taxonID	type	description	language	source
15003760FF88F67D6591FE36FEBCFDF0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Crella with arcuate isochelae, in addition to basal and / or echinating acanthostyles (amended from van Soest 2002 a).	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF88F67B6591FDCDFE49FEB6.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Isla Metalqui, Chile (- 42.19499194 S, - 74.14436500 W). Material examined. Holotype — IZUA-POR 170, Isla Metalqui, Western Chiloé Island, Chile (- 42.19499194 S, - 74.14436500 W), 15 m depth, coll. L. M. Pardo, 15 th November 2012. Fragment of holotype under MNRJ 16993. Paratypes — MNRJ 16989, Puñihuil, Cocotue bay, Chiloé Island, Chile (- 41.92085694 S, - 74.04113500 W), 15 m depth, coll. L. M. Pardo, 10 th November 2012; MNRJ 16996, Duhatao, Chiloé Island, Chile (- 41.98800306 S, - 74.05453000 W), 15 m depth, coll. L. M. Pardo, 16 th November 2012; MNRJ 17002, Isla Metalqui, Western Chiloé Island, Chile (- 41.19499194 S, - 74.14436500 W), 15 m depth, coll. L. M. Pardo, 15 th November 2012.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF88F67B6591FDCDFE49FEB6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Only Crella (Pytheas) in the Pacific being thickly encrusting to massive, reddish orange in life, with tornotes (120 – 188 / 3.2 – 7.5 µm), three categories of acanthostyles (choanosomal, I. 120 – 165 / 6 – 14 µm and II. 88 – 118 / 5.5 – 11 µm; ectosomal, 52 – 95 / 4 – 9 µm) and arcuate isochelae (13 – 19.5 µm).	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF88F67B6591FDCDFE49FEB6.taxon	description	Description. Habit thickly encrusting or irregularly massive and lobate (Figs. 2 A – C); holotype in life, 14 (L) x 8 (W) x 3 cm (H), paratype in life (MNRJ 16989), 14 (L) x 11 (W) x 3.7 cm (H) and holotype preserved, 10 (L) x 6 (W) x 3 cm (H). Surface irregular, slightly corrugated (Fig. 2 C), with thin, strongly adhered membrane (Fig. 2 D). Oscula small, scattered (Fig. 2 E). Pores very small and grouped in pore sieves, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, in preservative (Fig. 2 F). Subectosomal channels very slender, scarce. Consistency firm, but compressible. Texture slightly rough. Color reddish-orange in life and beige in preserved specimens. Skeleton. Plumoreticulate architecture (Fig. 3 A). Ectosomal region with several tornotes in vertical arrangement and in bouquets (Fig. 3 B), usually protruding up to 80 µm above the surface. Beneath the surface (subectosomal region) thick tracts of tornotes (ca. 100 – 150 µm thick) run towards spongin fibers coring them at the choanosome (Fig. 3 B). Acanthostyles (ectosomal category) in tangential to paratangential arrangement at the ectosome and subectosome (Fig. 3 C). Choanosomal region with spongin fibers (up to 180 µm thick) strongly echinated by two categories of choanosomal acanthostyles (Figs. 3 B, 3 D). Some choanosomal acanthostyles occurring into the fibers too. Spongin fibers are more frequent in the choanosomal region than the ectosomal and subectosomal regions (Fig. 3 B). A basal layer of erect choanosomal acanthostyles echinates the substrate (Fig. 3 D). All categories of acanthostyles (ectosomal and choanosomal) are distinguished by size (length and width) and patterns of spination. Several tornotes, choanossomal acanthostyles and arcuate isochelae occur scattered throughout the choanosomal region. Furthermore, arcuate isochelae and a few ectosomal acanthostyles occur around channels as well. In spongin there are rounded subectosomal (ca. 250 µm longer length) and choanosomal channels (up to 2000 µm longer length). Spicules. Megascleres (Tables 1 – 2). Tornotes (Figs. 3 E – F, 3 K – L) straight and usually smooth, some formed as aniso-tornotes or with a few small spines, tips mucronate, lanceolate, conical to asymmetrical; juvenile forms slender and smooth: 120 – 155 (11.6) – 188 / 3.2 – 5.7 (0.9) – 7.5 µm. Choanosomal acanthostyles I (Figs. 3 G, 3 M), largest category of acanthostyles, straight to slightly curved, not fully spined, blunt bases (no tyle), tips usually acerate; spines small (up to 3 µm high), concentrated at the bases; spines from the axis slightly bent towards the base and usually absent on the apical fourth; juvenile forms slender, with smaller and straight spines: 120 – 152.3 (14) – 195 / 6 – 10 (1.4) – 14 µm. Choanosomal acanthostyles II (Figs. 3 H, 3 N), intermediate category of acanthostyles, almost fully spined; spines also more concentrated at the bases; juvenile forms, slender, with smaller and straighter spines: 88 – 102 (7.4) – 118 / 5.5 – 8.8 (1) – 11 µm. Ectosomal acanthostyles (Figs. 3 I, 3 O), the smallest category of acanthostyles, slightly curved to slightly sinuous, axis with regular diameter and fully spined, blunt bases (no tyle), tips conical to acerate; spines small (up to 3 µm high), straight and uniformly distributed; juvenile forms, slender with several smaller and thinner spines: 52 – 75.6 (7) – 95 / 4 – 6.3 (1.1) – 9 µm. Acanthoxeas (Fig. 3 I, in the right), rare, patter of spination (fully spined) closer to the ectosomal acanthostyles: average of 85 / 8 µm (n = 3). Microscleres (Tables 1 – 2). Arcuate isochelae (Figs. 3 J, 3 P) in one size category, axis curved in the middle, alae slightly elongated and rounded; relatively short distance between opposite alae, less than 1 / 3 of maximum chelae length; juvenile forms with slender axis and smaller alae (reduced alae): 13 – 16 (1.3) – 19.5 µm.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF88F67B6591FDCDFE49FEB6.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Specimens grew over hard bottom covered by calcareous algae and barnacle. Holotype and paratypes with polychaete tubes.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF88F67B6591FDCDFE49FEB6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Provisionally endemic to western Chiloé Island (Southern Chile, Fig. 1).	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF88F67B6591FDCDFE49FEB6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name ‘ chiloensis’ is a reference to Chiloé Island, where the type locality of the new species is located.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF88F67B6591FDCDFE49FEB6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Five species of Crella (Pytheas) occur in the Pacific Ocean, four of them from New Zealand and one from Hawaii (Table 2). Crella (P.) chiloensis Fernandez, Gastaldi, Pardo & Hajdu, sp. nov. is set apart from these Pacific species as well as from all other known species of Crella (P.) due to the combination of three categories of acanthostyles (two choanosomal and one ectosomal) and small size of megascleres (tornotes up to 188 / 7.5 µm, larger choanosomal acanthostyles up to 195 / 14 µm, smaller choanosomal acanthostyles up to 118 / 11 µm and ectosomal acanthostyles up to 95 / 9 µm). Three categories of acanthose megascleres are also present in other Crella (P.) species, but the tangential layer of acanthose megascleres of them is composed by acanthoxeas rather than acanthostyles, that separates them from the new species (Table 2). Although a few acanthoxeas were observed in Crella (P.) chiloensis Fernandez, Gastaldi, Pardo & Hajdu, sp. nov., they are interpreted as a variation of ectosomal acanthostyles due to the similar dimensions, pattern of spination and position in the skeleton. A few acanthoxeas are also present in C. (P.) jaegerskioeldi Alander, 1937 and have been mentioned in its original description as a variation of ectosomal acanthostyles as well, since such acanthoxeas occur among the ectosomal acanthostyles in the tangential layer (Alander 1937: 72; Fig. 2).	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF8DF6736591FBD2FEA7FBAE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. San Ambrosio Island, SE Pacific. Material examined. Holotype — MNHNCL POR- 15019, San Ambrosio Island, Desventuradas Archipelago, SE Pacific (- 26.33892500 S, - 79.90749722 W), 10 – 20 m depth, coll. C. F. Gaymer, 15 th February 2013. Fragment of holotype under MNRJ 19228 and IZUA-POR 171.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF8DF6736591FBD2FEA7FBAE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Only Crella (Pytheas) in the Pacific being massive, yellow in life, with tornotes (130 – 168 / 2.4 – 2.6 µm), three categories of acanthostyles (choanosomal, I 90 – 104 / 2.5 – 3.5 µm and II 60 – 66 / 2.5 – 3.5 µm; ectosomal 40 – 52 / 2.5 – 2.8 µm) and arcuate isochelae (11.5 – 14.5 µm).	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF8DF6736591FBD2FEA7FBAE.taxon	description	Description. Massive to slightly lobate (Fig. 4 A); holotype in life, 30 (L) x 30 (W) x 4 cm (H) and fragment preserved, 6 (L) x 6 (W) x 4 cm (H). Surface irregular and slightly corrugated, with several subectosomal channels and a thin, strongly adhered membrane (Figs. 4 A – C). Oscules small, scattered or grouped (Figs. 4 A – B) and partially covered by a thin membrane (Fig. 4 D). Pores very small and grouped as pore sieves, with ca. 1 mm in diameter, in preservative (Figs. 4 E – F). Consistency firm, but compressible. Texture slightly rough. Color yellow in life and beige in preserved specimen. Skeleton. Plumoreticulate architecture (Fig. 5 A). Ectosomal region with several tornotes in vertical arrangement and in bouquets, usually protruding up to 50 µm above the surface (Fig. 5 B). Beneath the surface (subectosomal region) tornotes in paratangential arrangement (Fig. 5 B) and in slender tracts (ca. 20 – 50 µm thick), these latter coring spongin fibers (Fig. 5 C), ca. 50 – 100 µm thick, throughout the ectosome and choanosome. Acanthostyles (ectosomal category) in tangential to paratangential arrangement at the ectosome and subectosome (Fig. 5 D). Choanosomal region with a well-developed reticulation of spongin fibers, 50 – 150 µm thick, making rounded to polygonal meshes, ca. 300 – 650 µm wide (Fig. 5 E), echinated by two categories of choanosomal acanthostyles (Fig. 5 F). Spongin fibers are frequent throughout all skeletal regions; fibers have parts not fully echinated. Some ectosomal and choanosomal acanthostyles occurring into the fibers too (Fig. 5 C, 5 F). All categories of acanthostyles (ectosomal and choanosomal) are distinguished by size (length and width) and patterns of spination. Tornotes, ectosomal and choanossomal acanthostyles and arcuate isochelae occur scattered throughout the choanosomal region. Further, a few arcuate isochelae occur at the ectosomal region and more frequently around choanosomal channels. In spongin there are wide rounded subectosomal (up to 1000 µm longer length) and choanosomal channels (up to 3000 µm longer length). Spicules. Megascleres (Table 2). Tornotes (Figs. 5 G, 5 H) straight and smooth, tips usually mucronate; juvenile forms slender: 130 – 150.8 (14.4) – 168 / 2.4 – 2.5 (0.1) – 2.6 µm. Choanosomal acanthostyles I (Figs. 5 G, 5 I), largest category of acanthostyles, straight, not fully spined, blunt bases (no tyle), tips acerate or slightly blunt; spines small (up to 2.5 µm high), straight to slightly bent towards the bases, usually absent on the apical third; juvenile forms slender, with smaller and straighter spines: 90 – 98.2 (5.7) – 104 / 2.5 – 3.1 (0.4) – 3.5 µm. Choanosomal acanthostyles II (Figs. 5 F, 5 J), intermediate category of acanthostyles, as thick as previous, but almost fully spined, spines usually absent from apical fourth, small (up to 3 µm high), straight or slightly bent towards base; juvenile forms slender, with smaller, straight spines: 60 – 64.2 (2.7) – 66 / 2.5 – 3.2 (0.4) – 3.5 µm. Ectosomal acanthostyles (Figs. 5 G, 5 K), the smallest category of acanthostyles, slightly curved to sinuous, isodiametric, fully spined, blunt bases (no tyle), tips conical to acerate; spines small (up to 2.5 µm high), straight, uniformly distributed; juvenile forms, slender with several smaller and thinner spines: 40 – 46.6 (4.4) – 52 / 2.5 – 2.7 (0.2) – 2.8 µm. Acanthoxeas (Fig. 5 L), rare, pattern of spination (fully spined) closer to the ectosomal acanthostyles: average of 50 / 2.5 µm (n = 2). Microscleres (Table 2). Arcuate isochelae (Figs. 5 G, 5 M) in one size category, axis curved, alae slightly rounded and relatively short; distance between opposite alae, 1 / 3 (or a bit over) of maximum chelae length; juvenile forms with slender axis and smaller alae (reduced alae): 11.5 – 13.6 (1.2) – 14.5 µm.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF8DF6736591FBD2FEA7FBAE.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Specimen grew over hard bottom covered by calcareous algae.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF8DF6736591FBD2FEA7FBAE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Provisionally endemic to San Ambrosio island (type locality) in Desventuradas Archipelago (- 26.33333333 S, - 79.88333333 W), ca. 900 km from the Chilean coast (Fig. 1), belonging in the Nazca-Desventuradas Marine Park.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF8DF6736591FBD2FEA7FBAE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name ‘ desventuradae’ is a reference to the Desventuradas Archipelago, where the type locality of the new species is located.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF8DF6736591FBD2FEA7FBAE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species constitutes only the second species of sponge reported from San Ambrosio Island, located in the National Nazca-Desventuradas Marine Park. Only Pseudosuberites hyalinuus (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) was known from there (see van Soest 2002 b: 238; Fig. 9 D, for a revision of this species as Pseudosuberites hyalina). Crella (P.) desventuradae Fernandez, Gastaldi, Zapata-Hernández & Hajdu, sp. nov. is set apart from all known species of Crella (P.) by the smaller dimensions of its spicule set; viz., tornotes up to 168 / 2.6 µm, acanthostyles (the larger ones) up to 104 / 3.5 µm, and arcuate isochelae up to 14.5 µm (Table 2). A few acanthoxeas occur in C. (P.) desventuradae Fernandez, Gastaldi, Zapata-Hernández & Hajdu, sp. nov. as they do in C. (P.) chiloensis Fernandez, Gastaldi, Pardo & Hajdu, sp. nov. We believe these acanthoxeas to be deformed ectosomal acanthostyles due similar size, pattern of spination and position in the skeleton. Although distant about 1365 km from each other, the two SE Pacific species are geographically closer to each other than to any of the other known Crella (P.) species (Table 2). In addition, spiculation and dimensions of spicules in both are more similar than to those of any other known species of Crella (P.); viz., three categories of acanthostyles and one category each of tornotes and arcuate chelae, with measurements in the table 2. However, both species differ in the yellow vs. reddish orange color in life (Desventuradas vs. Chiloé spp.), relative quantity of spongin fibers in the skeleton (more fibers vs. less fibers, respectively), spination pattern of acanthostyles I (evenly distributed vs. more concentrated at the base, respectively) and dimensions of the acanthostyles (larger vs. smaller, respectively). Among these characters, C. (P.) desventuradae Fernandez, Gastaldi, Zapata-Hernández & Hajdu, sp. nov. can be mainly distinguished of C. (P.) chiloensis Fernandez, Gastaldi, Pardo & Hajdu, sp. nov. by a denser reticulation (making a mesh) of spongin fiber throughout all skeleton and less echinated fibers, while in the latter species, reticulation of spongin fibers (without a mesh) are heavely echinated and more frequent in the choanosome.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF86F66E6591FB6BFE6DFD22.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. off Santa Cruz province, Argentina sea. Material examined. Holotype — ZIN 12081, Stn. 128 (- 47.28333333 S, - 59.90000000 W; off Santa Cruz province, Argentine Sea), 750 m depth, coll. RV “ Zund ”, 18 th March 1974. Fragment of holotype und MNRJ 22479; Paratype — ZIN 12082, same data as the holotype. Fragment of Paratype under MNRJ 22438.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF86F66E6591FB6BFE6DFD22.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Crella (Pytheas) occurring in the deep southern Atlantic, with tornotes (427 – 576 / 7.8 – 12 µm), two categories of acanthostyles (choanosomal, 375 – 563 / 9.1 – 13.5 µm; ectosomal, 92 – 119 / 4.3 – 7.1 µm) and a single category of arcuate isochelae (22 – 30.9 µm).	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF86F66E6591FB6BFE6DFD22.taxon	description	Description. Only two, small, preserved fragments (Figs. 6 A – D); holotype, 2.85 (L) x 1.28 (W) x 0.6 cm (H) and paratype, 2 (L) x 1 (W) x 0.8 cm (H). Surface irregular, slightly hispid, folded and wrinkled at parts, or smoother, with a thin, easily detachable membrane. Oscules and pores not evident in the fragments. Consistency compressible and resilient, texture soft. Color in spirit dirty beige. Skeleton. Plumose architecture (Fig. 7 A). Ectosomal region with tornotes in bundles (up to 12 spicules) and in bouquets, which rarely protrude to the surface, up to 50 µm high (Figs. B – D). Ectosomal acanthostyles in tangential to paratangential arrangement at the surface making a continuous layer, ca. 50 µm thick (Figs. 7 D – F). Choanosomal region with tornotes in tracts (up to 12 spicules). Thick tracts of choanosomal acanthostyles (more than 15 spicules) at the base of the choanosome. Several ectosomal acanthostyles and arcuate isochelae occur scattered throughout the choanosome. All categories of acanthostyles (ectosomal and choanosomal) are distinguished by size (length and width) and patterns of spination. In spongin there are wide rounded subectosomal (150 – 700 µm longer length) and choanosomal channels (ca. 1000 µm longer length). No spongin fibers. Spicules. Megascleres (Tables 2 – 3). Tornotes (Figs. 7 G – J, 7 O – P), slightly aniso, strongyloid, slightly fusiform, slightly curved to straight, smooth, sometimes with polytylote axis (a few or several tyles, occasionally verrucose); axis may bear very small spines spread all around, or at the tips, in a rough appearance; juvenile forms thinner and scarce: 393 – 502.3 (41.3) – 576 / 7.6 – 10.1 (1) – 12.2 µm. Choanosomal acanthostyles (Figs. 7 K – L, 7 Q), uncommon, straight to slightly curved, bases blunt to slightly swollen (tyle), tips acerate or mucronate; rarely completely smooth, often variably spined; spines sharp but sometimes rounded, up to 5.4 µm high, mostly concentrated at the basal third, a few scattered elsewhere, straight or curved towards the tips: 372 – 484.2 (53.2) – 563 / 9.1 – 11.6 (1.1) – 13.7 µm. Ectosomal acanthostyles (Figs. 7 L – M, 7 O, 7 R), straight to slightly curved; isodiametric (seldom fusiform), fully spined, blunt bases (no tyle), tips acerate and sharp; spines variably abundant (more than in choanosomal acanthostyles), sometimes more concentrated at both ends, large (up to 6 µm high), straight and sharp: 92 – 108.4 (7.5) – 122 / 4.2 – 5.4 (0.8) – 7.1 µm. Microscleres (Tables 2 – 3), arcuate isochelae (Figs. 7 N, 7 S), axis slightly curved, alae rounded and slightly short; distance between opposite front alae, ca. 1 / 3 (or less) of maximum chelae length: 22 – 25.2 (2.5) – 31 µm.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF86F66E6591FB6BFE6DFD22.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Deep sea species occurring with a diverse set of other sponges: Hymeniacidon sp., Hymenancora sp., Iophon sp., Esperiopsis sp., Phorbas sp., Tedania sp., Latrunculiidae sp., Myxillidae sp., Stelligeridae sp., Haplosclerida sp., Suberitida sp., Hexactinellida sp. The 750 m deep isobath is situated in the domains of the Antarctic Intermediate Water.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF86F66E6591FB6BFE6DFD22.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from its type locality, in the deep south-western Atlantic (Fig. 1).	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF86F66E6591FB6BFE6DFD22.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name ‘ santacruzae’ is a reference to the Argentine province Santa Cruz, off which the type locality of the new species is located.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF86F66E6591FB6BFE6DFD22.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new deep-waters southwestern Atlantic species is set apart from both new shallow-waters southeastern Pacific species described above, mainly in having a single category of choanosomal acanthostyles, much larger than those observed in both Pacific species (Table 2). Among additional Crella (Pytheas) spp., three appear close to C. (P) santacruzae Fernandez, Gastaldi, Thompson & Hajdu, sp. nov.: viz., C. (P.) basispinosa Burton, 1931 (Burton 1931 a), from Norway, C. (P.) fristedti (Dendy, 1924), and C. (P.) novaezealandiae (Bergquist & Fromont, 1988), from New Zealand (Table 3). These three species have large, paucispined acanthostyles similar to those of the new species. Moreover, C. (P.) basispinosa has subtylote to strongyloid tornotes that also approach the condition seen in Crella (P.) santacruzae Fernandez, Gastaldi, Thompson & Hajdu, sp. nov. Yet, the new species con be distinguished from C. (P.) basispinosa by the smaller length of its ectosomal acanthostyles (92 – 122 µm long vs. 250 µm, respectively), from C. (P.) fristedti by larger and stouter ectosomal diactines (393 – 576 / 7.6 – 12.2 µm vs. 212 – 242 / 3 – 4.5 µm, respectively), and from C. (P.) novaezealandiae by larger ectosomal diactines (393 – 576 µm vs. 240 – 300 µm, respectively) and chelae (22 – 31 µm vs. 11 – 20 µm, respectively). Furthermore, the immense distances between the areas of occurrence of these species make conspecificity unlikely.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF9BF66E6591FCCCFF60FC3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Crellidae with tridentate, quadridentate or polydentate anchorate isochelae (amended from van Soest 2002 a).	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF9BF66A6591FB94FEDEFD1E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Palvitad fjord, southern Chile. Material examined. Holotype — IZUA-POR 172, Rada Negra, Palvitad fjord, Corcovado Gulf, Chile (- 43.02523611 S, - 72.78222222 W), 19.7 m depth, coll. N. Reiff, 15 th March 2007. Both slides of skeleton (in low viscosity epoxy) and spicules under MNRJ 19227. Comparative material. MNRJ 8905, 8149 — Hymenanchora tenuissima (Thiele, 1905) [= Crellomima t. sensu Willenz et al. (2009), specimens and slides].	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF9BF66A6591FB94FEDEFD1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Crellomima being thin crust, with tornotes (188 – 255 / 3 – 7.2), three categories of acanthostyles (choanosomal, I. 250 – 285 / 12.5 – 17 µm, and II. 100 – 140 / 7.5 – 10 µm; ectosomal, 60 – 96 / 3.5 – 6.5 µm), two categories of anchorate isochelae (I. 48 – 60 µm and II. 12 – 17 µm) and sigmas (40 – 58 µm). So far, the only Crellomima with sigmas and two categories of anchorate isochelae.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF9BF66A6591FB94FEDEFD1E.taxon	description	Description. Only a small, thinly encrusting preserved fragment (Fig. 8 A); 1.7 (L) x 1.1 (W) x 0.3 cm (H). Surface smooth, with a thin, easily detachable membrane (Fig. 8 B). Oscules, pore sieves and subectosomal channels not observed. Consistency delicate, texture slightly rough. Color in life not recorded and light beige (internally slightly darker beige) in preserved specimen. Skeleton. Plumoreticulate architecture (Fig. 9 A). Ectosomal region with several tornotes in vertical arrangement (Fig. 9 B) and in bouquets (Fig. 9 C), which rarely protrude to the surface (up to 50 µm high); tornotes only in the ectosomal and subectosomal regions. A continuous layer of acanthostyles (ectosomal category) at the ectosome, ca. 50 µm thick. Ectosomal acanthostyles disposed in tangential to paratangential arrangement (Fig. 9 D). Choanosomal region with acanthostyles (larger choanosomal category) in plumoreticulate tracts, quinated by smaller acanthostyles (smaller choanosomal category) (Figs. 9 E). Both categories of choanosomal acanthostyles erect on inclusions of debris and substrate too (Fig. 9 F). Ectosomal acanthostyles around channels at the choanosome, less usually scattered throughout the skeleton. All categories of acanthostyles (ectosomal and choanosomal) are distinguished by size (length and width) and patterns of spination. Anchorate isochelae (two categories) and sigmas (one category) scattered throughout the choanosome. In spongin, rounded subectosomal (up to 500 µm longer length) and choanosomal channels (up to 150 µm longer length). No spongin fibers throughout the skeleton. A basal spongin plate covers debris / substrates echinated by choanosomal acanthostyles (Fig. 9 F). Spicules. Megascleres (Table 4). Tornotes or anisotornotes (Figs. 9 G – H), straight to slightly sinuous, tips mucronate to lanceolate; juvenile forms slender:, 188 – 221.5 (19.4) – 255 / 3 – 5.8 (1.4) – 7.2 µm. Choanosomal acanthostyles I (Fig. 9 I), largest category of acanthostyles, usually curved, fully spined, bases blunt to slightly swollen, tips acerate; spines small (up to 5 µm high), evenly distributed, straight to slightly bent towards the bases; juvenile forms slender, with smaller, straight spines: 250 – 266.7 (12.7) – 285 / 12.5 – 15 (1.6) – 17 µm. Choanosomal acanthostyles II (Fig. 9 J), intermediate category of acanthostyles, smaller and thinner than the previuous, almost straight, fully spined; spines small (up to 3.5 µm high), evenly distributed, straight to slightly bent towards the base; juvenile forms slender, with smaller and straight spines: 100 – 123.5 (13.1) – 140 / 7. 5 – 9 (0.9) – 10 µm. Ectosomal acanthostyles (Fig. 9 K), the smallest category of acanthostyles, slightly curved to slightly sinuous, isodyametric, fully spined, bases blunt (no tyle), tips conical to acerate, acanthoxea forms not observed; spines small (up to 2.8 µm high), straight, evenly distributed; juvenile forms slender, with several smaller, thinner spines: 60 – 83.8 (11.5) – 96 / 3.5 – 5.8 (1) – 6.5 µm. Microscleres (Table 4). Anchorate isochelae I (Fig. 9 L), larger, tridentate (usually) or polydentate (up to four teeth, less frequent); axis slightly curved, smooth and thicker on both extremities; alae (teeth) elongated, with slightly unguiferate tips; distance between opposite alae, ca. 1 / 3 of maximum chelae length; juvenile forms with slender, unguiferate alae (reduced alae): 48 – 54.6 (4.8) – 60 µm. Anchorate isochelae II (Fig. 9 M), smaller, less frequent, spatuliferous and tridentate; axis slightly curved, smooth and thicker on both extremities; alae elongated, spatuliferous and with rounded tips; very short distance between opposite alae, ca. 1 / 4 of maximum chelae length; juvenile forms slender and smaller: 12 – 15 (2.3) – 17 µm. Sigmas (Fig. 9 N), ‘ c’ or ‘ s’ shaped, smooth and sharp tips: 40 – 50.5 (5.4) – 58 µm.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF9BF66A6591FB94FEDEFD1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The specimen grew over a barnacle shell, in close association with a haplosclerid sponge; oxeas can be seen in tracts or scattered in the skeleton slide of the holotype.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF9BF66A6591FB94FEDEFD1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from its type locality, at Palvitad fjord, southern Chile (Fig. 1).	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF9BF66A6591FB94FEDEFD1E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name ‘ sigmatifera’ is derived from sigmata (= sigma microscleres) + fera (= Latin prefix for “ bearer ”). The possession of sigmas microscleres is the main diagnostic character for this new species.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
15003760FF9BF66A6591FB94FEDEFD1E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Until recently Crellomima was known only from three species, all them from the Arctic Ocean; viz. C. derma Hentschel, 1929, C. imparidans Rezvoi, 1925 (type species) and C. incrustans Hentschel, 1929. Now, Goodwin et al. (2021) has described Crellomima mehqisinpekonuta Goodwin, Dinn, Nefedova, Nijhof, Murillo & Nozères, 2021 from northwest Atlantic. Our study presents fifth Crellomima species in worldwide. The three Arctic species are thinly encrusting (up to 0.5 mm thick) and have a hymedesmioid skeleton (Hentschel 1929; Rezvoi 1925). Crellomima mehqisinpekonuta is thinly encrusting (viz., author have not mentioned thickness) and has ascending columns of tornotes supported by a layer of basal acanthostyles echinating the substrate (Goodwin et al. 2021). Crellomima sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu, sp. nov. is also encrusting (up to 3 mm thick), but has a plumoreticulate skeleton, although, acanthostyles are echinating around embedded debris or at the base of the sponge. Furthermore, the new species is the only Crellomima species with sigmas and two categories of chelae (Table 4). Hentschel (1929) described oscules in Crellomima incrustans and Goodwin et al. (2021) observed oscules and pore fields in Crellomima mehqisinpekonuta. Other species of Crellomima had no appertures reported on their surfaces, oscula and / or pore sieves (Hentschel 1929; Rezvoi 1925; van Soest 2002 a), including the new species described here (see results above). Willenz et al. (2009) have recorded Crellomima tenuissima (Thiele, 1905) from the Chilean fjord region. We examined the skeleton of this material and observed acanthotornotes in longitudinal tracts throughout the choanosome as well as the same acanthose megascleres fanning out at the surface and disposed (para) tangentially at the ectosomal region. This arrangement of the acanthotornotes at the surface / ectosomal region could be equated with a tangential ectosomal crust as described by Willenz et al. (2009). However, the ectosomal crust of acanthose megascleres peculiar to Crellidae (van Soest 2002 a) is clearly differentiated from the underlying choanosomal skeleton, and not a mere consequence of the apical ends of its spiculofibres fanning out in variously oblique or tangential brushes of diactinal spicules. According to our interpretation, Willenz et al. ’ s (2009) materials should be classified neither in Crellomima nor in Crellidae. This is so because these specimens lack acanthose megascleres (acanthoxeas or acanthostyles) equivalent to the acanthostyles III observed in C. sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu, sp. nov. Goodwin et al. (2011) have re-examined the type of Hymenanchora tenuissima [Myxillidae Dendy, 1922 (van Soest 2002 c), originally as Hymedesmia tenuissima Thiele, 1905] and noted it has a plumose choanosomal skeleton, which they proposed is best classified in Myxilla (Styloptilon) Cabioch, 1968. This skeletal architecture differs from the hymedesmioid one reported by Willenz et al. (2009), thus suggesting the latter’s materials might belong to a separate species.	en	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gastaldi, Marianela, Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Pardo, Luis M., Thompson, Fabiano L., Hajdu, Eduardo (2021): New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 353-379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.3
