taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FE406DFFF5E259FE95FC1BDBAB1A27.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Medusa pileata Forsskål, 1775 (Kramp, 1959).	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFF5E259FE95FC1BDBAB1A27.taxon	discussion	Remarks: For the diagnosis see Schuchert (2007). The genus comprises the species Neoturris pileata (Forsskål, 1775); N. breviconis (Murbach & Shaerer, 1902); N. papua (Lesson, 1843); N. bigelowi Kramp, 1959; N. crockeri Bigelow, 1940; N. fontata (Bigelow, 1909 a); N. pelagica (Agassiz & Mayer, 1902). The first three are well described species, the others all need to be redescribed and some of them are rather doubtful.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFF5E255FE8FFADBD87C1715.taxon	description	Figs 1 - 7	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFF5E255FE8FFADBD87C1715.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Mediterranean Material of N. abyssi: All specimens came from Bergen area in Norway. See also Table 1 for GenBank numbers. If no museum accession number is given, there is no material in a permanent collection. Hydroid stage: MHNG-INVE- 54693; without gonophores on Nucula spec; Herdlafjord, 60.503 ° 5.2152 °, 375 - 440 m depth; collection date 20.04.2007. ‒ MHNG-INVE- 54695; without gonophores on Nucula spec.; Hauglandsosen, 60.433 ° 5.1167 °, 180 m depth; collection date 15.08.2007. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on scaphopod of about 5 mm size; Raunefjord, Vatlestraumen, 60.33802 ° 5.18163 °, 32 - 42 m depth; collection date 16.09.2008; DNA isolate 935. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on Nucula spec.; Raunefjord, Vatlestraumen, 60.338017 ° 5.181633 °, 32 - 42 m depth, temperature ° C; collection date 16.09.2008; DNA isolate 936. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on sipuncule in Antalis entalis; Raunefjord, Flesland, 60.30282 ° 5.2016 °, 45 - 100 m depth; collection date 19.09.2008; DNA isolate 694. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on Nucula spec; Hordaland, Hauglandosen, 60.435 ° 5.122 °, 135 - 151 m depth; collection date 19.09.2008; DNA isolate 695. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on Nucula spec; Hordaland, Hauglandosen, 60.435 ° 5.122 °, 135 - 151 m depth; collection date 19.09.2008; DNA isolate 704. Medusa stage: Raunefjord, 60.275 ° 5.200 °, 10 m depth; collection date 22.05.2012; DNA isolate 953. ‒ MHNG-INVE- 82129; Korsfjord, 60.20833 ° 5.20261 °, 0 - 20 m depth; collection date 23.05.2012; DNA isolate 916. ‒ Korsfjord, 60.20833 ° 5.20261 °, 0 - 20 m depth; collection date 23.05.2012; DNA isolate 917. ‒ Korsfjord, 60.20833 ° 5.20261 °, 0 - 20 m depth; collection date 23.05.2012; DNA isolate 918. ‒ Korsfjord, 60.20833 ° 5.20261 °, 0 - 20 m depth; collection date 23.05.2012; DNA isolate 919. ‒ Korsfjord, 60.20833 ° 5.20261 °, 0 - 20 m depth; collection date 23.05.2012; DNA isolate 954. ‒ Fanafjord, 60.24079 ° 5.22941 °, 0 - 20 m depth; collection date 24.04.2015; DNA isolate 1119. Material of N. pileata: MHNG-INVE- 97957; France, Bay of Villefranche-sur-Mer, 43.685 ° 7.315667 °, 0 - 30 m depth; collection date 11.04.2017; DNA isolate 1280. Additional examined material is given in Schuchert (2007). Diagnosis: Neoturris medusa with bell that is usually higher than wide, height 2 - 4 cm, no exumbrellar nematocyst ridges, with or without apical projection, no apical canal, with up to 60 - 90 tentacles. Manubrium usually longer than half the subumbrella height, interradial gonad region large and without folds but with many gonadal pits (> 20 per quadrant), eight adradial rows of horizontal gonads folds, folds appear directed towards interradii; no papillae on gonads, radial canals jagged, tentacle bases without abaxial spurs, no ocelli. Colours depending on age and environment, manubrium in younger ones yellow-orange, in fully grown medusae pink to ruby-red; tentacle-bases yellowish. Hydroids usually on scaphopods and Nucula shells, colonial, arising from creeping stolons; hydrocauli covered by perisarc, not branched, monosiphonic. Perisarc extends onto hydranth body as a more or less gelatinous pseudohydrotheca which does not envelop the tentacles. Hydranths with conical hypostome, one whorl of filiform tentacles. Gonophores develop on cauli or stolons, enclosed in thin perisarc membrane. Gonophores liberated as free medusae with four tentacles.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFF5E255FE8FFADBD87C1715.taxon	description	Description: See Schuchert (2007). Remarks: As already suspected by Edwards (1965), the 16 S and COI sequence comparisons presented above are evidence that the hydroid Leuckartiara abyssi G. O. Sars, 1874 must belong to Neoturris pileata (Forsskål, 1775). The hydroid of L. abyssi from near the original collecting site of Sars belongs unambiguously to Neoturris medusae found at the same locality. These Neoturris medusae were smaller than those of adult Mediterranean ones (largest ones seen about 15 mm high), but the morphology of the manubrium with its numerous interradial pits and the adradial folds (Fig. 4 B) comes close to the ones in more southern waters (comp. Figs 6 - 7). The colour of the manubrium was, however, never as red as found in medusae south of Norway to the Mediterranean. A Neoturris medusa from Sweden (Fig. 5) had a much darker manubrium, despite being not much larger than the Norwegian ones. The yellowish Neoturris medusae occur regularly in the Bergen region (see also Hosia & Båmstedt, 2007; as N. pileata) and must also have been seen by Kramp & Damas (1925) who attributed them to N. breviconis. The sequence comparison made here (Figs 8 - 9), however, show that this cannot be the case as N. breviconis is well separated from the N. abyssi + N. pileata clade. The hydroid of N. pileata without medusa buds is not readily distinguishable from Leuckartiara octona, the only other pandeid known from the region (Hosia & Båmstedt, 2007). The only character to reliably distinguish the two is found in the newly released medusae, which have four tentacles instead of the two tentacles present in L. octona. A less reliable character is the absence of branching of the stems, which in fully grown colonies of L. octona are quite regularly branched once, but not so in N. abyssi. The Norwegian hydroids here assigned to L. abyssi lacked medusa buds, but were nevertheless assigned to L. abyssi because they came from close to the type locality, they grew on the typical substrate, the pedicels were never branched, and they occurred in relatively deep waters. Their sequences separated them immediately from L. octona medusae collected at the same locality (Figs 8 - 9). An infertile pandeid hydroid on a Nucula shell collected in 5 - 50 m depths along the Swedish coast (DNA 1055, Table 1) was initially also identified as L. abyssi, but the DNA data clearly identified it as L. octona and it was reclassified accordingly.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFF9E250FCD8FA8FDCFA198A.taxon	description	Fig. 10 A-E	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFF9E250FCD8FA8FDCFA198A.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea. Material examined: MHNG-INVE- 82207, 1 mature specimen in ethanol; Canada, Vancouver Island, 49.0.467 ° - 124.5018 °, 0 m depth; collection date 21.05.2012; leg. M. Galbraith. ‒ Several specimens, not in permanent collection; USA, San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 48.54514 ° - 123.01206 °, 0 - 0.5 m depth, collection date 16.05.2011; DNA isolates 949 and 882, photos Fig. 10, see also Table 1. Presumed Atlantic material was examined for the publication Schuchert (2007).	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFF9E250FCD8FA8FDCFA198A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Neoturris medusa up to 45 mm high, broad, cylindrical bell, without or with shallow apical process, no exumbrellar ridges with nematocysts, manubrium voluminous, about half or less the height of subumbrella, 90 - 140 tentacles of similar size, interradial gonad region with 5 - 20 pits per quadrant, no papillae on gonads, radial canals jagged. Manubrium orange-brown sometimes with dark pigment granules at surface of gonads.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFF9E250FCD8FA8FDCFA198A.taxon	description	Description: Medusa up to 45 mm high and 35 mm wide, bell often rather cylindrical, top evenly rounded or with a shallow apical projection. Without exumbrellar ridges with nematocysts. Apical canal above manubrium absent or very thin. Aboral subumbrella often with distinct interradial pockets. Manubrium broad and voluminous, about half the height of subumbrella or less; mesenteries variable in length, usually 1 / 3 of manubrium height; mouth margin crenulated or finely folded, perradial corners of often drawn out into long processes (Fig. 10 A, D). Gonad tissue in upper two thirds of manubrium wall, this region with rows of horizontal folds along the radial canals, about 20 such folds per row, folds thick, and somewhat irregular, some also branched, most folds do not appear directed towards interradial (only those close to top, Fig. 10 E), interradial region of gonads rather narrow and depressed, with 5 - 20 pits per quadrant. If disturbed, the animal can contract the manubrium, resulting in a temporary horizontal fold that looks like a connection of the gonadfolds as seen in the genus Leuckartiara (Fig. 10 D). Radial canals jagged and very broad. Ring canal smooth, broad. Up to 140 tentacles, densely crowded, no rudimentary tentacles but some smaller tentacles in development. Marginal tentacle bulbs elongated, laterally compressed conical and tapering rapidly, base grasping margin with or without abaxial spur (Fig. 10 B), no ocelli. Tentacles without permanent row of folds. Color of living specimens, gonads and manubrium pale orange-brown, surface of gonads sometimes with dark red to purple pigment granules (Fig. 10 D-E). Younger animals with short gonad-zone, low number of shallow folds, few interradial pits (figures 31 - 32 in Arai & Brinckmann-Voss (1980). Hydroid not known.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFF9E250FCD8FA8FDCFA198A.taxon	discussion	Remarks: When describing N. breviconis, Murbach & Shearer (1903) already noted the similarity of this species to N. pileata, but the illustration depicting the medusa seen from the side was somewhat inaccurate and they did not mention the interradial pits. In his revision of the Pandeidae, Hartlaub (1914) deplored these inaccuracies, but hesitatingly also attributed some badly preserved medusae from the northern North Sea to this species. His specimens were smaller (23 mm in height) and the gonad folds resembled more the ones in the genus Leuckartiara. Therefore, he introduced the new combination Leuckartiara breviconis (Murbach & Shaerer, 1902). There were no ocelli present, but his material had been preserved for a long time and the pigment of ocelli disappears after a few months in formalin. Later, also Kramp (1926, 1959) and Russell (1953) thought to have found Atlantic specimens of this species. Their illustrations, however, were not N. breviconis. Schuchert (2007, 2012), after re-examination of some of Hartlaub’s and Kramp’s medusae, found that they are unlikely N. breviconis, perhaps rather large Leuckartiara nobilis, other Neoturris, or Catablema species. After examination of medusae from the NE Pacific, Arai & Brinckmann-Voss (1980) found that the species closely resembles N. pileata (gonad structure, absence of ocelli) and they transferred it from the genus Leuckartiara to the genus Neoturris. Living Neoturris breviconis originating from the NE Pacific (Fig. 10) look quite distinct from typical N. pileata (Figs 3 - 6), but the diagnostic differences are much more difficult to formulate, in particular also criteria that can be used for preserved material. Neoturris breviconis can be distinguished from N. pileata by the broader shape of the exumbrella, the relatively short manubrium, the smaller number of interradial pits on the manubrium (5 - 20 versus> 20 per quadrant), and the higher number of tentacles (fully grown 90 - 140 tentacles versus 60 - 80). Additionally, the apical projection if present is smaller, the adradial gonadal folds not clearly directed towards interradii (except the most aboral ones), and the tentacles bases may have short abaxial spurs. The 16 S and COI sequence data clearly separate N. pileata and N. breviconis (Figs 8 - 9). While it is well possible that N. breviconis is also present in the Atlantic, currently available evidence is insufficient to establish its presence in the Atlantic. New, living samples must be examined and ideally also their 16 S or COI sequences compared with the data presented here. There exist a few other, little known Pacific Neoturris species which are best distinguished using Kramp (1968).	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFFCE24FFC3DF967DB1F1EFD.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Turris vesicaria A. Agassiz, 1862 (Kramp, 1959).	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFFCE24FFC3DF967DB1F1EFD.taxon	discussion	Remarks: For the diagnosis see Schuchert (2007). The genus currently comprises the species Catablema vesicarium (A. Agassiz, 1862), C. multicirratum Kishinouye, 1910, and C. nodulosum Bigelow, 1913. According to Hartlaub (1914), Kramp (1959, 1961, 1968), Arai & Brinckmann-Voss (1980), and Schuchert (2007), the three can be distinguished as follows, characteristics that were also used to identify the present material: C. vesicarium ‒ up to 32 tentacles, rarely 48, bell size up to 3 cm, in North Atlantic and Arctic Sea C. nodulosum ‒ 8 to 16 tentacles, bell-size up to 2 cm, in North Pacific C. multicirratum ‒ 80 to 160 tentacles, bell size up to 6 cm; in North Pacific and Arctic Sea.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE3E24FFF66FD93DAAF1C1F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Nahant, Massachusetts Bay, USA. Material examined: See Schuchert (2007). The molecular comparisons of this study included also 16 S sequences of the material described in Prudkovsky & Neretina (2016), as well as of a medusa from the Nuuk-Fjord in Greenland (GenBank KT 809324) collected 22 June 2010 and identified by Russell Hopcroft. It had about 28 - 30 tentacles, about as many rudimentary bulbs, and a large apical projection (after data and photos kindly provided by R. Hopcroft). Diagnosis: Catablema medusa with bell up to 25 mm wide and 30 mm high, including the large, globular apical projection; gonads in long, irregular folds, oblique in lateral parts, almost perpendicular in middle part of each quadrant, with or without pits on gonad folds; 24 - 32 tentacles, rarely up to 48, often with small, rudimentary bulbs between two tentacle pairs; usually with small abaxial ocelli on at least some tentacles or bulbs, sometimes missing; mesenteries short. Hydroid arising from reticulate stolons on bivalves, hydranths stolonal or with very short pedicel only, base of hydranth surrounded by a membranous pseudohydrotheca; hydranth fusiform, up to 0.75 mm long, conical hypostome, 3 - 8 filiform amphicoronate tentacles in a single whorl. Medusa buds arise from stolons, diameter reaches sizes similar as hydranths, young medusa released with two opposite tentacles only. Description and illustrations: See Schuchert (2007) and Prudkovsky & Neretina (2015). Distribution: An Arctic species, rarely penetrating into boreal regions. Remarks: The medusae identified by Prudkovsky & Neretina (2016) had up to 28 tentacles, matched thus exactly the concept of C. vesicarium given in Kramp (1959) and also in the original description of Agassiz (1862, 1865). Likewise, the 16 S and COI sequences of the sample from Greenland (GenBank KT 809324) are derived from a typical specimen and can also be used as a reliably identified reference specimen and sequence. Although C. nodulosum is likely conspecific with C. vesicarium, it is discussed separately below to allow a better separation and clearer presentation of this morphotype.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE3E24EFCE4FCF5DDC61D16.taxon	description	Fig. 11	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE3E24EFCE4FCF5DDC61D16.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Dutch Harbour, Unalaska Island, USA. Material examined: 2 specimens, not in permanent collection; USA, San Juan Islands, Friday Harbor, 48.5451 ° - 123.01206 °; collection date 16.05.2011 and 20.05.2011; collected at water surface with a dipping jar; DNA isolates 932 and 957; GenBank numbers see Table 1. Diagnosis: North Pacific Catablema medusa, up to 25 mm in size, including the apical projection of variable size and shape; gonads in long, irregular folds, oblique in lateral parts, almost perpendicular in middle part of each quadrant, gonadal folds usually without pits, rarely a few present; With 8 to 16 tentacles, rarely up to 25, with 2 - 6 small, rudimentary bulbs between adjoining tentacles, usually with small, inconspicuous abaxial ocelli on the rudimentary bulbs, fully formed tentacles lack ocelli; mesenteries about 1 / 3 of manubrium height. Manubrium gold-brown or peach colour in living specimens. Hydroid unknown.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE3E24EFCE4FCF5DDC61D16.taxon	description	Description: See Arai & Brinckmann-Voss (1980). Remarks: In the examined material, only the smaller tentacles and the rudiments had small ocelli, the fully developed tentacles lacked them. Bigelow (1913) found that some Catablema medusae from the North Pacific differed in tentacle numbers and gonad structure from C. vesicarium he had seen in the NorthAtlantic. Although he states that they were probably still within the extremes of the nominal species and no morphological discontinuity existed, he treated them as a variant of C. vesicularium and named it Catablema vesicarium var. nodulosa. Bigelow observed tentacle numbers of 14 - 25 tentacles, but the numbers were often difficult to establish as there was a continuum of sizes from mere knobs to fully grown tentacles. Hartlaub (1914: 321), Foerster (1924), and Kramp (1926, 1968) regarded Catablema vesicarium var. nodulosa Bigelow, 1913 as a synonym of C. vesicarium. Arai & Brinckmann-Voss (1980) did not agree and raised the variant to full species level. They distinguished Catablema nodulosum from C. vesicarium solely on account of the lower tentacle number, being only 8 - 16 instead of 32. The shape of the gonads as argued by Bigelow (1913) was deemed unsuitable to distinguish the two species and I concur. Arai & Brinckmann-Voss (1980) based their decision on medusae from the southern limit of this genus, thus perhaps with a suboptimal growth. This could perhaps also explain the lower tentacle number compared to C. vesicarium, which is an Arctic species. Bigelow (1913), who had medusae from cooler waters (Aleutian Islands), founded his variety on animals having up to 25 tentacles. It is therefore reasonable to follow Bigelow, Hartlaub, and Kramp and regard C. nodulosum only gradually different from C. vesicarium, representing a local variant only. Moreover, tentacle numbers in Pandeidae medusae vary considerably and are deemed mostly unsuitable to delimit species. The COI sequence data did not show significant differences between the nodulosa form from the NE Pacific and typical C. vesicarium from the Greenland Sea (Fig. 9; the 16 S data show very little divergences within this genus). Catablema nodulosum should therefore be regarded as conspecific with C. vesicarium, or at most be treated as a subspecies of the latter. According to the ICZN (§ 45.6.4), a name introduced as variety before 1961 gets the rank of subspecies.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE2E24CFCF8FDC8D83C1AB1.taxon	description	Figs 12 - 13	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE2E24CFCF8FDC8D83C1AB1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 specimen, not in permanent collection; USA, Friday Harbor Laboratories, floating docks, 48.54514 ° - 123.01206 °, 0.5 m depth; collection date 19.05.2011; depicted in Fig. 12; DNA isolate 868; GenBank numbers of sequences see Table 1. ‒ Tissue samples and photos of two medusae here identified as Catablema cf. multicirratum from north of Svalbard obtained from Aino Hosia (University Museum of Bergen); the rest of the medusae in the collections of the Bergen Museum. The collection data are given in Table 1.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE2E24CFCF8FDC8D83C1AB1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Catablema medusa with umbrella height and diameter 30 to 65 mm including large dome-like apical projection corresponding to about half the total bell height. Manubrium with very broad, quadrangular base, long mesenteries, mouth margin variably folded, gonadal folds oblique to vertical, few or no pits. Mature animals with 80 to 160 tentacles, without or only few marginal bulbs between tentacles in adult specimens. Radial canals relatively short but very broad and with large, complex lateral outgrowths. No ocelli observed. Stomach and marginal bulbs light orange in living specimens. Hydroid not known.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE2E24CFCF8FDC8D83C1AB1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Catablema multicirratum was somewhat inadequately described by Kishinouye (1910), with the sole diagnostic character distinguishing it from C. vesicarium being the tentacle number, given as “ several hundreds. ” This must certainly be erroneous. Bigelow (1913) then described and illustrated new material from the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. The species was subsequently also recorded from the west coast of Greenland by Kramp (1926). The Atlantic medusae were distinctly smaller, but had the same high number of tentacles. Although the species has been reported regularly (see Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980; Wang et al., 2014), only a few specimens have been documented. It seems that it has sometimes also been confused with N. breviconis (e. g. Naumov, 1969). According to our current knowledge the tentacle number permits a reliable separation of C. vesicarium and C. multicirratum. The Pacific specimen of Catablema multicirratum used for this study was identified based on Arai & Brinckmann-Voss (1980). The single animal was very large, reaching 6.5 cm in height (Fig. 12) and had approximately 100 tentacles. It was thus easily separable from the Catablema vesicarium nodulosum (Fig. 11) found at the same place. The two medusae from Svalbard (Fig. 13) were smaller and had denser tissues with a darker orange colour than the Pacific specimen. While morphologically separable, the status of the species remains somewhat problematic when using 16 S, COI, and ITS sequence data. 16 S and ITS sequences cannot be used to separate C. multicirratum from C. vesicarium (Fig. 8; Table 2). COI has about three times higher divergence values than 16 S and permits to discern somewhat more structure in the Catablema clade (Fig. 9). The Pacific Catablema multicirratum separates from both, C. vesicarium and the Atlantic C. multicirratum. The Atlantic form is thus perhaps also an independent lineage and it was therefore named here C. cf. multicirratum. The BOLD barcode database contains some additional COI sequences of Catablema samples, mostly identified as C. vesicarium. The origin of the material is from the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Canada, but unfortunately the identifications are unreliable and the accompanying photos virtually useless. Due to the doubtful identities, these sequences were therefore not included in the analyses of this study. Adding nevertheless these sequences to the ML-analysis (results not shown), the results remain similar to the one shown in Fig. 9. Catablema appears to be split into three clades with relatively low divergences: C. vesicarium, C. multicirratum, and Catablema from Svalbard. However, it must be concluded that more Catablema samples with a thorough documentation and identification of the specimens are needed before any reliable conclusion is possible. Markers with more resolving power (e. g. microsatellites) might be necessary to settle the status of all nominal Catablema species. It is still possible that they all represent only different age groups and local variants.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E24CFF78F9AAD8A51837.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Geryonia octona Fleming, 1823 (Kramp, 1959).	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E24CFF78F9AAD8A51837.taxon	discussion	Remarks: For the diagnosis see Bouillon et al. (2006) or Schuchert (2007). A key to all species is provided by Xu & Huang (2004), a comparative table of the species is also presented in Pagès et al. (1992). A list of all species, including also the ones described after 2004, is given in Schuchert (2017 b).	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E24CFF22F82BDDB11DE3.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Upwelling zone in the southern part of the Taiwan Strait (21 ° 40 ’ - 23 ° 51 ’ N 116 ° 47 ’ - 118 ° 56 ’ E) Material examined: MHNG-INVE- 97018; hydroid colony, young medusae, and medusae cultivated to maturity (31 days) by Takanori Suehiro; Japan, Mie, Honshu, Toba City, intertidal zone, 34.47806 ° N 136.8675 ° E; date collected 09.05.2014; DNA sample 1208; for GenBank number of sequences see Table 1. Remarks: The material used to obtain the DNA sample and the details of the life cycle will be described by Suehiro & Kubota (2018). The morphology of the adult medusa corresponds to Leuckartiara octonema, except for the presence of ocelli on the rudimentary bulbs. Therefore, the species was provisionally identified as Leuckartiara cf. octonema only, pending further sequence comparisons with specimens from near the type locality.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E249FC32FC9EDD1A1C87.taxon	description	Figs 14, 15 A-C, 16	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E249FC32FC9EDD1A1C87.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: MHNG-INVE- 98638; female; USA, San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 48.54514 ° - 123.01206 °, depth 0.5 m; collection date 20.05.2011; preserved in formalin, subsequently transferred to ethanol.. Paratypes: MHNG-INVE- 78922, 9 specimens; USA, San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 48.54514 ° - 123.01206 °, depth 0.5 m; collection date 20.05.2011; one specimen used to isolate DNA 869; for GenBank numbers of sequences see Table 1. ‒ MHNG-INVE- 82312, 2 specimens; Canada, British Columbia, Salish Sea, 49.2505 ° - 123.74867 °, depth 0 - 50 m; collected by Moria Galbraith; preserved in formalin, subsequently transferred to ethanol. Additional data: Several photographs of living medusae taken by Kevin Lee off the coast of Palos Verdes, California, USA, 33.8211 ° - 118.4569 °, one of the photos is reproduced here in Fig. 16.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E249FC32FC9EDD1A1C87.taxon	etymology	Etymology: From the Latin longus, long, and calcar, spur, referring to the long abaxial spurs of the tentacle bulbs.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E249FC32FC9EDD1A1C87.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: USA, San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 48.54514 ° N 123.01206 ° W.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E249FC32FC9EDD1A1C87.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Leuckartiara medusa 15 - 20 mm total height, with large pointed apical process of about 1 / 3 to 2 / 5 of total bell height, umbrella higher than wide; up to 16 - 24 tentacles, between each tentacle pair 1 - 3 small, rudimentary bulbs, perradial and interradial tentacles with conspicuous, long, pointed abaxial spurs reaching up to 1 / 6 of the bell height; tentacles and bulbs lacking tentacles usually with small red abaxial ocelli. Manubrium about 1 / 2 of subumbrellar height, paleorange, with long mesenteries, mouth cruciform, mouth margin moderately ruffled. Gonads in adradial series of horizontal folds, distinct interradial connecting fold absent.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E249FC32FC9EDD1A1C87.taxon	description	Description: Leuckartiara medusa up to 15 - 20 mm in height and about 10 mm in diameter when mature, with a large, pointed apical process of about 1 / 3 to 2 / 5 of total bell height, umbrella higher than wide. Interradial, subumbrellar pockets of variable size present. Manubrium about half the height of the subumbrellar height, shaped like inverted vase, connected to radial canals via long mesenteries (about 1 / 3 of manubrium height). Manubrium base and mouth opening cruciform, mouth rim moderately ruffled. Gonad tissue in 8 series of broad, adradial, horizontal folds, 8 - 12 folds in an adradial series, many folds with a central depression and resembling a loop or simply bifurcated (Fig. 15 A). The two series of gonad folds of one quadrant usually not connected by a fold across the interradial region as in other congeners (thus without the H-form of the gonad folds, often described as “ horse-shoe shape ” in older publications, comp. Fig. 17 C). Sometimes an inconspicuous interradial connection of the two rows of folds may be present at the aboral end of the manubrium. No gonadal pits. Egg size about 0.1 mm. Radial canals slightly jagged and broad. Ring canal smooth, broad. Tentacles usually 16, sometimes up to 24, between each tentacle pair 1 - 3 small, rudimentary bulbs without tentacles. Bases of tentacles laterally compressed, clasping bell margin. Perradial and interradial tentacle bases (oldest tentacles) with long, pointed abaxial spurs, reaching up to 1 / 6 of the bell height (Fig. 15 B), shorter (younger) tentacles with short spur or no spur. Spurs appear solid, without internal canal. A small red ocellus present on most tentacles and also rudimentary bulbs, situated on abaxial side at interface of tentacle to exumbrella, in tentacles with long abaxial spurs ocelli at end of spur. Colour: Manubrium pale orange, proximal parts of tentacles pale orange to yellowish, ocelli orange-red. Nematocysts of tentacles microbasic heteronemes, ca. 4 x 7 μm.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E249FC32FC9EDD1A1C87.taxon	distribution	Distribution: North-eastern Pacific, from Vancouver Island to Southern California.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE0E249FC32FC9EDD1A1C87.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species was described by Arai & Brinckmann-Voss (1980: 56) as Leuckartiara species distinct from L. octona. Dr Anita Brinckmann-Voss (pers. com., 2013) told me that she initially intended to name it in a subsequent publication, but was now unable to do it and encouraged me to do it myself. Leuckartiara longicalcar does not match any of the known species (Kramp, 1968; Pages et al., 1992; Xu & Huang, 2004; Schuchert, 2017). It has previously been misidentified as L. octona (Fleming, 1823) and been considered related to L. zacae Bigelow, 1940 (see Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980). Leuckartiara octona is indeed similar in appearance, but lacks the long abaxial spurs and regularly has a fold across the interradial region connecting the adradial series of folds. The 16 S and COI sequence data (Figs 8 - 9) clearly separated L. longicalcar from the Atlantic L. octona, although they are closely related. Leuckartiara zacae Bigelow, 1940 is a rare species first found in the Gulf of Panama. It is somewhat larger than L. longicalcar and has about the same number of tentacles. The most prominent difference is the length of the tentacle spurs: they are much longer and extend up to 2 / 3 of the bell height. Bigelow (1940) described them as exumbrellar ribs containing a thin gastrodermal canal. Additionally, L. zacae has no apical process (but Kramp (1965) observed a small process in a juvenile specimen from Indonesia, the identity of this material is perhaps questionable), the umbrella without the process is larger (21 versus 12 mm), the manubrium is more voluminous and has more gonadal folds. It is only known to occur in tropical seas (Kramp, 1965). Other Leuckartiara species with tentacle spurs are L. gardineri Browne, 1916, L. acuta Brinckmann-Voss, Arai & Nagasawa, 2005, and L. fujianensis Huang, Xu, Lin & Qiu, 2008. All three have only four fully formed tentacles. Kevin Lee (2017) published a series of magnificent photos of Leuckartiara medusae observed off Los Angeles, California. One of them is reproduced here (Fig. 17). These medusae must clearly be referred to L. longicalcar n. spec. Some of the individuals are almost identical to the ones shown here, while others (Fig. 17) appear somewhat larger, with up to 24 tentacles, and a more voluminous stomach. Some of the individuals have a more intense colour, appearing more reddish, and also the tentacle bases show some reddish pigments. The distribution of the species extends thus from Vancouver Island to Southern California.	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE4E248FC37FDA7DD7B1DC9.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Halitholus pauper Hartlaub, 1914 (Kramp, 1959).	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
03FE406DFFE4E248FC37FDA7DD7B1DC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks: For the diagnosis see Bouillon et al. (2006) or Schuchert (2007).	en	Schuchert, Peter (2018): DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata). Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1): 101-127, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1196029
