identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
865687A5FF96FFF827974A2C250CF956.text	865687A5FF96FFF827974A2C250CF956.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catharsius birmanensis Lansberge 1874	<div><p>Catharsius birmanensis Lansberge 1874</p> <p>Catharsius birmanensis Lansberge, 1874: 11.</p> <p>Catharsius harpagus Harold, 1877: 97. (syn. nov.)</p> <p>Catharsius laticeps sensu Péringuey, 1901 (nec Boheman): 335, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 23 &amp; 23a.</p> <p>Catharsius parafastidiosus Ferreira, 1971: 5. (syn. nov.)</p> <p>In the late 19 th Century, European ships travelling to and from Asia would likely stop at Cape Town or Durban to resupply and it is possible that unlabelled specimens from the Orient were exchanged or sold by naturalists ending up in the collections of individuals such as Péringuey or the South African museums where their true provenance has been misconstrued. Although these are the first cases of transcontinental mislabelling in Catharsius, other cases are known within the Scarabaeinae (e.g., Rossini &amp; Vaz-de-Mello 2016) and in general, the existence of mislabelled specimens in museum collections is well-documented (e.g., Takano et al. 2021).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/865687A5FF96FFF827974A2C250CF956	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takano, Hitoshi	Takano, Hitoshi (2021): Taxonomic notes concerning the genus Catharsius Hope, 1837 (Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 5052 (2): 280-286, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.2.7
865687A5FF96FFF827974E2C25A0FB4D.text	865687A5FF96FFF827974E2C25A0FB4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catharsius harpagus Harold 1877	<div><p>Catharsius harpagus Harold, 1877</p> <p>Edgar von Harold (1877) described this species from a vague locality of “ Afric. austral.” based on at least a male and a female specimen, giving a size range of 22–30 mm. Although Harold stated in his original description that the type specimens of C. harpagus were housed in ZMHB, the type series was found in the MNHN collections. This series consists of two males and one female, the larger male with a typical Harold type label (Figs. 1–2). Rather surprisingly, the two males pertain to the Asian Catharsius birmanensis Lansberge, 1874, while the female specimen is a West African Catharsius phidias (Olivier, 1789). In order to stabilise the taxonomy of this species by fixing the published name to a single specimen, the larger male with the following label data is here designated the lectotype:</p> <p>“Afr. austr. / C. / Harpagus / Typ. Harold [cream-colored card with red border; handwritten] // Ex. Musaeo / E. Harold [cream-colored card with black border] // MUSEUM PARIS / ex coll. / OBERTHÜR / 1953 // LECTOTYPE / CATHARSIUS / harpagus / Harold / det. H Takano 2017 [white card with red border; partially handwritten]”.</p> <p>Louis Péringuey (1901) synonymised C. harpagus under Catharsius laticeps Boheman, 1857 without giving any justification. Catharsius laticeps was described from a female specimen by Boheman and Péringuey incorrectly associated with it a male which belonged to a different species. The male specimen he described and figured as C. laticeps (Fig. 3) is unmistakably C. harpagus Harold and so, despite the incorrect assumption of this being the male of C. laticeps, he correctly synonymised C. harpagus under C. laticeps sensu Péringuey (nec Boheman).</p> <p>Maria Corinta Ferreira (1971) re-examined the very male specimen upon which Péringuey based his description and correctly stated that this is not a male of C. laticeps nor is C. harpagus sensu Ferreira (nec Harold) a synonym of C. laticeps. She proceeded to describe this specimen as Catharsius parafastidiosus. The holotype in SANC (Figs. 4–5) with the following label data was examined:</p> <p>“ no 3 / Copris laticeps / ♂ [cream-colored paper; handwritten in Péringuey’s hand] // HOLOTIPO ♂ / Catharsius parafas- / tidiosus n.sp. / M.C. Ferreira det., 1971 [partially handwritten in Ferreira’s hand] // HOLOTYPUS / ♂ [red card] // NATIONAL COLL. / OF INSECTS (SANC) / Pretoria, South Africa [black border] // TYPH00479 [red card]”.</p> <p>Both C. harpagus and C. parafastidiosus are here synonymised with C. birmanensis thus:</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/865687A5FF96FFF827974E2C25A0FB4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takano, Hitoshi	Takano, Hitoshi (2021): Taxonomic notes concerning the genus Catharsius Hope, 1837 (Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 5052 (2): 280-286, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.2.7
865687A5FF96FFFA2797482725EAFE11.text	865687A5FF96FFFA2797482725EAFE11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catharsius harpagus sensu Ferreira 1960	<div><p>Catharsius harpagus sensu Ferreira, 1960 (nec Harold)</p> <p>On studying the ZMHB collections leading up to her review of the genus Catharsius, Ferreira (1960) examined a male standing under C. harpagus and re-described the species based on that specimen. In later publications, she described the female (1964a) and included the description of both sexes in a work on the dung beetle fauna of Mozambique (1967).</p> <p>In their work on the Catharsius species described by Harold, Génier &amp; Josso (2016) studied three specimens standing under C. harpagus in ZMHB of which two had been collected after the date of description and designated the remaining male as a lectotype. This specimen was collected in Delagoa Bay and had likely belonged in the collection of Carl Felsche. One of the labels ([D.O. Africa / 36] refer to Fig. 10 in Génier &amp; Josso (2016)) is handwritten in Felsche’s very distinctive hand. It is possible that this was the specimen studied by Ferreira in her 1960 publication, but nevertheless it cannot be a syntype and hence the lectotype designation is invalid.</p> <p>The above synonymy leaves this taxon undescribed and its description as a new species follows:</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/865687A5FF96FFFA2797482725EAFE11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takano, Hitoshi	Takano, Hitoshi (2021): Taxonomic notes concerning the genus Catharsius Hope, 1837 (Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 5052 (2): 280-286, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.2.7
865687A5FF94FFFD27974EEF2527FD69.text	865687A5FF94FFFD27974EEF2527FD69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catharsius haroldi Takano 2021	<div><p>Catharsius haroldi sp. nov. (Figs. 6–9)</p> <p>Catharsius harpagus sensu Ferreira, 1960 (nec Harold): 225; 1964a: 7; 1967: 234; 1972: 270; Génier &amp; Josso, 2016: 335.</p> <p>Type material.</p> <p>Holotype, ♂ (BMNH): “ MOZAMBIQUE, 2m, Transect 4, / Maputo Special Reserve, / (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.752472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.48564" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.752472/lat -26.48564)">Hygrophilous Grassland</a>, 100m / from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.752472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.48564" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.752472/lat -26.48564)">Sand Forest Ecotone</a>) / 26°29’8.3”S, 32°45’8.9”E / 5.XII.2016. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.752472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.48564" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.752472/lat -26.48564)">Human Dung Pitfall / Aristophanous</a>, M., Cristóvão, J., / Laszlo, G., Miles, W. leg. / BMNH (E) 2016–262 / <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.752472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.48564" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.752472/lat -26.48564)">Trip Ref</a>: MZ–001 (ANHRT 22) // NHMUK010367768 [QR code]”.</p> <p>Paratypes (16♂♂ 20♀♀):</p> <p>MOZAMBIQUE: MAPUTO: Maputo Special Reserve, 2m (26°29’S, 32°45’E), 4–5.vi.2017, M.Aristophanous, G. László, W. Miles &amp; A. Vetina (1♂ 3♀♀ BMNH); Maputo Special Reserve, Transect 4, 2m (26°29’S, 32°45’E), 5.xii.2016, M. Aristophanous, J. Cristóvão, G. László &amp; W. Miles (5♂♂ 6♀♀ BMNH); Maputo Special Reserve, Transect 5, 2m (26°29’S, 32°45’E), 5.xii.2016, M. Aristophanous, J. Cristóvão, G. László &amp; W. Miles (2♂♂ 5♀♀ BMNH); Maputo Special Reserve, Transect 6, 2m (26°29’S, 32°45’E), 5.xii.2016, M. Aristophanous, J. Cristóvão, G. László &amp; W. Miles (6♂♂ 4♀♀ BMNH); Maputo Special Reserve, West Gate, 22m (26°30’S, 32°43’E), 21– 30.xi.2016, M. Aristophanous, J. Cristóvão, G. László &amp; W. Miles (2♂♂ 2♀♀ BMNH).</p> <p>Description. Male holotype (Figs. 6–7). Size: Length 25 mm, width 17 mm. Colour: Black with a reddish undertone; pubescence light brown. Head: Anterior clypeal edge evenly arcuate with continuous clypeal margin. Clypeal surface rugose anteriorly, becoming more granulose posteriorly; genal edge rounded and acutely angled, surface with granules disappearing and becoming glabrous internally. Clypeogenal suture well-defined to base of cephalic horn. Cephalic horn long and straight, wide in basal third, edges of basal portion converging slightly; apicolateral angles rounded and obtuse. Cephalic suture laterally well-defined from base to apex. Pronotum: Anterior margin continuous, obliquely orientated anteriorly on each side of eyes. Lateral edges broadly arcuate. Pronotal disc with short but sharply pointed horns anteriorly, gently diverging and curved upwards, placed evenly between midline and lateral margin; apices of horns in line with edge of clypeogenal suture. Pronotal disc with continuous margin posteriorly; surface of disc covered in fine granules except for a glabrous oviform region on each side of midline; lateral declivity with fovea; surface completely granulate. Surface of anterior declivity glabrous; in frontal view, glabrous area extends from horns to anterior margin. Elytra: Carinate basally; elytral striae welldefined, with weak punctures encroaching slightly on intervals; surface of interstriae glabrous except for 2 mm portion basally of fine alutaceous microsculpture; carina on ninth interval very short. Pygidium: Transverse, fully margined, glabrous centrally, becoming more alutaceous towards edges; fine oviform punctures throughout. Legs: Protibia tridentate; spur curved gently apically; three longitudinal striae ventrally. Metatibial spur long, truncate apically. Aedeagus: Parameres almost as long as phallobase, laterally arcuate, with shallow concavity anteriorly (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Female paratype (Fig. 9). Head: Anterior clypeal edge evenly arcuate with continuous clypeal margin. Clypeal surface transversely rugose anteriorly, becoming more granulose posteriorly; genal edge rounded and acutely angled, surface with granules disappearing and becoming glabrous internally. Clypeogenal suture welldefined to base of clypeal carina. Clypeal carina raised, broadly triangular in frontal view and weakly tridentate, central point slightly bifurcate. Pronotum: Anterior margin continuous, obliquely oriented anteriorly on each side of eyes. Lateral edges broadly arcuate. Pronotal disc with short carina anteriorly, arcuate and medially emarginate; carina no longer than distance between eyes. Surface of disc completely granulose except for a small glabrous region on either side of midline; glabrous area rounded internally, tapering to a point laterally. Lateral declivity with fovea; surface completely granulate. Surface of anterior declivity completely granulate. Elytra: Carinate basally; elytral striae well-defined, with weak punctures encroaching slightly on intervals; surface of interstriae glabrous except for 2 mm portion anteriorly of fine alutaceous microsculpture; carina on ninth interval very short. Pygidium: Transverse, fully margined, glabrous centrally, becoming more alutaceous towards edges; fine oviform punctures throughout. Legs: Protibia tridentate; spur curved gently apically; three longitudinal striae ventrally. Metatibial spur long, truncate apically.</p> <p>Variation. Length: male 20–25 mm, female 21–26 mm. In smaller males the anterior declivity is completely granulose; the pronotal horns are reduced to tubercles and the cephalic horn is reduced to a broad equilateral triangle in frontal view.</p> <p>Derivatio nominis. This species is named after the coleopterist Edgar von Harold (1830–1886), who described Catharsius harpagus, the species with which subsequent authors have confused this new species.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species, although very distinctive, might be confused with the smaller C. tricornutus (De Geer, 1778) with which it is found sympatrically. In the males of the latter, the more conical pronotal horns are longer, placed nearer the midline and diverge strongly. In the females, the clypeal carina of C. tricornutus is strongly bifurcate medially giving it a quadridentate appearance in frontal view, and the pronotal carina is straight, weakly produced and shorter than the clypeal carina.</p> <p>Distribution. Mozambique and South Africa (e.g., Van Rensburg et al. 1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/865687A5FF94FFFD27974EEF2527FD69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takano, Hitoshi	Takano, Hitoshi (2021): Taxonomic notes concerning the genus Catharsius Hope, 1837 (Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 5052 (2): 280-286, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.2.7
865687A5FF93FFFD27974C7620EBFAA9.text	865687A5FF93FFFD27974C7620EBFAA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Copris convexiusculus Shipp 1897	<div><p>Copris convexiusculus Shipp, 1897</p> <p>This species was described by John William Shipp [note his initial “I.” in the original description is an error] from a single specimen collected by Arthur Donaldson Smith on his expedition through Somalia and Ethiopia. The specimen was captured on 19 th March 1895 between “Aimola and Himo”, but as Donaldson Smith kept exceptionally accurate records of each specimen he collected (Jordan 1897) it is possible to pinpoint the type locality to 4°01’N, 40°09’E, an area in modern day Ethiopia very near the Kenyan border, by cross-referencing the label data with the maps detailing the route of his expedition (Donaldson Smith 1897).</p> <p>This taxon was placed in the genus Catharsius by Gillet (1911) and listed as such in Ferreira’s works on the genus (1960, 1972), but on examination of the holotype (by original monotypy) housed in MTD (and not BMNH as stated by Ferreira), it has become apparent that this species belongs in the genus Metacatharsiu s Paulian, 1939. Catharsius species can easily be separated from those of Metacatharsius by the presence of three striae on the ventral surface of the protibia; the striae are completely absent in Metacatharsius. Based on the above, the following new combination is established:</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/865687A5FF93FFFD27974C7620EBFAA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takano, Hitoshi	Takano, Hitoshi (2021): Taxonomic notes concerning the genus Catharsius Hope, 1837 (Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 5052 (2): 280-286, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.2.7
865687A5FF93FFFC27974AB72375FED9.text	865687A5FF93FFFC27974AB72375FED9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metacatharsius convexiusculus (Shipp 1897) Takano 2021	<div><p>Metacatharsius convexiusculus (Shipp, 1897) comb. nov.</p> <p>Copris convexiusculus Shipp, 1897: 450.</p> <p>Catharsius convexiusculus (Shipp, 1897): Gillet, 1911: 68; Ferreira, 1960: 248; 1972: 264.</p> <p>There have been a number of recent revisional works in which Shipp’s types could not be located (Forgie et al. 2002, Silva &amp; Vaz-de-Mello 2015) and although only the Catharsius specimens were studied by the author in MTD, it is likely that the majority of Shipp’s types stated as being in the Tring Museum are found in the Felsche collection housed in MTD. This, however, does not include any species described by Shipp from collections other than Tring; types of Irrorhotides fryi Shipp, 1895 stated in the original description as belonging in the Fry Collection (housed in BMNH) and Spodochalmys poultoni Shipp, 1895 in the Hope Museum (OUMNH) are still preserved in these respective collections.</p> <p>The reference to the whereabouts of Shipp’s collection in Horn et al. (1990) is likely to refer specifically to his personal collection which was sold at Steven’s Auctioneers to Percy May Bright and henceforth to Tring. It is well known that the majority of the Tring Lepidoptera collection was bequeathed by Lord Walter Rothschild to BMNH but large parts of the Coleoptera collection were sold off and the Coprophaga was purchased by Felsche (see under Tring Museum in Horn et al. (1990: 397)). This is supported by a number of letters from the turn of the 20 th Century in the BMNH archives from Felsche to Karl Jordan, a curator at Tring, discussing prices of beetles such as Heliocopris, Catharsius and Phanaeus. It is through these sales that Shipp’s types have ended up in Felsche’s collection and not in BMNH. Subsequent and recent references to Shipp’s types being deposited in the BMNH collections, such as the unverified reference to the presence of the types of Heliocopris donaldsoni Shipp, 1895 and Heliocopris coriaceus Shipp, 1897 in BMNH by Pokorný et al. (2009), are likely as a result of an assumption made through the Horn et al. (1990) reference.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/865687A5FF93FFFC27974AB72375FED9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takano, Hitoshi	Takano, Hitoshi (2021): Taxonomic notes concerning the genus Catharsius Hope, 1837 (Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 5052 (2): 280-286, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.2.7
865687A5FF92FFFC27974DCF2235FC0D.text	865687A5FF92FFFC27974DCF2235FC0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catharsius omoensis Muller 1941	<div><p>Catharsius omoensis Müller, 1941 stat. res.</p> <p>Catharsius omoensis Müller, 1941: 340.</p> <p>Catharsius (Metacatharsius) omoensis Müller, 1941: Ferreira, 1964b: 382, 415; 1972: 308.</p> <p>Metacatharsius omoensis (Müller, 1941): Montreuil, 1998: 137.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/865687A5FF92FFFC27974DCF2235FC0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takano, Hitoshi	Takano, Hitoshi (2021): Taxonomic notes concerning the genus Catharsius Hope, 1837 (Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 5052 (2): 280-286, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.2.7
865687A5FF92FFFC27974EA725B9FD31.text	865687A5FF92FFFC27974EA725B9FD31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catharsius omoensis Muller 1941	<div><p>Catharsius omoensis Müller, 1941</p> <p>This species was described by Giuseppe Müller from specimens collected by Edoardo Zavattari in Murle (5°09’N, 36°13’E) on the left bank of the Omo River, about 50 km from Lake Turkana in southern Ethiopia. A male syntype was studied by Ferreira (1964b) and she transferred this taxon to the subgenus Metacatharsiu s based purely on body size, despite its absence from Balthasar’s (1965) comprehensive work on the subgenus. Subsequently, Metacatharsius was raised to genus level (e.g., Montreuil 1998) and from re-examination of a male syntype housed in MCST, it has become evident that the original placement of this taxon in the genus Catharsius was correct.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/865687A5FF92FFFC27974EA725B9FD31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takano, Hitoshi	Takano, Hitoshi (2021): Taxonomic notes concerning the genus Catharsius Hope, 1837 (Scarabaeidae Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 5052 (2): 280-286, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.2.7
