identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A11087C1FFFAFFA2FF4BF3732DAA2835.text	A11087C1FFFAFFA2FF4BF3732DAA2835.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichomanes parvulum Poir. (Poiret 1808	<div><p>Trichomanes parvulum</p> <p>As highlighted by Dubuisson et al. (2018), Trichomanes parvulum is listed in some taxonomic databases (e.g. Tropicos, https://tropicos.org/name/26603003; African Plant Database 2021), likely based on authoritative taxonomic synopsis (e.g. Roux 2009), as a synonym of Hymenophyllum sibthorpioides (Bory ex Willd., in Willdenow 1810: 498) Mett. ex Kuhn (Kuhn 1868: 41). But Trichomanes parvulum could also be treated either as a taxonomically accepted species (Kuhn 1968; Christensen 1932; Tardieu-Blot 1960), or as a heterotypic synonym of Crepidomanes minutum (Blume 1828: 223) K. Iwats. (Iwatsuki 1985: 524), as suggested Dubuisson et al. (2018). We may note here that Christensen (1932), even if he keeps the species T. parvulum distinct, suggests the synonymy with H. sibthorpioides. In addition, the Tardieu-blot’s (1960) treatment contradicts a previous publication (Tardieu-Blot 1951) where she considers T. parvulum as synonym to H. sibthorpioides. This same treatment under H. sibthorpioides is also included in her posthumous publication (Tardieu-Blot 2008).</p> <p>All these uncertainties in taxonomic treatments result especially from the fact that Hymenophyllum sibthorpioides and Crepidomanes minutum are tiny filmy ferns that are overall similar and share the same habitat (low to mid-elevation rainforests) in eastern Africa and the western Indian Ocean, and can thus grow in sympatry. This sympatry and their close morphology explain why the two species are often confused in the wild and in collections even sometimes by pteridologists (Fig. 1A–B). Because type specimens of T. parvulum are sterile and relatively poorly preserved material (Fig. 1C–D), and the protologue of that name is imprecise (Poiret 1808), it makes so far its morphological characterization difficult and its taxonomic treatment controversial.</p> <p>In order to clarify the taxonomy of C. minutum and H. sibthorpioides, we aimed at characterizing the puzzling name T. parvulum. Therefore, we studied in detail all plant fragments of the type material of T. parvulum kept in the P herbarium (L.-M.A. du Petit-Thouars s.n., P00065014, P00065015; herbarium acronyms follow Thiers 2021).</p> <p>For this purpose, we first summarised the main characters that distinguish the two species C. minutum and H. sibthorpioides (Tab. 1). Considering fertile specimens, the distinction is easy: C. minutum has tubular to campanulate sori typical of trichomanoids (to which the species belongs) while H. sibthorpioides has bilabiate sori typical of its genus; additionally, sori margins are toothed in H. sibthorpioides vs. non-toothed in C. minutum. Considering sterile specimens, rhizome characters are sometimes informative: in Crepidomanes (C.Presl) C.Presl (Presl 1849: 258) rhizomes are rootless and densely covered with short dark brown hairs that may extend to the base of the stipes whereas in Hymenophyllum Sm. (Smith 1793: 418) rhizomes bear sparse reddish-brown hairs (or may appear glabrous if aged) with sparse fine roots. The entirely sterile type material of T. parvulum comprises a single rhizome fragment that is connected to a frond (Fig. 1C, green arrow). This rhizome is glabrous, hence suggesting to ascribe it to H. sibthorpioides. By studying the frond lamina, two morphotaxa can nevertheless be clearly distinguished: one with the clear greenish-grey coloured dry fronds that show cellular characters close to those of C. minutum (Fig. 1C–D, clear fronds without arrows; Fig. 1F), and one with the dark reddish-brown coloured dry fronds that show cellular characters close to those of H. sibthorpioides (Fig. 1C, blue arrows; Fig. 1G). In addition, one clear frond appears to have proliferation (Fig. 1D, red arrow). Looking at this latter character in detail (Fig. 1E, red arrows), such proliferation is double and originates on the rightmost stipe. The proliferation that defines the budding of a new frond on a stipe is an exclusive autapomorphy of C. minutum (Ebihara et al. 2006). Concerning segment apices, the ends of the segments of almost all the fronds are damaged, but for at least the frond with proliferation (Fig. D, red arrow), some preserved segments show emarginate apex as expected for C. minutum.</p> <p>The characters of rhizome, stipe and lamina of the type of T. parvulum therefore clearly indicate that the different fragments represent a heterogeneous mixture of the two species H. sibthorpioides and C. minutum. Consequently, a lectotype corresponding most nearly with the original description or diagnosis must be designated (Art. 14, Turland et al. 2018). The original description of T. parvulum describes the sorus as urceolate, or as a small, dilated cup at its extremity. The adjective urceolate describes a campanulate form with the median part slightly broader than the mouth. This depicts rather a trichomanoid sorus than a Hymenophyllum sorus, and the dilated lips are also characteristic of C. minutum.</p> <p>Consequently, the description of the sori and the presence of C. minutum in the type material of T. parvulum led us to designate as lectotype of T. parvulum the fragments identified as C. minutum. This is also in agreement with the illustration of T. parvulum by Hooker (1844: Tab. 39 A) which clearly shows a C. minutum with typical campanulate sori. As the earlier name T. parvulum has priority over Trichomanes minutum Blume (1828: 64), it is the correct name to apply, and it must be combined under Crepidomanes.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A11087C1FFFAFFA2FF4BF3732DAA2835	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dubuisson, Jean-Yves;Nivart, Adele;Senterre, Bruno;Rouhan, Germinal	Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, Nivart, Adele, Senterre, Bruno, Rouhan, Germinal (2021): New taxonomic treatment for Trichomanes parvulum Poir. and T. dregei Bosch (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae). Phytotaxa 523 (1): 119-125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.9
A11087C1FFFEFFA7FF4BF7892905251F.text	A11087C1FFFEFFA7FF4BF7892905251F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crepidomanes parvulum (Poir.) Nivart, Senterre & Dubuisson 2021	<div><p>Crepidomanes parvulum (Poir.) Nivart, Senterre &amp; Dubuisson, comb. nov.</p> <p>Trichomanes parvulum Poir. (Poiret 1808: 64), non Copel. (Copeland 1933: 145), type citation: M. du Petit-Thouars à l’île de Madagascar. Type:— MAURITIUS?. Without locality, without date, L.-M.A. du Petit-Thouars s.n. (lectotype P, P00065014!, here designated excl. specim. P01190780!; isolectotype P, P00065015!, excl. specim. P01190781!). Note.—The specimens were first considered to be from Madagascar as indicated by Poiret himself, but as highlighted by Tardieu-Blot (1941), the Petit-Thouars’ material studied by Poiret would actually have been collected in ‘Ile de France’ (Mauritius), hence the present suggested locality.</p> <p>= Trichomanes minutum Blume (1828: 223). ≡ Gonocormus minutus (Blume) Bosch (1861: 7–8, pl. 3) ≡ Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. (Iwatsuki 1985: 524) var. minutum. Type:—JAVA. Without locality, without date, C.L. Blume s.n. (lectotype L, L0544607!, specimen A, designated by Dubuisson et al. (2018)).</p> <p>= Trichomanes proliferum Blume (1828: 224). ≡ Gonocormus prolifer (Blume) Prantl (1875: 51). Type:—JAVA. Without locality, without date, C.L. Blume s.n. (lectotype L, L0052391!, designated by Dubuisson et al. (2018); isolectotype L, L0544607!, specimen B).</p> <p>= Trichomanes saxifragoides C. Presl. (Presl 1843: 39). ≡ Gonocormus saxifragoides (C.Presl.) Bosch (1861: 9). Type:— PHILIPPINES. Luzon, without date, H. Cuming 256 (lectotype K, K000375720!, inadvertently designated by Tindale (1963); isolectotypes L, L0537118!, L0537119!, P, P00624459!).</p> <p>= Trichomanes palmatum C. Presl. (Presl 1843: 39, 40). Type:— PHILIPPINES. Luzon, without date, H. Cuming 209 (holotype L?; isotype P, P00624461!).</p> <p>= Trichomanes mannii Hook. (Hooker &amp; Baker 1868: 75, 76). ≡ Gonocormus mannii (Hook.) G.Kunkel (Kunkel 1963: 212). ≡ Crepidomanes mannii (Hook.) J. P. Roux (Roux 2000: 155). Type:— EQUATORIAL GUINEA. ‘Fernando Po’, before 1861, G. Mann s.n. (syntype K?; isosyntype GH, GH00022249!).</p> <p>= Trichomanes lepervanchei Cordem. (Cordemoy 1891: 14). Type:— LA RÉUNION. Plaine des fougères, without date, M. Lepervanche-Mezière 7 (lectotype P, P 02141627!, designated by Dubuisson et al. (2018); isolectotype P, P 02141628!).</p> <p>= Trichomanes matthewii Christ (1909: 56). ≡ Gonocormus matthewii (Christ) Ching (Ching 1959: 177). Type:— CHINA. Kuang-toung: North river, Mong-si-hai, 11 December 1907, C.G. Matthew 26 (holotype P, P00623412!, isotype K, K001090162!).</p> <p>= Trichomanes musolense Brause ex Brause &amp; Hieron. (1915: 377, 378). Type:— EQUATORIAL GUINEA. ‘ Westafrika: Fernando Poo, Musola oberhalb San Carlos (Westküste)’, November 1911, J. Mildbraed et al. 7057 (syntypes B, BW 20 0105426!, BW 20 0105427!; isosyntype P, P00482619!).</p> <p>= Trichomanes ruwenzoriense Taton (1946: 31, pl. 3, figs K, L), as ‘ ruwenzoriensis ’. ≡ Gonocormus ruwenzoriensis (Taton) Pic. Serm. (Pichi Sermolli 1968: 175). ≡ Crepidomanes ruwenzoriense (Taton) J.P. Roux (Roux 2009: 40). Type:— DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. ‘Secteur des lacs Edouard et Kivu: Ruwenzori, Lamia’, before 1920, J.C.C. Bequaert s.n. (holotype BR, BR0000008054166!).</p> <p>= Gonocormus australis Ching (1959: 163). Type:— CHINA. Hainan, without date, E. Smith 1397 (holotype BM, BM001044300!)</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A11087C1FFFEFFA7FF4BF7892905251F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dubuisson, Jean-Yves;Nivart, Adele;Senterre, Bruno;Rouhan, Germinal	Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, Nivart, Adele, Senterre, Bruno, Rouhan, Germinal (2021): New taxonomic treatment for Trichomanes parvulum Poir. and T. dregei Bosch (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae). Phytotaxa 523 (1): 119-125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.9
A11087C1FFFEFFA7FF4BF2092E682703.text	A11087C1FFFEFFA7FF4BF2092E682703.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichomanes dregei Bosch (van den Bosch 1858	<div><p>Trichomanes dregei</p> <p>Trichomanes dregei, described on the basis of South African specimens, is listed by Roux (2009) as synonym for Abrodictyum rigidum (Swartz 1788: 137) Ebihara &amp; Dubuisson (Ebihara et al. 2006: 243). But the latter species is strictly Neotropical and the Afro-Malagasy populations actually represent the distinct taxon A. pseudorigidum Bauret &amp; Dubuisson (Dubuisson et al. 2016: 161).</p> <p>Van den Bosch (1858) named T. dregei the South African specimens collected by Drège as cited by Kunze (1836) under T. rigidum, hence the Roux’ treatment. However, neither van den Bosch (1858) nor Kunze (1836) accompanied the new name and citation of occurrence with a precise description. This explains that T. dregei had been erroneously treated as a nomen nudum in the synonymy of A. pseudorigidum (Dubuisson et al. 2016). This resulted from the oversight of an additional Kunze’s observation (p. 554) clearly mentioning a few morphological differences between Drège’s specimens and the Neotropical populations. As such, this observation should be considered as an effectively published diagnosis, to which van den Bosch (1858) made a reference and thus validated the name T. dregei (Art. 38.1(a), Turland et al. 2018). Since T. dregei is the earlier name, its specific epithet has priority over pseudorigidum and must therefore be combined under Abrodictyum C.Presl (Presl 1843: 20).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A11087C1FFFEFFA7FF4BF2092E682703	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dubuisson, Jean-Yves;Nivart, Adele;Senterre, Bruno;Rouhan, Germinal	Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, Nivart, Adele, Senterre, Bruno, Rouhan, Germinal (2021): New taxonomic treatment for Trichomanes parvulum Poir. and T. dregei Bosch (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae). Phytotaxa 523 (1): 119-125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.9
A11087C1FFFEFFA6FF4BF03528A922B6.text	A11087C1FFFEFFA6FF4BF03528A922B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Abrodictyum dregei (Bosch (van den Bosch 1858) Dubuisson & Rouhan 2021	<div><p>Abrodictyum dregei (Bosch) Dubuisson &amp; Rouhan, comb. nov., Fig. 2.</p> <p>Trichomanes dregei Bosch (1858: 372). Type citation: Hab. Cap. bon spei! Drège; Port Natal ! Gueinbius. Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Transkei, Lusikisiki, without date, J.F. Drège s.n. (lectotype S, S-P-18091!, 4 top specimens of the sheet only, here designated; isolectotypes BM, K, K000435631!, K000435632!). Remaining syntype:— SOUTH AFRICA. Port Natal, without date, W. Gueinzius s.n. (S, S-P-18090! 4 bottom specimens of the sheet only).</p> <p>Note:—The specimen B20 0106572 (B) may be eligible as an isolectotype following Roux (2009), but this specimen has not been retrieved. Roux (2009) also suspected the ‘holotype’ to be present at P, but we did not succeed in finding it, hence we designate here the S specimen as lectotype, in accordance with the note of Schelpe on the sheet (Fig. 2). In addition, the S specimen is better preserved than the K duplicates. The collector of the remaining syntype, cited as “Gueinbius” by van den Bosch, is likely a misspelling for Wilhelm Gueinzius, as correctly written on the herbarium sheet (Fig. 2); Wilhelm Gueinzius is known as a German naturalist who indeed collected in South Africa and precisely in Natal around 1841.</p> <p>= Trichomanes rigidum Sw. var. lugubre Christ (1901: 849). Type:— DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. Kisantu, without date, J.B. Gillet s.n. (holotype BR, BR 0000013468675!).</p> <p>= Trichomanes rigidum Sw. var. annobonense Brause (Brause &amp; Hieronymus 1915: 378). Type:— EQUATORIAL GUINEA. Annobon Island: Summit of Santa Mina, 650 m, October 1911, G.W.J. Mildbraed 6700 (holotype B, BW 20 0093175!).</p> <p>= Abrodictyum pseudorigidum Bauret &amp; Dubuisson (Dubuisson et al. 2016: 161), nom. illeg. superfl.. TYPE:— MADAGASCAR. Fianarantsoa: Ambatomboay, RNI d’Andringitra versant E, 40 km au Sud d’Ambalavao, sur les berges d’un affluent de la rivière Sahavatoy, 24 May 1995, F. Rakotondrainibe 2708 (holotype P, P00059914!).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A11087C1FFFEFFA6FF4BF03528A922B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dubuisson, Jean-Yves;Nivart, Adele;Senterre, Bruno;Rouhan, Germinal	Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, Nivart, Adele, Senterre, Bruno, Rouhan, Germinal (2021): New taxonomic treatment for Trichomanes parvulum Poir. and T. dregei Bosch (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae). Phytotaxa 523 (1): 119-125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.9
