taxonID	type	description	language	source
252C87918B332C09FF20FE1ABA213DDE.taxon	description	Figures 2, 3, 4; Table 1 Pseudotropheus lanisticola (in part), Konings 1989 Pseudotropheus livingstonii (in part), Konings 1995 Metriaclima livingstonii (in part), Konings 2001 Metriaclima sp. ‘ lanisticola north’ Konings 2007	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B332C09FF20FE1ABA213DDE.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. PSU 13365, adult male, 59.1 mm SL, (10.233397 S, 34.106592 E) Ngara, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa, Jan. 2000, S. Grant’s crew. Paratypes. PSU 13366, 14, (49.6 mm – 62.4 mm SL), data as for holotype.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B332C09FF20FE1ABA213DDE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The moderately sloped vomer (45.4 º in holotype) with a swollen rostral tip (Fig. 3) and bicuspid teeth in the anterior portion of the outer row of both upper and lower jaws place this species in Metriaclima. The presence of a black submarginal band (Fig. 4) in the dorsal and anal fin distinguishes M. ngarae from most other species in Metriaclima, except for M. phaeos (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg, & McKaye), M. lundoense Stauffer, Black, & Konings, M. nigrodorsalis Stauffer, Black, & Konings, M. koningsi Stauffer, M. gallireyae n. sp., and from some populations of M. zebra (Boulenger), M. pulpican Tawil, and M. usisyae Li, Konings, & Stauffer. It differs from all of these except M. gallireyae by the number of vertical bars below the dorsal fin which is 4 - 5 for M. ngarae and 6 - 10 for the other species or none at all for M. koningsi. It differs from M. gallireyae by a greater interorbital width (30.7 – 37.4 % vs. 23.6 – 29.7 % HL) and by a greater ratio of the snout length in the distance between snout tip and pelvic fin origin (28.7 – 32.8 % vs. 20.6 – 27.8 % SNP 2). On average, the ratio of premaxillary pedicel length in snout length is smaller in M. ngarae at 35.1 % vs. 44.6 % SNL in M. gallireyae (ranges 20.3 – 45.2 vs. 33.1 – 62.7 % SNL). Males of M. ngarae have a color pattern similar to that of females but males of M. gallireyae are dark brown to blue without visible bar pattern. Female M. ngarae have a similar color pattern to those of M. gallireyae but the bars on the flank are less prominent and do not extend to the abdomen.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B332C09FF20FE1ABA213DDE.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric and meristic data in Table 1. Small-sized mbuna, ovoid body (mean BD 38.7 % SL) with greatest body depth at about 3 rd and 4 th dorsal-fin spine. Dorsal body profile with gradual curve downward posteriorly with highest point at 6 th or 7 th dorsal-fin spine, more pronounced towards posterior end of dorsal fin and beginning caudal peduncle; ventral body profile nearly straight between pelvic fins and base of anal fin with slight upward curve to caudal fin. Dorsal head profile round with continuous curve between interorbital and dorsal-fin origin; short snout with isognathous jaws; teeth in upper and lower jaws in 2 – 3 rows (mode 3); teeth in outer row bicuspid, inner rows unicuspid or tricuspid. Dorsal fin with XVI or XVII (mode XVII) spines and 7 – 8 (mode 8) rays. Anal fin with III spines and 8 rays. First 5 – 6 dorsal-fin spines gradually longer posteriorly with 6 th spine about twice as long as first; last 11 spines only slightly greater in length posteriorly with last spine longest; soft dorsal fin with rounded to subacuminate tip, second or third ray longest, to approximately ¼ length caudal fin. Anal-fin spines progressively longer posteriorly; 5 th or 6 th anal-fin ray longest, tip to base of caudal fin in females and to ½ length of caudal fin in males, equal to or slightly further posterior than tip dorsal fin. Caudal fin subtruncate to emarginate. Pectoral fin rounded, paddle-shaped, short, extending to vertical through base of 8 th or 9 th dorsal-fin spine. Flank scales ctenoid with abrupt change to small scales on breast and belly; 30 – 32 (mode 31) lateral-line scales, cheek with 4 rows of small scales. Tiny scales over proximal ¼ of caudal fin. Head of males gray with two light gray interorbital bars; black opercular spot; throat yellow. Flank gray with light blue spots; 4 – 6 light bars below lateral line; ventrally white. Dorsal fin clear with orange markings, black submarginal band and white lappets. Caudal-fin rays orange with blue membranes. Anal fin with black marginal band encompassing all spines and through rays over 2 / 3 of distal portion fin; proximal portion of rays light blue; one yellow ocellus. Pelvic fin with spine and first two rays black; remaining clear. Pectoral fin clear. Head of females dark gray with two faint green interorbital bars; ventral half pale yellow; black opercular spot; pale yellow throat. Flank yellowish, white below lateral line with light gray bars above lateral line. Fin coloration same as males, not as intense.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B332C09FF20FE1ABA213DDE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Metriaclima ngarae is found on submerged reefs near Ngara (10.233397 S, 34.106592 E) and Mdoka (10.280608 S, 34.179156 E), and has also been reported from Chesese (10.280608 S, 34.179756 E) and Kaporo (9.731972 S, 33.94415 E), Malaŵi (Fig. 1). Field observations. Metriaclima ngarae is most often encountered near empty shells of the gastropod Lanistes nyassanus Dohrn that lie scattered on the sandy bottom at a depth ranging between 10 – 25 m (Fig. 4). Most observations occurred near rocky habitats, but it was also found at a depth of about 20 m near the outflow of the Songwe River that forms the border between Malawi and Tanzania, with no known rocky reefs within 30 km. No stomach analyses were performed but individuals were observed picking at targeted sites on the sand as well as combing the algal matrix covering the empty shells, small rocks, and other objects that lie on the open sand. Most individuals encountered were solitary and always in association with an empty shell of Lanistes nyassanus into which it would retreat when threatened. Mouth-brooding females stay near their shell and probably release their offspring inside such shells as well.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B332C09FF20FE1ABA213DDE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ngarae in the genitive of Ngara, Malawi, where the specimens were collected.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B362C05FF20F8C5BFCB3D4E.taxon	description	Figures 5, 6, 7; Tables 2 Pseudotropheus lanisticola (in part), Konings 1989 Pseudotropheus livingstonii (in part), Konings 1995 Metriaclima livingstonii (in part), Konings 2001 Metriaclima sp. ‘ lanisticola north’ Konings 2007	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B362C05FF20F8C5BFCB3D4E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. PSU 13370, adult male, 54.4 mm SL, (10.500153 S, 34.233362 E), Gallireya Reef, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa, 15 Jan. 2008, A. F. Konings & J. R. Stauffer Jr. Paratypes. PSU 13371, 20, (36.4 – 54.4 mm SL), data as for holotype.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B362C05FF20F8C5BFCB3D4E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The moderately sloped vomer (49.6 º in holotype) with a swollen rostral tip (Fig. 6) and bicuspid teeth in the anterior portion of the outer row of both upper and lower jaws place this species in Metriaclima. The presence of a black submarginal band in the dorsal and anal fin, and 4 – 5 bars below the dorsal distinguishes M. gallireyae from most other species in Metriaclima, except for M. ngarae. It differs from M. ngarae by a smaller interorbital width (30.7 – 37.4 % vs. 23.6 – 29.7 % HL) and by a smaller ratio of the snout length in the distance between snout tip and pelvic fin origin (20.6 – 27.8 % vs. 28.7 – 32.8 % SNP 2). On average the ratio of premaxillary pedicel length in snout length is greater in M. gallireyae at 44.6 % vs. 35.1 % SNL in M. ngarae (ranges 33.1 – 62.7 vs. 20.3 – 45.2 % SNL). Mature males of M. gallireyae have a dark brown to blue coloration on flank (Fig. 7) on which no bar pattern is visible. Male M. ngarae resemble females and display 4 – 5 dark bars on a light-colored flank. Female M. gallireyae have a similar color pattern to those of M. ngarae but the bars on the flank are more prominent and extend to the abdomen.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B362C05FF20F8C5BFCB3D4E.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric and meristic data in Table 2. Small mbuna with ovoid body (mean BD 38.6 % SL) with greatest depth between the 3 rd and 4 th dorsal spine. Dorsal body profile with gradual curve downward posteriorly (more pronounced than in M. ngarae) with highest point between the 4 th and 5 th spine, less deep towards posterior end of dorsal fin and beginning of caudal peduncle; ventral body profile flat between pelvic fins and origin of anal fin with slight upward angle to caudal fin. Dorsal head profile round with continuous curve between interorbital and dorsal-fin origin; short snout with isognathous to slightly retrognathous jaws; teeth in upper and lower jaws in 3 – 4 rows (mode 3); teeth in outer row bicuspid, inner rows unicuspid or tricuspid. Dorsal fin with XVI or XVIII (mode XVII) spines and 7 – 9 (mode 8) rays. Anal fin with III spines and 7 – 8 rays. First 5 – 6 dorsal-fin spines gradually longer posteriorly with sixth spine about twice as long as first spine; posterior 13 spines slightly longer posteriorly with last spine longest; soft dorsal fin with subacuminate tip, 2 nd or 3 rd ray longest, extending to approximately 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 length of caudal fin. Anal-fin spines progressively longer posteriorly; 3 rd or 4 th ray longest, extending to halfway caudal fin, equal to or slightly further posterior than tip of dorsal fin. Caudal fin subtruncate to emarginate. Pelvic fin reaching to first anal-fin spine. Pectoral fin rounded, paddle-shaped, short, reaching vertical through base of 10 th or 11 th dorsal-fin spine. Flank scales ctenoid with small scales on breast and belly; 29 – 32 (mode 30) lateral-line scales, cheek with 4 – 5 rows of small scales. Small scales over proximal ¼ of caudal fin. Head of male brown with dark brown interorbital bar; cheek and preopercle with blue highlights; opercle with blue and green highlights and black spot; throat brown (Fig. 7). Flank dark brown to blue (in territorial males), center of scales brown with blue outline; 4 – 5 brown bars, obscured in fully mature males; breast and belly black. Dorsal fin brown with black submarginal bar; orange and brown lappets, with orange pigmentation in membranes of rayed portion. Caudal fin with black dorsal and ventral margin; brown rays; blue membranes. Anal fin with proximal ¼ gray, distal ¾ black; one yellow ocellus. Pelvic fin black with white leading edge. Pectoral fin with clear membranes and gray rays.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B362C05FF20F8C5BFCB3D4E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Metriaclima gallireyae is found on Gallireya Reef (10.500153 S, 34.233362 E), Youngs Bay and in Chitimba Bay (10.581122 S, 34.23692 Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi (Fig. 1). Field observations. The population density of Metriaclima gallireyae is much higher than that of M. ngarae and is often seen in large groups of up to 20 individuals in the vicinity of empty shells of L. nyassanus. Both sites where this small species was observed contained either many football-sized (lava?) rocks (Gallireya Reef) or large slabs of sandstone (Chitimba Bay) that may provide additional shelter to individuals that were not able to secure an empty shell for protection. The depth range at Gallireya Reef is about 8 – 12 m while the reef (almost solely consisting of sandstone slabs) in Chitimba Bay is at a depth of about 20 – 25 m. Pure sandy habitats in the area of these two reefs were not visited other than near shore (shallower than 5 m) where M. gallireyae was absent. No stomach analyses were performed but individuals were observed picking from the rocks and slabs, particularly from patches that showed less sediment cover. Repeated application of the fully opened mouth to a sediment-free spot on a rock suggests that it combs the algal matrix for loose strands of (blue-green) algae. Females and immatures were often seen in small foraging groups mainly feeding from plankton in the water column close (<20 cm) to the sandy bottom. Mature males protect an empty shell as their territory but mouth-brooding females at Gallireya Reef were frequently encountered among the rocks of the habitat. Mouth-brooding females in Chitimba Bay were mostly seen near their shell.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B362C05FF20F8C5BFCB3D4E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet gallireyae is a genitive of Gallireya Reef, the local name for a reef in Youngs Bay, Lake Malaŵi.	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
252C87918B362C05FF20F8C5BFCB3D4E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. There was complete separation of the minimum polygon clusters when the sheared second principal components (SPCA 2) of the morphometric data were plotted against the first principal components (PC 1) of the meristic data for M. ngarae and M. gallireyae (Fig. 8). The first principal component (size variable) of the morphometric data explained 87.8 % of the observed variance and SPCA 2 explained 5.4 %. Variables that had the highest loadings on SPCA 2 were the premaxillary pedicel length (0.89), snout length (- 0.24), and cheek depth (- 0.21). The first principal component of the meristic data explained 24.7 % of the variance. Variables with the highest loadings on the first principal components of the meristic data were pored lateral-line scales posterior to the hypural plate (0.50), number of tooth rows on the upper jaw (0.44), and tooth rows on the lower jaw (0.28).	en	Miller, Torin A., Konings, Adrianus F., Stauffer, Jay R. (2021): Descriptions of two new shell-dwelling species of Metriaclima (Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 419-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.7
