identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0384CB1BA476C95696892957FD4CFF64.text	0384CB1BA476C95696892957FD4CFF64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches Walker. Proepisternum 1852	<div><p>Genus Syneches Walker</p> <p>Syneches Walker, 1852: 165; Bezzi, 1904: 329 (citation, key for subgenera); Melander, 1928: 38 (cit., key for subgenera); 1965: 448 (catalogue); Smith, 1967: 9; 1969: 84; 1975: 190; 1980: 435; 1989: 389 (cat.); Wilder, 1974: 2 (revision Nearctic spp.); Chvála, 1983: 104 (cit.); Chvála &amp; Kovalev, 1989: 184 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007: 306 (cat.); Sinclair, 2011 (rev. Fijian species); Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 403 (rev. Amazonian spp.). Type-species: Syneches simplex Walker, 1852 (monotype).</p> <p>Pterospilus Rondani, 1856: 152; Melander, 1928: 38 (synonym). Type-species: Asilus muscarius Fabricius, 1794 (mon.).</p> <p>Harpamerus Bigot, 1859: 306; Bezzi, 1904: 329 (as subgenus); Frey, 1938: 53 (key); Yang &amp; Yang, 2004: 115 (as genus); Yang et al., 2007: 301 (cat.); Sinclair, 2011: 359 (syn.). Type-species: Harpamerus signatus Bigot, 1859 (mon.).</p> <p>Epiceia Walker, 1860: 149; Bezzi, 1904: 329 (as subgenus); Frey, 1938: 53 (key); Yang et al., 2007: 301 (syn.). Type-species: Epiceia ferruginea Walker, 1860 (mon.).</p> <p>Parahybos Kertész, 1899: 176; Melander, 1928: 45 (cit.); Frey, 1938: 53 (key); 1953: 67 (as subgenus); Smith, 1975: 188; 1980: 434 (cat.); 1989: 389 (cat., syn.); Yang &amp; Yang, 2004: 232 (as genus); Yang et al., 2007: 301 (cat.); Sinclair, 2011: 359 (syn.). Type-species: Parahybos iridipennis Kertész, 1899 (mon.).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 1.8–7.5 mm. Color: yellow to black. Body ranging from slender to robust with slender legs, or with swollen hind femur; scutum normally arched; eyes in general flat on frons; upper facets often wider than lower; postpedicel short and oval (longer in S. longiflagellatus), often bearing a long dorsal seta and the antennal stylus apical to subapical; palpus short and bristly, 3 to 4 x shorter than proboscis, with 1 long apical bristle; proboscis long with labellum sclerotized, lacking pseudotracheae; postcranium concave, with distinct postocellar sclerite; vein Rs long, beginning on basal half of cell br; male terminalia symmetrical and rotated 45–90° to the right.</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan.</p> <p>Key to Brazilian species of Syneches Walker</p> <p>1 Postpedicel elongate, about 3 x longer than scape and pedicel combined (Fig. 27B); scutum yellow to pale brown, with quadrangular dark brown spot on anterior third (Figs 27C, D)........................ S. longiflagellatus Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira</p> <p>- Postpedicel usually slightly longer than scape and pedicel combined (Figs 7C, 43C); scutum with variable color, never with quadrangular dark brown spot on anterior third (Figs 1A, B)................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Scutum broader than mesopleuron in lateral view, usually pyramidal-shaped (Figs 6B, 7B); femora mostly brown to black (Figs 6A, 7A); small species (1.8–3.0 mm)...................................................................... 3</p> <p>- Scutum as broad or narrower than mesopleuron in lateral view, usually dome-shaped (Figs 1A, 3B); femora with variable color (Figs 4A, 8A); small to large species (3–7.0 mm)............................................................ 8</p> <p>3 Pterostigma split into two spots, one posterior to apex of R 1 and one filling apex of cell r 1 (Figs 6E, 29E, 47E)........... 4</p> <p>- Pterostigma continuous, single spot (Fig. 7F), or inconspicuous (Fig. 12E)........................................ 6</p> <p>4 Second section of M 1 about 1/4–1/2 length of crossvein r-m; R 2+3 strongly curved anteriorly, forming right angle with vein C (Fig. 6E)................................................................. S. angulatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>- Second section of M 1 as long or longer than crossvein r-m; R 2+3 gently curved anteriorly, not forming right angle with vein C (Figs 29E, 47E)....................................................................................... 5</p> <p>5 Postpedicel dark brown, yellow on apical half (Fig. 47C), sometimes varying from entirely dark brown to entirely yellow; scutum with dc stripe of gray pruinescence, one circle of gray pruinescence on npl and other just above npl (Fig. 47B); pterostigma extended beyond apex of cell r 1 (Fig. 47E); distal margin of hypandrium rather convex, with pair of bristles inserted very close to each other (Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira 2008, Fig. 30)...................................... S. vidali Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira</p> <p>- Postpedicel wholly dark brown (Fig. 29C); scutum with dc stripe with pale pruinescence, without circles of gray pruinescence (Fig. 29B); pterostigma not extended beyond apex of cell r 1 (Fig. 29E); distal margin of hypandrium rather concave, with pair of bristles inserted far from each other (Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016, fig. 60)......... S. maculosum Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>6 Tibiae yellow to dark yellow, hind tarsomere 1 wholly yellow (Figs 36A, D); epandrium with median apical projection (Rafael &amp; Ale-Rocha 1995, fig. 51)............................................................. S. pyramidatus Bezzi</p> <p>- Tibiae predominantly dark brown to black, hind tarsomere 1 brown with base and apex yellow (Figs 7A, 12A, D); epandrium with dorsoapical projection............................................................................. 7</p> <p>7 Prescutellar disc and scutellum covered with dense gray pruinescence (Fig. 7D); pterostigma small, somewhat triangular, brown, or just darkening posterior to apex of R1, wing slightly brownish (Fig. 7F).................... S. annulipes Bezzi</p> <p>- Prescutellar disc and scutellum covered with reddish brown pruinescence; pterostigma inconspicuous, wing hyaline (Fig. 12E).................................................................... S. bilobatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>8 Flies medium to large size (5–7.00 mm), with strong aspect (Figs 1A, 9A, 13A, 15A, 48A, B); scutellum with more than 16 bristles of various sizes; hind femur strongly swollen with 1AV and 1V rows of spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles (Figs 13D, 15D); pterostigma colored (Figs 9E, 13E, 15E, 48H)................................................ 9</p> <p>- Flies small to medium size (3–5.5 mm), with slender aspect (Figs 4A, 8A); scutellum usually with less than 16 bristles (only S. luteus has more than 16 bristles); hind femur variable in robustness and chaetotaxy; pterostigma colored or inconspicuous..................................................................................................... 12</p> <p>9 Pterostigma short and quadrangular, with brown stain at apex of R 2+3 and anterior to crossvein r-m (Fig. 48H) S. walkeri Smith</p> <p>- Pterostigma elongate, 2 or 3 x longer than wide, oval, lacking brown stain at apex of R 2+3 and anterior to crossvein r-m (Figs 9E, 13E, 15E)....................................................................................... 10</p> <p>10 Prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum (Fig. 2A; cf. also Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016, fig. 2); wing dark brown, pterostigma not fading out distally (Fig. 9E); phallus without lateral flaps (Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha 2018, fig. 1)............................................................................................. S. atratus Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>- Prosternum fused to proepisternum (Fig. 2C; cf. also Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016, fig. 1); wing greyish or pale brown, pterostigma fading out distally (Figs 13E, 15E); phallus with lateral flaps (Fig. 14A).................................. 11</p> <p>11 Pterostigma slender, about 3 x longer than wide, fading above, not touching costal margin in cell r 1 (Fig. 15E); antenna wholly dark brown (Figs 1A, 15C); proboscis and palpus pale brown to dark brown (Fig. 15C); fore tibia dark brown (Figs 1A, 15A– C); postgonite rounded at apex; epandrial lamella wide in lateral view, slightly narrower on apical half (Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016, figs 34–35).................................................................... S. curvipes (Fabricius)</p> <p>- Pterostigma broader than in S. curvipes, about 2 x longer than wide, fading distally, touching costal margin in cell r 1 (Fig. 13E); antenna wholly brown or with postpedicel yellow (Fig. 13C); proboscis and palpus yellow (Fig. 13C); fore tibia yellow (Fig. 13A); postgonite with truncated apex (Fig. 14A); epandrial lamella wide in lateral view, narrowing abruptly towards apex (boot-like shape) (Fig. 14C)............................................................... S. catarinae Smith</p> <p>12 Ocellar triangle flat (Figs 8C, 30B, 38B); mid tibia with 2 bristles longer than mid tarsomere 1; hind femur usually with 1AV row of bristles inserted on finger-like tubercles (Fig. 38C).................................................... 13</p> <p>- Ocellar triangle protuberant (Figs 1A, 3C, 10C); mid tibia usually lacking bristles longer than mid tarsomere 1 (S. exilis has long bristles on mid tibia, longer than mid tarsomere 1); hind femur without prominent finger-like tubercles (Figs 4D, 10D).................................................................................................... 15</p> <p>13 Scutum covered with reddish brown pruinescence; prescutellar disc clearly contrasting with gray pruinescence and dc stripe of yellowish-gray pruinescence (Fig. 8B); hind tibia yellow with slender brown ring at mid-length (Fig. 8A); hind femur with 1AV row of spiniform bristles inserted on small tubercles (Figs 8E, F)................... S. applanatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>- Scutum covered with homogeneous pruinescence (Figs 30A, 38A), lacking dc stripe; hind tibia yellow or brown, lacking contrasting slender ring at mid-length (Figs 30C–D, 38C–D); hind femur with 1AV row of spiniform bristles inserted on finger-like tubercles (Figs 30C–D, 38C–D)......................................................................... 14</p> <p>14 Hind femur brown, yellow at base (Figs 30C–D); wing hyaline, with infuscation on apical margin and at mid-length between R 1 and crossvein r-m; R 2+3 with apex strongly curved anteriorly, reaching vein C at right angle (Fig. 30E); hypandrium 2 x longer than wide (Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016, fig. 67)................................................. S. manaos Smith</p> <p>- Hind femur brown, with basal third to basal half yellow (Figs 38C–D); wing hyaline, lacking infuscation; R 2+3 with apex gently arched anteriorly, reaching vein C at acute angle (Fig. 38E); hypandrium elongated, about 3 x longer than wide (Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira 2008, fig. 2)........................................................................ S. repletus Bezzi</p> <p>15 Scutum distinctly narrower than mesopleuron in lateral view (Figs 3B, 16B, 39B); prescutellar disc not distinctly flattened (mesopleuron measurements taken from end of notopleuron to mid coxa)........................................ 16</p> <p>- Scutum as broad as mesopleuron or only slightly narrower than mesopleuron (Figs 13B, 18B); prescutellar disc distinctly flattened.............................................................................................. 18</p> <p>16 Scutum orangish yellow; pleura yellow, except posterior half of anepisternum and central portion of katepisternum brown, forming large, well delimited vertical spot (Figs 39A, B); hind tibia yellow (Fig. 39D)................ S. sinclairi sp. nov.</p> <p>- Scutum brown (Figs 3B, 16B); pleura variable in color, without well delimited vertical spot (Figs 3B, 16B); hind tibia brown (Figs 3D, 16D)...................................................................................... 17</p> <p>17 Antenna yellow, except postpedicel brown (Fig. 3C); palpus brown; pleura brown to pale brown (Fig. 3C); hind femur slightly swollen (Fig. 3D); distal margin of hypandrium without digitiform projection (Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016, fig. 4)............................................................................... S. amazonicus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>- Antenna brown, except postpedicel yellow (Fig. 16C); palpus yellow; pleura yellow, except anepisternum, upper half of anepimeron and laterotergite brown (Fig. 16C); hind femur strongly swollen (Fig. 16D); distal margin of hypandrium with two short digitiform projections medially (Figs 17A, D)........................................... S. digitatus sp. nov.</p> <p>18 Pterostigma hyaline (Figs 26E, 28C, 31E)................................................................. 19</p> <p>- Pterostigma colored (Figs 4E, 10F, 19F).................................................................. 21</p> <p>19 Species medium size (5.0 mm); scutellum with more than 16 bristles........................... S. luteus (Wiedemann)</p> <p>- Species small size (3.0 mm); scutellum with less than 16 bristles............................................... 20</p> <p>20 Antenna yellow with postpedicel varying from yellow to dark brown (Fig. 31C); prescutellar disc and postalar callus covered with dense gray pruinescence (Fig. 31B)..................................................... S. moraballi Smith</p> <p>- Antenna entirely dark brown (Fig. 26C); prescutellar disc and postalar callus covered with reddish brown pruinescence................................................................................ S. limeirai Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>21 Pterostigma quadrangular or rectangular, ending far from apex of cell r 1 (Figs 37E, 43H); shape of proepisternum and prosternum variable (however, all species with proepisternum long (Fig. 2B) or fused to prosternum forming precoxal bridge keyed here) (Fig. 2C)...................................................................................... 22</p> <p>- Pterostigma variable, but not quadrangular or rectangular, sometimes filling apex of cell r1; proepisternum short, prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum, both distinctly separated and never forming precoxal bridge (Fig. 2A)............. 23</p> <p>22 Hind femur yellow (Fig. 37D); pterostigma short and quadrangular (Fig. 37E); prosternum fused to proepisternum (Fig. 2C)............................................................................. S. rafaeli Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira</p> <p>- Hind femur brown with yellow subapical ring (Figs 43B, F–G); pterostigma somewhat long, rectangular (Fig. 43H); proepisternum long, not fused to prosternum (Fig. 2B)...................................... S. striatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>23 Scutum mostly orangish yellow, clearly contrasting with dark pronotum......................................... 24</p> <p>- Scutum mostly brown to dark brown, concolorous with pronotum.............................................. 25</p> <p>24 Scutum with dark brown acr stripe absent on prescutellar disc (Fig. 19D); hind tibia yellow, dark on apical fourth (Fig. 19E); second section of M 1 as long as crossvein r-m (Fig. 19F)....................................... S. fasciatus sp. nov.</p> <p>- Scutum lacking acr stripe; hind tibia yellow (Fig. 21C); second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 21D)..................................................................................... S. flaviscutellatus sp. nov.</p> <p>25 Hind femur yellow with apical third to apical half reddish brown, with 1AV row of long and sparse spiniform bristles (Figs 10D, 41D).............................................................................................. 26</p> <p>- Hind femur mostly brown or yellow, lacking AV row of spiniform bristles, or present only on apical third.............. 27</p> <p>26 Scutum homogeneously dark brown on ground color, covered with gray pruinescence, reddish brown on acr region, pale golden on dc stripe, absent only on prescutellar disc, visible in anterior and dorsolateral views (Figs 10B, E); phallus with truncate apex, with long and strong lateral flaps (Fig. 11A)............................................ S. barrettoi sp. nov.</p> <p>- Scutum pale yellow to brown on ground color, covered with homogenous golden pruinescence, acr region with complete dark brown stripe (Fig. 41B); phallus with rounded apex, lateral flaps short and slender (Fig. 42A)............ S. smithi sp. nov.</p> <p>27 Hind leg mostly brown (Figs 18D, 25D, 34D).............................................................. 28</p> <p>- Hind leg mostly yellow (Figs 23D, 32C, 44D, 45D)......................................................... 30</p> <p>28 Pterostigma narrow, about 6 x longer than wide (Fig. 18E); R 2+3 nearly straight at apex (Fig. 18E); apical scutellar bristles absent........................................................................ S. exilis Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>- Pterostigma wide, 3 or 4 x longer than wide; R 2+3 slightly angulate at apex (Figs 25E, 34E); apical scutellar bristles present.................................................................................................... 29</p> <p>29 Palpus brown; fore leg brown (Fig. 25A); hind femur brown (Fig. 25D).................. S. jauensis Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira</p> <p>- Palpus yellow (Fig. 34C); fore leg yellow, except tarsomeres 3–5 brown (Fig. 34A); hind femur brown with base and preapical ring yellow (Fig. 34D)................................................................. S. plaumanni sp. nov.</p> <p>30 Mid and hind coxae dark brown (Fig. 23A); hind femur with AV and V spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles on apical third (Fig. 23D).......................................................................... S. fuscus sp. nov.</p> <p>- Mid and hind coxae yellow (Fig. 4A); hind femur lacking spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles (Figs 4D, 44D, 45D)................................................................................................... 31</p> <p>31 Pleura yellow, except anepisternum brown, anepimeron and laterotergite with small central spot brown (Fig. 4B); hind tibia brown on apical half, slightly paler on basal half (Fig. 4D); pterostigma wide, about 2 x longer than wide, filling apex of cell r 1 (Fig. 4E)............................................................................. S. amorimi sp. nov.</p> <p>- Pleura predominantly pale brown to dark brown (Figs 44B, 45B); hind tibia yellow (Figs 44D, 45D); pterostigma narrow, at least 3 x longer than wide, not filling apex of cell r 1 (Figs 32D, 45E)........................................................................... 32</p> <p>32 Postpedicel brown to dark brown (Fig. 45C); pterostigma with short marginal proximal invagination (Fig. 45E); phallus with rounded apex, lateral flaps short, arising close to base of phallus (Fig. 46A)........................ S. tomentosus Smith</p> <p>- Postpedicel yellow to pale yellow (Figs 32B, 44C); pterostigma lacking short marginal proximal invagination (Figs 32D, 44E); phallus with truncate apex or with weak concavity, lateral flaps long, arising from apical half or from apex of phallus (Fig. 33A).............................................................................................. 33</p> <p>33 Scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel yellow to pale yellow (Figs 32A, B); fore tibia brown; hypandrium with distal margin trapezoidal, with median subtriangular protuberance, with 2 short apical projections (Fig. 33A)....... S. nordestino sp. nov.</p> <p>- Antenna entirely yellow (Fig. 44C); fore tibia yellow (Fig. 44D); hypandrium slightly narrowed distally, largely cleft apically forming 2 large lobes (Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016, fig. 88)....................... S. tenebricus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha Syneches amazonicus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA476C95696892957FD4CFF64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA47BC95696892F96FD4CFF64.text	0384CB1BA47BC95696892F96FD4CFF64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches amazonicus , Menezes & Ale-Rocha 2016	<div><p>- Antenna entirely yellow (Fig. 44C); fore tibia yellow (Fig. 44D); hypandrium slightly narrowed distally, largely cleft apically forming 2 large lobes (Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016, fig. 88)....................... S. tenebricus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha Syneches amazonicus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA47BC95696892F96FD4CFF64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA478C95196892C88FBC6FEB1.text	0384CB1BA478C95196892C88FBC6FEB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches amorimi Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches amorimi sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 4A–E, 5A–E, 51)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (4.5 mm) (Fig. 4A). Antenna yellow, but postpedicel brown with yellow base, bearing 2 mediodorsal bristles (Fig. 4C). Scutum dark brown, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view (Fig. 4B); pleura yellow except anepisternum brown (Fig. 4B). Legs long and slender; fore tarsomeres 1–2 and basal half of hind tibia dark yellow, mid tarsomeres 4–5, fore and hind tarsomeres 3–5 brown, apex of hind femur and apical half of hind tibia dark brown, otherwise yellow (Figs 4A, D). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma wide, brown, about 2.5 x longer than wide, filling apex of cell r 1 (Fig. 4E).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 4A). Body length: 4.5 mm; wing length: 3.8 mm. Head (Fig. 4C). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with gray pruinescence; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair long, about 2 x longer than posterior pair. Face black covered with gray pruinescence. Antenna yellow, but postpedicel brown with yellow base; postpedicel short, oval, about 1.4 x longer than wide, as long as preceding segments combined, covered with golden pruinescence, bearing 2 mediodorsal bristles, one of them almost 2 x longer than postpedicel, other about as long as postpedicel; antennal stylus brown, about 3 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent, bare on apical 1/4. Proboscis and palpus yellow; palpifer brown; palpus short, about 1/4 proboscis length, covered with golden pruinescence, with 2 bristles longer than palpus (1 medioventral and 1 apical). Postcranium black, covered with gray pruinescence. Thorax (Fig. 4B). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Pronotum and scutum dark brown, but posterior margin of pprn lb and pal cal yellow, both pronotum and scutum covered with golden pruinescence, except on prescutellar disc with gray pruinescence; scutum as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view. Scutellum brown, pale on anterior margin, covered with golden pruinescence. Pleura yellow except anepisternum brown and anepimeron and laterotergite with small central brown spot. Mediotergite brown. Chaetotaxy: acr 6-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with acr and dc bristles biserial long, posterior one of each longest and curved apically; 2 npl long, strong and close to each other; 2 pal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior long and strong, about 4 x longer than anterior); scutellum with 10 marginal bristles [paratype ♀] (1 apical pair parallel, 1 subapical pair long, strong and divergent, about 2 x longer than apical pair, 3 lateral pairs similar to apical pair). Legs (Figs 4A, D). Long and slender. Fore tarsomeres 1–2 and basal half of hind tibia dark yellow; mid tarsomeres 4–5 and fore and hind tarsomeres 3–5 brown; apex of hind femur and apical half of hind tibia dark brown; otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of long and sparse bristles; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long bristles, shortening toward apex of femur; mid tibia with 1D long bristle on basal third, 1AV and 1PV long and strong subapical bristles; hind femur with 1AV series of long and thin bristles; hind tibia with 1D long bristle on mid-length, 1AD and 2PD long subapical bristles. Wing (Fig. 4E). Sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma wide, brown, about 2.5 x longer than wide, extended from apex of vein R 1 and filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate at apex; second section of vein M 1 as long as r-m; cell bm longer than cells br and cua; cells br and cua subequally long. Halter dark brown, except base of stem yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 4A). Long, about 2.5 x longer than thorax. Brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; dorsal bristles short and dark brown, dorsolateral bristles long and yellow. Holotype male terminalia (Figs 5A–C): hypandrium slightly narrowed towards distal margin, with median shallow marginal concavity and two short apical lobes, each bearing 1 long bristle, reaching half-length of exposed part of phallus. Phallus short and wide, apex rounded, lateral flaps short, pointing to base of phallus, arising next to base of phallus. Postgonite slightly longer than exposed part of phallus, slightly sclerotized on basal half. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae narrow. Epandrial lamella wide in lateral view, narrower on apical third, with short and narrow apicodorsal projection.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male, except for yellow scutellum. Female terminalia (Figs 5D, E). Tergite 8 rectangular, about 2 x longer than wide, lateral bristles long; sternite 8 long, about 3 x longer than wide, narrower, and membranous on central portion of proximal half; cercus longer than sternite 10.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (MZUSP) labelled: “ BRASIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Botelhos, Córrego da Onça, 21°40′90″S 46°22′05″W, Varredura, 02–05.xi.2006, Amorim, Falaschi &amp; Oliveira col., BIOTA-FAPESP” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches amorimi Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha [red label]”. Holotype condition: left hind femur broken, right hind tarsus broken off, left wing mounted between cover slides, male terminalia dissected and stored in microvial. PARATYPES. Same data as holotype (1 ♀, MZUSP; 1 ♀, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Minas Gerais) (Fig. 51). Syneches amorimi sp. nov. is currently known only from the type-locality, in the Atlantic Forest biome.</p> <p>Remarks. The new species resembles S. exilis and S. plaumanni sp. nov. due to the slender aspect and long and slender legs. However, S. amorimi sp. nov. differs from the other two species by the yellow scape and pedicel, postpedicel bearing 2 long mediodorsal bristles and pterostigma wide, filling the apex of cell r 1. Contrastingly, S. exilis and S. plaumanni sp. nov. have brown antennae and the pterostigma is long and oval, not filling the apex of cell r 1.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Dalton Amorim, Brazilian dipterologist who has contributed substantially to the knowledge of Neotropical Diptera and collected the type material.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA478C95196892C88FBC6FEB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA47CC95296892FD2FC0DFBE5.text	0384CB1BA47CC95296892FD2FC0DFBE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches angulatus Menezes & Ale-Rocha	<div><p>Syneches angulatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>(Figs 6A–E, 52)</p> <p>Syneches angulatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 406–408, figs 10–16, 104, 118. Type locality: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (2.2 mm). Antenna dark brown (Fig. 6A). Scutum distinctly pyramidal-shaped, broader than mesopleuron in lateral view (Figs 6A, B), covered with reddish brown pruinescence, paler on prescutellar disc. Wing hyaline; pterostigma divided into two small quadrangular spots, one posterior to apex of vein R 1, and one filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 strongly angulate apically; second section of M 1 about 1/4 length of crossvein r-m; cells bm and cua subequally long, both longer than cell br (Fig. 6E).</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “BRA [BRAZIL], Amazonas, Manaus, Res [Reserva Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, Igarapé Barro Branco, Armadilha Malaise 3” “ 11–22.iv.2004, Henriques, A. Leg ” “Holótipo, Syneches angulatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected.</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Res. Ducke, Igarapé Tinga, Armadilha Malaise 2, 13–23.ix.2004, A. Henriques leg. (1 ♀, INPA). Pará: Belém (Area P-1), 20.vi.1964, Shope &amp; de Freitas (1 ♂, CNC). Maranhão: Caxias, Reserva Ecológica Inhamum, 26–30.i.2006, Arm. Malaise, G. A. Cunha (1 ♀, INPA); idem, 29.v–01.vi.2006 (1 ♀, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Pará* and Maranhão *) (Fig. 52). Syneches angulatus was previously registered only from the Amazon biome and is now known to occur also in the Cerrado biome.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches angulatus differs from all other Brazilian species with the scutum broader than the mesopleuron by having R 2+3 strongly angulate apically and the second section of vein M 1 noticeably short, about 1/4 length of crossvein r-m. This species apparently forms a monophyletic group with S. annulipes Bezzi, S. bilobatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, S. maculosum Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, S. pyramidatus Bezzi and S. vidali Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, sharing a small size (2–3 mm), scutum broader than mesopleuron in lateral view and usually pyramidal-shaped, femora brown to black, but fore and mid femora with yellow apex, and male terminalia remarkable similar, with simple short phallus and hypandrium lacking projections or deep concavities.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA47CC95296892FD2FC0DFBE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA47CC94C96892BC4FEB5FF00.text	0384CB1BA47CC94C96892BC4FEB5FF00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches annulipes Bezzi 1909	<div><p>Syneches annulipes Bezzi</p> <p>(Figs 7A–E, 57)</p> <p>Syneches annulipes Bezzi, 1909: 316; Collin, 1933: 28 (cit.); Smith, 1967: 9 (cat.); Rafael &amp; Ale-Rocha, 1995: 536, figs 47–49, 66 (rev.); Yang et al., 2007: 306 (cat.); Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 115 (Brazil); Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 408–409, figs 17–18, 118 (diagn., female, distr.); Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2018: 639, figs 9, 14 (NE Brazil). Type locality: Mapiri, La Paz, Bolivia.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (2.3 mm) (Fig. 7A). Antenna brown to dark brown (Fig. 7C). Scutum mostly rounded, broader than mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with reddish brown pruinescence, except on pprn lb and prescutellar disc, both covered with gray pruinescence, one spot of gray pruinescence on npl and other just above npl (Figs 7B, D). Scutellum covered with gray pruinescence (Fig. 7D). Wing hyaline to sub-hyaline, pterostigma small, set distal to apex of R 1, limited to a slight infuscation posterior to apex of R 1 or pterostigma inconspicuous, only with apex of R 2+3 darkened; R 2+3 slightly angulate near apex; second section of M 1 as long as crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua (Fig. 7E).</p> <p>Material examined. BRAZIL. Roraima: Bonfim, Ig [arapé] Arraia, Varredura, v.1991, J.A. Rafael, R.A. Rocha, J. Vidal, Comparado com tipo [compared with holotype], Syneches annulipes, Det. R. Ale-Rocha (1 ♂, INPA). Rondônia: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.371666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.781944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.371666/lat -12.781944)">Vilhena</a>, 12°46′55″S 60°22′18″W, 25.iv.2006, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F., Arm. luz (1 ♀, INPA). Maranhão: Mirador, Parque Est. Mirador, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.86889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.6236115" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.86889/lat -6.6236115)">Base da Geraldina</a>, 06°37′25″S 45°52′08″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.86889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.6236115" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.86889/lat -6.6236115)">Varredura</a>, 14–18.viii.2012, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, J.S. Pinto Junior &amp; D.W.A. Marques (1♂, 1♀, CZMA); idem, Armadilha suspensa, 10- 16.v.2013, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, L.L.M. Santos &amp; L.S. Santos (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, Base dos Cágados, 06°46′29″S 45°06′28″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.107777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.774722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.107777/lat -6.774722)">Armadilha de Malaise</a>, 26.xi.2011 (1♀, CZMA); Carolina, PARNA Chapada das Mesas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.287888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.070586" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.287888/lat -7.070586)">Água Fria</a>, 212 m, 07°04′14.11″S 47°17′16.40″W, Armadilha Suspensa (5 ♂, CZMA), 13–20.viii.2014, J.A. Rafael, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, T.L. Rocha &amp; G.A. Reis, cols. (1 ♂, CZMA); Caxias, Zona Rural, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.05361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6619444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.05361/lat -4.6619444)">Olho</a> D’água das Moças, 04°39′43″S. 43°03′13″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.05361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6619444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.05361/lat -4.6619444)">Varredura</a>, 24.vii.2012, J.A. Rafael, F.Limeira-de-Oliveira &amp; J.S. Pinto Junior (1♂, CZMA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Maranhão *, Pará, Piauí, Rondônia * and Roraima) (Fig. 57); Bolivia. Syneches annulipes was previously known to occur in the Amazon and Caatinga biomes and now is also registered in the Cerrado biome.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches annulipes is similar to S. vidali by the scutum broader than mesopleuron in lateral view and pruinescence pattern on scutum and scutellum. However, S. annulipes differs from the latter in having a small pterostigma, located distal to the apex of R 1 or inconspicuous. In contrast, S. vidali has the pterostigma divided into two dark spots.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA47CC94C96892BC4FEB5FF00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA462C94D96892E63FB62FC88.text	0384CB1BA462C94D96892E63FB62FC88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches applanatus , Menezes & Ale-Rocha 2016	<div><p>Syneches applanatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>(Figs 8A–F, 50)</p> <p>Syneches applanatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 409–411, figs 19–25, 105, 118. Type locality: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (4.4 mm) (Fig. 8A). Ocellar triangle flat (Figs 8A, 8C). Scutum covered with reddish brown pruinescence, but prescutellar disc clearly contrasting with gray pruinescence and dc stripe of yellowishgray pruinescence (Fig. 8B). Legs with coxae, trochanters, basal 3/4 of fore and mid femora, hind femur and all tarsomeres 5 brown to reddish brown, hind tibia with brown ring at mid-length and hind tarsomere 1 brown with yellow base and apex, otherwise yellow (Fig. 8A); hind femur strongly swollen in males (about 2 x wider than in females), bearing 1AV series of spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles (Fig. 8E). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma brown, short and round, 1.5 x longer than wide, in between apices of R 1 and R 2+3, but only its posterior margin touching R 2+3 (Fig. 8D).</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, Amazonas, Manaus, PDBFF-WWF Proj: Bert Klein ” “ Reserve 1301” “ ii.1985, Malaise ” “ Holótipo, Syneches applanatus, Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good, but both antennae lost; not dissected.</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Careiro Castanho, BR-319, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.817776&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.213333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.817776/lat -4.213333)">Km</a> 181, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.817776&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.213333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.817776/lat -4.213333)">Sítio</a> São Paulo, 04°12′48″S 60°49′04″W, 13–27.vii.2016, Malaise grande 2, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F. (1 ♂, 1 ♀, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas). Syneches applanatus is known to occur only in the Amazon biome (Fig. 50).</p> <p>Variation. Contrary to the males, the hind femora in females are not strongly swollen (Fig. 8F).</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches applanatus is similar to S. repletus due to the flat ocellar triangle, pterostigma brown and round, ending near apex of cell r 1 and hind femur strongly swollen in males. However, S. applanatus differs from S. repletus by the fore and mid femora mostly brown to reddish brown, hind tibia with a brown ring at mid-length and hind femur bearing 1AV row of spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles. In S. repletus, the fore and mid femora are yellow, hind tibia is yellow lacking dark ring, but with the apical half to apical third brown and tubercles of the hind femur much longer than those of S. applanatus. The original description states that the prescutellar disc bears reddish brown pruinescence (Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016), but examination of the holotype revealed that the prescutellar disc is covered with gray pruinescence, contrasting with the rest of the scutum.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA462C94D96892E63FB62FC88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA463C94D96892CEBFE5FF962.text	0384CB1BA463C94D96892CEBFE5FF962.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches atratus Soares & Ale-Rocha	<div><p>Syneches atratus Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>(Figs 9A–E, 49)</p> <p>Syneches atratus Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2018: 636–638, figs 1–3, 10, 15. Type locality: Bom Jardim, Maranhão, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (5.1 mm) (Fig. 9A). Antenna yellow, except postpedicel dark brown on apical 2/3 (Fig. 9C), sometimes varying from entirely dark brown to entirely yellow; palpus and palpifer brown (Fig. 9C). Prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Scutum rounded, dark brown, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with reddish brown pruinescence (Fig. 9B). Hind femur strongly swollen, brown, with a subapical dark yellow ring and 1AV row of spiniform setae inserted in short tubercles (Fig. 9D). Wing dark brown; pterostigma long, oval, about 4 x longer than wide, positioned distal to apex of R 1 and not reaching apex of cell r 1; cell br as long as cell bm, both longer than cell cua; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 9E).</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (CZMA) labelled: “ Brasil, (MA) [Maranhão], Bom Jardim, REBIO-Res [Reserva] Biol [Biológica do] Gurupi, Armadilha Malaise ” “ 17–27.i.2010, F. Limeira de Oliveira, J.T. Câmara &amp; A.A.T. Sousa, cols.” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches atratus Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good, except for ocellar bristles, right postpedicel, right fore tibia and tarsus broken off; not dissected.</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Ceará, Maranhão, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte) (Fig. 49). Syneches atratus is widely distributed throughout Northeast Brazil, occurring in several different biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado).</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches atratus differs from all other Brazilian species by the medium size and strong aspect, prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum and phallus long, tube-like, lacking lateral flaps and reaching the apex of the epandrial lamella.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA463C94D96892CEBFE5FF962	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA463C9499689284CFA6BFC38.text	0384CB1BA463C9499689284CFA6BFC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches barrettoi Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches barrettoi sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 10A–F, 11A–E, 51)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (5.2 mm) (Fig. 10A). Antenna brown (Fig. 10C). Scutum rounded, dark brown, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with gray pruinescence, but acr region with reddish brown pruinescence and dc stripe with pale golden pruinescence, both extended posteriorly to anterior margin of prescutellar disc in anterior and dorsolateral views (Figs 10B, E). Scutellum covered with gray pruinescence. Femora yellow, but hind femur reddish brown on apical third to apical half, with 1AV row of spiniform bristles, long and sparse (Figs 10A, D). Wing sub-hyaline on males, pale brown; pterostigma long, oval, brown, about 3.5 x longer than wide; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm longer than cells br and cua (Fig. 10F).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 10A). Body length: 5.2 mm; wing length: 4.6 mm. Head (Fig. 10C). Ocellar triangle prominent, protuberant, covered with gray pruinescence, with 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair long, about 2 x longer than posterior pair. Face black, covered with gray pruinescence. Antenna brown; postpedicel short, ovate, about 1.6 x longer than wide, as long as preceding segments combined, covered with pale brown pruinescence, 1 long mediodorsal bristle, as long as postpedicel; antennal stylus about 3 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent, bare on apical 1/4. Proboscis dark yellow, with base brown; palpifer brown; palpus yellow, short, about 1/4 proboscis length, covered with golden pruinescence, with 2 bristles longer than palpus (1 medioventral and 1 apical), and 4 bristles shorter than palpus (2V on basal half and 2D on apical half). Postcranium black, covered with gray pruinescence. Thorax (Figs 10A, B, E). Proepisternum short, prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Pronotum dark brown, covered with pale golden pruinescence. Scutum rounded, dark brown, except posterior margin of pprn lb and pal cal pale brown, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with gray pruinescence, except acr region covered with reddish brown pruinescence and dc stripe covered with pale golden pruinescence, both extended posteriorly to anterior margin of prescutellar disc in anterior and dorsolateral views. Scutellum dark brown, covered with gray pruinescence. Pleura reddish brown, except meron mostly dark. Mediotergite concolorous with scutum. Chaetotaxy: acr 8-serial and dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 2 acr and 3 dc bristles longer, posterior dc bristle longest, strong and curved apically; 2 npl long, strong and close each other; 2 pal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior long and strong, about 4 x longer than anterior one); scutellum with 13 marginal bristles (1 convergent apical pair, 1 long, strong and divergent subapical pair, about 2 x longer than apical pair, 1 short lateral pair converging to apical pair, 4 left lateral and 5 right lateral bristles, about as long as apical pair). Legs (Figs 10A, C, D). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half, mid femur slender, hind femur as strong as anterior femur. Legs with hind femur reddish brown on apical third, hind tibia dark yellow, but apical third dark brown, fore and hind tarsi, and mid tarsomeres 3–5 reddish brown, otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of bristles slightly longer than covering ones, 1D subapical bristle longer than anterior ones; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long bristles, shortening toward femur apex; mid tibia with 1AD long bristle on basal third, about as long as mid tarsomere 1; hind femur with 1AV row of spiniform bristles, long and sparse, several V short spiniform bristles on apical half; hind tibia with 1PD series of bristles, longest on apical half, and 1AD, 1D, and 1PD long, subapical bristle. Wing (Fig. 10F). Sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma long, oval, brown, about 3.5 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1, not filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate apically; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm longer than cells br and cua. Halter dark brown, except base of stem yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 10A). Long, about 2 x longer than thorax. Dark brown, except posterior half of tergites 1–2 reddish brown, covered with concolorous pruinescence; bristles pale yellow, dorsal bristles shorter and dorsolateral bristles long. Terminalia (Paratype, type-locality, Figs 11A–C) with distal margin of hypandrium with 3 concavities, medial one shallower, making up two short lobes, each bearing 1 long apical bristle reaching half-length of exposed part of phallus. Phallus long, with truncate apex, reaching apex of epandrial lamella, with long and strong lateral flaps pointing to base of phallus, arising from basal half of phallus. Postgonite long and slender, reaching 2/3 of exposed part of phallus. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae narrow. Epandrial lamella wide in lateral view, narrowing apically, concave on apical third, with narrow short apicodorsal projection.</p> <p>Female (Figs 11D, E). Similar to male, but wing hyaline. Terminalia with tergite 8 rectangular, slightly longer than wide, distal margin slightly concave, lateral bristles long; sternite 8 long, about 2 x longer than wide, narrower and membranous on central portion of proximal half, distal margin with long bristles; cercus long, as long as sternite 10.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (MZUSP) labelled: “[Brazil, State of Rio de Janeiro], Est [Estado] do Rio, Itatiaia, Maromba, Barretto col., 8 - 946 [viii.1946]” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches barrettoi Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha” [red label]. Holotype condition: good, mounted on minuten, anepisternum pierced by minuten; not dissected. PARATYPES. Same data as holotype (3 ♂, MZUSP; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, CNC; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS; 4 ♂, INPA); idem, ix.[1]946 (7 ♂, 3 ♀, INPA; 1 ♀, NMNH; 1 ♀, DZUP); idem, Faz [Fazenda da] Serra, viii.[1]946 (2 ♂, NMNH). São Paulo: Cantareira, Chapadão, Barretto col., viii.[1]946 (2 ♂, NMNH; 4 ♂, DZUP; 5 ♂, NHMUK; 12 ♂, 1 ♀, MZUSP; 4 ♂, INPA); idem, ix.[1]946 (1 ♀, NHMUK); idem, viii.[1]945 (1 ♀, MZUSP); idem, S[erra da] Cantareira, Cantareira, Barretto col., viii.[1]945 (4 ♂, INPA); idem, x.[1]945 (2 ♀, MZUSP); idem, viii.[19]45, J. Lane coll. (1 ♀, MZUSP); idem, Jundiaí, P[arque] Florestal Serra do Japi, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.950832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.2425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.950832/lat -23.2425)">Trilha Cachoeira Paraíso</a>, 23°14′33″S. 46°57′03″W, luz U. V. branca, Lecci, Moretto &amp; Nascimento cols., 27.viii.2007, BIOTA-FAPESP (1 ♀, MZUSP); idem, 28.viii.2007 (1 ♀, INPA; 1 ♀ MZUSP).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) (Fig. 51). Syneches barrettoi sp. nov. is currently known only from the Atlantic Forest biome.</p> <p>Variation. The acr bristles varies from 6–8 series on the scutum, while on the prescutellar disc has 2–3 acr bristles and 2–3 dc bristles. The mid and hind coxae are brown; hind femur is brown to reddish brown on the apical third to apical half; fore tibia is brown and the hind tibia is brown on the apical half.</p> <p>Remarks. The new species differs from all the other Brazilian species by the distinct pruinescence pattern on the scutum and the male terminalia (see above).</p> <p>Etymology. Syneches barrettoi sp. nov. is named after Mauro Pereira Barretto (in memoriam), Brazilian parasitologist who studied the taxonomy of Tabanidae (Diptera) and collected the holotype and paratypes of this species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA463C9499689284CFA6BFC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA467C94996892B7BFB9EF85A.text	0384CB1BA467C94996892B7BFB9EF85A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches bilobatus , Menezes & Ale-Rocha 2016	<div><p>Syneches bilobatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>(Figs 12A–E, 50)</p> <p>Syneches bilobatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 411–413, figs 26–32, 106, 118. Type locality: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (1.8 mm) (Fig. 12A). Antenna dark brown (Fig. 12C). Scutum pyramidal-shaped, broader than mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with reddish brown pruinescence (Fig. 12B). Fore and mid tibiae brown to dark brown with yellow base and apex; hind tarsomere 1 brown with base and apex yellow. Wing hyaline; pterostigma inconspicuous; R 2+3 slightly angulate apically; cells br, bm and cua subequally long; second section of M 1 slightly shorter than crossvein r-m (Fig. 12E). Apical margin of hypandrium slightly convex and epandrial lamellae with short apical projection.</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, Amazona s, Manaus, R[eserva Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, 16–17.iii.1993, Varredura-orla da mata, João Vidal ” “ Holótipo, Syneches bilobatus, Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: left hind leg and right mid tarsus broken off; not dissected.</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas) (Fig. 50). Syneches bilobatus is known to occurr only from the Amazon biome.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches bilobatus is similar to S. pyramidatus given the wing hyaline, pterostigma inconspicuous, scutum pyramidal-shaped, broader than mesopleuron and covered with reddish brown pruinescence. However, the species differs from S. pyramidatus by the brown to dark brown fore and mid tibiae with yellow base and apex (yellow in S. pyramidatus), hind tarsomere 1 brown with base and apex yellow (yellow in S. pyramidatus) and second section of M 1 slightly shorter than crossvein r-m (second section of M 1 longer than r-m in S. pyramidatus). The original description states that there is yellowish-gray pruinescence forming dorsocentral and supra-alar stripes (Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016), but we could not distinguish the yellowish-gray stripe in the holotype and paratypes, and now consider that the whole scutum is covered with a reddish brown pruinescence.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA467C94996892B7BFB9EF85A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA464C94696892853FBFCFEC8.text	0384CB1BA464C94696892853FBFCFEC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches catarinae Smith	<div><p>Syneches catarinae Smith</p> <p>(Figs 2C, 13A–E, 14A–E, 51)</p> <p>Syneches catarinae Smith, 1962: 215, fig. 16; 1967: 9 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007 (cat.). Type locality: Nova Teutônia, Santa Catarina, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Large size (6.0 mm) (Fig. 13A). Antenna brown, but postpedicel yellow to brown (Fig. 13C). Palpus and proboscis yellow (Fig. 13C). Prosternum fused to proepisternum; scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with brown pruinescence, except by dorsocentral stripe and prescutellar disc with gray pruinescence (lateral view) (Figs 13A, B); scutellum with 17–18 marginal bristles. Fore tibia yellow; hind femur strongly swollen, yellow, with ring on mid-length and apex brown, bearing 1AV series of spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles (Fig. 13D). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma long, oval, brown, fading on apical third; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 13E).</p> <p>Redescription. Holotype male. Body length: 6.0 mm; wing length: 4.6 mm. Head (Fig. 13C). Compound eyes with upper facets not enlarged. Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with golden pruinescence; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair about 2 x longer than posterior pair. Face brown covered with gray pruinescence. Antenna brown, except postpedicel pale brown; postpedicel short, oval, about 1.5 x longer than wide, as long as preceding segments combined, covered with golden pruinescence, bearing 2 mediodorsal bristles (anterior longer, other shorter than postpedicel); antennal stylus pale brown, about 4 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent, bare on apical 1/6. Proboscis, palpus and palpifer yellow; palpus short, about 1/3 proboscis length, covered with golden pruinescence, bearing 2 bristles as long as palpus (1 medioventral and 1 apical) and 5 shorter bristles (3V on basal half, 2D on apical half). Postcranium black, covered with gray pruinescence. Thorax (Figs 13A, B). Prosternum fused to proepisternum (Fig. 2C). Pronotum pale brown, covered with golden pruinescence. Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron lateral view, brown except posterior margin of pprn lb and pal cal pale brown, scutum covered with brown pruinescence, except gray pruinescence on dorsocentral stripe, prescutellar disc, and apparently bare small triangular area on prescutellar disc in posterior view, but with evident gray pruinescence in dorsal view. Scutellum pale brown covered with golden pruinescence. Pleura brown. Mediotergite concolorous with scutum. Chaetotaxy: scutum with acr 8-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with acr 4-serial and dc 3-serial, bristles long, posterior acr and dc bristle longer and curved apically; 2 npl long and strong, inserted distant from each other; 2 pal bristles (anterior one short and thin, posterior one long and strong, about 4 x longer than anterior bristle); scutellum with 18 marginal bristles (1 convergent apical pair, 1 long, strong, parallel subapical pair, about 2 x longer than apical pair, 1 long and strong lateral pair, slightly shorter than subapical pair, 6 lateral bristles about as long as apical scutellar bristle). Legs (Figs 13A, D). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half, mid femur slender, hind femur strongly swollen. Legs with mid and hind coxae, apex of femora, ring at mid-length of hind femur, apical third of hind tibia and all tarsomeres 5 brown, otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of long and sparse bristles; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long and strong bristles, shortening toward femur apex; mid tibia with 2AD long bristles (1 on basal third and 1 subapical), 4AV long bristles on apical 2/3 (1 subapical stronger), 3PV long bristles (2 on basal half and 1 stronger subapical), 4D on apical 2/3; hind femur with 1AV series of spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles, V spiniform bristles shorter on apical 2/3, 3AD stronger bristles on apical third; hind tibia with 2AD long (1 on apical half and 1 subapical), 1AV and 1PV strong subapical bristles. Wing (Fig. 13E). Sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma long, oval, brown on basal two thirds, fading on apical third, about 4 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1 and not filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate near apex; cells br and bm equally long, both longer than cell cua; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m. Halter dark brown, except base of stem yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 13A). Long, about 2 x longer than thorax. Brown, except tergite 1 with anterior half pale brown and posterior half dark yellow. Abdomen covered with concolorous pruinescence, dorsal bristles short and brown, laterodorsal bristles long and yellow. Terminalia (Figs 14A–C) (compared with holotype, type-locality) with distal margin of hypandrium with deep mid-width concavity, forming two long lobes, each bearing 1 long apical bristle that reaches 2/3 of exposed part of phallus. Phallus strong, with rounded apex and lateral flaps long and strong, pointing to base of phallus, arising from middle of phallus. Postgonite long and slender, apex truncate and longer than exposed part of phallus. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae wide. Epandrial lamella wide in lateral view, narrowing apically, apex rounded.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male, except npl with gray pruinescence and tergites 1–2 yellow. Terminalia (Figs 14D, E) with tergite 8 rectangular, about 2 x longer than wide, lateral bristles long on distal margin; sternite 8 long, about 3 x longer than wide, narrower and membranous on central portion of basal half, distal margins slightly concave bearing long bristles; cercus long and strong, as long as sternite 10.</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (NHMUK) labelled: “ Brasilien [BRAZIL, Santa Catarina, Seara], Nova Teutônia, 21.xi.1937, Fritz Plaumann, 300–500 m ” “Hol. ♂ n° 1938-312”. Holotype condition: good, right wing between cover slides; not dissected. PARATYPES. Same data as holotype except, 20.xi.1937 (1 ♂, NHMUK); idem, 21.xi.1937 (1 ♀, NHMUK).</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: xi.1970, Compared with the holotype, Syneches catarinae Smith, 1962, Det. R. Ale-Rocha [green label] (2 ♂, INPA); idem, 27°11′S 52°23′W, 300–500 m, x.1960 (6 ♂, CNC); idem, xii.1962 (1 ♀, CNC); idem, 10.xi.1962 (1 ♀, CNC); idem, 22.xi.1962 (1 ♀, CNC); idem, x.1963 (1 ♀, CNC); idem, xi.1964 (1 ♂, CNC); idem, x.1970 (2 ♂, 1 ♀, MZUSP); idem, xi.1970 (8 ♂, 1 ♀, MZUSP; 6 ♀, INPA); idem, xi.1975, Cal. Acad. Sci. Coll. (11 ♂, 3 ♀, CAS); idem, x.1976 (26 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS); idem, x.1977 (21 ♂, CAS; 40 ♂, INPA). Espírito Santo: Alfredo Chaves, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.709724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.464724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.709724/lat -20.464724)">Picadão</a>, mata, 714 m, 20°27′53″S 40°42′35″W, 08–15.x.2007, Malaise, M. Tavares &amp; C. Azevedo e eq., col. (1 ♀, UFES). São Paulo: Cd. Jardim, 20.ii.1943, Carrera col. (1 ♂, MZUSP). Paraná: Curitiba, xii.1985, A. Yamamoto (2 ♂, MZUSP); Guarapuava, Est. Águas Sta. Clara, 24.xi.1986, Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, Malaise (1 ♀, DZUP).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (States of Espírito Santo *, Paraná *, Santa Catarina and São Paulo *) (Fig. 51). Syneches catarinae is only known to occur in the Atlantic Forest biome.</p> <p>Variation. The postpedicel may vary from yellow to brown. On the scutellum, the subapical bristles may vary from 1–2 pairs and the lateral bristles vary from 5–7 pairs. The fore coxa and all trochanters may be brown and the ring at mid-length on the hind femur may be longer and the color varies from pale to dark brown.Also, tergite 1 may be brown on the anterior half, instead of pale brown as in the holotype.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches catarinae, S. curvipes and S. walkeri are closely related species and possibly form a monophyletic group by sharing the large size and strong aspect, wide prosternum, dorsocentral stripe with gray pruinescence, scutellum with more than 16 bristles and hind femur strongly swollen with 1AV series of spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles, besides the apical margin of the hypandrium with a deep mid-width concavity, forming two long lobes. However, S. catarinae may be differentiated from S. walkeri by the long and oval pterostigma, fading off apically, hind femur yellow with a wide ring at mid-length and apex brown and hind tibia brown on apical third. In S. walkeri, the pterostigma is short, quadrangular, the hind femur has a pale brown ring on apical third and the hind tibia is yellow with a brown ring at mid-length. Also, S. catarinae has the antennae brown with postpedicel varying from yellow to brown, palpus, proboscis and fore tibia yellow, apex of postgonite truncate, epandrial lamellae wide, narrowing abruptly towards apex (boot-like shape), but differing from S. curvipes, which has antennae, palpus and fore tibia brown to dark brown, apex of postgonite rounded and epandrial lamellae wide, slightly narrower on apical half. Moreover, S. atratus and S. rafaeli seem to be related to these species. Syneches atratus shares the strong aspect, the hind femur strongly swollen with 1AV row of spiniform setae inserted on short tubercles and the apical margin of the hypandrium has a deep mid-width concavity, forming two long lobes (Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha 2018, fig. 1), but it has a narrow prosternum and the scutum is homogenously covered with reddish brown pruinescence. Syneches rafaeli shares the wide prosternum and the dorsocentral stripe with gray pruinescence, but it has a medium-size length, without strong aspect and the hind femur weakly swollen.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA464C94696892853FBFCFEC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA469C94796892FD2FEA5FB36.text	0384CB1BA469C94796892FD2FEA5FB36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches curvipes (Fabricius 1805) Det.	<div><p>Syneches curvipes (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Figs 1A, 15A–E, 52)</p> <p>Damalis curvipes Fabricius, 1805: 147.</p> <p>Hybos curvipes: Wiedemann, 1828: 415.</p> <p>Damalis quadricinctus Fabricius, 1805: 148.</p> <p>Hybos quadricinctus: Wiedemann, 1828: 415.</p> <p>Syneches quadricinctus: Bezzi, 1909: 314 (key); Smith, 1967: 10 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007: 313 (cat.); Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 413–415 (syn.).</p> <p>Syneches curvipes: Bezzi, 1909: 314 (key); Collin, 1933: 28 (cit.); Smith, 1962: 212 (cit.); 1967: 9 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007: 307 (cat.); Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 413–415, figs 33–39, 107, 119 (rev., Brazil). Type locality: America Meridional.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Large size (6.0 mm) (Figs 1A, 15A). Antenna dark brown (Figs 1A, 15C); palpus and proboscis brown to dark brown (Figs 1A, 15C). Prosternum fused to proepisternum; scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, orange yellow to brown, covered with golden pruinescence, except dorsocentral stripe with gray pruinescence (Figs 1A, 15B). Abdomen dark brown, except tergite 1 and lateral of tergites 2–4 yellow to pale brown (Figs 1A, 15A). Legs yellow to pale brown, except fore and hind tibiae and all tarsomeres 5 brown to dark brown, hind femur yellow to brownish on basal half, strongly swollen with 1AV series of spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles (Figs 1A, 15D). Wing hyaline, greyish; pterostigma long, oval, brown near base fading off apically; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m; both cells br and bm longer than cell cua (Fig. 15E).</p> <p>Material examined. BRAZIL. Amapá: Calçoene, Balneário Asa Aberta, 02°31′072″N 50°58′16.8″W, Malaise, 17–18.iv.2014, J.T. Câmara &amp; J.A. Rafael (1 ♂, 1 ♀, INPA); idem, Ig. Asa Aberta, Varredura, 17.iv.2014 (1 ♂, 2 ♀, INPA); Serra do Navio, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.01164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8942222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.01164/lat 0.8942222)">Estr. Cach. Pedra Preta</a>, 00°53′39.2″N 52°00′41.9″W, Malaise, 14–16.iv.2014, J.T. Câmara &amp; J.A. Rafael (1 ♀, INPA). Pará, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.625553&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.5863888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.625553/lat -1.5863888)">Rio Nhamundá</a>, 01°35′11″S 57°37′32″W, Syneches curvipes (Fabricius) Det. Ale-Rocha, 1999 (1 ♀, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amapá *, Amazonas and Pará) (Fig. 52); Guyana. Syneches curvipes is known to occurr only in the Amazon biome.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is remarkably similar to S. catarinae, but it can be separated by the characters given in the key (see also “Remarks” under S. catarinae). A female specimen of S. curvipes was photographed resting on the vegetation in Guyana (Fig. 1), showing the typical sitting and waiting hunting behavior of many hybotid flies [see Wilder (1974) for Nearctic Syneches species and Jaume-Schinkel et al. (2020) for the genus Chvalaea (Hybotidae: Ocydromiinae)].</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA469C94796892FD2FEA5FB36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA469C94296892A71FDC7FCEC.text	0384CB1BA469C94296892A71FDC7FCEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches digitatus Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches digitatus sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 16A–E, 17A–E, 51)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (5.5 mm) (Fig. 16A). Antenna brown, except postpedicel yellow (Fig. 16C). Scutum rounded, narrower than mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with gray pruinescence (Fig. 16B); pleura yellow, except anepisternum brown, anterior margin of anepimeron and laterotergite pale brown (Fig. 16B). Mid tibia bearing 3 bristles longer than mid tarsomere 1 (1D on basal half, 1AV on mid-length and 1PV subapical); hind femur strongly swollen, yellow, with a wide ring at mid-length and apex brown (Fig. 16D). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma long, subrectangular, brown, about 3 x longer than wide; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua (Fig. 16E).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 16A). Body length: 5.5 mm; wing length: 4.5 mm. Head (Fig. 16C). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with gray pruinescence; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair long, about 2 x longer than posterior pair. Face black, covered with gray pruinescence.Antenna brown, with yellow postpedicel; postpedicel short, oval, about 1.4 x longer than wide, slightly longer than preceding segments combined, covered with golden pruinescence, bearing 1 long mediodorsal bristle slightly longer than postpedicel; stylus brown, about 3.5 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent except apical 1/6 bare. Proboscis, palpifer and palpus dark yellow; palpus short, about 1/3 proboscis length, covered with golden pruinescence, with 2 bristles longer than palpus (1 medioventral, 1 apical) and 4 shorter bristles (2V on basal half, 2D on apical half). Postcranium black, covered with gray pruinescence. Thorax (Fig. 16B). Proepisternum short, prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Pronotum brown, with yellow margins, covered with golden pruinescence. Scutum rounded, narrower than mesopleuron in lateral view, brown, but posterior margin of pprn lb and pal cal pale yellow, covered with golden pruinescence. Scutellum pale brown, but anterior margin with median triangular pale brown spot, covered with gray pruinescence. Pleura yellow, except anepisternum, upper half of anepimeron and laterotergite brown. Mediotergite dark yellow. Chaetotaxy: scutum with acr 6-serial and dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 1 acr and 2 dc long, posterior dc longer, stronger and curved apically; 2 npl bristles long, strong and closely inserted; 2 pal bristles (anterior one short and thin, posterior one long and strong, about 4 x longer than anterior); scutellum with 11 marginal bristles (3 parallel apical pair, 1 long and strong subapical pair, about 2 x longer than apical pair, 3 lateral pairs, similar to apical pair). Legs (16A, D). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half, mid femur slender, hind femur strongly swollen. Legs with fore tibia dark yellow, hind tibia, fore tarsus and mid and hind tarsomere 5, hind femur with wide ring at mid-length and apex brown, otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of bristles increasing in size toward tibia apex; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long and sparse bristles, shortening toward femur apex; mid tibia with 3 bristles longer than mid tarsomere 1 (1D on basal half, 1AV on mid-length, 1PV subapical) and 3 shorter bristles (1PV on mid-length, 1AV and 1D subapical); hind femur with 1AV series of spiniform bristles, long and sparse, inserted on short tubercles, several shorter V spiniform bristles on apical half, 3AD strong bristles on apical half; hind tibia with 1D long bristle on basal half and 3 long subapical bristles (1AD, 1D, 1PV). Wing (Fig. 16E). Sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma long, subrectangular, brown, about 3 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1 and not filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate near apex; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua. Halter dark brown, except base of stem yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 16A). About 2.5 x longer than thorax. Dark brown, except tergites 1–2 brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; dorsal bristles short, laterodorsal bristles longer. Terminalia (Figs 17A–D) (Paratype, type-locality) with distal margin of hypandrium with two short digitiform projections, each one bearing 1 long bristle, slightly shorter than exposed part of phallus, hypandrium with 3 pairs of long bristles on apical third. Phallus long with rounded apex, shorter than postgonite, with short lateral flaps pointing to base of phallus, arising from middle of phallus. Postgonite long, wide on base and narrowing towards apex, curved apically reaching apex of epandrial lamella. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae narrow. Epandrial lamella wide in lateral view, narrowing gradually towards rounded apex.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male. Terminalia (Figs 16E, F) with tergite 8 rectangular, about 2 x longer than wide, distal margin slightly concave; sternite 8 about 2.5 x longer than wide, narrower and membranous at mid-width of basal half, distal margin bearing long bristles; cercus long and narrow, longer than sternite 10.</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (MZUSP) labelled: “ Brasilien [BRAZIL, Santa Catarina, Seara], Nova Teutônia, 27°11′B.52°23′L, xii.1970, Fritz Plaumann, 300–500 m ” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches digitatus Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected. PARATYPES. Same data as holotype (3 ♂, 1 ♀, MZUSP; 4 ♂, 1 ♀, INPA; 1 ♂, CNC; 1 ♂, CAS; 1 ♂ NMNH; 1 ♂ DZUP); idem, xi.1970 (2 ♂, MZUSP; 1 ♀, CNC; 1 ♂ NHMUK; 1 ♂, DZUP). São Paulo: Cubatão, 15.xii.[19]55, Pereira et al. (1 ♀, MZUSP); Salesópolis, Est. Biol. Boracéia, iii.1969 (1 ♀, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Santa Catarina and São Paulo) (Fig. 51). Syneches digitatus sp. nov. is known to occur only in the Atlantic Forest biome.</p> <p>Variation. Scutellar bristles may vary from 3–4. Hind femur with a median dark yellow spot; hind femur with 3–5AD bristles on apical half.</p> <p>Remarks. The new species is similar to S. amazonicus by the brown scutum, narrower than mesopleuron, but differing from it by the brown antennae with postpedicel wholly yellow, hind femur strongly swollen bearing spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles and distal margin of hypandrium with 2 short digitiform projections (see also “Remarks” under S. amazonicus).</p> <p>Etymology. From the Latin digitus = finger; specific epithet refers to the two short digitiform projections on the distal margin of the hypandrium.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA469C94296892A71FDC7FCEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA46CC94296892CCFFBECF902.text	0384CB1BA46CC94296892CCFFBECF902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches exilis , Menezes & Ale-Rocha 2016	<div><p>Syneches exilis Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>(Figs 18A–E, 50)</p> <p>Syneches exilis Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 417–419, figs 47–53, 109, 119. Type locality: Cerro de La Neblina, Amazonas, Venezuela.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (4.0 mm) (Fig. 18A). Antenna and palpus brown (Fig. 18C). Scutum rounded, slightly narrower than mesopleuron in lateral view (Fig. 18B); scutellum with 1 subapical and 3 lateral pairs of bristles, lacking apical bristles. Legs long and slender; mostly yellow, but basal half of fore tibia, fore and mid tarsomeres 3–5, hind femur, hind tibia and all hind tarsomeres brown (Figs 18A, D); mid tibia with 1D and 3AD long bristles, longer than mid tarsomere 1. Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma brown, long and oval, 6 x longer than wide, extending from apex of R 1 to near apex of R 2+3; second section of M 1 as long as crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua (Fig. 18E)</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (NMNH) labelled: “ VENEZUELA: T.P.A. Basecamp, 0°51′N – 66°10′W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.166664/lat 0.85)">Cerro da Neblina</a>, 140 m, 20–24.iii.1984, O. Flint &amp; J. Louton, Malaise trap over small stream at east side of basecamp” “Holótipo, Syneches exilis, Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; abdomen with terminalia dissected, stored in microvial with glycerin.</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas) (Fig. 50); Venezuela. Syneches exilis is known to occur only from the Amazon biome.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches exilis is remarkably similar to S. plaumanni sp. nov. by the following set of characters: legs long and slender, wing pale brown, pterostigma long and oval. However, S. exilis differs from it by the scutellum lacking apical bristles (present in S. plaumanni sp. nov.), mid tibia bearing long bristles, as long as mid tarsomere 1 (shorter than mid tarsomere 1 in S. plaumanni sp. nov.) and distal margin of hypandrium slightly convex (hypandrium bears a mid-width wide subapical protuberance in S. plaumanni sp. nov.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA46CC94296892CCFFBECF902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA46CC97E96892862FB0EFE05.text	0384CB1BA46CC97E96892862FB0EFE05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches fasciatus Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches fasciatus sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 19A–F, 20A–C, 53)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (4.2 mm) (Fig. 19A). Antenna yellow, with brown scape (Fig. 19B). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron, orangish yellow, with acr stripe dark brown extended from anterior margin of scutum to anterior margin of prescutellar disc (Fig. 19D). Pleura yellow, but lower half of anepisternum, upper 2/3 of anepimeron and lower half of laterotergite dark brown, forming a darker stripe along pleura (Fig. 19C), mediotergite yellow with a mid-width brown stripe. Legs with fore tibia and fore tarsus, mid and hind tarsomere 5, apex of hind femur and apical third of hind tibia dark brown, otherwise yellow (Figs 19A, E). Wing sub-hyaline, brown; pterostigma short, oval, brown, about 2.5 x longer than wide; second section of M 1 as long as crossvein r-m; cell bm longer than cells br and cua (Fig. 19F).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 19A). Body length: 4.2 mm. Wing length: 3.7 mm. Head (Fig. 19B). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with golden pruinescence, bearing 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair long, about 2 x longer than posterior pair. Face black covered with gray pruinescence. Antenna yellow, but scape brown; postpedicel short, oval, about 1.5 x longer than wide, slightly longer than preceding segments combined, covered with golden pruinescence, bearing 1 long mediodorsal bristle as long as postpedicel; antennal stylus yellow, about 3 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent, bare on apical 1/4. Proboscis, palpifer and palpus dark yellow; palpus short, about 1/4 length of proboscis, covered with golden pruinescence, with 2 bristles as long as palpus (1 medioventral, 1 apical). Postcranium black, covered with golden pruinescence. Thorax (Figs 19C, D). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Pronotum dark brown, covered with golden pruinescence. Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with golden pruinescence, ground color orangish yellow, with acr stripe dark brown, extended from anterior margin of scutum to anterior margin of prescutellar disc; scutum with 2 brown spots (1 long just anterior to pprn lb, 1 shorter and narrow on anterior margin of npl); pprn lb and pal cal with posterior margin yellow. Scutellum yellow, covered with golden pruinescence. Pleura yellow, but lower half of anepisternum, upper 2/3 of anepimeron and lower half of laterotergite dark brown, forming darker stripe along pleura. Mediotergite yellow, except brown mid-width stripe. Chaetotaxy: acr 6-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 2 acr bristles short and convergent and 1 dc bristle long and curved apically; 2 npl bristles long, strong and closely inserted; 2 pal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior long and strong, about 2 x longer than anterior); scutellum with 11 marginal bristles (1 convergent apical bristle, 1 long, strong, convergent subapical bristle, about 2 x longer than apical bristle, 3 left lateral bristles and 4 right lateral bristles, slightly longer than apical bristle). Legs (Figs 19A, E). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half, mid femur slender, hind femur slightly swollen. Legs with fore tibia and fore tarsus, mid and hind tarsomere 5, apex of hind femur and apical third of hind tibia dark brown, otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of bristles slightly longer than covering bristles; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long bristles, shortening towards femur apex; mid tibia with 1AD on apical half, 1AV and 1PV subapicals, shorter than mid tarsomere 1; hind femur with 1AV series of long bristles, thin and sparse, slightly longer than covering bristles, 1PD series of long bristles, shortening towards femur apex; hind tibia with 1D bristle on apical half, 1AD, 1D, and 1PD subapicals, slightly shorter than covering bristles. Wing (Fig. 19F). Sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma short, oval, brown, about 2.5 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1 and not filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate near apex; second section of M 1 as long as crossvein r-m; cell bm longer than cells br and cua. Halter dark brown, except base of stem brown. Abdomen (Fig. 19A). About 2 x longer than thorax. Brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; bristles brown, dorsal bristles short, laterodorsal bristle long. Terminalia (Figs 20A–C) (Paratype, type-locality). Hypandrium narrow on apical third, distal margin triangular on apex forming mid-lobe, bearing pair of long apical bristles as long as exposed part of phallus. Phallus long, wide, ovate, not reaching apex of epandrial lamella. Postgonite short, sub-triangular, slightly longer than apex of hypandrium. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae narrow. Epandrial lamella wide in lateral view, narrowing towards apex, with narrow apicodorsal projection.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (NMNH) labelled: “ BRASIL: Goiás, R. Saia Velha, 30 kmS Brasília, on Brazilia – B.H., Highway, 1.x.1974, L. Knutson ” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches fasciatus Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected. PARATYPE. Same data as holotype (1 ♂, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Goiás) (Fig. 53). Syneches fasciatus sp. nov. is known to occur only from the Cerrado biome.</p> <p>Variation. The male paratype does not have the brown spot just above the postpronotal lobe.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches fasciatus sp. nov. is similar to S. flaviscutellatus sp. nov. by the yellow antenna with brown scape and the scutum extensively orangish yellow, but S. fasciatus sp. nov. differs by the presence of one acrostichal dark stripe extended from anterior margin of scutum to anterior margin of prescutellar disc (absent in S. flaviscutellatus sp. nov.), second section of M 1 as long as crossvein r-m (twice longer than r-m in S. flaviscutellatus sp. nov.), and male terminalia with distal margin of hypandrium triangular.</p> <p>Etymology. From the Latin fascia = stripe; the specific epithet refers to the stripe on the thorax.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA46CC97E96892862FB0EFE05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA450C97896892D67FA66FE20.text	0384CB1BA450C97896892D67FA66FE20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches flaviscutellatus Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches flaviscutellatus sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 21A–D, 22A–C, 57)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (3.5 mm) (Fig. 21A). Antenna yellow, but scape brown (Fig. 21B). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, orangish yellow and covered with golden pruinescence (Fig. 21A). Pleura yellow, except anepimeron and posterior half of laterotergite brown (Fig. 21A). Legs with fore tibia pale brown, but base and apex yellow, fore tarsus, mid and hind tarsomeres 5 and apex of hind femur brown, otherwise yellow (Figs 21A, C). Wing sub-hyaline, light brown; pterostigma long, oval, brown, about 3.5 x longer than wide, extending from apex of R 1 and not filling apex of cell r 1; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua (Fig. 21D).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 21A). Body length: 3.5 mm. Wing length: 3.0 mm. Head (Fig. 21B). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair about 2 x longer than posterior pair. Face dark brown. Antenna yellow, but scape brown; postpedicel short oval, about 1.5 x longer than wide, as long as preceding segments combined, covered with concolorous pruinescence, 1 long mediodorsal bristle about as long as postpedicel; antennal stylus brown, about 3.5 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent except on apical 1/5. Proboscis, palpus and palpifer yellow; palpus short, about 1/4 length of proboscis, covered with concolorous pruinescence, with 2 bristles as long as palpus (1 medioventral, 1 apical). Postcranium dark brown, covered with golden pruinescence. Thorax (Fig. 21A). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Pronotum brown, covered with golden pruinescence. Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, orangish yellow, except posterior margin of pprn lb and pal cal pale yellow, scutum covered with golden pruinescence. Scutellum orangish yellow, covered with golden pruinescence. Pleura yellow, with anepimeron and posterior half of laterotergite brown. Mediotergite pale brown with brown median stripe. Chaetotaxy: acr 4-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 1 long and convergent acr and 1 long dc; 2 long npl bristles close to each other; 2 pal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior long and strong, about 4 x longer than anterior); scutellum with 10 marginal bristles (1 convergent apical bristle, 1 long and strong subapical bristle, about 2 x longer than apical bristle, 3 lateral bristles similar to apical bristle). Legs (Figs 21A, C). Femora slender. Legs with fore tibia pale brown, but base and apex yellow, fore tarsus, mid and hind tarsomere 5 and apex of hind femur brown, otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: bristles pale yellow to dark brown; fore tibia with 1D series of bristles slightly longer than covering bristles; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long bristles, shortening towards apex of femur; mid tibia with 1D short bristle on basal third, 1AV and 1PV long and strong subapical bristles; hind tibia with 1PD short near mid-length of tibia and 1D short subapical bristle, 1PD series on apical half, lengthening towards apex of tibia. Wing (Fig. 21D). Sub-hyaline, light brown; pterostigma long, oval, brown, about 3.5 x longer than wide, extending from apex of R 1 and not filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate near apex; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua. Halter pale brown. Abdomen (Fig. 21A). About 2 x longer than thorax. Brown, covered with concolorous pruinescence; bristles dark brown, dorsal ones shorter, laterodorsal ones longer. Male terminalia (Figs 22A–C) (Paratype, typelocality). Hypandrium slightly convex on distal margin, with two short triangular subapical protuberances, each bearing 1 long bristle as long as exposed part of phallus. Phallus long, narrower and rounded on apex, with 1 long and strong lateral spiniform projection, reaching base of phallus. Postgonite shorter than phallus, sinuous on apical half, rounded apically. Epandrial lamella wide, narrowing suddenly on apical half, with short and narrow apicodorsal projection.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, MT [Mato Grosso], Chapada dos Guimarães, 15°25′46,7″S 55°50′4,18″W, 03–13.ix.2008, Almeida, Kawada, Fernandes &amp; Rosa col.” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches flaviscutellatus Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected. PARATYPE. Same data as holotype (1 ♂, MZUSP).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Mato Grosso) (Fig. 57). Syneches flaviscutellatus sp. nov. is registered only from the Cerrado biome.</p> <p>Variation. The male paratype differs from the holotype in having the mediotergite wholly brown.</p> <p>Remarks. The new species is similar to S. fasciatus sp. nov. by the brown pronotum clearly contrasting with the extensively orangish yellow scutum, but it differs by the scutum lacking acr dark stripe and the male terminalia with hypandrium slightly convex on distal margin, with two short triangular subapical protuberances (see also “Remarks” under S. fasciatus sp. nov.).</p> <p>Etymology. From the Latin, flavus = yellow, and scutellum = scutum, in reference to the color of the scutum.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA450C97896892D67FA66FE20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA456C97A96892D03FA7CF826.text	0384CB1BA456C97A96892D03FA7CF826.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches fuscus Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches fuscus sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 23A–E, 24A–F, 53)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (3.9 mm) (Fig. 23A). Antenna dark brown (Fig. 23C). Scutum dark brown, rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with reddish brown pruinescence (Fig. 23B). Legs yellow except coxae, trochanters, basal third of fore femur, basal half of mid femur, fore tibia (except base yellow), fore tarsi and mid and hind tarsomeres 3–5 brown to dark brown (Figs 23A, D); hind femur with several V spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles on apical third (Fig. 23D). Wing sub-hyaline, brown; pterostigma long, oval, dark brown, about 4 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1 and not filling apex of cell r 1; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 23E).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 23A). Body length: 3.9 mm; Wing length: 3.6 mm. Head (Fig. 23C). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair long, about 2 x longer than posterior pair. Face black covered with reddish brown pruinescence. Antenna dark brown; postpedicel short oval, about 1.5 x longer than wide, slightly longer than preceding segments combined, covered with brown pruinescence, 1 mediodorsal long bristle as long as postpedicel; antennal stylus dark brown, about 3 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent, except apical 1/6 bare. Proboscis yellow, except basal third brown; palpifer and palpus dark brown; palpus short, about 1/3 length of proboscis, covered with concolorous pruinescence, with 2 bristles longer than palpus (1 medioventral, 1 apical), and 3 shorter bristles (2V on basal half, 1V on apical half). Postcranium black, covered with reddish brown pruinescence. Thorax (Figs 23A, B). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Thorax mostly dark brown and covered with reddish brown pruinescence, with posterior margin of pprn lb and anterior margin of pal cal dark yellow. Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view. Chaetotaxy: acr 6-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 2 acr and 2 dc longer, posterior pair longest and curved apically; 3 long npl, strong and closely each other; 2 pal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior long and strong, about 3 x longer than anterior one); scutellum with 12 marginal bristles (1 parallel apical, 1 long, strong and parallel subapical, about 2 x longer than apical bristle, 4 lateral bristles, about as long as apical). Legs (Figs 23A, D). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half, mid femur slender, hind femur slightly swollen. Legs with coxae, trochanters, basal third of fore femur, basal half of mid femur, fore tibia (except base yellow), small spot at apex of hind femur, fore tarsi and mid and hind tarsomeres 3–5 brown to dark brown, otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of bristles slightly longer than covering ones; mid femur with 1AD series of long bristles on basal half, 1AV and 1PV series of long bristles, shortening toward femur apex; mid tibia with 1AD long on basal third, 2PD long, 1AV and 1PV long and strong, all subapical; hind femur with 1AV series of long and sparse spiniform bristles, V short spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles on apical third; hind tibia with 1AD long bristle on apical half, 1AD long subapical, 1AV and 1PD strong subapical bristles. Wing (Fig. 23E). Sub-hyaline, brown; pterostigma oval, dark brown, about 4 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1, not filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate near apex; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua. Halter dark brown. Abdomen. About 2 x longer than thorax; dark brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; bristles dark brown, dorsal ones shorter, laterodorsal ones longest. Male terminalia (Figs 24A–D) (Paratype from Rio de Janeiro). Hypandrium with shallow concavity on distal margin, forming two short lobes, each one with truncate apex and minute digitiform protuberance on internal margin bearing 1 long apical bristle as long as exposed part of phallus. Phallus short with truncate apex, with one short and slender lateral flaps, arising from middle of phallus and pointing to phallus base. Postgonite long, wide and sclerotized, as long as exposed part of phallus. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae narrow. Epandrial lamella wide in lateral view, concave on apical third, with one long and narrow dorsoapical projection.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male. Female terminalia (Figs 24E, F). Tergite 8 rectangular, slightly longer than wide, distal margin slightly concave; sternite 8 about 1.5 x longer than wide, suddenly narrowed on basal half, membranous on central portion of basal half, distal margin slightly concave, with long marginal bristles; tergite 10 U-shaped with narrow apex, as long as tergite 8, bearing long bristles on apical half; sternite 10 oval, as long as cerci, covered with several short bristles; cercus long, covered with bristles shorter than cercus.</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Poços de Caldas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.551056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.892555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.551056/lat -21.892555)">Fazenda Eucalipto</a>, 14–15.ix.2017, 21°53′33.2″S 46°33′03.8″W, 1.327 m ” “Arm[adilha] Pennsylvania, Fusari, L.M., Desidério, G.R., Pereira, E.B. cols.” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches fuscus Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good, except left hind leg glued to paper triangle, right wing damaged; not dissected. PARATYPES. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo (Mury), Macaé de Cima, P. Amantes da Natureza, 22°24′42″S 42°31′13″W, Armadilha de Malaise (sede), 20–23.ix.2015, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.52028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.411667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.52028/lat -22.411667)">Amorim</a> e eq. cols. (1 ♀, INPA); Est. Do Rio, Itatiaia, Maromba, Barretto col., ix.[1]946 (1 ♂, INPA; 1♂, MZUSP). São Paulo: Jundiaí, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.950832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.2425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.950832/lat -23.2425)">Pq.</a> Florestal Serra do Japi, Cachoeira Paraíso, 23°14′33″S 46°57′03″W, 28.viii.2007, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.950832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.2425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.950832/lat -23.2425)">Luz</a> u.v./branca, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.950832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.2425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.950832/lat -23.2425)">Lecci</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.950832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.2425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.950832/lat -23.2425)">Moretto</a> &amp; Nascimento cols. (1 ♂, MZUSP); Eng. Lefevre, C. Jordão: 1200 m, 28.ix.1962, L.T.F. Papavero, Rabello, L. Silva &amp; Zanettin (1 ♂, INPA; 2 ♂, MZUSP).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) (Fig. 53). Syneches fuscus sp. nov. is known only from the Atlantic Forest biome, with all the specimens collected above 1,000 meters in altitude.</p> <p>Variation. Some specimens differ from the holotype in having the lateral scutellar bristles varying from 3–4.</p> <p>Remarks. The new species is similar to S. tenebricus by the predominantly dark brown color and hind femur yellow with brown spot at apex. However, S. fuscus is differs by the dark brown antenna, basal third of fore femur and basal half of mid femur brown, while S. tenebricus has antenna yellow, fore femur brown, mid femur yellow, besides the features of male terminalia.</p> <p>Etymology. From the Latin fuscus = dark, in reference to the predominantly dark brown color of the species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA456C97A96892D03FA7CF826	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA455C97496892FD2FDD8FDCC.text	0384CB1BA455C97496892FD2FDD8FDCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches jauensis Ale-Rocha & Vieira	<div><p>Syneches jauensis Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira</p> <p>(Figs 25A–E, 50)</p> <p>Syneches jauensis Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 116, figs 8–14, 37; Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 420, fig 119 (key, distr.). Type locality: Parque Nacional do Jaú, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (3.6 mm) (Fig. 25A). Antenna brown (Fig. 25C). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, dark brown (Fig. 25B). Legs slender, with coxae, trochanters, fore and mid femora, fore tarsomeres 1–5 dark yellow, mid tibia and mid tarsomeres 1–2 yellow, otherwise brown (Figs 25A, D). Wing hyaline, membrane brownish smoky; pterostigma long, oval, 2.5 x longer than wide, brown and fulfilling the apex of cell r 1; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 25E). Distal margin of hypandrium with one wide and truncate protuberance.</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Pq</a> [<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Parque</a>] N [<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Nacional</a>] [do] <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Jaú</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Ig</a> [<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Igarapé</a>] <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Miratucu</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Ig</a> [Igarapé] do Gerlei, 01°57′00″S 61°49′00″W, 23–28.vii.1995 ” “Arm [armadilha] Malaise, J.A. Rafael &amp; J. Vidal ” “Holótipo, Syneches jauensis Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected.</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas) (Fig. 50). Syneches jauensis is known only from the Amazon biome.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches jauensis differs from all other Brazilian species of Syneches by the slender and predominantly dark yellow to brown legs, pterostigma filling the apex of cell r 1 and distal margin of the hypandrium with one wide and truncate protuberance.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA455C97496892FD2FDD8FDCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA45AC97496892D2FFB24FAD2.text	0384CB1BA45AC97496892D2FFB24FAD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches limeirai Soares & Ale-Rocha	<div><p>Syneches limeirai Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>(Figs 26A–E, 49)</p> <p>Syneches limeirai Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2018: 638, figs 4–8, 11, 16. Type locality: Piracuruca, Piauí, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (3.0 mm) (Fig. 26A). Antenna dark brown (Fig. 26C). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, dark brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence (Fig. 26B). Hind femur slender, without spiniform bristles (Fig. 26D); legs with dorsal small black spot at apex of hind femur, fore tarsomeres 1–4 brown, tarsomere 5 of all legs dark brown, otherwise yellow (Figs 26A, D). Wing hyaline; pterostigma inconspicuous; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 26E).</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (CZMA) labelled: “ Brasil, (PI) [Piauí], Piracuruca, P [Parque] N [Nacional] de Sete Cidades, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.709446&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.099167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.709446/lat -4.099167)">Posto</a> do ICMBio, 04°05′57″S 41°42′34″W ” “Varredura, 08–12.ii.2013, F. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.709446&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.099167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.709446/lat -4.099167)">Limeira de Oliveira</a>, J.A. Rafael, J.T. Câmara ” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches limeirai Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha ”. Holotype condition: good; not dissected.</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (States of Maranhão and Piauí) (Fig. 49). Syneches limeirai is known only from the Caatinga and Cerrado biomes.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches limeirai is different from all other Brazilian species of Syneches by the following combination of characters: body color predominantly dark brown, wing hyaline with pterostigma inconspicuous and distal margin of hypandrium forming two wide triangular lobes (ref. Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha 2018, fig. 4).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA45AC97496892D2FFB24FAD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA45AC97696892A1CFE84FF2C.text	0384CB1BA45AC97696892A1CFE84FF2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches longiflagellatus Ale-Rocha & Vieira	<div><p>Syneches longiflagellatus Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira</p> <p>(Figs 27A–F, 57)</p> <p>Syneches longiflagellatus Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 117, figs 15–21, 38; Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 420, fig. 120 (key, distr.). Type locality: Parque Nacional do Jaú, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (3.6 mm) (Fig. 27A). Antenna yellow, except postpedicel brown; postpedicel elongated, about 3 x longer than scape and pedicel combined, covered with dense pubescence (Fig. 27B). Prosternum fused to proepisternum. Scutum rounded, lower than mesopleuron in lateral view, yellow to pale brown, with a quadrangular dark brown spot on anterior third (Figs 27C, D). Legs yellow and slender (Figs 27A, E). Wing sub-hyaline; pterostigma pale brown, short, round, placed distal to apex of R 1 (Fig. 27F). Abdomen weakly sclerotized (Fig. 27A).</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.586388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.8844445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.586388/lat -1.8844445)">Amazonas</a>, Parque Nacional do Jaú, 8–16.iv.2001, 01°53′04″S 61°35′11″W ” “Arm [armadilha] Susp [suspensa] 20m, Floresta, Henriques &amp; Vidal” “Holótipo, Syneches longiflagellatus Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected.</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Roraima: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.871387&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.6066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.871387/lat 2.6066666)">Xitei</a> (Xidea), 02°36′24″N 63°52′17″W, 20.ix.1995, L.S. Aquino, Arm. Malaise (1 ♀, INPA). Amazonas: Manaus, Res. Ducke, Igarapé Barro Branco, Arm. Suspensa 20 m, 06–16.xii.2004, Henriques, A. Leg. (1♂, INPA); Ipixuna, Rio Liberdade, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.868645&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.3629723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.868645/lat -7.3629723)">Estirão da Preta</a>, 07º21′46.7″S 71º52′07.1″W, 11–15.v.2011, Arm. Malaise, J.A. Rafael, J.T. Câmara, R.F. Silva, A. Somavilla, C. Gonçalves, leg. (1 ♂, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas and Roraima *) (Fig. 57).</p> <p>Variation. The female from Roraima has the base of the postpedicel yellow and the scutum pale brown, slightly darker than on the holotype.</p> <p>Remarks. This unusual species is probably the most autapomorphic in the genus, by the following set of characters: postpedicel very long, about 3 x longer than preceding segments combined (the longest for the genus up-to-date), prosternum fused to proepisternum, abdomen weakly sclerotized and epandrial lamella with 1 long dorsoapical projection, about half-length of lamella (Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira 2008, fig. 17). The prosternum is fused to the proepisternum forming a precoxal bridge that does not seem to be homologous to that of the other Brazilian species of Syneches: S. catarinae, S. curvipes, S. rafaeli and S. walkeri because in these latter species, the prosternum has a wide connection with the proepisternum (Fig. 2C), while in S. longiflagellatus these sclerites are connected by a narrow region.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA45AC97696892A1CFE84FF2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA458C97096892804FA99FC1C.text	0384CB1BA458C97096892804FA99FC1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches luteus (Wiedemann 1830)	<div><p>Syneches luteus (Wiedemann)</p> <p>(Figs 28A–C)</p> <p>Hybos luteus Wiedemann, 1830: 647.</p> <p>Syneches luteus: Bezzi, 1909: 314; Smith, 1962: 213 (cit.); 1967: 10 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007: 310 (cat.). Type locality: Brazil. Diagnosis. Medium size (5.0 mm) (Fig. 28A). Antenna yellow, with postpedicel dark brown (Fig. 28B). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with pale golden pruinescence (Fig. 28A). Hind femur slightly swollen; legs mostly yellow, fore tibia dark yellow, hind femur with brown spot on apex, fore and mid tarsomeres 3–5 darker (Fig. 28A). Wing hyaline, pterostigma inconspicuous; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 28C).</p> <p>Re-description. Holotype ♀ (Fig. 28A). Body length: 5.0 mm. Wing length: 4.3 mm. Head (Fig. 28B). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with gray pruinescence; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair long, about 2 x longer than posterior pair. Face black covered with gray pruinescence. Antenna yellow except postpedicel dark brown; postpedicel oval, about 1.6 x longer than wide, about as long as preceding segments combined, covered with pale golden pruinescence, bearing 2 long mediodorsal bristles, about as long as postpedicel; antennal stylus brown, about 3 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent, except apical 1/5 bare. Proboscis dark yellow; palpus and palpifer brown, palpus short, about 1/5 length of proboscis, covered with concolorous pruinescence, with 2 long bristles (1 apical and 1 medioventral). Postcranium black, covered with gray pruinescence. Thorax (Fig. 28A). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Pronotum brown, covered with golden pruinescence. Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with pale golden pruinescence. Pleura pale brown, katepisternum and meron darker. Chaetotaxy: prescutellar disc with 1 long and thin acr bristle and 1 long and strong dc bristle; 2 npl long and strong bristle, 2 pal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior long and strong); scutellum with 18 marginal bristles (3 bristles longer than others). Legs (Fig. 28A). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half; mid femur slender; hind femur slightly swollen. Legs mostly yellow, fore tibia dark yellow, brown spot on apex of hind femur, fore and mid tarsomeres 3–5 darker. Chaetotaxy: mid tibia with 1 PV long subapical bristle, exceeding half-length of mid tarsomere 1, 1 PD bristle at mid-length, 1 AD subapical bristle and 1 AV apical bristle; hind femur with 2 AD long and strong bristles on apical third, 2 AV spiniform bristles (1 on mid-length, 1 subapical), 3 V spiniform bristles on apical third; hind tibia with 2 AD long and strong subapical bristles, 2 PD long subapical bristles reaching half-length of hind tarsomere 1, 1A apical bristle. Wing (Fig. 28C). Hyaline; pterostigma inconspicuous; vein R 2+3 slightly angulate near apex; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m; cells br and bm subequally long, both slightly longer than cell cua. Abdomen.About 2 x longer than thorax; dark brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; dorsal bristles shorter and brown, laterodorsal bristles longest and yellow.</p> <p>Male. Unknown.</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♀ (SMF) labelled: “ Brasilia [BRAZIL], [Georg Wilhelm] Freyreiss ”. Holotype condition: body covered with fungi, thorax damaged by the pin, abdomen not dissected.</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches luteus is a medium size species with 18 marginal scutellar bristles. This great number of scutellar bristles and the second section of M 1 twice longer than crossvein r-m is shared with S. atratus, S. catarinae, S. curvipes and S. walkeri, which are medium to large size species. However, Syneches luteus does not have the wide prosternum nor colored pterostigma. Syneches luteus can be differentiated from the above mentioned species by the antenna yellow with dark brown postpedicel, legs mostly yellow and wing hyaline with pterostigma inconspicuous.</p> <p>The extensive damage on the scutum of the holotype did not allow us to describe the acrostichal and dorsocentral series and we were not able to associate this female with any male, or even include additional specimens to this species. Wiedemann (1830) described the species based upon the specimens collected by Mr. Wilhelm Freyreiss, a German naturalist who made expeditions between 1812–1814 through the current Brazilian administrative States of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Bahia and Minas Gerais (Papavero 1973). Hence, despite not being able to provide a more precise distribution of the species other than that provided above, it is reasonable to suppose that S. luteus occurs in the Atlantic Forest biome and it may occur from the northern Southeast to southern Northeast Brazil.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA458C97096892804FA99FC1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA45EC97196892B5FFA6FFEC8.text	0384CB1BA45EC97196892B5FFA6FFEC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches maculosum , Menezes & Ale-Rocha 2016	<div><p>Syneches maculosum Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>(Figs 29A–E, 54)</p> <p>Syneches maculosum Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 421–422, figs 59–65, 110, 120. Type locality: Parque Nacional do Jaú, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (2.5 mm) (Fig. 29A). Antenna dark brown, covered with gray pruinescence (Fig. 29C). Scutum pyramidal-shaped, broader than mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with reddish brown pruinescence, but dc stripe lighter and prescutellar disc and central portion of scutellum with gray pruinescence (Figs 29A, B). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma split into two spots, one posterior to apex of R 1, other at apex of cell r 1; second section of M 1 shorter than crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua (Fig. 29E).</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Pq</a> [<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Parque</a>] N [<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Nacional</a>] [do] <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Jaú</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Ig</a> [<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Igarapé</a>] <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Miratucu</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.816666/lat -1.95)">Ig</a> [Igarapé] do Gerlei, 01°57′00″S 61°49′00″W, 23–28.vii.1995 ” “Arm[adilha] Suspensa, 15 mts, J.A. Rafael &amp; J. F. Vidal ” “Holótipo, Syneches maculosum, Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: left postpedicel and antennal stylus lost, left wing mounted between cover slides; not dissected.</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Barcelos, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.176445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.15486112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.176445/lat 0.15486112)">Rio Aracá</a>, Comun. Bacuquara, 00°09′17.5″N 63°10′35.2″W, Arm. Luminosa baixa, 18–21:00h, 12.vi.2010, P. Dias, J.A. Rafael &amp; R. Machado (1 ♂, INPA). PERU. Cusco: Quincemil, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.88944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.3550005" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.88944/lat -13.3550005)">Río Araza</a>, 13°21′18″S 70°53′22″W, 1000 m, 22–26.viii.2012, sweep, J.A. Rafael &amp; R. R. Cavichioli (1 ♀, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas) (Fig. 54); Peru (Huánuco, Loreto). Syneches maculosum is known to occur only in the Amazon biome.</p> <p>Variation. Some specimens from Amazonas have the wing hyaline, lacking pale brown infuscation, and hind tarsomere 4 brown, darker than in holotype, which has this tarsomere yellow.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is similar to S. vidali by the scutum broader than mesopleuron, pyramidal-shaped and the pterostigma divided into two spots. However, S. maculosum has the scutum with dc stripe with pale pruinescence, without circles of gray pruinescence, pterostigma not exceeding the apex of cell r 1, second section of M 1 shorter than crossvein r-m, and distal margin of hypandrium slightly concave with 1 pair of apical bristles, inserted distantly from each other (ref. Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016, fig. 60), while in S. vidali the scutum has the dc stripe of gray pruinescence, one circle of gray pruinescence on npl and other just above npl, pterostigma exceeds the apex of cell r 1, the second section of M 1 is longer than crossvein r-m and the distal margin of the hypandrium is slightly concave bearing 1 pair of bristles, but they are inserted close to each other (ref. Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira 2008, fig. 30).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA45EC97196892B5FFA6FFEC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA45CC97396892FD2FBADFC38.text	0384CB1BA45CC97396892FD2FBADFC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches manaos Smith	<div><p>Syneches manaos Smith</p> <p>(Figs 30A–E, 54)</p> <p>Syneches manaos Smith, 1962: 215; 1967: 10 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007: 311 (cat.); Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 118 (cit.); Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 422–424, figs 66–72, 111, 120 (rev., distr.). Type locality: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (4.0 mm) (Fig. 30A). Ocellar triangle flat (Fig. 30B). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, dark brown, covered with dense pale golden pruinescence (Fig. 30A). Legs mostly yellow to dark yellow except coxae, trochanters and all tarsomeres 5 brown, hind femur and apical 2/3 of hind tibia dark brown; mid tibia with 2 bristles about as long as mid tibia (1AD and 1AV both on basal third); hind femur strongly swollen on males (Fig. 30C), slightly swollen on females (Fig. 30D), with 1AV series of spiniform bristles inserted on prominent tubercles. Wing hyaline, with infuscation between crossvein r-m and bifurcation of Rs, and on apical margin; pterostigma brown, wide, quadrangular, filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 strongly angulate near apex (Fig. 30E).</p> <p>Material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Res. Km 41, PDBFF, 21–22.vii.2004, Trilha C I – SB, R. Querino (1 ♂, INPA); idem, 12–13.v.2004 (1 ♀, INPA); ZF-2, km 14 <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.115276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.5891666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.115276/lat -2.5891666)">Torre</a>, 02°35′21″S 60°06′55″W, 19.vi.2015, J.M. Cumming, S. Cumming, D.W.A. Marques &amp; J.A. Rafael, sweeping (5 ♂, 2 ♀, CNC); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.864445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.8630555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.864445/lat -2.8630555)">Sitio Vida Tropical</a>, 02°51′47″S 59°51′52″W, 28.vi.2015, J.M. Cumming, S. Cumming &amp; J.A. Rafael, sweeping (2 ♀, CNC). Pará: Belém, (Área P-1), 20.vi.1964, Shope &amp; de Freitas (2 ♂, 4 ♀, CNC). Roraima: Caracaraí, Vila Caicubi, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.102417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.9768055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.102417/lat -0.9768055)">Trilha do Bacaba</a>, 00°58′36.5″S 62°06′08.7″W, 10.ix.2011, Malaise 2, Biffi, G. &amp; Prado, L. R. cols. (1 ♀, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Pará and Roraima *) (Fig. 54). Syneches manaos is very abundant in forested places nearby Manaus (Amazonas), and for now, the species is known to occur only in the Amazon biome.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches manaos is remarkably similar to S. repletus, due to the flat ocellar triangle, mid tibia with long bristles, as long as tibia and hind femur strongly swollen in males bearing 1AV series of spiniform bristles inserted on prominent tubercles. However, in S. manaos the hind femur is brown and R 2+3 is strongly angulated near the apex, while in S. repletus the hind femur has the basal third to basal half yellow and R 2+3 is only slightly angulated near apex. According to Smith (1962), S. manaos is closely related to S. curvineura Melander and S. longiventris Melander, but these two species have the ocellar triangle protuberant. Nevertheless, we have examined the syntypes of S. barypterus Melander and S. planiceps Melander as well as the original descriptions of Melander (1928) and there is no doubt that these species are closely related to S. manaos and S. repletus. Syneches applanatus seems to be related to that group, but lacks the prominent tubercles on the hind femur.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA45CC97396892FD2FBADFC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA45DC96D96892B7BFBDBFD24.text	0384CB1BA45DC96D96892B7BFBDBFD24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches moraballi Smith	<div><p>Syneches moraballi Smith</p> <p>(Figs 31A–E, 55)</p> <p>Syneches moraballi Smith, 1963: 155; 1967: 167 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007: 311 (cat.); Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 118 (Brazil); Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 424–426, figs 73–79, 112, 121 (rev., distr.); Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2018: 640, figs 12, 17 (NE Brazil). Type locality: Essequibo River, Moraballi Creek, Guyana.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (3.0 mm) (Fig. 31A). Antenna yellow, with postpedicel varying from yellow to dark brown (Fig. 31C). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, from yellow to brown, prescutellar disc and pal cal covered with dense gray pruinescence (visible without magnifying) (Figs 31A, B). Femora slender; legs predominantly yellow (Figs 31A, D). Wing hyaline; pterostigma inconspicuous; second section of M 1 slightly longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 31E).</p> <p>Material examined. BRAZIL. Amapá: Oiapoque, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.764446&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8219445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.764446/lat 3.8219445)">Ramal</a> km 7, 03°49′19″N 51°45′52″W, 16.xi.2014, Arm. Malaise, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F. (5 ♀, INPA). Pará: Belem, (Area P-1), 20.vi.1964, Shope &amp; de Freitas (1 ♂, 2 ♀, CNC); idem, 04.xi.1964 (1 ♂, 3 ♀, CNC); IPEAN, 23.iii.1970, J.M. &amp; B.A. Campbell (1 ♀, CNC). Maranhão: Carolina, PARNA Chapada das Mesas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.308777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.118222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.308777/lat -7.118222)">Riacho Sucuruiu</a>, 240 m, 07°07′05.6″S 47°18′31.6″W, Suspensa simples (5 m), 10–20.iii.2014, J.A. Rafael, F. Limeira de Oliveira, T.L. Rocha &amp; G.A. Reis, cols. (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, Suspensa simples (20 m) (1 ♂, CZMA); idem, Armadilha Malaise, 1–10.vii.2014 (1 ♂, CZMA); idem, 10–20.ix.2014 (1 ♂, 2 ♀, CZMA); idem, Riacho Corrente, 288 m, 07°04′24.2″S 47°05′25.2, Armadilha Malaise, 10–20.vii.2014 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CZMA); idem, 298 m, 07°04′29.2″S 47°05′42.2″W, 10–20.ix.2014 (1♂, CZMA); idem, Suspensa simples (15 m), 20–30.iv.2014 (1♀, CZMA); idem, Riacho Cancela, 225 m, 07°06′44.2″S 47°17′56.8″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.29911&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1122775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.29911/lat -7.1122775)">Armadilha Malaise</a>, 1–15.vii.2013 (2 ♀, CZMA); 11–14.vi.2014 (1 ♂, CZMA); Pov. Canto Grande, Balneário Urupuxete, Armadilha luminosa, 23–27.ii.2009, Limeira de Oliveira, A.L. Costa &amp; M.M. Abreu, cols. (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CZMA); idem, Perímetro Urbano, 07°19′40″S 47°27′14.5″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.45403&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.327778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.45403/lat -7.327778)">Armadilha Luminosa</a>, 25–26.xii.2013 (1♂, CZMA); Mirador, Parque Est. Mirador, Base dos Cágados, 06°46′29″S 45°06′28″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.107777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.774722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.107777/lat -6.774722)">Armadilha Malaise</a>, 26.xi–03.xii.2011, F. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.107777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.774722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.107777/lat -6.774722)">Limeira de Oliveira</a> &amp; D.W.A. Marques, cols. (3♂, 3♀, CZMA); idem, Armadilha Suspensa (2 ♂, CZMA); idem, Base Geraldina, 419 m, 06°37′25″S 45°52′08″W, 1–15.vi.2014, F. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.86889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.6236115" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.86889/lat -6.6236115)">Limeira de Oliveira</a>, L.L.M. Santos &amp; L.S. Santos (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, Armadilha Malaise (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, 16.iv.2007 (1 ♂, CZMA); idem, Posto avançado do Mel, 06°43′50″S 44°58′59″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.983055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.7305555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.983055/lat -6.7305555)">Arm. Luminosa Móvel</a>, 02–08.iv.2011, F. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.983055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.7305555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.983055/lat -6.7305555)">Limeira de Oliveira</a>, G.A. Reis &amp; M.S. Oliveira, cols. (2 ♀, CZMA); idem, Base do Mosquito, 04–08.ii.2011 (1 ♀, CZMA); Riachão, Fazenda Altos, Armadilha Malaise, 18–22.viii.2009 (1 ♂, CZMA); Bom Jardim, REBIO-Res. Biol. Gurupi, 17–27.i.2010 (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, 01–06.iii.2011 (1♂, CZMA); Caxias, Res. Ecol. Inhamum, Arm. Malaise, 15–19.xi.2005, G.A. Cunha, col. (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, 01–06.viii.2006 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CZMA). Tocantins: Jalapão, Mateiros, R. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.593887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.556667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.593887/lat -10.556667)">Novo</a>, 400 m, 10°33′24″S 46°35′38″W, 31.iii.2008, arm. luz, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F. (1 ♀, INPA); Conceição do Rio, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.368055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.920002/lat -11.368055)">Rio do Peixe</a>, 420 m, 11°22′05″S 46°55′12″W, 28.iii.2008, armadilha luz, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F. (1 ♂, INPA). Bahia: St. Terezinha, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.475555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.853612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.475555/lat -12.853612)">Serra Jibóia</a>, 12°51′13″S 39°28′32″W, 800 m, 8.vi.2007, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F., luz (1 ♂, 1 ♀, INPA). Espírito Santo: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.709724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.464724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.709724/lat -20.464724)">Alfredo Chaves</a>, mata, 714 m, 20°27′53″S 40°42′35″W, 08–15.x.2007, Malaise, M. Tavares &amp; C. Azevedo e eq. col. (4 ♀, UFES); Domingos Martins, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.65806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.37139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.65806/lat -20.37139)">Mata Pico do Eldorado</a>, 20°22′17″S 40°39′29″W, 23.xi–03.xii.2004 (1 ♀, UFES). São Paulo: Ribeirão Grande, Pq. Est. Intervales – <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.36472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.304443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.36472/lat -24.304443)">Barra Grande</a>, 24°18′16″S 48°21′53″W, 10–13.xii.2000, Arm. Malaise, trilha 1, M.T. Tavares &amp; eq. col. (2 ♀, UFES). COLOMBIA. Meta, San Martín, Malaise (no other data) (1 ♂, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amapá *, Amazonas, Bahia * Espírito Santo *, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraná, Piauí, Rondônia, Roraima, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo * and Tocantins) (Fig. 55); Colombia *, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela. Syneches moraballi is a widely distributed species in northern South America, occurring in the biomes of Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and Pantanal.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches moraballi is easily recognized by the character set presented in the diagnosis. The previous record of S. moraballi from the Brazilian administrative state of Goiás (Araguacema, ref. Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha 2016) is actually located in the state of Tocantins. Syneches moraballi is one of the most widely distributed species of the genus in Brazil and probably one of the most often collected in the country.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA45DC96D96892B7BFBDBFD24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA443C96E96892C07FE6FF855.text	0384CB1BA443C96E96892C07FE6FF855.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches nordestino Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches nordestino sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 32A–D, 33A–C, 49)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (3.1 mm) (Fig. 32A). Antenna with scape brown, pedicel pale brown and postpedicel pale yellow (Fig. 32B). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, dark brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence (Fig. 32A). Hind femur slender; legs with fore femur dark yellow on basal 2/3, fore tibia and mid and hind tarsomeres 5 pale yellow, fore tarsus dark brown and hind femur with a small brown apical spot, otherwise yellow (Figs 32A, C). Wing pale brown; pterostigma long, oval, brown, about 5 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1 and ending near apex of cell r 1; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 32D).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 32A). Body length: 3.1 mm. Wing length: 2.7 mm. Head (Fig. 32B). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair about 2 x longer than posterior pair. Face black covered with reddish brown pruinescence. Antenna with scape brown, pedicel pale brown, postpedicel pale yellow; postpedicel short oval, about 1.4 x longer than wide, slightly longer than preceding segments combined, covered with concolorous pruinescence, with 1 long mediodorsal bristle slightly longer than postpedicel; antennal stylus dark brown except pale yellow on base, about 3 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent except apical 1/3 bare. Proboscis yellow, palpus and palpifer brown; palpus about 1/4 length of proboscis, covered with concolorous pruinescence, with 2 bristles as long as palpus (1 medioventral and 1 apical). Postcranium black covered with reddish brown pruinescence. Thorax (Fig. 32A). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Thorax dark brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence, but posterior margin of pprn lb and pal cal pale yellow and pleura pale brown. Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view. Chaetotaxy: acr 4-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 1 acr and 1 dc longer bristle; 2 npl long bristles, close to each other; 2 pal bristles (posterior one about 2 x longer than anterior one); scutellum with 11 marginal bristles (1 convergent apical, 1 subapical long and parallel, slightly longer than apical one, 3 left lateral and 4 right lateral bristles, as long as apical one). Legs (Figs 32A, C). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half, mid and hind femora slender. Legs with fore femur dark yellow on basal 2/3, fore tibia, mid and hind tarsomeres 5 pale yellow, fore tarsus dark brown and hind femur with small brown apical spot, otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of bristles slightly longer than cover bristles; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long and sparse bristles, shortening towards apex; mid tibia with 1AV and 1PV long and strong subapical bristles; hind tibia with 1AD and 1PD series of bristles on apical half, lengthening towards apex. Wing (Fig. 32D). Pale brown; pterostigma oval, brown, about 5 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1, ending near apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate apically; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m; cell br as long as cell cua, cell bm longer than both. Halter brown, except base of steam pale yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 32A). About 2 x longer than thorax; brown, covered with concolorous pruinescence; dorsal bristles shorter, laterodorsal bristles longest. Male terminalia (Paratype, type-locality, Figs 33A–C). Hypandrium with distal margin trapezoidal bearing median subtriangular protuberance with pair of bristles inserted on tiny apical projection, each bristle half-length of exposed part of phallus. Phallus with truncate apex and 2 acute lateral projections (one short apical, one long in middle), pointing ventrally. Postgonite slightly shorter than exposed part of phallus, wide but narrowing towards apex, bearing 1 acute projection pointing dorsally. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae narrow. Epandrial lamella wide, narrowing towards apex, with narrow apicodorsal projection in lateral view.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, Piauí, P [Parque] N [Nacional de] Sete Cidades, Poço, 09.ii.2013, Arm [Armadilha] Luz, D.M. Takiya ” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches nordestino Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected. PARATYPE. Same data as holotype (1 ♂, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Piauí) (Fig. 49). Syneches nordestino sp. nov. is known only from the Caatinga biome.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches nordestino sp. nov. is similar to S. tomentosus due to the fore tibia darker, femora slender and yellow. However, in S. nordestino sp. nov., the postpedicel is yellow to pale yellow, the pterostigma lacks a marginal proximal invagination and the hypandrium has the distal margin trapezoidal, bearing a wide median subtriangular preapical protuberance. In S. tomentosus, the postpedicel is brown to dark brown, the pterostigma bears a marginal proximal invagination and the distal margin of hypandrium has a shallow, mid-width concavity, forming two short lobes.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition referring to the Brazilian macro-region where the species is known to occur.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA443C96E96892C07FE6FF855	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA441C96A96892C9BFC99FD51.text	0384CB1BA441C96A96892C9BFC99FD51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches plaumanni Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches plaumanni sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 34A–E, 35A–E, 53)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (4.8 mm) (Fig. 34A). Antenna brown, except apex of pedicel and base of postpedicel pale brown; palpifer brown; palpus yellow (Fig. 34C). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, dark brown (Fig. 34B). Legs long and slender; fore and mid tarsomeres 3–5, hind tibia and tarsus brown, hind femur brown except base and pre-apical ring dark yellow, otherwise yellow (Figs 34A, D). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma oval, brown, about 4 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1 and not filling apex of cell r 1; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 34E).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 34A). Body length: 4.8 mm. Wing length: 4.4 mm. Head (Fig. 34C). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with gray pruinescence; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles, anterior pair about 2 x longer than posterior one. Face wide, black, covered with gray pruinescence. Antenna brown, except apex of pedicel and base of postpedicel pale brown; postpedicel short oval, about 1.4 x longer than wide, as long as preceding segments combined, covered with concolorous pruinescence, 1 long mediodorsal bristle about 2 x longer than postpedicel; antennal stylus brown, about 4 x longer than preceding segments combined, short pubescent, except apical 1/4 bare. Proboscis and palpus yellow; palpifer brown; palpus short, about 1/3 length of proboscis, covered with golden pruinescence, with 2 bristles longer than palpus (1 medioventral and 1 apical), and 2V shorter bristles on basal half. Postcranium black, covered with gray pruinescence. Thorax (Fig. 34B). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Pronotum pale brown, covered with golden pruinescence. Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view; brown, with posterior margin of pprn lb and pal cal pale yellow, covered with golden pruinescence except prescutellar disc covered with gray pruinescence. Scutellum pale brown, except anterior margin pale yellow, gray pruinescent. Pleura pale brown. Mediotergite concolorous with scutum. Chaetotaxy: acr 6-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 2 acr and 2 dc long bristles, posterior acr and posterior dc longest and curved apically; 2 npl long and strong bristles, close to each other; 2 pal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior stronger, about 4 x longer than anterior one); scutellum with 9 marginal bristles (1 right apical converging with lateral, 1 long, strong and divergent subapical, about 2 x longer than apical, and 3 lateral bristles similar to apical). Legs (Figs 34A, D). Long and slender, femora not swollen. Legs with fore and mid tarsomeres 3–5, hind tibia and hind tarsus brown, hind femur brown except base and pre-apical ring dark yellow, otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of bristles slightly longer than covering ones, 1D subapical longer than anterior ones; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long and sparse bristles, shortening toward femur apex; mid tibia with 3 long bristles, shorter than mid tarsomere 1 (1D on basal half, 1V on mid-length, 1PV subapical) and 4 shorter bristles (1PV on mid-length, 1D, 1AV, and 1V subapical); hind femur with 4AV long, thin and sparse bristles; hind tibia with 2D long bristles (1 on mid-length, 1 subapical), 1AD long and 1PV strong subapical. Wing (Fig. 34E). Sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma oval, brown, about 4 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1, ending near apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate near apex; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua. Halter dark brown, except base of stem yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 34A). About 2.5 x longer than thorax; brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; dorsal bristles brown and shorter, laterodorsal bristles yellow and longer. Male terminalia (Paratype, type-locality, Figs 35A–C). Distal margin of hypandrium with wide rectangular subapical protuberance projecting distally, bearing pair of long median apical bristles as long as exposed part of phallus. Phallus robust and short, bifid apically with divergent lateral branches bearing short outer lateral projection at apex, lateral flap long and pointing to base. Postgonite long, sinuous, strongly sclerotized, wide near base, narrowing towards apex, longer than exposed part of phallus. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae wide. Epandrial lamella wide on lateral view, narrowing suddenly on apical third, with narrow apicodorsal projection.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male, except notopleuron pale brown and pleura reddish brown. Female terminalia (Figs 35D, E). Tergite 8 rectangular, about 2 x longer than wide, distal margin slightly concave, lateral bristles long; sternite 8 long and slender, about 3 x longer than wide, narrower on proximal half and membranous on central portion in proximal 4/5, distal margin with long bristles; cercus long and strong, about as long as sternite 10.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (MZUSP) labelled: “Brasilien, [Brazil, Santa Catarina, Seara] Nova Teutônia, 27°11′B.52°23′L, Fritz Plaumann, xi.1970, 300– 500 m ” “ HOLOTYPE, Syneches plaumanni Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected. PARATYPES. Same data as holotype (3 ♂, 8 ♀, MZUSP; 4 ♂, 2 ♀, INPA; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, CNC; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, DZUP; 1 ♂, CAS); idem, xi.1971 (1 ♂, MZUSP; 1 ♂, INPA; 1 ♂, CNC; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, CAS; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, NHMUK; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, NMNH).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Santa Catarina) (Fig. 53). Syneches plaumanni sp. nov. is known to occur only in the Atlantic Forest biome.</p> <p>Variation. Some specimens have the antennae dark brown, scutellum with four lateral bristles and the hind femur may vary, bearing 4–6 AV bristles.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches plaumanni sp. nov. is similar to S. exilis, but in the former the palpus is yellow, mid tibia lacks bristles longer than mid tarsomere 1 and the distal margin of the hypandrium has a wide, rectangular subapical protuberance, projecting distally (see also “Remarks” under S. exilis).</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named after Fritz Plaumann (in memoriam), he was an enthusiastic entomologist, who collected all the specimens of the type series of this species.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA441C96A96892C9BFC99FD51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA444C96A96892D93FF13FA64.text	0384CB1BA444C96A96892D93FF13FA64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches pyramidatus Bezzi	<div><p>Syneches pyramidatus Bezzi</p> <p>(Figs 36A–E, 58)</p> <p>Syneches pyramidatus Bezzi, 1905: 428; 1909: 314 (key); Collin, 1933: 128 (cit.); Smith, 1962: 213, fig. 14 (Brazil); 1967: 10 (cat.); Rafael &amp; Ale-Rocha, 1995: 543, figs 50–51, 67 (rev.); Yang et al., 2007: 311 (cat.); Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 120 (cit.); Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 427, fig. 122 (distr.). Type-locality: Chanchamayo, Peru.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (2.7 mm). Antenna dark brown, postpedicel as long as preceding segments combined (Fig. 36C). Scutum pyramidal-shaped, covered with reddish brown pruinescence (Figs 36A, B), broader than mesopleuron in lateral view. Legs with femora brown to dark brown, fore and mid femora yellow at apex; hind tibia usually with darker ring at mid-length and all tarsomeres 5 darker, otherwise yellow (Figs 36A, D). Wing hyaline, pterostigma inconspicuous; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 36E).</p> <p>Material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, RFAD [Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke], 18.vi.1996, J.C.H. Guerrero, Fogging in Pouteria glomerata (Sapotaceae) (1 ♂, INPA); idem, 01.vi.1996, Corythophora alta (Lecythidaceae), (1 ♀, INPA); idem, 21.vii.1995, Eschweilera wachenheimii (Lecyth) (1 ♀, INPA); idem, 26.vii.1995, Eschweilera pseudodecolarans (1 ♀, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas and Santa Catarina) (Fig. 58); and Peru.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches pyramidatus is similar to S. bilobatus by the scutum pyramidal-shaped and the wing hyaline with pterostigma inconspicuous. However, it differs by the tibiae and hind tarsomere 1 mostly yellow (mostly brown in S. bilobatus) and the second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m (slightly shorter than r-m in S. bilobatus).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA444C96A96892D93FF13FA64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA444C96596892947FD23F9DD.text	0384CB1BA444C96596892947FD23F9DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches rafaeli Ale-Rocha & Vieira	<div><p>Syneches rafaeli Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira</p> <p>(Figs 37A–E, 56)</p> <p>Syneches rafaeli Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 119, figs 22–28, 39; Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 427, fig. 122 (key, distr.); Ale-Rocha, 2016: 204 (Ecuador); Soares &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2018: 640, figs 13, 18 (NE Brazil). Type locality: Parque Nacional do Jaú, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (3.4 mm) (Fig. 37A). Antenna brown, but postpedicel entirely yellow or brown with yellow base (Fig. 38C); palpus yellow. Prosternum fused to proepisternum; scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron, covered with reddish brown pruinescence, except dc stripe and prescutellar disc with gray pruinescence (Fig. 37B). Hind femur slightly swollen (Fig. 37D); fore femur dark yellow to brown, coxae, trochanters, apex of hind femur, hind tibia usually with ring at mid-length and all tarsomeres 5 brown, otherwise yellow (Figs 37A, D). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma short, rectangular, brown, located distal to apex of R 1; second section of M 1 2 x longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 37E).</p> <p>Type examined material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.73528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.8877778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.73528/lat -1.8877778)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.73528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.8877778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.73528/lat -1.8877778)">Pq</a> [<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.73528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.8877778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.73528/lat -1.8877778)">Parque</a>] N [<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.73528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.8877778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.73528/lat -1.8877778)">Nacional</a> do] <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.73528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.8877778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.73528/lat -1.8877778)">Jaú</a>, Rio Jaú, Igarapé Patauá, 01°53′16″S - 61°44′07″W, 23–28.vii.1995, varredura, J.A. Rafael &amp; J.F. Vidal ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected.</p> <p>Additional examined material. BRAZIL. Pará: Belém, Para, IPEAN, 23.iii.1970, J.M. &amp; B.A. Campbell (2 ♀, CNC). Maranhão: Carolina, PARNA Chapada das Mesas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.29911&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1122775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.29911/lat -7.1122775)">Riacho Cancela</a>, 225 m, 07°06′44.2″S 47°17′56.8″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.29911&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1122775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.29911/lat -7.1122775)">Armadilha de Malaise</a>, 11–14.vi.2013, J.A. Rafael, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, J.T. Câmara &amp; A.A. Santos (5 ♂, 5 ♀, CZMA); idem, 1–15.vii.2013, J.A. Rafael, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira &amp; T.T.A. Silva cols. (2 ♂, CZMA); idem, 15– 31.vii.2013 (1 ♂, CZMA); idem, 1–10.viii.2013 (3 ♂, 2 ♀, CZMA); idem, 1–10.ix.2013 (2 ♂, 1 ♀, CZMA); idem, 1–. x.2013 (1 ♂, 2 ♀, CZMA); idem, 20–31.xii.2013 (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, Suspensa Lâmina d’água, 20–31.vii.2014, J.A. Rafael, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, T.L. Rocha &amp; G.A. Reis, cols. (2 ♀, CZMA); idem, 1–10.viii.2014 (1 ♂, CZMA); idem, Riacho Sucuruiu, 240 m, 07°07′05.6″S 47°18′31.6″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.308777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.118222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.308777/lat -7.118222)">Armadilha de Malaise</a>, 14–30.vi.2013 (2 ♂, 1 ♀, CZMA); idem, 1–10.viii.2013 (1 ♂, 6 ♀, CZMA); idem, 10–20.xii.2013 (1♀, CZMA); idem, Suspensa simples (5 m), 1–10.v.2014 (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, Armadilha malaise, 20-30.vi.2014 (1♂, CZMA); idem, 1–10.viii.2014 (1 ♂, CZMA); 10–20.viii.2014 (3 ♂, 1 ♀, CZMA); idem, Riacho Corrente, 288 m, 07°04′24.2″S 47°05′25.2″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.090332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.073389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.090332/lat -7.073389)">Suspensa</a> simples (15 m), 20–30.iv.2014 (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, 10–20.vi.2014 (1 ♂, CZMA); Carolina, Perímetro Urbano, 07°19′40″S 47°27′14.5″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.45403&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.327778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.45403/lat -7.327778)">Armadilha</a> luminosa, 25–26.xii.2013, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, T.T.A. Silva &amp; T. L. Rocha cols. (2 ♂, CZMA); idem, Rio Lages, 12.xii.2001, J.A. Rafael, F.L. Oliveira &amp; J.A. Vidal, Arm. Malaise (1 ♀, CZMA); Mirador, Parque Est. Mirador, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.864166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.6183333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.864166/lat -6.6183333)">Base da Geraldina</a>, 411 m, 06°37′06″S 45°51′51″W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.864166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.6183333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.864166/lat -6.6183333)">Armadilha de Malaise</a>, 02–12.viii.2013, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, L.L.M. Santos &amp; L.S. Santos (4 ♂, 2 ♀, CZMA); idem, 01–15.ix.2013 (1 ♂, CZMA); idem, 15–30.ix.2013 (1 ♀, CZMA); idem, Base do Mosquito, Armadilha Luminosa, 04–08.ii.2011, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira (5 ♂, 1 ♀, CZMA); C.N. Maranhão, REBIO– Res. Biol. Gurupi, 03°14′05″S 46°41′83″W, Arm. Luminosa, 07–15.i.2011, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, M.M. Abreu &amp; E.A.S. Barbosa (4 ♂, CZMA); idem, 03–07.v.2011 (1 ♂, CZMA); idem, Armadilha de Malaise, 01-06.iii.2011 (1 ♂, CZMA); idem, 05–15.vi.2010 (1 ♂, CZMA); Caxias, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.421112&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9108334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.421112/lat -4.9108334)">Inhamum</a>, 04°54′39″S 43°25′16″W, 535 m, 17.v.2007, J.A. Rafael, F.F. Xavier F. &amp; F.L. Oliveira, Luz (2 ♂, CZMA); idem, 19.v.2007 (1 ♂, CZMA); idem, 05–07.vi.2009, J.A. Silva &amp; F. Limeira-de-Oliveira (1 ♀, CZMA); Riachão, Fazenda Altos, Armadilha Suspensa, 18–22.viii.2009, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira &amp; M.B. Aguiar Neto (2 ♂, CZMA). Bahia: Mata de São João, Reserva de Sapiranga, 22–25.vii.2001, Malaise, Trilha 6, M. Tavares &amp; eq. col. (1 ♂, UFES). Minas Gerais: Ouro Preto, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.567944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.293291" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.567944/lat -20.293291)">São Bartolomeu</a>, Sítio Vale das Borboletas, 20°17′35.85″S 43°34′04.6″W, 10–17.iii.2013, Malaise, Rio, P. Dias, R.C.C. Arautez (1 ♂, UFMG); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.856304&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.968723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.856304/lat -19.968723)">Nova Lima</a> (mata), 19°58′7.4″S 43°51′22.7″W, 12–26.iv.2015, Arm. Malaise, A.R. Lima col. (1 ♀, UFMG). COLOMBIA. Caqueta: San José del Fragua, Vereda Bellavista, Finca Mi Ranchito, 1°18′23″ 76°00′33″, 265 m 1–15.ii.2017, Y. Ramos-Pastrana, Malaise, Bosque-dos sel, Sao José C 8 (1 ♂, INPA); idem, Bosque-suelo (1 ♂, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia *, Ceará, Pará, Piauí, Maranhão, Minas Gerais *, Rondônia) (Fig. 56); Colombia *, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru and Venezuela. Syneches rafaeli is widely distributed in northern South America, recorded in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado biomes.</p> <p>Variation. Postpedicel yellow only on basal third and remaining brown, differing from the holotype, which is fully yellow. The color of fore femur may vary from dark yellow to brown and the brown ring at mid-length of the hind tibia may be absent. The pterostigma may be narrow, limited to a stripe posterior to the apex of R 1.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches rafaeli differs from all the other Brazilian species of Syneches by the medium size with wide prosternum, hind femur only slightly swollen, yellow with brown apex and pterostigma short, rectangular, located distal to the apex of R 1. A male and female of this species were photographed in the State of Pará (Figs 1B, C), attracted by the light of a camp. In addition, several of the analyzed specimens were collected using light traps, demonstrating that both sexes are attracted to light.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA444C96596892947FD23F9DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA44BC9679689291FFBDEFEC8.text	0384CB1BA44BC9679689291FFBDEFEC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches repletus Bezzi	<div><p>Syneches repletus Bezzi</p> <p>(Figs 38A–E, 52)</p> <p>Syneches repletus Bezzi, 1909: 317; Collin, 1933: 28 (cit.); Smith, 1967: 10 (cat.); Rafael &amp; Ale-Rocha, 1995: 540, figs 42–43, 64 (rev.); Yang et al., 2007: 309 (cat.); Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 120 (Brazil); Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 428, fig. 122 (cit., distr.). Type locality: Puerto Bermúdez, Pasco, Peru.</p> <p>Syneches hyspidus Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 115; Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 428 (syn.).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (3.5 mm) (Fig. 38A). Ocellar triangle flat; antenna dark brown (Fig. 38B). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron (Fig. 38A). Legs with coxae, trochanters, apical half to apical 2/3 of hind femur and apical half of hind tibia brown, otherwise yellow (Figs 38A, C, D); mid tibia with 2 bristles about as long as mid tibia (1AD on basal third, 1AV on basal half); hind femur strongly swollen with 1AV row of spiniform bristle inserted on prominent tubercles (Fig. 38C), slightly swollen on females (Fig. 38D). Wing hyaline, pterostigma brown, wide, filling or ending near apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate apically; second section of M 1 slightly longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 38E).</p> <p>Material examined. BRAZIL. Maranhão: Bom Jardim, REBIO-Res. Biol. Gurupi, Armad. Luminosa Móvel, 17–27.i.2010, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, J.T. Câmara &amp; M.B. Aguiar Neto, cols. (2 ♂, 1 ♀, CZMA). Amazonas: Manaus, Res. Km 41, PDBFF, 23–24.vi.2004 Sub-bosque, R. Querino (1♂, 1♀, INPA); ZF-2, km 14 <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.115276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.5891666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.115276/lat -2.5891666)">Torre</a>, 02°35′21″S 60°06′55″W, 19.vi.2015, J.M. Cumming, S. Cumming, D.W.A. Marques &amp; J.A. Rafael, sweeping (3 ♂, 2 ♀, CNC). Pará: Belem, (Area P-1), 20.vi.1964, Shope &amp; de Freitas (1 ♀, CNC). COLOMBIA. Putamayo: Mocoa, 55 m, M. Cooper, 12.ix.[19]78 (1 ♀, NMNH).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Pará and Maranhão *) (Fig. 52); Colombia *, Peru and Venezuela. Syneches repletus is recorded only from the Amazon biome.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches repletus is similar to S. manaos, the former differing mainly by R 2+3 only slightly angulate apically and characters of male terminalia (see also “Remarks” under S. manaos).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA44BC9679689291FFBDEFEC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA449C96796892E2BFD66FB7F.text	0384CB1BA449C96796892E2BFD66FB7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches ruficollis (Walker 1852)	<div><p>Syneches ruficollis (Walker, 1852) nomen dubium</p> <p>Hybos ruficollis Walker, 1852: 206.</p> <p>Syneches ruficollis: Bezzi, 1909: 314 (key); Collin, 1933: 28 (cit.); Smith, 1962: 212 (cit.); 1967: 9 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007: 307 (cat.). Type locality: Brazil.</p> <p>“ Niger, thorace luteo, antennis flavis, pedibus fulvis, alis limpidis apice subfuscis.”</p> <p>“ Head black: eyes red; facets very large: sucker tawny: feelers yellow: chest luteous: abdomen black, shining, thinly clothed with hoary hairs: legs tawny, clothed with pale yellow hairs: feet dark tawny: wings nearly colourless, pale brown at the tips; a spindle-shaped dark brown spot near the tip of the fore border; wing-ribs tawny; veins black, tawny at the base; poisers tawny” (Walker 1852).</p> <p>“Length of the body 1 ½ line; of the wings 4 lines.”</p> <p>“Type-locality: Brazil.”</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches ruficollis was described based on a single female from Brazil. Smith (1962) reported that the holotype could not be found in the Natural History Museum (NHMUK) and that it was possibly lost. According to the original description, the species has the following set of relevant characters: antenna yellow, thorax brownish yellow, legs yellow covered with concolorous bristles, all tarsus or some of them dark brown, abdomen black and wing hyaline with pterostigma spindle-shaped (= oval). Some of these characters are common in many Brazilian species: S. fasciatus sp. nov. and S. flaviscutellatus sp. nov. (antenna and legs mostly yellow, but both species have a distinct color pattern on the thorax and the wing mostly brown), S. sinclairi sp. nov. (but the female has an inconspicuous pterostigma and all the tarsi yellow) and S. tenebricus (but all tarsi are yellow and the wing is brownish). Thus, without analyzing the holotype, it is impossible to correctly associate S. ruficollis with any Brazilian species, hence we treat this name as a nomen dubium.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA449C96796892E2BFD66FB7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA449C96296892BBEFF17FD50.text	0384CB1BA449C96296892BBEFF17FD50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches sinclairi Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches sinclairi sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 39A–F, 40A–E, 50)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (4.3 mm) (Fig. 39A). Antenna yellow, antennal stylus bare (Fig. 39C). Ocellar bristles in two pairs subequally long. Scutum rounded, orange yellow, narrower than mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with gray pruinescence (Fig. 39B). Pleura yellow, except posterior half of anepisternum and central portion of katepisternum brown, forming a distinct vertical dark spot (Fig. 39B). Legs yellow with a small dorsal brown spot on apex of all trochanters and apex of hind femur (Figs 39A, D). Wing sub-hyaline, brown in males (Fig. 39E) and hyaline in females (Fig. 39F); pterostigma long, oval, dark brown, about 5 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1 to near apex of cell r 1 (males) or inconspicuous (females).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 39A). Body length: 4.3 mm. Wing length: 4.3 mm. Head (Fig. 39C). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with gray pruinescence; 2 pairs of subequally long ocellar bristles. Face black covered with gray pruinescence. Antenna yellow; postpedicel short oval, about 1.4 x longer than wide, as long as preceding segments combined, covered with golden pruinescence, 1 long mediodorsal bristle about as long as postpedicel; antennal stylus yellow, except apical half brown, about 3 x longer than preceding segments combined, bare, thinner on apical 1/4. Proboscis, palpifer and palpus yellow; palpus short, about 1/3 length of proboscis, covered with golden pruinescence, with 2 bristles as long as palpus (1 medioventral, 1 apical). Postcranium with golden pruinescence. Thorax (Fig. 39B). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Pronotum orangish yellow, covered with golden pruinescence. Scutum rounded, narrower than mesopleuron in lateral view, orangish yellow, except posterior margin of pprn lb and pal cal pale yellow, scutum covered with gray pruinescence. Scutellum yellow, except anterior margin orangish yellow, covered with golden pruinescence. Pleura yellow, except posterior half of anepisternum and mid-part of katepisternum brown forming vertically-directed dark spot. Mediotergite concolorous with scutum. Chaetotaxy: acr 8-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 1 acr and 1 dc longer; 2 long npl, strong and close to each other; 2 pal cal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior long and strong, about 3 x longer than anterior one); scutellum with 12 marginal bristles (1 parallel apical pair, 1 long and strong subapical pair, about 1.5 x longer than apicals, 4 lateral pairs, about as long as apicals). Legs (Figs 39A, D). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half; mid femur slender, hind femur slightly swollen. Legs yellow, trochanters and hind femur near apices brown. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of long sparse bristles; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long bristles, shortening towards apex; mid tibia with 1AD long bristle on basal third, 1AV and 1PV long subapical bristle; hind femur with 1AV series of long, thin and sparse bristle, slightly longer than covering bristles, V bristles short and strong on apical half; hind tibia with 1PD series of longer bristles on apical third. Wing (Fig. 39E). Sub-hyaline, brown; pterostigma oval, dark brown, about 5 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1, ending near apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulated near apex; second section of M 1 as long as crossvein r-m; cell bm slightly longer than cells br and cua. Halter dark brown, except base of stem yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 39A). About 2 x longer than thorax. Dark brown, except tergite 1 dark yellow on anterior half, brown on posterior half, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; bristles dark brown, except tergite 1 with bristles yellow, dorsal bristles shorter, laterodorsal bristles longest. Male terminalia (Paratype, type-locality, Figs 40A–C). Hypandrium with distal margin with three concavities, two deeper laterally, mid-width one shallower and circled with short tubercles with truncate apex, each bearing one long bristle, reaching 2/3 length of exposed part of phallus. Phallus long, with rounded apex, lateral flaps long and strong pointing to base of phallus, arising from apical half of phallus. Postgonites fused to hypandrium, long, wider near base and narrowing towards apex, as long as exposed part of phallus. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae narrow. Epandrial lamella wider on basal third on lateral view, apex rounded.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male, except pleural stripe paler, wing hyaline, pterostigma inconspicuous, second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m. Female terminalia (Figs 40D, E). Tergite 8 somewhat rectangular, about 2 x longer than wide; sternite 8 about 3 x longer than wide, narrower and membranous on anterior half of mid area, distal margin with long bristles; cercus longer than sternite 10.</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: BRASIL, AM [Amazonas], <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.868645&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.3629723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.868645/lat -7.3629723)">Ipixuna</a>, Rio Liberdade, Estirão da Preta, 07°21′46.7″S - 71°52′07.1″W, 13.v.2011, 04:00–06:30 h, Arm. [Armadilha] luminosa baixa / J.A. Rafael, J.T. Câmara, R.F. Silva, A. Somavilla, C. Gonçalves, A. Agudelo, leg. / HOLOTYPE, Syneches sinclairi Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha. Holotype condition: left postpedicel, left palpus, right mid tarsomeres 2–5 broken off, right wing damaged. PARATYPES. Same data as holotype, but Arm. luminosa, dossel (1 ♂, CNC); idem, 14.v.2011, 01:00–04:00 h (1 ♂, INPA; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, CNC; 2 ♂, MZUSP; 2 ♂, DZUP); idem, Arm. Luminosa baixa (1 ♀, MZUSP); idem, 04:00–06:30 h (1 ♀ INPA) idem, Rio Gregório, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.81953&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1699166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.81953/lat -7.1699166)">Com. Lago Grande</a>, 07°10′11.7″S 70°49′10.3″W, 18–23.v.2011, varredura (1 ♂, INPA); idem, Arm. Malaise (1 ♀, INPA); idem, 23.v.2011, Arm. Luminosa dossel, 04:00–06:30 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS). Pará: Belo Monte, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.691944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.0977776" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.691944/lat -3.0977776)">Rio Xingu</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.691944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.0977776" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.691944/lat -3.0977776)">Rodovia Transamazônica</a>, 03°05′52″S 51°41′31″W, 07.iv.2008, armadilha luz, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F. (1 ♂, INPA). PERU. Loreto: Iquitos, iii–iv.1931, R.C. Shanonn (1 ♂, NMNH).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas and Pará) (Fig. 50); Peru. Syneches sinclairi sp. nov. is known to occur only in the Amazon biome.</p> <p>Variation. In some specimens the color of the antennae may vary from yellow to pale brown, while the scutellum may bear 4–5 pairs of lateral bristles.</p> <p>Remarks. The new species may be distinguished from all the other Brazilian species due to the antennal stylus bare, ocellar triangle with 2 pairs of equally long ocellar bristles, scutum orangish yellow, narrower than mesopleuron in lateral view, pleura with vertical dark spot, besides the characters of the male terminalia. Most of studied specimens were collected with light traps, demonstrating that both sexes are attracted to light.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after Dr. Bradley Sinclair, who has contributed substantially to the study of Empidoidea worldwide, and whose study of Syneches helped establish the state-of-art comprehension on the genus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA449C96296892BBEFF17FD50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA44CC91D96892D93FD20FE21.text	0384CB1BA44CC91D96892D93FD20FE21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches smithi Soares & Freitas-Silva & Ale-Rocha 2021	<div><p>Syneches smithi sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 41A–E, 42A–E, 53)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (5.5 mm) (Fig. 41A). Antenna dark brown except apex of pedicel and base of postpedicel pale brown (Fig. 41C). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, pale brown to dark yellow, except acr region with a complete dark brown wide stripe and 2 subtriangular dark brown spots (1 short and narrow near pprn lb, 1 wide on npl) (Figs 41A, B). Hind femur slightly swollen (Fig. 41D); legs with hind femur reddish brown on apical 1/4, anterior face reddish brown on apical 3/4, fore and hind tibiae, fore and hind tarsi and mid tarsomeres 3–5 darker, otherwise yellow (Figs 41A, D). Wing pale brown, pterostigma long, oval, dark brown, about 4 x longer than wide; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm longer than cells br and cua (Fig. 41E).</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 41A). Body length: 5.5 mm. Wing length: 4.6 mm. Head (Fig. 41C). Ocellar triangle protuberant; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles (anterior pair about 2 x longer than posterior pair). Face black covered with gray pruinescence. Antenna dark brown except apex of pedicel and base of postpedicel pale brown; postpedicel short oval, about 1.5 x longer than wide, slightly longer than preceding segments combined, covered with pale brown pruinescence, 1 long mediodorsal bristle longer than postpedicel; antennal stylus brown, about 3.5 x length of preceding segments combined, covered with short microtrichia, except apical 1/4 bare. Proboscis and palpus yellow; palpifer brown; palpus about 1/3 length of proboscis, covered with golden pruinescence, bearing 2 bristles longer than palpus (1 medioventral, 1 apical), plus 3 shorter bristles (1V on basal half, 2D on apical half). Postcranium black, covered with gray pruinescence. Thorax (Figs 41A, B). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Pronotum dark brown. Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, dark yellow, except acr region with complete wide, dark brown stripe and 2 subtriangular, dark brown spots (1 short and narrow near pprn lb, 1 wide on npl). Scutellum dark brown. Pronotum, scutum and scutellum covered with golden pruinescence. Pleura brown, except anepimeron with pale spots. Mediotergite brown. Chaetotaxy: acr 6-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 2 acr and 2 dc longer and stronger bristles, each posterior most bristle apically curved backwards; 2 npl, long, strong and close each other; 2 pal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior long and strong, about 4 x longer than anterior); scutellum with 11 marginal bristles (1 parallel apical pair, 1 long, strong and divergent subapical pair, slightly longer than apicals, 4 left lateral bristles and 3 right lateral bristles, shorter than apical bristle). Legs (Figs 41A, D). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half, mid femur slender, hind femur slightly swollen. Legs with fore tibia (except base and apex) and fore tarsus, mid tarsomeres 3–5, hind femur with apical 1/4 (3/4 of anterior face) and hind tarsus reddish brown; hind tibia dark brown, but basal half reddish brown, otherwise yellow. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of bristles slightly longer than covering ones; mid femur with 1AV, 1AD, and 1PV long and sparse bristles, shortening towards apex; mid tibia with 1D long bristle on basal third, slightly shorter than mid tarsomere 1, 1D shorter subapical bristle, 2AV and 2PV bristles on apical third, slightly longer than covering ones, 1AV and 1PV long subapical bristle, slightly shorter than mid tarsomere 1; hind femur with 1AV series of long, thin and sparse bristles; hind tibia with 1PD series of bristles, longer on apical third, and 1D and 1AV long, subapical bristle. Wing (Fig. 41E). Pale brown; pterostigma oval, dark brown, about 4 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1 and not filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate apically; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm longer than cells br and cua. Halter dark brown, except base of stem yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 41A). About 2.5 x longer than thorax. Brown, covered with golden pruinescence; dorsal bristles short, brown, laterodorsal bristles long and yellow. Male terminalia (Paratype, type-locality, Figs 42A–C).</p> <p>Distal margin of hypandrium slightly convex, bearing 1 pair of long apical bristles reaching half-length of exposed part of phallus. Phallus long, apex rounded, lateral flaps short and slender, pointing to base of phallus, arising from basal half of phallus. Postgonite as long as exposed part of phallus, apex rounded, sclerotized on basal half, membranous on apical half. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae wide. Epandrial lamella narrowing on apical 1/ 3 in lateral view, forming long narrow apicodorsal projection.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male. Female terminalia (Figs 42D, E). Tergite 8 rectangular, slightly longer than wide, distal margin slightly concave with long lateral bristles; sternite 8 about 2 x longer than wide, narrower and membranous on middle of proximal portion. Cercus as long as tergite 10.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (DZUP) labelled: “S [São] JOSÉ [dos] PINHAIS – PR [Paraná], Ser [Serra] [do] Mar Br 277 Km 54, BRASIL, 10.xi.1986, Lev [antamento] Ent [omológico], PROFAUPAR, MALAISE” “HOLOTYPE, Syneches smithi Soares, Freitas-Silva &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected. PARATYPES: Same data as holotype (1 ♀, INPA; 3 ♀ MZUSP); idem, 31.x.1986 (3 ♀, DZUP); idem, 01.xi.1986 (1 ♂, 3 ♀, DZUP); idem, 02.xi.1986 (2 ♂, 3 ♀, DZUP; 1 ♂, INPA); idem, 03.xi.1986 (4 ♀, DZUP; 1 ♂, INPA); idem, 04.xi.1986 (11 ♀, INPA; 1 ♂, MZUSP); idem, 17.xi.1986 (3 ♀, MZUSP); Manancial, 04.xii.2006, J.A. Rafael (1 ♀, INPA); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.981667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.49611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.981667/lat -25.49611)">Piraquara</a>, Manancial da Serra Mar, 25°29′46″S. 48°58′54″W, 1000 m, 16–17.xii.2006, J.A. Rafael &amp; G.A. Melo, Arm. Luminosa (lençol) (1 ♀, INPA); Jundiaí do Sul, Fazenda monte Verde, 10.xi.1986, Malaise (1 ♀, MZUSP).</p> <p>Additional examined material. BRAZIL. São Paulo: Est [Estado de São Paulo], S [Serra da] Cantareira, Cantareira, Barretto col., x.[1]945 (5 ♂, 11 ♀, MZUSP).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Paraná and São Paulo) (Fig. 53). Syneches smithi sp. nov. is recorded only from the Atlantic Forest biome.</p> <p>Variation. The scutum may be brown, npl spot may be shorter and the number of lateral scutellar bristles varies between 3–5. The hind femur with A face reddish brown only on apical third and hind tarsomeres 1–2 with V face dark yellow. Specimens from Serra da Cantareira (São Paulo) are smaller, predominantly darker; the distal marginal concavity of hypandrium is shallower and the phallus shorter than in the specimens from Paraná. The variation in the color maybe due to the conservation method used with specimens from Paraná that seems to have been previously preserved in alcohol.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches smithi sp. nov. mainly differs from all other species by the presence of the complete dark brown acr stripe and the scutum covered with golden pruinescence, in addition to the characters of the male terminalia.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named after Kenneth G.V. Smith (in memoriam), for his contribution to the study of Empidoidea, mainly in South American Hybotidae.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA44CC91D96892D93FD20FE21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA433C91F96892D03FDFBFDE8.text	0384CB1BA433C91F96892D03FDFBFDE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches striatus , Menezes & Ale-Rocha 2016	<div><p>Syneches striatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>(Figs 2B, 43A–H, 58)</p> <p>Syneches striatus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 429–431, figs 80–86, 113, 122. Type locality: Querari, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (3.5–5.0 mm) (Figs 43A, B). Antenna dark brown, but postpedicel variable in length and color (see Remarks section below), palpus pale yellow (Figs 43C–E). Proepisternum long, almost reaching prosternum to form a precoxal bridge (Fig. 2B). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view (Figs 43A, B). Hind femur slightly to strongly swollen, brown, with a yellow subapical ring (Figs 43F, G). Wing sub-hyaline, light brown, infuscated at humeral crossvein and apices of Sc and R 2+3, and hyaline around pterostigma; pterostigma wide, rectangular, about 2 x longer than wide (Fig. 43H).</p> <p>Type examined material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, AMAZONAS, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.0833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.85/lat 1.0833334)">Querari</a> (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.0833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.85/lat 1.0833334)">Pelotão</a>) 1°5′N - 69°51′W ” “ 06.iv–15.v.1993, João Vidal ” “ Holótipo, Syneches striatus, Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected.</p> <p>Additional examined material. BRAZIL. Amapá: Serra do Navio, Cach [oeira] <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.01164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8942222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.01164/lat 0.8942222)">Pedra Preta</a>, 00°53′39.2″N 52°00′41.9″W, Malaise, 13–15.iv.2014, J.T. Câmara &amp; J.A. Rafael (1 ♂, INPA) idem, 19.xi.2014, J.A. Rafael (1 ♂, INPA). Amazonas: Careiro Castanho, BR 319 Km 181, Sítio São Paulo, 04°12′48″S 60°49′04″W, 13–27.vii.2016, Malaise grande 2, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F. (3 ♀, INPA); Manaus, R. F. Adolpho Ducke, Sede, 30.i.2018, Varredura, R. Ale-Rocha et al. (1 ♂, INPA); idem, Aspirador (1 ♀, INPA). Pará: Belem, Pará, IPEAN, 26.iii.1970, J.M. &amp; B.A. Campbell (1 ♀, CNC). Mato Grosso: Nova Lacerda, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.559998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.4772215" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.559998/lat -14.4772215)">Serra</a>, 14°28′38″S 59°33′36″W, 27.iv.2006, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F., Arm. Luz (8 ♂, 8 ♀, INPA). Maranhão: Bom Jardim, REBIO-Res. Biol. Gurupi, Armad. Luminosa Móvel, 17–27.i.2010, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, J.T. Câmara &amp; M.B. Aguiar Neto cols. (1 ♂, 2 ♀, INPA); idem, Armad. Luminosa Base, 16–20.iv.2010, J.C. Silva, M.M. Abreu, J.A. Silva &amp; A.C.S. Ferreira cols. (3 ♂, INPA); Mirador, Parque Est. Mirador, Base do Mosquito, Armadilha Luminosa, 04–08.ii.2011, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira (4 ♂, 2 ♀, CZMA). Rondônia: Ouro Preto do Oeste, R. INPA/ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.245834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.716666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.245834/lat -10.716666)">Ceplac</a>, 10°43′00″S, 62°14′45″W, 22.iv.2006, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F., Arm. Malaise (1 ♂, INPA). Goiás: Corumbá [de Goiás], F. Monjolinho, Barretto col., xi.[19]45 (1 ♀, INPA). São Paulo: Salesópolis, BORACEA [sic. Boracéia], 12–17.i.1948, L. Trav. F. &amp; D. Braz (1 ♂, MZUSP); idem, Trilha dos <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.897724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.651417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.897724/lat -23.651417)">Pilões–Malaise</a>, 23°39′05.1″S 45°53′51.8″W, 27.ii.2005, 13h00–14h00, L.K. Nogueira &amp; A.P. Aguiar, BIOTA-FAPESP (1 ♀, MZUSP). Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.65806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.37139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.65806/lat -20.37139)">Mata Pico do Eldorado</a>, 20°22′17″S 40°39′29″W, 23.ix–03.xii.2004, Malaise, M. Tavares e eq[uipe], col. (3 ♂, 4 ♀, UFES); Santa Teresa, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.53528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.971666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.53528/lat -19.971666)">Est. Biol. Santa Lucia</a>, 810 m, 19°58′18″S 40°32′07″W, 09–12.iv.2001, Malaise, Ponto 3 Bosque, C.O. Azevedo &amp; equipe col. BIOTA-FAPESP (1 ♀, MZUSP). Pará: Rio Xingu, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.366665/lat -3.65)">Camp</a> (52°22′W, 3°39′S) ca 60 km S. Altamira, 02–08.x.1986, P. Spangler &amp; O. Flint, 1st Jungle stream trail 1, Malaise trap day&amp;night collection, USNM 2053223 (1 ♂, 2 ♀, NMNH). Paraná: S. J. Pinhais, Serra do Mar, i.1985, Arm. Malaise, J.A. Rafael (1 ♂, 1 ♀, INPA). Santa Catarina: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.383335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.383335/lat -27.183332)">Nova Teutônia</a>, 27°11′S 52°23′W, 300–500 m, xi.1970, F. Plaumann (3 ♂, MZUSP); idem, xii.1970 (2 ♂, INPA). COLOMBIA. Rio Raposo, Aug. 1964, V. H. Lee, light trap, USNM 2053223 (1 ♂, NMNH). VENEZUELA. T. F. Amaz. Cerro de La Neblina, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.98333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.98333/lat 0.8333333)">Camp</a> II, 2100 m, 0°50′N 65°59′W, 30.i.1985, Malaise trap at edge of open bog and Bonnetia scrub, W.E. Steiner collr., USNM 2053223 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, NMNH).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (States of Amapá *, Amazonas, Espírito Santo *, Goiás *, Maranhão *, Mato Grosso *, Pará, Paraná *, Rondônia *, São Paulo *, Santa Catarina *) (Fig. 58); Colombia * and Venezuela. Syneches striatus is widely distributed in Brazil, recorded in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches striatus is one of the most morphologically variable Brazilian species of Syneches and it is apparently composed by two groups of species. One group comprises specimens from North Brazil (administrative states of Amazonas and Amapá), with a long postpedicel, almost twice longer than preceding segments, which color varies from pale yellow (Amazonas) to dark brown with pale yellow apex (Amapá), and the hind femur is only slightly swollen. The other group is composed by specimens from other parts of Brazil, with specimens from the administrative states of Maranhão (Northeast Brazil), Espírito Santo (Southeast Brazil), Mato Grosso (Center West Brazil) and Paraná (South Brazil), which have the postpedicel wholly yellow, short, subequally long to the preceding segments combined and the hind femur strongly swollen. All specimens of S. striatus share the proepisternum long, almost reaching the prosternum to form a precoxal bridge. Wings, as well as male and female terminalia, show no significant variation. Therefore, we suspect that this species may actually represent a species complex, but presently we prefer to maintain all under the same name until additional studies, particularly molecular based ones, can give us some light into this issue.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA433C91F96892D03FDFBFDE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA431C91F96892DCBFA7BFA4D.text	0384CB1BA431C91F96892DCBFA7BFA4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches tenebricus Menezes & Ale-Rocha	<div><p>Syneches tenebricus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha</p> <p>(Figs 44A–E, 54)</p> <p>Syneches tenebricus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 431–432, figs 87–91, 114, 123. Type locality: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (3.5 mm) (Fig. 44A). Antenna yellow (Fig. 44C). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, dark brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence (Fig. 44B). Foreleg from coxa to basal 2/3 of femur brown and apex of hind femur with a small brown spot, otherwise yellow (Figs 44A, D). Wing brown; pterostigma oval, dark brown, extended from apex of R 1, ending near to the apex of cell r 1; second section of M 1 slightly longer than crossvein r-m; cell bm longer than cells br and cua (Fig. 44E).</p> <p>Type examined material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, Amazonas, Manaus, F [Fazenda] Esteio, BR-174, KM 41” “ 17–20.xii.1993, F.F. Xavier ” “Holótipo, Syneches tenebricus Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha ”. Holotype condition: left wing damaged, hind left leg broken off; not dissected.</p> <p>Additional examined material. Same data as holotype (1 ♂, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas and Roraima) (Fig. 54). The species is recorded only from two very contrasting landscapes in the Amazon biome, namely from Manaus (central Amazon, State of Amazonas) and Pacaraima (northern Amazon, state of Roraima). However, it is interesting to note that both localities are composed of essentially different vegetation types; while the landscape nearby Manaus is predominantly of close canopy rainforest, Pacaraima shows a predominantly open savanna-like landscape.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches tenebricus is similar to S. fuscus sp. nov., differing from it due to the antenna and femora being predominantly yellow (except fore femur mostly brown), while in S. fuscus sp. nov. the antenna is dark brown and the fore and mid femora have more extensive brown markings (see also “Remarks” under S. fuscus sp. nov.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA431C91F96892DCBFA7BFA4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA431C91896892AACFAD2F86C.text	0384CB1BA431C91896892AACFAD2F86C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches tomentosus , Smith 1962	<div><p>Syneches tomentosus Smith</p> <p>(Figs 45A–E, 46A–E, 55)</p> <p>Syneches tomentosus Smith, 1962: 216; 1967:10 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007 (cat.). Type locality: Nova Teutônia, Santa Catarina, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (3.3 mm) (Fig. 45A). Antenna brown except postpedicel dark brown and apex of pedicel and base of postpedicel paler (Fig. 45C). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view, covered with reddish brown pruinescence (Fig. 45B). Legs with fore tibia dark yellow, apex of fore femur with a small spot, fore tarsus and mid and hind tarsomeres 3–5 brown (Figs 45A, D); hind femur slender (Fig. 45D). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma about 3.5 x longer than wide, oval, brown, with a marginal proximal invagination, extended from apex of R 1 and not filling apex of cell r 1; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 45E).</p> <p>Re-description. Holotype male. Body length: 3.3 mm. Wing length: 3.4 mm. Head (Fig. 45C). Ocellar triangle protuberant, covered with gray pruinescence; 2 pairs of ocellar bristles (anterior pair about 2 x longer than anterior). Face wide, black, covered with gray pruinescence. Antenna brown except postpedicel dark brown and apex of pedicel and base of postpedicel paler; postpedicel short oval, about 1.3 x longer than wide, about as long as preceding segments combined, covered with brown pruinescence, 1 long mediodorsal bristle, about 2 x longer than postpedicel; antennal stylus brown, about 3 x longer than preceding segments combined, covered with short microtrichia, bare on apical third. Proboscis yellow, palpus and palpifer brown; palpus about 1/3 length of proboscis, covered with golden pruinescence, with 2 bristles as long as palpus (1 medioventral, 1 apical). Postcranium black, covered with reddish brown pruinescence. Thorax (Fig. 45B). Proepisternum short; prosternum isolated, not fused to proepisternum. Thorax dark brown covered with reddish brown pruinescence, except posterior margin of pprn lb and pal cal pale yellow and anepimeron paler. Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view. Chaetotaxy: acr 6-serial, dc uniserial, bristles short and sparse; prescutellar disc with 2 acr and 2 dc longer, posterior-most dc longest and curved apically; 2 npl, long, strong and close to each other; 2 pal cal bristles (anterior short and thin, posterior long and strong, about 3 x longer than anterior); scutellum with 12 marginal bristles (1 convergent apical pair, 1 long, strong and parallel subapical pair, about 1.5 x longer than apicals, 1 lateral slightly longer than apical and 3 lateral bristles similar to apical). Legs (Figs 45A, C, D). Fore femur slightly swollen on basal half, mid and hind femora slender. Legs with fore tibia dark yellow, apex of fore femur with small spot, fore tarsus and mid and hind tarsomeres 3–5 brown. Chaetotaxy: fore tibia with 1D series of bristles slightly longer than cover bristles; mid femur with 1AV and 1PV series of long bristles, shortening towards femur apex; mid tibia with 1D long bristle on basal third, 1AV and 1PV long subapical bristle; hind femur with 1AV series of long, sparse and thin bristles; hind tibia with 1AD long on basal half, 1AD, 1D and 1PD long subapical bristle. Wing (Fig. 45E). Sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma oval, brown, with marginal proximal invagination, about 3.5 x longer than wide, extended from apex of R 1, not filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 slightly angulate apically; second section of M 1 longer than crossvein rm; cell bm longer than cells br and cua. Halter dark brown, except base of stem dark yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 45A). About 2 x longer than thorax. Dark brown, covered with reddish brown pruinescence; bristles brown, dorsal short, laterodorsal long. Male terminalia (specimen compared with holotype, Figs 46A–C). Distal margin of hypandrium with shallow mid-width concavity, forming two short lobes, each bearing 1 long apical bristle about as long as exposed part of phallus. Phallus short and strong, apex rounded, lateral flaps short and strong, pointing anteriorly to base of phallus, arising next to base of phallus. Postgonite short and wide, about as long as exposed part of phallus, more sclerotized on basal third, narrowing apically. Dorsal connection of epandrial lamellae wide. Epandrial lamella wide in lateral view, concave on apical 1/4 and 1 long and narrow apicodorsal projection.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male, except by wing hyaline and pterostigma pale brown. Female terminalia (Figs 46D, E). Tergite 8 slightly longer than wide, distal margin with long bristles; sternite 8 about 1.5 x longer than wide, narrowing on proximal third, membranous on central part of proximal 3/4, distal margin bearing long bristles; cercus shorter than sternite 10.</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (NHMUK) labelled: “ BRASIL, [Santa Catarina, Seara], Nova Teutônia, 16.ix.1937, Fritz Plaumann ” “(Hol. ♂ n°1938-40)”. Holotype condition: good, right wing mounted between cover slides. PARATYPES: Same data as holotype (1 ♀, NHMUK); idem, 21.ix.1938 (1 ♂, NHMUK); idem, 31.xii.1938, (1 ♀, NHMUK).</p> <p>Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Nova Teutônia, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.383335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.383335/lat -27.183332)">Fritz Plaumann</a>, x.1971, 27°11′S 52°23′W, Compared with holotype, Syneches tomentosus, Smith, 1962, Det. R. Ale-Rocha [green label] (1 ♂, 1 ♀, INPA); idem, 300–500 m, x.1971 (8 ♂, 8♀, MZUSP); idem, ix.1971 (3 ♀, MZUSP); idem, i.1976, Cal. Acad. Sci. Coll. (2 ♂, 1 ♀, CAS); idem, ix.1976 (2 ♂, CAS); idem, viii.1977 (1 ♂, CAS); idem, xi.1977 (62 ♂, 59 ♀, CAS; 10 ♂, 10 ♀, INPA); idem, x.1977 (3 ♂, 3 ♀, CAS). Paraná: Piraquara, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.981667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.49611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.981667/lat -25.49611)">Mananciais da Serra Mar</a>, 25°29′46″S 48°58′54″W, 01.xi.2007, Varredura, J.A. Rafael col. (1 ♂, INPA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Paraná * and Santa Catarina) (Fig. 55). Syneches tomentosus is known to occur only in the Atlantic Forest biome.</p> <p>Variation. Apex of pedicel and base of postpedicel yellow. Scutellum pale brown, with anterior margin yellow and the lateral scutellar bristles vary from 4–6. On the legs, mid tarsomeres 3–4 yellow in some specimens.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches tomentosus is similar to S. nordestino sp. nov. by the medium size, thorax dark brown covered with reddish brown pruinescence and legs mostly yellow. However, S. tomentosus can be differentiated by the oval pterostigma, about 3.5 x longer than wide, with a marginal proximal invagination and postpedicel mostly dark brown (pterostigma absent and postpedicel pale yellow in S. nordestino sp. nov.). Additionally, the characters of the male terminalia contribute to distinguish these species. See also “Remarks” under S. nordestino sp. nov.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA431C91896892AACFAD2F86C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA435C91696892AD8FDEFFDE8.text	0384CB1BA435C91696892AD8FDEFFDE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches vidali Ale-Rocha & Vieira	<div><p>Syneches vidali Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira</p> <p>(Figs 47A–E, 55)</p> <p>Syneches vidali Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira, 2008: 120, figs 29–35, 40; Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 433, fig. 123 (key, distr.). Type locality: Parque Nacional do Jaú, Amazonas, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (2.6 mm) (Fig. 47A). Antenna with scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel brown on basal half and pale yellow on apical half (Fig. 47C), sometimes varying from entirely brown to entirely yellow. Scutum broader than mesopleuron in lateral view, dark brown covered with reddish brown pruinescence, except by pprn lb, dc stripe and prescutellar disc covered both with gray pruinescence; one circle of gray pruinescence on npl and other just above npl (Fig. 47B). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown, pterostigma divided into two brown spots, one triangular, posterior to apex of R 1, and one quadrangular extended beyond the apex of cell r 1; second section of M 1 slightly longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 47E).</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “ BRASIL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.58972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.9127778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.58972/lat -1.9127778)">Amazonas</a>, Parque Nacional [do] Jaú, 29.vii–08.viii.2001, 01°54′46″S 61°35′23″W; Arm[adilha] Malaise, campina arbustiva, Henriques &amp; Vidal” “Holótipo, Syneches vidali Ale-Rocha &amp; Vieira [red label]”. Holotype condition: good; not dissected.</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Maranhão: Bom Jardim, REBIO-Res. Biol. Gurupi, Armad. Luminosa Móvel, 17–27.i.2010, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, J.T. Câmara &amp; M.B. Aguiar Neto, cols. (3♀, CZMA). Rio Grande do Norte: Baía Formosa, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.018055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.388611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.018055/lat -6.388611)">Mata Estrela</a>, 06°23′19″S 35°01′05″W, 44 m, 24.v.2007, J.A. Rafael &amp; F.F. Xavier F., Luz (2 ♂, INPA). Minas Gerais: Ouro Preto, 12–13.iv.1968, F.C. Val, col. (4 ♂, 1 ♀, MZUSP). São Paulo: Cássia dos Coqueiros, Mun. Cajuru, ix.1954, M.P. Barretto col. (3 ♂, MZUSP); Praia de Guaratuba, Bertioga, 1969, F.C. Val, col. (1 ♂, MZUSP).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhão *, Minas Gerais *, Rio Grande do Norte *, São Paulo *) (Fig. 55). Syneches vidali was originally described from the Amazon biome and it is now recorded occurring also in the Atlantic Forest biome.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches vidali is similar to S. maculosum as mentioned above (see “Remarks” under S. maculosum). However, S. vidali can be differentiated by the pruinescence pattern on the scutum and the pterostigma extends beyond the apex of cell r 1.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA435C91696892AD8FDEFFDE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
0384CB1BA438C91696892DCBFD90F9BC.text	0384CB1BA438C91696892DCBFD90F9BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneches walkeri Smith	<div><p>Syneches walkeri Smith</p> <p>(Figs 48A–H, 56)</p> <p>Syneches walkeri Smith, 1962: 214; Smith, 1967: 11 (cat.); Yang et al., 2007: 315 (cat.); Menezes &amp; Ale-Rocha, 2016: 433–435, figs 92–98, 115, 123 (rev., distr.). Type locality: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Large size, with strong aspect (6.0 mm) (Figs 48A, B). Antenna brown, but postpedicel varying from yellow to dark brown (Figs 48C–E). Prosternum fused to proepisternum. Scutum dc stripe with pruinescence gray to pale golden (Fig. 48A). Hind femur strongly swollen, brown to dark brown, with a yellow to dark yellow preapical ring, 1AV row of spiniform bristles inserted on short tubercles (Figs 48F, G). Wing sub-hyaline, pale brown; pterostigma brown quadrangular, posterior to apex of R 1, two infuscations (one at apex of Rs, other at apex of R 2+3); second section of M 1 longer than crossvein r-m (Fig. 48H).</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (MZUSP) labelled: “[BRAZIL], KM 47 EST[RADA] RIO [de JANEIRO]–S [SÃO] PAULO, 4.xi.1946, J. MIRANDA L.” “ Holotype Syneches walkeri, det. 1961 sp. n. K.G. V. Smith” “HOLÓTIPO” [red label]. Holotype condition: right hind leg lost, terminalia dissected.</p> <p>Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, ZF-2, 7–8.i.1997, Torre 45m, Luz mista, mercúrio, R.L. Ferreira (1 ♀, INPA); idem, Reserva Ducke, x.2001, J. Vidal, Arm. Malaise (1 ♂, INPA). Amapá: Rio Amapari, J. Lane col, 21.vi.1993, J. Lane col., comparado com o tipo, Det. Ale-Rocha (1 ♂, INPA). Maranhão: (sic. C. N. Maranhão), REBIO-Res. Biol. Gurupi, 03°14′05″S 46°41′83″W, Arm. Luminosa, 01–06.iii.2011, F. Limeirade-Oliveira, M.M. Abreu &amp; J.A. Silva, cols. (1 ♂, CZMA).</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão *, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia) (Fig. 56); Suriname. Syneches walkeri is known to occur in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes.</p> <p>Remarks. Syneches walkeri is similar to S. catarinae and S. curvipes, as mentioned elsewhere (see also “Remarks” under S. catarinae). Syneches walkeri displays remarkable morphological variation, with some specimens predominantly yellow, while others are predominantly dark brown to black. However, the pattern of the wing and the morphology of the male terminalia is similar in all specimens. One studied specimen was collected with a light trap set on the top of a tower (45 m high), located in a primary forest in northern Manaus, indicating that the species may also inhabit the canopy of the forest.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384CB1BA438C91696892DCBFD90F9BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Soares, Matheus M. M.;Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P.;Ale-Rocha, Rosaly	Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2021): Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species. Zootaxa 5049 (1): 1-84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1
