9762BD184.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephanocyathus Seguenza 1864	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stephanocyathus Seguenza, 1864</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Solitary, patellate to bowl-shaped, and free. Costae usually well developed, some of which are sometimes highly spinose. Paliform lobes usually present on all septa. Columella trabecular, papillose, or a solid fusion of axial septal margins.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Stephanocyathus elegans Seguenza, 1864, by subsequent designation (Wells 1936). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB7E7B2DEA531FE8AC09A4B9762BD184	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
026F548FB38D933AF37559D2D596EC65.text	026F548FB38D933AF37559D2D596EC65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephanophyllia fungulus Alcock 1902	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stephanophyllia fungulus Alcock, 1902</p>
            <p>Fig. 14G, H</p>
            <p> Stephanophyllia complicata . - Alcock 1902a: 40 (in part: 1 of 3 specimens from  ‘Siboga’ 59). -Moseley 1876. </p>
            <p> Stephanophyllia fungulus Alcock, 1902b: 122-123. - Alcock 1902c: 40, pl. 5, fig. 35A, B. - Gardiner and Waugh 1939: 234. -Pillia and Scheer 1976: 14. - Cairns 1989b: 21-23, pl. 10, figs A-K, pl. 11, figs A-B. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 231. -Cairns 1994: 41-42, pl. 16, figs A-D, F, G. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 70, 72, figs 21, 22A-H. </p>
            <p> Micrabacia fungulus . -Vaughan and Wells 1943: 312, pl. 20, fig. 1A, B. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Sulu Archipelago (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stn. 100: 6°11'00"N, 120°37.5'00"E); 450 m (Alcock 1902b; Cairns 1989). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Five syntypes are deposited at the ZMA (Cairns 1989a; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAMC_A073050 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 26 km from Cape Vidal/ 25 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°54'18.00"S, 32°37'59.87"E; 105 m. SAMC_A073106 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 66 km from Cape Vidal/ 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°33'11.88"S, 32°43'00.12"E; 140 m. SAMC_A073139 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 35 km from Cape Vidal/ 32 km off St Lucia Estuary, 27°49'41.87"S, 32°38'12.11"E; 54 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Corallum discoidal (GCD:H = 2.6-2.9), robust, and bearing a flat to slightly concave or convex base. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073106) 12.9 mm in CD and 4.5 mm in H. Calice circular, with finely serrated calicular margin. Costae equidistant with rounded edges. Costal bifurcation alternates with septal pattern. Intercostal spaces porous, narrow near base epicentre but broadens towards calicular edge. Synapticular bars connect two costae to common septum between them. No marginal shelf. Corallum white to creamy.</p>
            <p>Septa arranged in typical micrabaciid fashion and total ≤ 96 septa. S1-2 non-bifurcate and straight, with subsequent S3 leading to multiple bifurcations. S1 extend to columella. S2 also extend to columella, but joined by S3 near columella. At the fusing point between S2-3 a delta with numerous spines is formed. S3 bifurcates repeatedly. First bifurcation produces two S3i on either side of S2. Resultant edges of S3i adjacent to S2 bifurcates three more times in which first branching gives S3ii, second one S3iii, and last gives two S3iv. S3i adjacent to S1 bifurcates twice, in which first gives one S3ii, and two S3iii. Septa perforate at near base and at points of bifurcation. All septal margins straight. Septal faces bear granules shaped as small triangular spines. Columella lenticular and aligned with two S1.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape Vidal; 54-150 m. Elsewhere: Off south-eastern Mozambique; Chagos Archipelago (Gardiner and Waugh 1939); Maldives (Pillar and Scheer 1976); Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns 1989a; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); 15-635 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Stephanophyllia fungulus is one of the four known species in the genus and was first reported in the region by Cairns (1989a), who detailed the morphological differences among them. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026F548FB38D933AF37559D2D596EC65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
7C96884875693DD01248144CF21A1514.text	7C96884875693DD01248144CF21A1514.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephanophyllia Michelin 1841	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stephanophyllia Michelin, 1841</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, discoidal, and free. Synapticulothecate. A small marginal shelf may be present. Costae granular. Intercostal spaces broader than costae and penetrated by large pores. Septa imperforate, totalling 96 that alternate in position with costae. Septa arranged in typical micrabaciid pattern, having multiple bifurcations of the S3. Septa and costae interconnected by elongate, bar-shaped synapticulae (fulturae). Columella lamellar to papillose.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Fungia elegans Bronn, 1837, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C96884875693DD01248144CF21A1514	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
A2E27330CD8A641DBB57D0166C639663.text	A2E27330CD8A641DBB57D0166C639663.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tethocyathus Kühn 1933	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Tethocyathus 
Kuehn
, 1933
</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, turbinate to trochoid, fixed or free. Septotheca covered by thick epitheca. Paliform lobes before all but last septal cycle in two distinct crowns. Columella papillose at top.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Thecocyathus microphyllus Reuss, 1871, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A2E27330CD8A641DBB57D0166C639663	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438.text	46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tethocyathus virgatus (Alcock 1902)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tethocyathus virgatus (Alcock, 1902)</p>
            <p>Fig. 5M, N</p>
            <p> Trochocyathus (Thecocyathus) virgatus Alcock, 1902a: 98-99. - Alcock 1902c: 16-17, pl. 2, fig. 13. </p>
            <p> Tethocyathus virgatus . - Cairns 1995: 65-66, pl. 16C-F. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 114-115. - Cairns 1999a: 86. -Cairns 2004a: 286. - Cairns 2009: 9. - Kitahara et al. 2010a: 115. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 570-571, 573, figs 316, 317A-C. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Sulu Archipelago (HMS  ‘Siboga’ stns. 96 and 105: South-east of Pearl Bank and 6°08'00"S, 121°19'00"E, respectively); 15-275 m (Alcock 1902c). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Two syntypes are deposited at the ZMA (Cairns 2004a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073083 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.201702/lat -29.015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.201702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.015">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Richards Bay / 40 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°00'54.00"S, 32°12'06.12"E; 215 m.   SAMC_A073180 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.6067/lat -32.7633)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.6067&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.7633">Southern</a>
                 margin, 33 km from Mazeppa Bay / 24 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°45'47.88"S, 28°36'24.12"E; 240-250 m.   USNM 91674 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.136333/lat -29.08633)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.136333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.08633">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 32 km from Port Dunford / 37 km off Mlalazi Estuary, 29°05'10.79"S, 32 08'10.79"E; 95 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, ceratoid to subcylindrical, and attached to substrate by a thick pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.2-0.7) that expands into a polycyclic encrusting base. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1-1.2), with a jagged calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (USNM 91674) 13.4  × 11.8 mm in CD, and 26.3 mm in H. Costae unequal, flat, granular, separated by shallow intercostal striae, and becoming less prominent towards base. Epitheca may be thick and penetrated by lenticular pores of acrothoracid barnacles, or thin with no incrustation. Corallum pigmented purple-black, that fades into a white colouration towards base. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3 ≥ S4&gt; S5 (&lt;68 septa). Septa closely packed. S1-2 exsert, independent, thickest, and most swollen. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert and less thick. S31/2 the width of S1-2. S4 dimorphic in size: those adjacent to S1 equal to or slightly wider than S3; and those adjacent to S2 usually less wide than S3. S5 same width as S4 adjacent to S1, if present. All septa have straight axial margins except for S3, which have slightly sinuous ones. Septal faces granular. Pali large, closely packed, and present before all septal cycles but last, forming a high paliform crown encircling a papillose columella composed of a group of closely-packed and low-profile rods.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, from Kei Mouth extending towards Port Dunford; 95-250 m. Elsewhere: Philippines; Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Vanuatu; Wallis and Futuna Islands (Cairns 1999a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); Australia (Cairns 2004a); 95-1200 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Tethocyathus virgatus is distinguished from the other Recent congeners in having a pigmented CS1, S1-2 being the thickest septa, well-developed lamellar pali, and by attaining the largest corallum size. The examined specimens represent a new record for the region. The South African representative differs from the Australian in having septa of the fifth cycle (&lt;68 septa) as compared with only four (48 septa), and in having S3 that bear a slightly sinuous rather than a straight axial margin. Nonetheless, all the other taxonomic features agree with what is known to be characteristic of the species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
ECD71DB1B92AFF9AB42EDEFF6E392A53.text	ECD71DB1B92AFF9AB42EDEFF6E392A53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) (Trochocyathus) Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Trochocyathus lacking basal costal spines and with other than discoidal coralla. </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Turbinolia mitrata Goldfuss, 1827, by subsequent designation (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1850b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ECD71DB1B92AFF9AB42EDEFF6E392A53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
DA5060495F2C51A58552531D0C7398E2.text	DA5060495F2C51A58552531D0C7398E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) sp. 1	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) sp. 1</p>
            <p>Figs 5O, P, 6A, B</p>
            <p> Trochocyathus rawsonii . - Gardiner 1904: 100-103, 124, pl. 1, fig. 2A, B, pl. 2, fig. D, E, G, H, J, K. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 241. </p>
            <p> Caryophyllia gigas . - Boshoff 1981: 36. </p>
            <p> Endopachys grayi . - Boshoff 1981: 42 (in part). </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073233 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.5/lat -34.23333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.23333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Cape Point / 10 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°13'59.99"S, 18°30'00.00"E; 42 m.   SAM_H1244 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.949997/lat -33.049995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.949997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.049995">Southern</a>
                 margin, 7 km from East London / 5 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°02'59.99"S, 27°56'59.99"E; 59 m.   SAM_H1449 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.55/lat -32.566666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.566666">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Mazeppa Bay / 20 km off Great KeiEstuary, 32°34'00.00"S, 28°33'00.00"E; 174 m.   SAM_H3115 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.155315/lat -34.177105)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.155315&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.177105">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km off Mosselbaai / 10 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°10'37.57"S, 22°09'19.14"E; 55 m.   SAM_H3117 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.81333/lat -33.719997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.81333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.719997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 246 km from Mazeppa Bay / 243 km off Mendu Estuary, 33°43'11.99"S, 30°48'47.99"E; 780 m.   SAM_H3177 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.193329/lat -33.655003)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.193329&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.655003">Southern</a>
                 margin, 15 km from Port Alfred / 11 km off Riet Estuary, 33°39'18.00"S, 27°11'35.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3833 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.961668/lat -32.25333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.961668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from Coffee Bay / 7 km off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°15'11.99"S, 28°57'42.00"E; 47 m.   SAM_H3834 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.791666/lat -33.844997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.791666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.844997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 23 km from Port Elizabeth / 22 km off Bakens River Estuary, 33°50'41.99"S, 25°47'30.00"E; 36 m.  ORI_DIIIa4_3 (1 specimen): Locality data unknown, 300 m.   ORI_EId1 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.17333/lat -32.24833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.17333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.24833">Eastern</a>
                 margin, other locality data unknown. USNM 77220 (3 specimens): Eastern margin, 28 km from Coffee Bay / 19 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 32°14'53.99"S, 29°10'23.99"E; 620- 560 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>BMNH 1950.03.22.17 (1 specimen), BMNH 1950.01.10.112 (1 specimen), NHMUK 1970.01.26.11-20 (2 specimens): South Africa, other locality data unknown. Mortensen Java Expedition (12 specimens): Eastern margin, off Durban, 128 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum solitary, ceratoid to trochoid, mostly attached through a variably sized pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.3-0.7). Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), calicular margin slightly serrated. Largest specimen examined (ORI_DIIIa4_3) 11.1  × 10.1 mm in CD, 12.0 mm in H, and 6.6 mm in PD. Costae prominent from calicular margin to base, similar in width to associated septa, equidistant, low, bearing small granules, and separated by thin intercostal furrows. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa); sometimes a pair of S5 present in a half-system (e.g., ORI_EId1). S1 most exsert, equal or slightly wider than S2, with straight or slightly sinuous axial margin. S2  ¼ wider than S3 with moderately sinuous axial margin. S3 as sinuous as S2. S4 rudimentary and bearing dentate axial margin. S3-4 progressively less exsert than S2. Pali present before all but last septal cycle. P2-3 joining deeper in fossa, forming thick chevrons before S2. Pali tall, being distinctively higher than columellar elements. All septal and palar faces covered with small granules. Fossa moderately deep, containing a papillose columella composed of a group of 6-18 loosely-packed, low-profile rods. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, from off Cape Point towards Coffee Bay; 36-780 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The validity of  Gardiner’s (1904) specimens as  Trochocyathus (T.) rawsonii has long been questioned due to their well-developed costae, slender pedicel, and rarely bearing S5 (Cairns 1979; Zibrowius and Gili 1990; Cairns and Keller 1993). The examined material conforms to these characteristics and closely resembles  Gardiner’s (1904) illustrations. Nevertheless, the specimens reported herein, together with  Gardiner’s (1904), might represent a new species. However, as  Trochocyathus have great intraspecific variation, a formal description is postponed. Nonetheless, these new records extend the known distribution of this taxon towards the eastern margin of South Africa and also expand its known depth range (both upper and lower). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA5060495F2C51A58552531D0C7398E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
3F9E35E3EEF241CED262FA50E2DD2334.text	3F9E35E3EEF241CED262FA50E2DD2334.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) sp. 2	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) sp. 2</p>
            <p>Fig. 6C-F</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF/SAEON_ A33997 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.703217/lat -34.064865)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.703217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.064865">Southern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Cape Padrone / 40 km off Boknes Estuary, 34°03'53.52"S, 26°42'11.58"E; 100 m.   DSCS-INV 529 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.1/lat -32.2783)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.2783">Southern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.1/lat -32.2783)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.2783">Cape St. Francis</a>
                 / 70 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.1/lat -32.2783)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.2783">Slang Estuary</a>
                 , 34°47'05.0"S, 24°45'42.3"E; 392-418 m SAMC_A073141 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.1/lat -32.2783)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.2783">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 33 km from Coffee Bay / 18 m off Ntlonyane Estuary, 32°16'41.88"S, 29°06'00.00"E; 300 m.   SAMC_A073150 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.7317/lat -32.686703)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.7317&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.686703">Southern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Mazeppa Bay / 33 km off Great Kei Estuary, 32°41'12.12"S, 28°43'54.12"E; 480- 490 m.   SAMC_A073166 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.679996/lat -31.75)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.679996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.75">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km off Port St. Johns / 21 km off Bulolo Estuary, 31°45'00.00"S, 29°40'47.99"E; 125 m.   SAMC_A073175 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.42/lat -31.932997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.932997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Coffee Bay / 16 km off Hluleka Estuary, 31°55'58.79"S, 29°25'12.00"E; 300 m.   SAMC_A073211 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.606667/lat -28.14)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.606667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.14">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 5 km from Cape Vidal / 16 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°08'24.00"S, 32°36'24.00"E; 165 m.   SAMC_A073235 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.51148/lat -32.841866)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.51148&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.841866">Southern</a>
                 margin,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.51148/lat -32.841866)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.51148&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.841866">False Bay</a>
                 ; depth unknown. SAMC_A088920 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.51148/lat -32.841866)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.51148&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.841866">Southern</a>
                 margin, 38 km from Cintsa / 22 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°50'30.72"S, 28°30'41.33"E; 250- 226 m.   SAMC_A088921 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   SAMC_A088925 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   SAMC_A088926 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   SAMC_A090146 (5 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.643248/lat -34.79327)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.643248&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.79327">Southern</a>
                 margin, 68 km from Cape St. Francis / 70 km off Slang Estuary, 34°47'35.77"S, 24°38'35.69"E; 520 m.   SAMC_A090147 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.690168/lat -36.04155)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.690168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.04155">Southern</a>
                 margin, 140 km from Agulhas / 144 km off Ratels Estuary, 36°02'29.58"S, 19°41'24.61"E; 445- 463 m.   SAM_H1243 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.966667/lat -34.45)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.45">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from Infanta / 12 km off Duiwenhoks Estuary, 34°27'00.00"S, 20°58'00.00"E; 47 m.   SAM_H1370 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.051666/lat -33.158333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.051666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.158333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Gonubie / 27 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°09'29.99"S, 28°03'06.00"E; 86 m.   SAM_H1384 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.161274/lat -34.186146)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.161274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.186146">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Mosselbaai / 11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°11'10.12"S, 22°09'40.59"E; 95 m.   SAM_H1388 (14 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H1391 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.35/lat -33.966667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.966667">Southern</a>
                 margin, 24 km from Cape Padrone / 35 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°58'00.00"S, 26°21'00.00"E; 46 m.   SAM_H1400 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.949997/lat -34.866665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.949997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.866665">Southern</a>
                 margin, 74 km off Cape St. Francis / 83 km off Slang Estuary, 34°52'00.00"S, 24°56'59.99"E; 137 m.   SAM_H1407 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.161274/lat -34.186146)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.161274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.186146">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Mosselbaai / 11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°11'10.12"S, 22°09'40.59"E; 192 m.   SAM_H1408 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.55/lat -32.566666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.566666">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Mazeppa Bay / 20 km off Great Kei Estuary, 32°34'00.00"S, 28°33'00.00"E; 174 m.   SAM_H1419 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.399998/lat -34.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.399998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.1">Southern</a>
                 margin, 4 km from Plettenberg Bay / 7 km off Piesang Estuary, 34°06'00.00"S, 23°23'59.99"E; 146 m.   SAM_H1443 (26 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.43333/lat -36.666668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.666668">Southern</a>
                 margin, 241 km from Agulhas / 247 km off De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 36°40'00.00"S, 21°25'59.99"E; 200 m.   SAM_H1487 (13 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.161274/lat -34.186146)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.161274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.186146">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Mosselbaai / 11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°11'10.12"S, 22°09'40.59"E; 229 m.   SAM_H3103 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.161274/lat -34.186146)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.161274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.186146">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Mosselbaai / 11 km off Hartenbos Estuary, 34°11'10.12"S, 22°09'40.59"E; 165- 183 m.   SAM_H3106 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.43333/lat -36.666668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.666668">Southern</a>
                 margin, 846 km from Port St. Johns / 842 km off Mkweni Estuary, 36°40'00.00"S, 21°25'59.99"E; 366 m.   SAM_H3111 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.646667/lat -28.271666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.646667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.271666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Vidal / 27 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°16'18.00"S, 32°38'48.00"E; 670 m.   SAM_H3114 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H3116 (9 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.68/lat -28.289997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.289997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 22 km from Cape Vidal / 28 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°17'23.99"S, 32°40'47.99"E; 550 m.   SAM_H3170 (15 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.17333/lat -32.24833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.17333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.24833">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Coffee Bay / 19 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 32°14'53.99"S, 29°10'23.99"E; 620- 560 m.   SAM_H3172 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.951668/lat -32.49167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.951668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.49167">Southern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Mazeppa Bay / 25 km off Kobole Estuary, 32°29'30.00"S, 28°57'06.00"E; 650- 700 m.   SAM_H3173 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.36833/lat -33.505)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.36833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.505">Southern</a>
                 margin, 47 km from Port Alfred / 14 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°30'18.00"S, 27°22'05.99"E; 80 m.   SAM_H3175 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.151667/lat -32.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.151667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 30 km from Coffee Bay / 20 km off Bulungulu Estuary, 32°15'00.00"S, 29°09'06.00"E; 520- 500 m.   SAM_H3176 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.809996/lat -30.556665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.809996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.556665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 30 km from Scottburgh / 20 km off Fafa Estuary, 30°33'24.00"S, 30°48'35.99"E; 690 m.   SAM_H3830 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.208332/lat -34.72167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.208332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.72167">Western</a>
                 margin, 49 km from Cape Point / 51 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°43'18.00"S, 18°12'29.99"E; 360- 365 m.   SAM_H3832 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.5/lat -34.23333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.23333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Cape Point / 10 km off Buffels Wes Estuary, 34°13'59.99"S, 18°30'00.00"E; 42 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid to trochoid, and attached to a variably sized pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.2-0.7). Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.2), with serrate calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H1400) 17.4  × 17.2 mm in CD, 6.0 mm in PD, and 39.6 mm in H. Costae prominent from calicular margin to base, ca. the same width as associated septa, equidistant, low, bearing small granules, and separated by thin intercostal furrows. Corallum white. </p>
            <p>Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to formula S1&gt; S2 ≥ S3&gt; S4&gt; S5&gt; S6 (≤ 60 septa). S1 most exsert, independent, slightly wider than S2, and bearing straight to slightly sinuous axial margin. S2 slightly less exsert than S1, and extending slightly less to centre of calice with moderately sinuous axial margin. S3 equal or slightly smaller than S2, but have axial margin equally sinuous. S4 predominantly restricted to upper calice in specimens with four septal cycles, but dimorphic and variable in development half-systems bearing S5 or S5-6 (e.g., SAMC_A090146 = 6:6:12:24:10:2, SAM_H1407 = 6:6:12:24:12). In the latter, S4 closer to S1 have the same rudimentary profile as S5 and S4 flanked by S5 having a similar profile as S3 or slightly less wide. S4 axial margin coarsely dentated. If present, S6 restricted to calicular margin. S3-5 progressively less exsert than S1-2. Pali present before all but last septal cycle. P2 most recessed. P2-3 form a chevron-like pattern before S2, a pattern also taken by S4 flanked by S5 which sometimes bear pali. All septal and palar faces granulated. Fossa moderately deep, containing a papillose columella composed of a group of 17-30 rod elements which mostly are as high as pali elements.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Western to eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape Point extending towards Cape Vidal; 42-700 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Although specimens examined closely resemble  Trochocyathus (T.) sp. 1 cf.  T. rawsonii Guynia sensu Gardiner (1904) in having well-developed costae extending from the calicular margin to base, an often curved coralla, and the presence of S5,  Trochocyathus sp. 2 occasionally has a pair of S6, even though the fifth cycle is incomplete (SAMC_A090146 = 6:6:12:24:10:2), and an independent S1 which extends further to the columella. Apart from that, the specimens reported herein differ from  Trochocyathus (T.) sp. 1 cf.  T. rawsonii Guynia sensu Gardiner (1904) in having a systematic development of septal cycles (irrespective of an increase mm in CD). While this material may represent a new species of  Trochocyathus , a name will not be introduced until the intraspecific variation is better understood and compared with that from congeners. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F9E35E3EEF241CED262FA50E2DD2334	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
320AED79F45553BB43FF53AF40E5A4FC.text	320AED79F45553BB43FF53AF40E5A4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) sp. 3	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) sp. 3</p>
            <p>Fig. 6M-P</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia berteriana . - Gardiner 1904: 112-113. </p>
            <p> Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) sp. - Zibrowius 1982: 114, pl. 1, figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) sp. A. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 240, fig. 4C, D. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073157 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.3133/lat -31.096699)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.3133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.096699">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 10 km from Port Edward / 24 km off Bilanhlolo Estuary, 31°05'48.11"S, 30°18'47.88"E; 140 m.   SAMC_A073213 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0133/lat -30.1067)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.1067">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Durban / 14 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°06'24.12"S, 31°00'47.88"E; 160- 170 m.   SAM_H3124 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   USNM 91530 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.84233/lat -27.18433)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.84233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.18433">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 37 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 23 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°11'03.59"S, 32°50'32.39"E; 100 m.   USNM 91566 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.225">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 27 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'30.00"S, 32°49'30.00"E; 74 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>BMNH 1939.7.20.47 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 20 km from Richards Bay/8 km off Nhlabane Estuary, 28°40'00.00"S, 32°15'00.00"E; 165 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid, mostly attached to substrate through a narrow pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.4-0.6) and a thin encrusting base. Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), calicular margin slightly serrate. Largest specimen examined (USNM 91566) 8.2  × 7.3 mm in CD, and 9.0 mm in H. Costae prominent and bearing small granules near calicular margin, and progressively disappear towards pedicel. Theca becomes transversely ridged beyond 3 mm from calicular margin. Corallum white, and sometimes light brown around calicular margin. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3 ≥ S4 (48 septa). However, largest specimen (USNM 91566) displays S1-2&gt; S4-3. S1 most exsert and extend slightly further into centre of calice than S2. S1 axial margins straight to slightly sinuous. S2 equally wide or  ¼ less wide than S1, with moderately sinuous axial margins. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert (if at all). S3 with most sinuous axial margins. S4 rudimentary and bear straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. Pali present before all but last septal cycles. P2-3 joining deeper in fossa, forming a chevron-like structure before S2. Septal and palar faces finely granulated. Fossa moderately deep, pali indistinguishable from the closely-packed rods of the papillose columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, from East London extending towards Kosi Bay Estuary (37 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 74-170 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique, Madagascar, and Saya de Malha Bank; 74-315 m (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The examined specimens closely resemble  Trochocyathus (T.) sp. A reported by Cairns and Keller (1993) in all features, except for its septa all having sinuous axial margins instead of only S3 having sinuous axial margins. Zibrowius (1982) also noted a  Trochocyathus specimen (BMNH 1939.7.20.47) that resembles Cairns and  Keller’s (1993) specimens in all septa being straight except S3 and in septa being arranged according to S1-2&gt; S4-3. The representative images of BMNH 1939.7.20.47 unfortunately do not show the tertiary  septa’s axial margin, and for that reason this  Trochocyathus specimen is added to the records of species accounted for here. Nevertheless, a new name will not be introduced until the variation within  Trochocyathus (T.) rawsonii is better understood. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/320AED79F45553BB43FF53AF40E5A4FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
72F0C9BB7266F56C043BB493BD23079F.text	72F0C9BB7266F56C043BB493BD23079F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochocyathus Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trochocyathus Trochocyathus Trochocyathus 
Trochocyathus Trochocyathus rawsonii 
Guynia sensu
Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993
</p>
            <p>Fig. 6G-L</p>
            <p> Trochocyathus rawsonii Guynia sensu Cairns 1979: 77, fig. 6, pl. 13. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 241-242, figs 4E, H. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Barbados, eastern Caribbean Island (USCSS  ‘Hassler’ ); 183 m (Cairns 1979). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Three syntypes are deposited at the MCZ (Cairns 1979).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  DEFF/SAEON_ A32823 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.846695/lat -35.249195)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.846695&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.249195">Southern</a>
                 margin, 131 km from Gouritsmond /off Goukamma Estuary, 35°14'57.1"S, 22°50'48.1"E; 511 m.   SAMC_A073015 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.971697/lat -32.4167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.971697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.4167">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km from Mazeppa Bay / 19 km off Mendu Estuary, 32°25'00.11"S, 28°58'18.11"E; 330- 340 m.   SAMC_A073206 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.3267/lat -29.036697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.3267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.036697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 36 km from Richards Bay / 49 km off Nhlabane Estuary, 29°02'12.11"S, 32°19'36.12"E; 760- 800 m.   SAMC_A073220 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.55/lat -31.7467)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.7467">Southern</a>
                 margin, 13 km from Port St. Johns / 12 km off Bulolo Estuary, 31°44'48.12"S, 29°33'00.00"E; 370 m.   SAMC_A090091 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.661667/lat -31.651943)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.661667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.651943">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 152 km from Margate /off Bilanhlolo Estuary, 31°39'07.00"S, 29°39'42.00"E; 300- 540 m.   SAMC_A090156 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.810366/lat -34.15485)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.810366&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.15485">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Sedgefield /off Cunge Estuary, 34°09'17.46"S, 22°48'37.32"E; 74 m.   SAM_H1360 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.93074/lat -33.014908)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.93074&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.014908">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 3 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°00'53.67"S, 27°55'50.67"E; 128 m.   SAM_H1415 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.819681/lat -34.298714)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.819681&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.298714">Southern</a>
                 margin, 8 km from Pringle Bay / 6 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 34°17'55.37"S, 18°49'10.85"E; 33 m.   SAM_H1440 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.825945/lat -33.084232)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.825945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.084232">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 5 km off Gouda Estuary, 33°05'03.24"S, 27°49'33.40"E; 146- 238 m.   SAM_H3110 (26 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.646667/lat -28.271666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.646667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.271666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Vidal / 27 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°16'18.00"S, 32°38'48.00"E; 670 m.   SAM_H3113 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.93074/lat -33.014908)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.93074&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.014908">Southern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from East London / 3 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°00'53.67"S, 27°55'50.67"E; 128 m.   SAM_H3171 (8 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.516666/lat -32.916668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.916668">Southern</a>
                 margin, 40 km from Cintsa Mouth / 29 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°55'00.00"S, 28°31'00.00"E; 630 m.   SAM_H3174 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.13833/lat -33.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.13833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.1">Southern</a>
                 margin, 22 km from Gonubie / 21 km off Gqunube Estuary, 33°06'00.00"S, 28°08'17.99"E; 700- 650 m.   SAM_H3829 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.654999/lat -35.255)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.654999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.255">Southern</a>
                 margin, 98 km from Gansbaai / 103 km off Buffels Oos Estuary, 35°15'18.00"S, 18°39'18.00"E; 547 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum ceratoid to trochoid, attached to a narrow pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.3-0.5). Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.3), calicular margin slightly serrate. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H3113) 12.2  × 11.2 mm in CD, 4.9 mm in PD, and 17.5 mm in H. Costae prominent and bearing small granules near calicular margin, progressively becoming narrower towards base. Costae separated by deep furrows. Corallum white, but sometimes purplish with white columella. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). S1-2 usually equally exsert, but sometimes S2 may be slightly less exsert than S1. S1 meets columella with straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. S1 slightly wider to equal in width to S2. S2 axial margins straight to slightly sinuous. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert. S3 ~  ¼ less wide than S2, with moderately sinuous axial margins. S4  ½ the width of S3, and bear extremely sinuous and sometimes dentate axial margins. Pali present before all but last septal cycle, being taller than columellar elements, slightly sinuous, and thick, with some half-systems having P2-3 joining in front of S2 before extending towards columella. All septal and palar faces being granulated. Fossa moderately deep, containing a papillose columella composed of a group of low-profile and compact intertwined rods. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, from off Pringle Bay extending towards Cape Vidal; 33-800 m. Elsewhere: north-western Madagascar and off Walter Shoal (Cairns and Keller 1993); 760-780 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Although specimens resemble  Gardiner’s (1904)  Trochocyathus (T.) sp. in having four cycles with the following septal formula S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4, they differ in S4 consistently bearing sinuous to dentate axial margins unlike the exclusively dentate appearance observed in  Gardiner’s (1904) representatives. The level of granulation on septal and palar faces may also distinguish the two forms, of which  Trochocyathus (T.) sp. cf.  T. rawsonii Guynia sensu Cairns and Keller (1993) has low coverage appearance (with large granules prominent along the septal faces) as compared with the fine and dense granules throughout both the pali and septa (giving specimens a rough appearance) in  Gardiner’s (1904)  Trochocyathus forms. Furthermore, the pali are compact in  Trochocyathus (T.) sp. cf.  T. rawsonii Guynia sensu Cairns and Keller (1993) rather than being loosely packed (  Trochocyathus (T.) sp. 1 cf.  T. rawsonii Guynia sensu Gardiner (1904)). However, some specimens of  Trochocyathus (T.) sp. cf.  T. rawsonii Guynia sensu Cairns and Keller (1993) diverge from the typical compact pali, thus bearing a tall and thin pali (SAM_H1415 and SAMC_A090156). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/72F0C9BB7266F56C043BB493BD23079F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
EDDD4781A61582FCCBF8CDB2C57D6E49.text	EDDD4781A61582FCCBF8CDB2C57D6E49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochocyathus Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trochocyathus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, turbinate to ceratoid, or bowl-shaped, fixed or free. Transverse division may be present. Septotheca costate, sometimes covered with a thin epitheca. Pali before all but last cycle of septa. Columella papillose.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Turbinolia mitrata Goldfuss, 1827, by subsequent designation (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1850b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EDDD4781A61582FCCBF8CDB2C57D6E49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
965D19FAC719CED90CE43DF9C493B66E.text	965D19FAC719CED90CE43DF9C493B66E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tropidocyathus lessonii (Michelin 1842)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tropidocyathus lessonii (Michelin, 1842)</p>
            <p>Fig. 15O-P</p>
            <p> Flabellum lessonii Michelin, 1842: 119. </p>
            <p> Tropidocyathus lessoni . - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1857: 57. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938: 194.- Cairns 1989a: 33-34, pl. 16D-L. -Cairns 1994: 67, pl. 29A, B. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 253, fig. 7C. </p>
            <p> Trochocyathus (Tropidocyathus) lessoni . - Alcock 1902a: 17, pl. 2, figs 14, 14A. </p>
            <p> Trochocyathus (Tropidocyathus) cf. lessoni . - Yabe and Eguchi 1942b: 124. </p>
            <p> Trochocyathus (Tropidocyathus) wellsi Yabe &amp; Eguchi, 1942b: 153, pl. 10, fig. 22A, B. </p>
            <p> Tropidocyathus lessonii. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 146-147. - Cairns 1997: 15-16, figs 1E, 4E, 7D. - Cairns 1998: 390-392. - Cairns 1999a: 110, fig. 17C. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 147-148, figs 68A-C, I-L, 7. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the MNHNP (Cairns 1989a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073064 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.606697/lat -28.125)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.606697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.125">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 5 km from Cape Vidal / 16 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°07'30.00"S, 32°36'24.11"E; 75- 80 m.   SAMC_A073095 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7417/lat -27.433296)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.433296">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 66 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 15 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°25'59.87"S, 32°44'30.12"E; 55- 100 m.   SAMC_A073106 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7167/lat -27.553299)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.553299">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 66 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°33'11.88"S, 32°43'00.12"E; 140 m.   SAMC_A073131 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6483/lat -27.789997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.789997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Cape Vidal / 29 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°47'23.99"S, 32°38'53.87"E; 65- 70 m.   SAMC_A073135 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.328299/lat -32.048298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.328299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.048298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from Coffee Bay / 18 km off Mdumbi Estuary, 32°02'53.87"S, 29°19'41.87"E; 250- 280 m.   SAMC_A073149 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.920002/lat -27.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.018297">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.920002/lat -27.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.018297">Ponta Do Ouro</a>
                 / 12 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.920002/lat -27.018297)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.018297">Kosi-Kumpungwini</a>
                 (Sifungwe) Estuary, 27°01'05.87"S, 32°55'12.00"E; 78 m.   SAMC_A073191 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.828297/lat -27.214998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.828297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.214998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 26 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°12'53.99"S, 32°49'41.87"E; 66- 71m.   SAMC_A073209 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.848297/lat 27.184996)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.848297&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.184996">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 37 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 23 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°11'05.99"N, 32°50'53.88"E; 100 m.   SAMC_A073214 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6483/lat -27.8133)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.8133">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 37 km from Cape Vidal / 32 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°48'47.88"S, 32°38'53.87"E; 50 m.   SAMC_A073218 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.225">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 27 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'30.00"S, 32°49'30.00"E; 74 m.   SAMC_A090079 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7783/lat -27.343298)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7783&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.343298">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 56 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 25 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°20'35.87"S, 32°46'41.88"E; 60 m.   SAM_H3101 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 3 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 71- 73 m.   SAM_H3102 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.051386/lat -29.883331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.051386&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883331">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Durban / 9 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°52'59.99"S, 31°03'04.99"E; 86 m.   SAM_H4583 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.825/lat -27.21833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.21833">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 26 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'05.99"S, 32°49'30.00"E; 60 m.   SAM_H4588 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.821663/lat -27.226664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.821663&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.226664">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 27 km off Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°13'35.99"S, 32°49'17.99"E; 75 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum cuneiform, with thecal edge crests extending laterally. Base rounded. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.4-1.6), calicular margin slightly serrated. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073064) 16.8  × 10.8 mm in CD, and 16.4 mm in H. Costae broad, flat, variable in size. C1-3 wider than C4, and bearing 3-4 granules across width. C4 bear two granules across a costal width granules. Intercostal striae narrow, shallow, and fainting towards base and thecal crests. Thecal crests also lack costae, which are replaced by uniform granules. Corallum predominantly orange with white calicular margin and septa. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S4&gt; S3 (48 septa). S1 highly exsert, and extends to columella deep in fossa with straight axial edges. P1 small and separated from its septum by a small notch. S2 equally exsert, slightly less wide than S1, bearing a broad and larger palus. S3 less exsert than S1-2,  ¾ the width of S1-2, and have a slightly sinuous axial margin. Each S3 bears a large palus, which joins P2 producing a V-shape appearance. S4 less exsert than S3, but slightly wider. S4 axial edges straight. All palar and septal faces bear sharp spines. Columella papillose, elongated, aligned to principal S1, sometimes fused as a lamella in larger specimens. Fossa moderately deep. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Coffee Bay and extending towards Kosi-Kumpungwini (Sifungwe) Estuary (19 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 50-280 m. Elsewhere: Tanzania (Gardiner and Waugh 1938); Mozambique; Kenya; north-eastern Somalia (Cairns 1989b); Vanuatu; and Wallis and Futuna Islands (Cairns 1999a); Philippines; Indonesia; China (Yabe and Eguchi 1942b; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Australia (Cairns 1998); 50-421 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Tropidocyathus lessonii is distinctive from other South African  Turbinoliidae in its thecal crests and colouration. However, it may be mistaken with  Endopachys grayi , which belongs to another family distinguished by its porous corallum (  Dendrophylliidae ).  Tropidocyathus lessonii differs from its only extant congener,  T. labidus Cairns &amp; Zibrowius, 1997, in its conspicuous thecal edge crests. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/965D19FAC719CED90CE43DF9C493B66E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
70A1A5F18C26436688960C5BB5BD1418.text	70A1A5F18C26436688960C5BB5BD1418.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tropidocyathus Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tropidocyathus Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum cuneiform, with rounded base and calice elliptical in cross section. Costae low, flat, and covered with small granules. Thecal edge costae expanded into alate edge crests and also uniformly granulated. Intercostal regions shallow, narrow, and not pitted. Higher cycle costae originate by trifurcation. Septa highly exsert and hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles. Lamellar pali in three crowns before all but last septal cycle. Each pair of P3 and single P2 in a system forming a chevron arrangement, but not fused. Columella papillose.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Flabellum lessoni Michelin, 1842, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/70A1A5F18C26436688960C5BB5BD1418	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
8F6614F6B629F742A69A3C1FA0B58E25.text	8F6614F6B629F742A69A3C1FA0B58E25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Truncatoflabellum Cairns 1989	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Truncatoflabellum Cairns, 1989</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary and highly compressed. Asexual reproduction by transverse division, resulting in a free anthocyathus budded from a basal anthocaulus. Calicular edge smooth to highly serrate. Thecal edge spines or crests common. Pali absent. Columella rudimentary.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Euphyllia spheniscus Dana, 1846, by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F6614F6B629F742A69A3C1FA0B58E25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
0D0001DDA8107F061219D85FF0607285.text	0D0001DDA8107F061219D85FF0607285.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Truncatoflabellum formosum Cairns 1989	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Truncatoflabellum formosum Cairns, 1989</p>
            <p>Fig. 12I, J</p>
            <p> Flabellum rubrum . -Faustino 1927: 53 (in part:  ‘Albatross’ Stns 5265 and 5658). - Yabe and Eguchi 1942a: 96-98 (in part: pl. 8, fig. 14). </p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum formosum Cairns, 1989a: 69-70, pl. 35, figs J, K, pl. 36, figs A, B (in part: not  ‘Albatross’ stns. 5137, 5484, 5162, and 5483). - Cairns and Keller 1993: 265, figs 10I, 11A. -Cairns 1994: 77, pl. 33, figs G-H. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 169-170. - Cairns 1998: 396. - Cairns et al. 1999: 31. -Cairns 2004a: 266, 309. - Cairns 2016: 35, fig. 10B. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 244-246, figs 126E-H, 127. </p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum sp. nov. - Cairns 1989a: 73, pl. 38, figs G-H. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Mindanao, Philippines (RV  ‘Albatross’ stn. 5249: 7°06'06"N, 125°40'08"E); 42 m (Cairns 1989a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the BMNH (Cairns 1989a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073104 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.5767/lat -28.289997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.5767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.289997">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Vidal / 20 km off Mfolozi Brak Estuary, 28°17'23.99"S, 32°34'36.12"E; 198 m.   SAMC_A073167 (11 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.435/lat -28.53)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.53">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from St. Lucia Estuary / 15 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°31'48.00"S, 32°26'06.00"E; 160- 180 m.   SAMC_A073176 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.149998/lat -30.133331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.149998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.133331">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 35 km from Durban / 26 km off Mbokodweni Estuary, 30°07'59.99"S, 31°08'59.99"E; 150 m.   SAMC_A073181 (4 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.536697/lat -31.7317)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.536697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.7317">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 11 km from Port St. Johns / 10 km off Bulolo Estuary, 31°43'54.12"S, 29°32'12.11"E; 190 m.   SAMC_A073212 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.609997/lat -28.1183)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.609997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.1183">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 5 km from Cape Vidal / 16 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°07'05.88"S, 32°36'35.99"E; 145 m.   SAMC_A073266 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.423746/lat -34.382015)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.423746&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.382015">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Stilbaai / 1 km off Goukou Estuary, 34°22'55.26"S, 21°25'25.49"E; 88 m.   SAMC_A090100 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.43333/lat -29.766665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from  Shaka’s Rock / off Tongati Estuary, 29°45'59.99"S, 31°25'59.99"E; 110- 130 m.   SAM_H784 (48 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 3 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 71- 73 m.   SAM_H835 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.627209/lat -33.718777)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.627209&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.718777">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kenton On Sea / 5 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°43'07.59"S, 26°37'37.95"E; 90 m.   SAM_H1241 (6 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.38083/lat -32.67611)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.38083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.67611">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Kei Mouth / 27 km off Groot Berg Estuary, 32°40'33.99"S, 28°22'50.99"E; 66 m.   SAM_H1389 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 3 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 183 m.   SAM_H1399 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -29.216665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.216665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Mtunzini / 8 km from Zinkwasi Estuary, 29°12'59.99"S, 31°30'00.00"E; 73 m.   SAM_H1437 (45 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°52'00.00"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 99 m.   SAM_H1442 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.051386/lat -29.883331)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.051386&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883331">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Durban / 9 km from Umgeni Estuary, 29°52'59.99"S, 31°03'04.99"E; 86 m.   SAM_H1452 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.78333/lat -33.716667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.78333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.716667">Southern</a>
                 margin, 113 km from Gonubie / 112 km off Gqunube Estuary, 33°43'00.00"S, 28°46'59.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H1456 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.18333/lat -29.566668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.18333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.566668">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 9 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 2 km off Tongati Estuary, 29°34'00.00"S, 31°10'59.99"E; 66 m.   SAM_H1698 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.646667/lat -28.271666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.646667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.271666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Cape Vidal / 27 km off Mfolozi Estuary, 28°16'18.00"S, 32°38'48.00"E; 670 m.   SAM_H3096 (10 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°51'59.99"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 101 m.   SAM_H3097 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.316664/lat -33.766663)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.316664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.766663">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Cape Padrone / 26 km from Boknes Estuary, 33°45'59.99"S, 26°18'59.99"E; 115 m.   SAM_H3846 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.43333/lat -29.766665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 34 km from  Shaka’s Rock / off Tongati Estuary, 29°45'59.99"S, 31°25'59.99"E; 110- 130 m.   USNM 91758 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.609997/lat -28.1183)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.609997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.1183">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 5 km from Cape Vidal / 16 km off St Lucia Estuary, 28°07'05.88"S, 32°36'35.99"E; 145 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum (anthocyathus) medium to large, compressed conical, with a small open base. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.2-2.5), with smooth and slightly arched calicular margin. Basal scar 4.0  × 3.0 mm in diameter, with 12 complete septa originating from scar. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H3096) 25.0  × 10.0 mm in CD, and 10 mm in H. Theca glistening, may be encrusted or smooth, with longitudinal striae, and transverse corrugations. Thecal faces carinate, with angle of 45°. Anthocyathi have one to three pairs of thecal spines (SAMC_A090100). Thecal spines cylindrical in profile. Corallum white, with theca sometimes reddish brown. </p>
            <p> Septa arranged in three size classes according to the formula: 20:20:38-40 (≤ 80 septa). Primary septa arched and concave at calicular margin, but have vertical and slightly sinuous axial margin that extend toward columella. Secondary septa  ½ the width of primaries, being finely dentate near calicular margin and bearing moderately sinuous axial margin. Tertiary rudimentary. All septa non-exsert, but primaries may be slightly exsert in juvenile specimens. Septal faces bear blunt granules obliquely aligned in rows along septal margin. Fossa moderately deep with a rudimentary columella formed by lower axial margin of primary septa. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, off Stilbaai extending towards Cape Vidal; 55-670 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); Australia (Cairns 2004a); Philippines (Cairns 1989a); Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Japan (Cairns 1989a, 1999); 42-993 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum formosum superficially resembles  T. multispinosum Cairns in Cairns and Keller 1993 in having a medium to large corallum, numerous septa, not rounded thecal margin, and having thecal spines.  T. formosum can be differentiated in having less (≤ 2) carinate thecal spines. The species was first reported in South African territory by Cairns and Keller (1993), off the eastern margin of South Africa, and the material examined here extends regional distribution towards Still Bay (off the southern margin). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D0001DDA8107F061219D85FF0607285	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
0CDE1F95209C2D9C83FAD9FBA24D750F.text	0CDE1F95209C2D9C83FAD9FBA24D750F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Truncatoflabellum gardineri Cairns in Cairns & Keller 1993	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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        <div>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum gardineri Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993</p>
            <p>Fig. 12M, N</p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum gardineri Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993: 266, pl.11, figs B-D. -Cairns 1994: 78-79. Pl. 34, figs A, B. - Cairns 2016: 37, fig. 10D. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Durban area, South Africa (RV 'Anton  Bruun’ stn. 390S: 29°35'00"S, 31°42'00"E); 138 m (Cairns and Keller 1993). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype and most paratypes are deposited at NMNH, whilst 3 paratypes are at the SAM (Cairns and Keller 1993; Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAM_H3847 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.7/lat -29.583332)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583332">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 46 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 42 km off Mdlotane Estuary, 29°34'59.99"S, 31°42'00.00"E; 138 m.   SAM_H4577 (3 specimens: paratypes): 26 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.699997/lat -29.579998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.699997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.579998">Port St. Johns</a>
                 /off Bulolo Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m.   USNM 91736 (1 specimen: holotype):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.699997/lat -29.579998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.699997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.579998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from Port St. Johns /off Bulolo Estuary, 29°34'47.99"S, 31°41'59.99"E; 138 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum (anthocyathus) small, elongated, and with a smooth calicular margin. New specimen examined (SAM_H3847) has a slightly damaged calicular margin: 7.1  × 6.9 mm in CD (estimated), and 16.6 mm in H. Basal scar 3.6  × 2.5 mm in diameter, with 12 complete septa originating from scar. Theca with longitudinal striae, and transverse chevron-shaped growth lines. Thecal faces carinate and diverging in an angle between 14 and 18°. Corallum white, with beige theca. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (48 septa). However, newly examined specimen has fourth cycle incomplete (total of 42 septa). S1 as wide to only slightly wider than S2, both having vertical and slightly sinuous axial margin that extend to columella. S3  ½ width of S2, and bearing moderately sinuous axial margin. S4 ~ 1/3 the width of S3, usually rudimentary, and having dentate axial margin. Septal faces bear blunt granules obliquely aligned in rows along septal margin. Fossa moderately deep with a rudimentary columella formed by the fusion of lower S1-2 axial margins. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off  Shaka’s Rock; 138 m. Elsewhere: Japan; (Cairns 1994); 100-144 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The original author of  Truncatoflabellum gardineri provided a detailed description of the species and, therefore, the description above is mainly based on the single new South African specimen (SAM_H3847). Although this specimen is slightly damaged around the calicular margin, characteristic features are observable, providing information on ontogenetic variability. Unlike the type specimens, the newly examined specimen has slightly larger S1 as compare with having equal-sized S1-2. Furthermore, the newly examined specimen has the fourth cycle incomplete rather than four or five complete ones (Cairns 2016). Apart from these observations, the specimen fits the known characteristics of the species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0CDE1F95209C2D9C83FAD9FBA24D750F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
646E062F7866C3E2D96F7080EC6C9D50.text	646E062F7866C3E2D96F7080EC6C9D50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Truncatoflabellum inconstans (von Marenzeller 1904)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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        <div>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum inconstans (von Marenzeller, 1904a)</p>
            <p>Fig. 12M, N</p>
            <p> Flabellum inconstans von Marenzeller, 1904a: 277-280, pl. 27, figs 11 A-L. - Boshoff 1981: 34. </p>
            <p> Flabellum harmeri . - Boshoff 1981: 35. </p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum inconstans . - Cairns 1989b: 61. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 220. - Cairns 2016: 34, fig. 9D. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off St. Francis Bay, South Africa (SS '  Valdivia ' stn. 100: 34°08'09"S, 24°59'30"E); 100 m (von Marenzeller 1904a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The syntype are deposited at the ZMB (GBIF 2020).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                 ORI_DIIb2 (1 specimen):   Locality data unknown. ORI_ DIIb3 (in part: 1 specimen):  Locality data unknown, 27 m.   SAMC-A072990 (1 specimen), SAMC-A072991 (3 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.316668/lat -34.78333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.316668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.78333">Locality</a>
                 data unknown. SAMC-A090103 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.316668/lat -34.78333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.316668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.78333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 15 km from Arniston / 21 km from De Mond-Heuningnes Estuary, 34°46'59.99"S, 20°19'00.00"E; 80 m.   SAM_H1241 (in part: 1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.38083/lat -32.67611)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.38083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.67611">Southern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Kei Mouth / 27 km off Groot Berg Estuary, 32°40'33.99"S, 28°22'50.99"E; 66 m.   SAM_H1381 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.866665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866665">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 2 km from Durban / 8 km off Umgeni Estuary, 29°51'59.99"S, 31°00'00.00"E; 101 m.   SAM_H1382 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.099998/lat -34.08333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.099998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.08333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 48 km from Cape Padrone / 47 km off Bakens River Estuary, 34°04'59.99"S, 26°05'59.99"E; 37 m.   SAM_H1386 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.051666/lat -33.158333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.051666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.158333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 28 km from Gonubie / 27 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°09'29.99"S, 28°03'06.00"E; 86 m.   SAM_H1392 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.627209/lat -33.718777)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.627209&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.718777">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kenton On Sea / 5 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°43'07.59"S, 26°37'37.95"E; 90 m.   SAM_H1417 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.85/lat -33.894444)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.894444">Southern</a>
                 margin, 29 km from Kenton On Sea /off Boesmans Estuary, 33°53'39.99"S, 26°51'00.00"E; 121 m.   SAM_H1425 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.68333/lat -33.199997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.199997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 7 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.68333/lat -33.199997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.199997">East London</a>
                 / 5 km off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.68333/lat -33.199997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.199997">Buffalo Estuary</a>
                 , 33°02'59.99"S, 27°57'00.00"E; depth unknown. SAM_H1434 (4 specimens): Locality data unknown. SAM_H1435 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.68333/lat -33.199997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.199997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kidds Beach / 5 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°11'59.99"S, 27°40'59.99"E; 79 m.   SAM_H1444 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.316668/lat -33.766666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.316668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.766666">Southern</a>
                 margin, 14 km from Cape Padrone / 26 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°46'00.00"S, 26°19'00.00"E; 104 m.   SAM_H1446 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.68333/lat -33.199997)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.199997">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kidds Beach / 5 km off Ncera Estuary, 33°11'59.99"S, 27°40'59.99"E; 79 m.   SAM_H1470 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.85/lat -29.176666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.176666">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 27 km from Mtunzini / 25 km off Matigulu Estuary, 29°10'36.00"S, 31°51'00.00"E; 115 m.   SAM_H1511 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.795261/lat -33.826767)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.795261&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.826767">Southern</a>
                 margin, 25 km from Port Elizabeth / 23 km off Bakens River Estuary, 33°49'36.36"S, 25°47'42.94"E; 49- 183 m.   SAM_H3071 (34 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.627209/lat -33.718777)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.627209&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.718777">Southern</a>
                 margin, 6 km from Kenton On Sea / 5 km off Boknes Estuary, 33°43'07.59"S, 26°37'37.95"E; 90 m.   SAM_H3130 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.35333/lat -33.49)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.35333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.49">Southern</a>
                 margin, 46 km from Port Alfred / 12 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°29'24.00"S, 27°21'11.99"E; 80 m.   SAM_H3155 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.36833/lat -33.505)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.36833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.505">Southern</a>
                 margin, 47 km from Port Alfred / 14 km off Mgwalana Estuary, 33°30'18.00"S, 27°22'05.99"E; 80 m.   DEFF_NANSEN-INV 19 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.20433/lat -29.88233)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.20433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.88233">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 20 km from Durban / 19 km off Beachwood Mangroves; 29°52'56.39"S, 31°12'15.59"E; 218 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>BMNH 1939.7.20.816-833 (in part: 1 specimen): Southern margin, 7 km from East London/5 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°02'59.99"S, 27°57'00.00"E; 62 m. BMNH-1950.1.10.97-102 (in part: 1 specimen): Locality data unknown. DTE 100 (syntype: 1 specimen): Southern margin, 12 km from Jeffreys Bay/21 km off Gamtoos Estuary, 34°08'53.99"S, 24°59'17.99"E; 100 m. Mortensen St 30 (2 specimens): Eastern margin, off Durban; 94 m. Mortensen St 31 (14 specimens): Eastern margin, off Durban; 128 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum (anthocyathus) large, robust, and having a small open base. Calice elliptical to sub-cylindrical (GCD:LCD = 1.47-2.60), with a thin and smooth calicular margin. Basal scar 5.3-6.6  × 3.4-4.0 mm in diameter, with 24 complete septa originating from scar. Largest anthocyathus examined (SAM_H1386) 25.6  × 18.1 mm in CD and 37.4 mm in H. Theca bears fine longitudinal striae, and chevron-shaped growth lines. C1-3 distinct and extend from calicular margin to base. Thecal edge smooth, rounded, or acute. Thecal edge diverges in an angle between 45 and 55°, and thecal faces between 20 and 25°. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in six cycles, last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-3&gt; S4&gt; S5&gt; S6 (102 septa). However, smaller coralla (&lt;25 mm GCD) display ≤ 78 septa. S1-3 greater in width than S4, and having vertical, slightly sinuous, and thickened axial margins. S4 ~  ½ the width of S1-3, and bear sinuous axial margin, which sometimes appear to be dentate. S51/3 the width of S4, and have dentate axial margin. However, if S6 is absent, S5 rudimentary. S6 rudimentary. Septal faces covered with granules obliquely aligned in rows along septal margin. Fossa deep containing a rudimentary columella formed by S1-3 lower axial margin. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, off Jeffreys Bay extending towards Durban; 29-183 m. Elsewhere: Only known from South Africa.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The South African endemic  Truncatoflabellum inconstans differs from the other South African congeners by lacking thecal spines, in thecal edge and thecal face inclinations, GCD:LCD ratio, H:GCD ratio, number of septa, and distinction of ribbed C1-3 (Cairns 2016). However,  T. inconstans may be mistaken with  T. stabile (von Marenzeller, 1904a);  T. inconstans differs in having a thecal edge angle inclination range of 40-50° (as opposed to the 60-90° range of  T. stabile ), and a H:GCD between 1.0-1.5 (compare with 0.7-1.1 of  T. stabile ) (key in Cairns 2016: 9). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/646E062F7866C3E2D96F7080EC6C9D50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
13857A0A3859EF1A1284966D6852A3E2.text	13857A0A3859EF1A1284966D6852A3E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Truncatoflabellum multispinosum Cairns in Cairns & Keller 1993	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Truncatoflabellum multispinosum Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993</p>
            <p>Fig. 12O-P.</p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum multispinosum Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993: 268 and 272, figs 11H, 12A-C. - Cairns 1999b: 32. - Cairns 2016: 32, fig. 8D. - Tenjing et al. 2019: 92. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 251, 253, figs 128, 131A-D. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Quissico, south-eastern Mozambique (RV  ‘Vityaz’ stn. 2634: 25°05'00"S, 34°50'00"E); 90-92 m (Cairns and Keller 1993). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype and most paratypes are deposited at NMNH, whilst one paratype is deposited at the SAM (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A087450 (2 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.566666/lat -25.116667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.116667">Locality</a>
                 unknown. SAM_H4580 (1 specimen: paratype):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.566666/lat -25.116667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.116667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 256 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 1 km off Elsies Estuary, 25°07'00.00"S, 34°34'00.00"E; 112 m.   USNM 91746 (1 paratype):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.819664/lat -27.522667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.819664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.522667">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 73 km from Cape Vidal / 17 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°31'21.60"S, 32°49'10.80"E; 75 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum medium-sized (GCD ~25.0 mm) and sub-cylindrical. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 2.05-2.80), with a thin and slightly serrated calicular margin. Basal scar 8.9  × 4.9 mm in diameter, with 24 complete septa observable on scar. Largest anthocyathus examined (SAMC_A087450) 22.3  × 11.9 mm in CD, and 18.4 mm in H. Five pairs of slender and rounded thecal spines occur on thecal edges. Thecal faces diverge in an angle ~ 55°, and thecal edges ~ 30°. Corallum white, with theca being faintly greenish brown. </p>
            <p> Septa decamerally arranged in five cycles, last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (84 septa). S1-2 slightly larger than S3, but all having vertical and slightly sinuous axial margins. S4  ½ the width of S1-3 and bear sinuous and slightly dentate axial margin. S5 rudimentary. Septal faces covered with granules obliquely aligned in rows along axial septal margin. Fossa deep with a trabecular columella formed by the fusion of lower axial margins of S1-3. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape Vidal extending towards Elsies Estuary (256 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 67-75 m. Elsewhere: Zanzibar; Mozambique; Madagascar (Cairns and Keller 1993); New Caledonia (Cairns 2016); Kitahara and Cairns 2021 62-350 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum multispinosum is well described by Cairns and Keller (1993), who outline the variation in symmetry and number of septa in relation to corallum size. The two newly examined specimens represent a medium-sized anthocyathus (above description is based on this specimen).  Truncatoflabellum multispinosum and  T. vanuatu (Wells, 1984) are the only two Recent species reported to have ≤ five pairs of thecal spines. However,  T. multispinosum differs by having a larger corallum, greater thecal edge angle range, and a higher number of septa (Cairns and Keller 1993; Cairns 2016). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13857A0A3859EF1A1284966D6852A3E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
CDDE5924FF0D044500AC1503A9317444.text	CDDE5924FF0D044500AC1503A9317444.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Truncatoflabellum pusillum Cairns 1989	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Truncatoflabellum pusillum Cairns, 1989a</p>
            <p>Fig. 13A, B</p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum pusillum Cairns, 1989a: 71-72, pl. 37, figs A-E. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 265, pl. 11, fig. E. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 170. - Cairns 1999a: 120, figs 19G, H. - Cairns et al. 1999: 32. -Randall 2003: 136. - Cairns 2009: 19. - Cairns 2016: 16, fig. 3B. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 256-257, 259, figs 134, 135A-L. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Sibuyana Sea, Philippines (RV  ‘Albatross’ stn. 5178: 12°43'N, 122°06'15"E); 143 m (Cairns 1989a). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Types are at the NMNH (Cairns1989a).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073189 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.326698/lat -29.536697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.326698&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.536697">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 9 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 12 km off Mhlali Estuary, 29°32'12.11"S, 31°19'36.11"E; 50 m.   SAMC_A073200 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.4233/lat -29.553299)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.4233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.553299">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 20 km off Mhlali Estuary, 29°33'11.88"S, 31°25'23.88"E; 60- 64 m.   SAM_H2838 (57 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.133331/lat -29.649998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.133331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.649998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 19 km from  Shaka’s Rock / 3 km off Mdloti Estuary, 29°38'59.99"S, 31°07'59.99"E; 71- 73 m.   SAM_H2839 (24 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.099998/lat -34.08333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.099998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.08333">Southern</a>
                 margin, 48 km from Cape Padrone / 47 km off Bakens River Estuary, 34°04'59.99"S, 26°05'59.99"E; 37 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum small (GCD &lt;13.0 mm). Calice may be short or long, but always highly compressed (GCD:LCD = 1.1-1.3). Calicular margin thin and slightly serrated. Basal scar 4.0  × 2.8 mm in diameter, with 24 septa originating from scar. Largest anthocyathus examined (SAM_H2839) 15.2  × 7.6 mm in CD, and 13.4 mm in H. Theca porcelaneous, bearing thin transverse chevron-shaped lines. Thecal spines sometimes present (≤ 3), usually of various size and shape, but consistently facing downwards. Thecal faces diverge in an angle between 18 and 20°, and thecal edge between 14 and 18°. Corallum white, with faint greenish brown stripes on theca. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (≤ 60 septa). S1 ca. the same size or only slightly larger than S2. S1-2 axial margins vertical and sinuous. S3  ¾ the width of S1-2 and bear sinuous to dentate axial margin. S4 small, ~ 1/3 the width of S3, and have dentate axial margin. S5 rudimentary. Septal faces covered with granules. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a rudimentary columella formed by the fusion of S1-3 lower axial margins. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Regional: Southern and eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape Padrone extending towards  Shaka’s Rock; 37-73 m. Elsewhere: Philippines (Cairns 1989a; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Indonesia (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); New Caledonia (Cairns 2016; Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); 85-460 m. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Although  Truncatoflabellum pusillum was previously known from the southwest Indian Ocean, the new records reported herein represent a further southwards range extension, from Mozambique into South Africa. The South African specimens vary from the existing descriptions (Cairns 1989a; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997; Cairns 1999a) in having ≤ 60 septa instead of 48, a larger CD (12.0 mm as compare with 8.0 mm), and a basal scar of 4  × 3 mm (rather than 2.4-3.2  × 1.7-1.8 mm). The South African  T. pusillum resembles  T. dens in septal symmetry and CD size, but differs in having thecal spines (rather than crests), and thecal edge diverging in an angle of 14-18° instead of a bimodal edge angle. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CDDE5924FF0D044500AC1503A9317444	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
AB813281B8A96F38B60E01A65E973CC5.text	AB813281B8A96F38B60E01A65E973CC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Truncatoflabellum sp.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Truncatoflabellum sp.</p>
            <p>Fig. 13E, F</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAMC_A073161 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 25 km from Port St. Johns/ 16 km off Cwili Estuary, 31°49'59.99"S, 29°40'00.00"E; 140-145 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum small, with thecal edges diverging at 30°. Calice flared and elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.7), with a slightly serrated calicular margin. Specimen examined 12.7  × 7.6 mm in CD, 1.3 mm in PD, and 14.2 mm in H. Theca smooth. Thecal faces diverge in an angle of ~ 60°, and thecal edge of ~ 23°. Specimen has anthocyathus still attached to anthocaulus, but a fracture line indicates that they were about to transversely divide. Corallum white. </p>
            <p>Septa thick and hexamerally arranged in four cycles, the last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-3&gt; S4 (45 septa). S1-3 axial edges straight, but become slightly sinuous deeper in fossa. S4 rudimentary and bearing sinuous axial margin. Septal faces smooth, occasionally with sparsely arranged granules. Fossa of moderate depth, with a rudimentary columella formed by the fusion of the S1-3 lower axial margins.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Port St. Johns; 140-145 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p>The examined specimen is unique in its calice being flared, lateral margin diverging at an angle of 23°, and having distinctly thick septa. More specimens are needed to confirm the possibility of it being an undescribed species.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB813281B8A96F38B60E01A65E973CC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
F139A33FC9F21B7F155DAC49234F7A5B.text	F139A33FC9F21B7F155DAC49234F7A5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Truncatoflabellum zuluense Cairns in Cairns & Keller 1993	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Truncatoflabellum zuluense Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993</p>
            <p>Fig. 13C, D</p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum zuluense Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993: 267-268, figs 11F, G. - Cairns 2016: 16, fig. 3A. </p>
            <p> Flabellum inconstans . - Boshoff 1981: 34. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Off Zululand, South Africa (RV 'Meiring  Naude’ stn. ZK21: 27°47'00"S, 32°39'10"E); 62-84 m (Cairns and Keller 1993). </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype and most paratypes are deposited at NMNH, whilst one paratype being deposited at SAM (Cairns and Keller 1993).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  SAMC_A073113 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.676697/lat -27.7208)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.676697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.7208">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 47 km from Cape Vidal / 21 km from Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°43'14.88"S, 32°40'36.11"E; 110 m.   SAMC_A073182 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.053299/lat -33.196697)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.053299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.196697">Southern</a>
                 margin, 26 km from East London / 24 km off Buffalo Estuary, 33°11'48.11"S, 28°03'11.88"E; 90 m.   SAMC_A090095 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.904999/lat -30.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.904999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.25">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 16 km from Scottburgh / 12 km off Mkomazi Estuary, 30°15'00.00"S, 30°54'18.00"E; 100 m.   SAMC_A090096 (1 specimen):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.716667/lat -27.55333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.55333">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 66 km from Cape Vidal / 7 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°33'11.99"S, 32°43'00.00"E; 85 m.   SAM_H1398 (12 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.4375/lat -32.7625)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.4375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.7625">Southern</a>
                 margin, 32 km from Cintsa / 11 km off Cwili Estuary, 32°45'45.00"S, 28°26'15.00"E; 66 m.   SAM_H3156 (12 specimens):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.109997/lat -33.076664)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.109997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.076664">Southern</a>
                 margin, 18 km from Gonubie /off Gqunube Estuary, 33°04'35.99"S, 28°06'35.99"E; 90 m.   SAM_H4581 (1 specimen: paratype):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.89167/lat -27.079998)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.89167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.079998">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 25 km south of Ponta Do Ouro / 17 km from Kosi Bay Estuary, 27°04'47.99"S, 32°53'30.00"E; 65 m.   USNM 91747 (Holotype):  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.651/lat -27.78933)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.651&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.78933">Eastern</a>
                 margin, 39 km from Cape Vidal / 29 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°47'21.59"S, 32°39'03.60"E; 62- 84 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum small to medium-sized (GCD ~ 10.0-18.0 mm), with thecal edge diverging in an angle between 28 and 38°. Calice compressed (GCD:LCD = 1.1-1.8), with a slightly serrated calicular margin. Basal scar 6.8  × 4.8 mm in diameter, with 24 septa originating from scar. Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073182) 19.0  × 10.6 mm in CD, and 18.7 mm in H. Theca smooth, sometimes bearing a pair of basal spines. Thecal faces diverge in an angle ~ 18-23° and thecal edge ~ 35-48°. Anthocyathi and anthocauli remain attached, but fracture zone is demarcated by a thin line. Corallum white, with costae a darker tint of reddish or greenish brown. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last cycle incomplete, according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3 &gt;&gt; S4&gt; S5 (≤ 80 septa). S1-2 bear vertical and sinuous axial margins. S3 ~  ¾ the width of S1-2, also with sinuous axial margin. S4 small, ~ 1/3 the width of S3, and bearing dentate axial margin. S5 rudimentary. Septal faces granular. Fossa deep, with a rudimentary columella formed by the fusion of S1-2 lower axial margins. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Southern and eastern margin of South Africa, from off Gonubie extending towards Cape Vidal; 62-110 m. Elsewhere: Only known from South Africa.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Truncatoflabellum zuluense is known to occur in the KwaZulu-Natal region and is distinctive in the anthocaulus often remains attached to the anthocyathus throughout development. Amongst the 38 Recent species of the genus,  T. zuluense and  T. dens (Alcock, 1902a) are the only two species known to usually maintain such an attachment long into ontogenesis. However, the two species may be distinguished by thecal face (14-18° in  T. dens vs. 18-22° in  T. zuluense ) and thecal edge angles (bimodal in  T. dens vs. 35 to 48° in  T. zuluense ), and GCD:LCD ratio (1.7-2.3 in  T. dens vs. 1.4-2.0 in  T. zuluense ). Among South African congeners,  T. zuluense may be mistaken with  T. gardineri , whereby the resemblance and morphological differences between them are detailed by Cairns and Keller (1993) in their account of the species and keyed by Cairns (2016). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F139A33FC9F21B7F155DAC49234F7A5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
6D1BDD4BDA0A9B71A98C2462DB8028DC.text	6D1BDD4BDA0A9B71A98C2462DB8028DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tubastraea coccinea Lesson 1829	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829</p>
            <p>Fig. 10O</p>
            <p> Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829: 93. -Wells 1936: 132. - Cairns et al. 1991: 48. - Cairns 1991 a: 26-27, pl. 12, figs C-E. -Ogawa and Takahashi 1993: 98, pl. 1, figs 1-8, pl. 2, figs 1-4, pl. 5, figs 1-5. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 282-284. -Cairns 1994: 93-94, pl. 39, figs G-I. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 197. - Cairns 1998: 409. - Cairns et al. 1999: 27. - Cairns 2000: 178-180, figs 212-215. -Romano and Cairns 2000: 1049. - Cairns 2001: 29, pl. 10, figs I-L. -Randall 2003: 136. -Cairns 2004a: 318. -Tachikawa 2005: 20, pl. 13, figs A-C. - Cairns 2006: 49. -Kitahara 2007: 504-505, 515, fig. 5K. -Pires 2007: 269.- Cairns 2009: 27. -Lam et al. 2008: 736, fig. 2A, B. - Kitahara et al. 2010a: 115. - Kitahara et al. 2010b: 9. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 351, 353-354, figs 188A-B, 189. </p>
            <p> Lobopsammia aurea Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833: 195, pl. 15, figs 7-11. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia aurantiaca Dana, 1846: 388. </p>
            <p> Coenopsammia coccinea . - Milne-Edwards and Haime 1848b: 107-108. </p>
            <p> Coenopsammia ehrenbergiana Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848b: 109, pl. 1, fig. 12. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia ehrenbergiana . -van der Horst 1922: 55-56, 74, pl. 7. </p>
            <p> Tubastraea tenuilamellosa . -Durham 1947: 38-39, pl. 11, figs 1, 2, 4, 9, pl. 12, figs 6, 7. -Durham and Barnard 1952: 105-106, pl. 12, fig. 50D. - Boschma 1953: 109-117, pl. 9, figs 1-4, pl. 10, figs 1, 3-5, pl. 11, figs 1, 3. </p>
            <p> Tubastrea tenuilamellosa . - Boschma 1951: 44-46. -Durham 1962: 42, 44-46. -Olivares 1971: 75-77, pl. 2, figs A, B. </p>
            <p> Tubastraea aurea . - Boschma 1953: 111-118 (in part: pl. 10, figs 2, 6, pl. 11, figs 4-6, pl. 12, figs 1-6). -Stephenson and Wells 1956: 59. -Squires 1959b: 427-428. - Pichon 1964: 191. - Eguchi 1965a: 295. -Utinomi 1965: 257-258. - Squires 1966: 169. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia aurea . - Macnae and Kalk 1958: 123. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia coccinea . - Eguchi 1965a: 296. -Utinomi 1965: 257. - Boshoff 1981: 41. </p>
            <p> Tubastrea coccinea . - Latypov 1990: 66-67, pl. 27, fig. 1, pl. 32, fig. 3. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Bora-Bora, Society Islands; depth unknown (Lesson 1829).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the MNHNP (Wells 1936; Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>ORI_EIb4 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, Isipingo; depth unknown.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Colony plocoid, formed by extra-tentacular budding at colony margin. Calices adjacent to each other, and project slightly above coenosteum. Corallites circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.3), reaching ≤ 10.0 mm in CD. Costae prominent, equal in width, and granulated. Intercostal striae deep and porous. Corallum white.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4 (≤ 48 septa). S1 extend to columella with vertical axial margins. S2 equal or only slightly less wide than S1, also with straight axial margins. S3 ~  ¼ the width of S2, and bear dentate to laciniate axial margins. S4 rudimentary, but sometimes joining before S3 in a weak  Pourtalès plan. S4 axial margins laciniate. All septa non-exsert. Fossa of moderate depth containing a columella ranging from rudimentary to a large spongy structure. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Isipingo (Boshoff 1981); depth unknown. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in tropical shallow and warm temperate waters (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); 0-110 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Tubastraea coccinea , an Indo-Pacific species, has been noted to exhibit a highly invasive footprint in the Atlantic (Cairns 1994, 2000; Sammarco et al. 2010) during the last seven decades. Six Recent species (  T. coccinea ,  T. diaphana (Dana, 1846),  T. faulkneri Wells, 1982,  T. floreana Wells, 1982,  T. micranthus (Ehrenberg, 1834),  T. tagusensis Wells, 1982) are recogniszed to date; three of which occur off South Africa (  T. coccinea ,  T. diaphana ,  T. micranthus ) and are distinguished from one another by colony size and shape (Cairns and Keller 1993; Cairns and Zibrowius 1997). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D1BDD4BDA0A9B71A98C2462DB8028DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
24E0AB50FF27F7BE9F9FF8C6EF64A285.text	24E0AB50FF27F7BE9F9FF8C6EF64A285.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tubastraea Lesson 1829	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tubastraea Lesson, 1829</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Colonies dendroid, bushy, or plocoid, all achieved by extra-tentacular budding. Costate, no epitheca. Septa arranged normally. Pali absent. Columella usually small and spongy.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/24E0AB50FF27F7BE9F9FF8C6EF64A285	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
79B279843C392ADACF8F55EB18DAFA82.text	79B279843C392ADACF8F55EB18DAFA82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tubastraea Lesson 1829	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tubastraea Tubastraea diaphana (Dana, 1846)</p>
            <p>Figs 10P, 11A</p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia diaphana Dana, 1846: 389, pl. 27, fig. 3. - Vaughan 1918: 144-145, pl. 60, figs 2, 3. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia aequiserialis Quelch, 1886: 147. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia micranthus var. fruticosa Nemenzo, 1960: 17-18, pl. 9, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> Tubastraea diaphana . -Scheer and Pillai 1983: 174, pl. 41, figs 1-4. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 284, pl. 13, fig. H. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 196-197. - Cairns 1998: 409-410. - Cairns 2001: 29. -Cairns 2004a: 318. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia sibogae van der Horst,1922: 56-57, pl. 8, figs 18, 19. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Singapore, depth unknown (Dana 1846).</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The holotype is deposited at the NMNH (Cairns 1994).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAM_H5103 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 59 km from Cape Vidal/ 9 km off Mgobezeleni Estuary, 27°36'38.45"S, 32°40'02.99"E; 59 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Colonies phaceloid, forming small bushy clusters of corallites. Branching achieved by extra-tentacular budding fairly closely at broad base (BD = 1.6). Corallites circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), and ≤ 27.4 mm in H. Theca thin and porous. Costae well developed, particularly C1, which is the same-size as associated primary septa. Corallum white. Tissue pale orange in live specimen.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles, last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3-4 (48 septa). S1 exsert, with straight axial margins. S2 less than  ¼ width of S1, and have dentate axial margins. S3-4 rudimentary, being wider deeper in fossa, and bearing dentate lower axial margins. Fossa of exceptional depth and spacious, containing a spongy columella. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Aliwal shoal (Cairns and Keller 1993) and Cape Vidal; 9-59 m. Elsewhere: Zanzibar; Madagascar (Cairns and Keller 1993); Red Sea (Scheer and Pillai 1983); Australia (Cairns 2004a); Philippines (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); Indonesia (van der Horst 1922); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); Singapore (Dana 1946); 1-30 m</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The examined specimen closely resembles  Tubastraea diaphana (Dana, 1846) in that its corallum is phaceloid, a species reported by Cairns and Keller (1993) to occur in the Natal region. However, differences are observed in the tertiary and quaternaries septa: both being restricted to the calicular margin, tissue being pale orange, and in bearing a spongy columella (Fig. 10O). The specimen examined herein was collected at 23 m deeper depth than the maximum depth of  Tubastraea diaphana . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/79B279843C392ADACF8F55EB18DAFA82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
F6A29578D6C3C09768F40C79BBB7F4DE.text	F6A29578D6C3C09768F40C79BBB7F4DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tubastraea micranthus (Ehrenberg 1834)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tubastraea micranthus (Ehrenberg, 1834)</p>
            <p>Fig. 11B</p>
            <p> Oculina micranthus Ehrenberg, 1834: 304. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia nigrescens Dana, 1846: 387. - Vaughan 1918: 143-144, pl. 60, figs 1, 1A. - Searles 1956: 24, pl. 39A. -Stephenson and Wells 1956: 55. - Wells 1964: 108. </p>
            <p> Coenopsammia viridis Milne-Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848b: 110. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia micranthus . -van der Horst 1922: 49-51. -van der Horst 1926: 43-44, pl. 2, figs 6, 7. -Faustino 1927: 218-220, pl. 72, figs 1, 2. -Crossland 1952: 171-172. -Stephenson and Wells 1956: 55. -Nemenzo 1960: 16-17, pl. 8, fig. 2. - Scheer and Pillai 1974: 63, pl. 29, fig. 3. -Pillai and Scheer 1976: 16. -Betterton 1981: 242, figs 199-200. - Boshoff 1981: 41. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia micranthus var. grandi Crossland, 1952: 173, pl. 55, fig. 1, pl. 56, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> Tubastraea micranthus . - Macnae and Kalk 1958: 123. -Scheer and Pillai 1983: 175-176, pl. 41, figs 7-8. - Schuhmacher 1984: 94, figs 1A-B, 4. - Zibrowius and Grygier 1985: 130. - Cairns and Zibrowius 1997: 195-196. - Cairns 1998: 410. - Cairns et al. 1999: 28. - Cairns 2001: 29. -Paula and Creed 2004: 176, 181. -Cairns 2004a: 267, 318. -Tachikawa 2005: 20-21, pl. 13, figs G-K. -Sammarco et al. 2010: 131-140, figs 2A, 3A, 4A. - Cairns 2009: 28. </p>
            <p> Tubastrea micrantha . - Wells 1964: 108. -Ogawa and Takahashi 1993: 99-100, pl. 4, figs 1-6, pl. 6, figs 5, 6. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia cf. micrantha . - Best et al. 1980: 621. </p>
            <p> Tubastraea micrantha . -Pichon 1978: 441. - Wells 1983. - Veron 1986: 583, fig. 3, 585, figs 3, 7. - Cairns and Keller 1993: 282. -Romano and Cairns 2000: 1049. </p>
            <p> Dendrophyllia diaphana . - Boshoff 1981: 42. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>Unknown.</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>ORI_EIb3 (1 specimen): Locality data unknown.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Colony dendroid, more or less uniplanar, branching formed by extra-tentacular budding. Coralla reaching ≤ 125.0 mm in H, and 30.0 mm in PD. Corallites projecting at 45° angle from axial branch, being circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1-1.5), and reaching ≤ 7 mm in CD. Calicular margin slightly serrated. Theca thin and porous, particularly near calicular margin. Costae well developed, ridged, and granular. Intercostal striae porous. Corallum white and more porous distally. Coenosarc dark green or brown in live specimens.</p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in three complete cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2 &gt;&gt; S3. S1 non-exsert with straight axial margins. S2 ~  ¾ the width of S1, also having straight axial margins. S3 rudimentary, and bearing dentate to laciniate axial margins. Fossa of deep, especially that of axial corallites. Columella rudimentary. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa (Boshoff 1981); depth unknown. Elsewhere: Mozambique (Cairns and Keller 1993); Red Sea (Scheer and Pillai 1983); Comoro Islands (Schuhmacher 1084); Seychelles (Milne-Edwards and Haime 1848b); Madagascar (Pichon 1978); Mauritius; Maldives; Nicobar Islands (Scheer and Pillai 1974); Australia; (Cairns 2004a); wide-spread in the tropical Pacific (Cairns and Zibrowius 1997); 0-50 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Tubastraea micranthus superficially resembles  Dendrophyllia ijimai in having a more or less uniplanar colony, but can be distinguished in bearing three normally arranged septal cycles as compared with five incomplete cycles arranged in a  Pourtalès plan in the latter. This arborescent and sympodial branching further makes  T. micranthus unique to the other congeners (Cairns and Keller 1993). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F6A29578D6C3C09768F40C79BBB7F4DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
660D215B20E40FCB7B184589C8562DBE.text	660D215B20E40FCB7B184589C8562DBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vaughanella concinna Gravier 1915	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vaughanella concinna Gravier, 1915</p>
            <p>Fig. 7A-D</p>
            <p> Vaughanella concinna Gravier, 1915: 10. - Gravier 1920: 63, pl. 9, fig. 138-143. - Zibrowius 1980: 104-105, pl. 52, figs A-K, pl. 53, figs A-L. - Cairns 1999a: 90-91, fig. 11G, H. - Cairns et al. 1999: 25. - Cairns 2009: 12. - Kitahara and Cairns 2021: 439-440, figs 237D-F, 238. </p>
            <p> Vaughanella oreophila . - Cairns 1995: 70, pl. 18, figs D, E. </p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> South of  São Jorge, Azores ('Prince de Monaco  Expedition’ stn. 1349: 38°35'30"N, 28°05'45"W); 1250 m (Gravier 1920), </p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>The lectotype and 6 paralectotypes are deposited at the MOM (Zibrowius 1980).</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAMC_A072973 (1 specimen): Locality data unknown; 517 m.</p>
            <p>Imagery data.</p>
            <p>MN_SM134 (1 specimen): Eastern margin, 36 km off Port Shepstone/49 km off Mtentu Estuary, 30°43'11.99"S, 30°48'47.99"E; 900 m.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Corallum trochoid, robust, and firmly attached to substrate through a thick and reinforced pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.40-0.5) and encrusting base. Calice circular to slightly elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1), sometimes slightly flared, with serrated calicular margin. Largest imaged specimen (MN_SM134) 20.0  × 18.0 mm in CD, 8.0 mm in PD, and 19.0 mm in H. Costae well-developed, but unequal in width. C1-2 wider than remaining costae. C3-5 progressively narrower. Intercostal striae, broad. All costae finely granular. Corallum white. </p>
            <p> Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (only one pair of S5 present in the specimens examined = 50 septa). S1-2 highly exsert, extending towards columella with straight axial margins. Each S1-2 bears a pointed and tall palus. P1 fuses to columellar elements. S3 less exsert and  ¾ the width of S2, bearing tall and well-defined pali, which are separated from septa by a wide notch. S4 less exsert and dimorphic in size: generally,  ¼ the width of S3 (S4 rudimentary in SAMC_A072973) but same size as S3 when flanked by S5. S5 restricted to calicular margin. All septa have straight axial margins, except for S3 which have straight to slightly sinuous axial margins. Septal faces slightly granular. Pali smooth, indistinguishable from columellar elements, except for P3 which are thicker than P1-2 and rise higher in fossa. Fossa moderately deep, containing a papillose columella composed of a compact group of rods. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Port Edward; 517-900 m. Elsewhere: Wallis and Futuna (Cairns 1999a); New Caledonia (Kitahara and Cairns 2021); New Zealand (Cairns 1995); Celtic Sea, Azores, and Madeira Archipelago (Zibrowius 1980); 500-3018 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Both specimens reported (one of which is represented by imagery data) meet the known taxonomic distinction of  Vaughanella , particularly  V. concinna in having all higher cycle septa (S1-3) bearing pali (P1-3). However, they differ in costae extending from calicular margin towards base, as compared with theca being smooth and porcelaneous (Cairns 1995). The presence of P3 and one palus per septa distinguishes this species from the other two Pacific congeners, one of which lacks P3 (  V. oreophila Keller, 1981) and the other has multiple lobes per septa (  V. multipalifera Cairns, 1995). The South African representative (SAMC_A072973) displays convergence of S4 towards S3, a feature reported in the Atlantic forms, but differs in pali being smooth as compared with being granulated (Zibrowius 1980). Nonetheless, regional distribution is based on MN_SM134 (imagery data) as SAMC_A072973 lacks locality information. </p>
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62A63CF861DEC494D1723C682F720510.text	62A63CF861DEC494D1723C682F720510.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vaughanella Gravier 1915	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vaughanella Gravier, 1915</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Corallum solitary, patellate to trochoid, and usually firmly attached by a robust pedicel. Septotheca costate. Paliform lobes present on all but last septal cycle. Columella papillose.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Caryophyllia margaritata Jourdan, 1895, by monotypy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/62A63CF861DEC494D1723C682F720510	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Filander, Zoleka N.;Kitahara, Marcelo V.;Cairns, Stephen D.;Sink, Kerry J.;Lombard, Amanda T.	Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., Lombard, Amanda T. (2021): Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066: 1-198, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697
