taxonID	type	description	language	source
AD1B87ADFFEECC71FF2507B4FBF4F91A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Teliocrinus ojii (Roux et al., 2009) is the only known undisputed fossil Diplocrininae with its crown preserved found at base of the Middle Miocene in Japan (Oji 1990). The Diplocrininae are mainly distinguished by the substantial reduction in number of brachials per brachitaxis and distal stalk symplexies with petaloid zones that remain open (David et al. 2006). This last character being paedomorphic, the attribution to the genus Endoxocrinus based only on columnals and pluricolumnals remains in open taxonomy because it is only a parsimonious hypothesis, which remains to be confirmed by the discovery of brachials or proximal arm fragments.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFEECC71FF25054CFD4FF874.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species. Encrinus parrae Gervais, 1835. Recent.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFEECC71FF2501ACFCD6FACA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The classification of Isocrinida retained by Hess (2011) is based on plesiomorphic characters without phylogenetic significance (Roux et al. 2009; Améziane et al. 2021). Pending a new classification based on both morphology and molecular data with a redefinition of the different families of Isocrinida (Améziane et al. in prep.), we group the subfamilies here cited in the single family Isocrinidae. Roux (1977) has shown that the characters of stalk symplexies differentiated the extant genera. Species belonging to the same genus differ in having peculiar characters of infranodal cryptosymplexies (see also Roux 1981; David et al. 2006). Changes during columnal ontogeny such as increase in number of crenulae per petaloid zone, closure of petaloid zones and closure of axial interpetaloid furrow in symplexy should be taken into account.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFEDCC6CFF2502E9FEC2FEBA.taxon	description	Figs. 3, 5 (morphotype A), 7, Table 4 Synonymy. Pentacrinus gastaldii Michelotti, 1847: 59, pl. 16, fig. 2; Pentacrinus gastaldi Locard, 1877: 207 – 209; Pentacrinus miocenicus de Loriol, 1897: 127 – 129, figs. 17 – 18; Pentacrinus gastaldii Manzoni, 1878: 1 – 2, fig. 1; Noelli, 1900: 24 – 28, figs. 1 – 32 pars; Albus, 1931: 283 – 285, pl. 10 (fig. 7); Isocrinus gastaldii Sieverts-Doreck, 1933: 165; Biese and Sieverts- Doreck, 1939: 37 – 38; Sandor, 1983: 171 – 173, figs. 1 – 3; Neocrinus aff. gastaldii Roux and Montenat, 1977: 408 – 409, pl. 16 (figs. 1 – 2); Metacrinus gastaldii Klikushin, 1982: 305; 1992: 128 pars; Pentacrinus gastaldii Manni, 2015: 59, fig. 22 pars.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFEDCC6CFF2502E9FEC2FEBA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Avignon (2 Plc including 1 infraN, 3 isolated IN), Picabrier (14 Plc, 36 isolated IN, 17 isolated N), Entrechaux Ferme Pie (1 Plc + 1 IN), Entrechaux Pont Saint-Michel (1 IN), Notre-Dame du Château (3 Plc). Emended diagnosis. Large species with a columnal diameter that can exceed 9 mm, columnals usually strongly star-shaped, tending to be more pentagonal in certain distal nodotaxes; maximum number of successive internodals observed 11; symplexies with open petaloid zones even in large distal nodotaxes, ligamentary areas fusiform and narrow, always at least four times longer than wide, number of crenulae per petaloid zone usually greater than 16 (mode 18), up to 21, median crenulae longer than the others and may form chevrons with those of adjacent petaloid zones in distal columnals, no furrow separating the petaloid zones except in the most proximal columnals; nodal with cirral insertions substantially wider than high and always intersecting the distal facet border, sometimes also proximal one, cryptosymplexies with more marked symmorphy in the interpetaloid zones, presence of fine interpetaloid grooves and marginal crenulations of variable extension; lateral faces of columnals smooth and convex, without ornamentation. Crown unknown.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFEDCC6CFF2502E9FEC2FEBA.taxon	description	Description. Columnals markedly star-shaped, side faces convex; symplexies of open ZP with the areola usually narrow up to 7 times longer than wide, Cr / PZ usually from 17 to 19 and reaching 21 in largest Co, inner crenularium poorly differentiated or flat. Proximal Co highly starred (Fig. 7 A, D – E), symplexy with regularly arranged short Cr leaving free most of IPZ (Fig. 7 D – E). More distal Co less starry (Fig. 7 B) rarely subpentagonal (Fig. 7 C) with Cr of median crenularium entirely covering IPZ and forming chevrons (Fig. 7 B, F). Ndx with Co of highly variable thickness even distally (Fig. 7 C); N markedly thicker than IN, especially in young individuals (Fig. 7 G), this difference decreasing with growth (Fig. 5 right), distal facet (cryptosymplexy) more or less regularly concave, about 8 small marginal cr per IPZ (Fig. 7 I); cirrus socket well-developed at least twice as wide as high and usually intersecting distal facet border (Fig. 7 H – I), sometimes also on the proximal one (Fig. 7 J), low fulcral ridge limited by two triangular culminae often moderately developed. At Picabrier (see Table 4 for quantitative characters): symplexies with 18 to 20 Cr / PZ (60 %), 14 or 15 for smallest Co; distal nodal facets and symplexial ligament areas often excessively concave because of pyrite oxidation corrosion; cryptosymplexies rarely well preserved, IPZ usually in relief with a more or less marked axial groove, stalk canal inconspicuous probably obstructed by a dense secondary stereom (Fig. 7 I). In other sites, only a small number of specimens, but often with Plc less fragmented (Fig. 7 A – C) than in Picabrier. One of them, from Notre-Dame du Château (de Loriol 1897, Fig. 18) is composed of 10 IN without infraN indicating Ndx of at least 11 IN (Fig. 7 A).	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFEDCC6CFF2502E9FEC2FEBA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Manni (2015: 59, fig. 22) considered the single specimen (Plc of 3 IN) from the Middle Miocene near Turin used by Michelotti (1847) to describe Pentacrinus gastaldii as lost. He proposed that four internodals belonging to the Michelotti’s collection (Paleontological Museum of “ Sapienza ” in University of Rome) constitute the type series. Three of these internodals are star-shaped and correspond well to the original figure. The fourth rounded pentagonal with wide and closed petaloid zone is different. The type-series must be reduced to three columnals which could have the value of neo-syntypes if accompanied by a precise description. The best preserved specimen of? E. gastaldii is a markedly star-shaped stalk, 150 mm long, with the basal circlet at proximal end, that was described by Manzoni (1878). This remarkable specimen comes from Montese molasse (Middle Miocene) near Modena. Among the four syntypes of Pentacrinus miocenicus from Notre-Dame du Château, two belong to? E. gastaldii (Loriol 1897, figs. 17 and 18). Locard (1877) reported one star-shaped pluricolumnal of? E. gastaldii, D 9 mm, from Bonifacio (South Corsica). This specimen, housed in the Péron’s collection (MNHN. S. 11062), most probably comes from the Lower Langhian (André et al. 2011). Cooke (1896) identified? E. gastaldii in the Miocene Globigerine marls of Malta. We have examined several columnals from Malta (MNHN. F. B. 33193) belonging to the d’Orbigny’s collection (no. 11215):? E. gastaldii is associated with M. berthei, the two species having morphologies similar to those observed at Picabrier. Since de Loriol (1897) and Noelli (1900), many authors (including Klikushin 1992) have confused the species berthei, gastaldii and miocenicus. Occurrence in southeastern France. Avignon (Palais des Papes), Caumont-sur-Durance (Picabrier), Entrechaux (Pont Saint-Michel), Entrechaux (Ferme Pie), Saint-Etienne du Grès (Notre-Dame du Château). Late Burdigalian- Early Langhian.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF3CC6CFF2503ECFADFFCEE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Metacrininae differ from all other Isocrinida in having more than 2 IBr with IBr 2 bearing the first pinnule, and a muscular synarthry at IIBr 1 + 2. The primibrachitaxis has a synostose at IBr 4 + 5 when the number of IBr is> 4. Their stalk symplexies display closed ZP and axial grooves in ZIP (Roux 1977, 1981). Two genera with a synostosis at IBr 1 + 2 are distinguished in extant Metacrininae (Améziane-Cominardi 1991, Bourseau and Roux 1989, Hess 2011, Roux 1981): Saracrinus with usually 3 – 6 IBr (mode 4) and <10 IIBr, and Metacrinus having usually> 4 IBr (mode 7) and> 10 IIBr. The Eocene species Metacrinus fossilis Rasmussen, 1980 and Eometacrinus australis Baumiller and Gazdzicki, 1996 have a proximal crown with 5 IBr and 9 – 10 IIBr. Such an arm pattern is intermediate between Saracrinus and Metacrinus. Eometacrinus differs in having an axial ligamentary synarthry at IBr 1 + 2. Metacrinus seymouriensis Rasmussen, 1980 is only known from pluricolumnals found in the Maastrichtian.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF3CC6CFF250118FD7FFC38.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Metacrinus wyvillii Carpenter, 1884. Recent.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF3CC6AFF25066BFE54FD36.taxon	description	Figs. 4 – 5 (morphotype B), 6, 8 – 12 A – C; Tables 5 – 7 Synonymy. Pentacrinus berthei Nicolas, 1897: 79 – 80, fig. 12; Pentacrinus miocenicus de Loriol, 1897: 127 – 129 pars., figs. 15 – 16; Pentacrinus berthei Nicolas, 1898: 396 – 398, fig. 1; Pentacrinus berthae Lambert, 1899: 122; Pentacrinus berthei Biese and Sieverts-Doreck, 1939: 45.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF3CC6AFF25066BFE54FD36.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The original description (Nicolas 1897) is based on a type series comprising 1 distal stalk fragment (Fig. 8 A – B), 2 Plc (Fig. 8 E – F) and 2 isolated IN (Fig. 8 C – D). There was no indication of the original collector. The Nicolas collection housed at UCBL-FSL comprises 2 / 3 of the stalk fragment (UCBL-FSL 19.099 - 1) (Fig. 8 B) and 1 Plc (UCBL-FSL 19.099 - 2) (Fig. 8 F). In the Châtelet collection housed at the Requien Museum in Avignon, we found the proximal third of the stalk fragment (MRA 3.009.192) (Fig. 7 A) and the two isolated IN (MRA 3.009.194.1 - 2). The stalk fragment (Fig. 8 A + B) is here designated as syntype 1, the Plc (Fig. 8 F) as syntype 2, the first isolated IN (Fig. 8 C) as syntype 3, and the second (Figs. 8 D, 9 A) as syntype 4. The syntype 5 (Fig. 8 E) can be considered lost.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF3CC6AFF25066BFE54FD36.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Nicolas dedicated this species to Berthe Sinard who firstly suggested that the Miocene environment at Les Angles was deeper than previously interpreted (Sinard 1892).	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF3CC6AFF25066BFE54FD36.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Les Angles (10 Plc, 21 isolated IN, 2 N); Avignon (111 Plc, 613 isolated IN, 49 isolated N, numerous Br and Ci), Le Barroux (9 Plc, 1 IN); Beaucaire (4 Plc, 10 isolated IN), Entrechaux Ferme Pie (2 Plc, 25 isolated IN, 1 N), Entrechaux Pont Saint-Michel (1 IN), Notre-Dame du Château (22 Plc, 19 isolated IN, 2 isolated N), Picabrier (15 Plc, 106 isolated IN, 17 isolated N), Vedènes (1 Plc, 12 isolated IN, Brs), Tarascon (9 Plc). Type stratum. Late Burdigalian. Type-locality. Ancient quarries, Les Angles (Gard). Emended diagnosis. Pentagonal columnals with often rounded edges, most proximal internodals and nodals slightly star-shaped, frequent inter-articular pores; maximum diameter 6.7 mm, often very variable height within one nodotaxis even distally, maximum number of internodals per nodotaxis 19, average 16 – 17; symplexies with closed petaloid zones separated by marked grooves, number of crenulae per petaloid zone 15 – 16 rarely 17, crenulae of about the same size, ligament areas usually twice as long as wide (often less); nodals with oval cirrus sockets not exceeding their height; cryptosymplexy with regular symmorphy often marked and discrete marginal crenularium, facets without interpetaloid furrow; ornamentation absent or discrete, sometimes small knob or ridge at mid-height giving a more rounded to subcircular columnal section. Primibrachiales in number equal or superior to 6 with large pinnular sockets, IBr 1 + 2 synostosis with aboral marginal crenularium, IBr 3 + 4 synostosis smooth with aboral growth lines.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF3CC6AFF25066BFE54FD36.taxon	description	Description of syntypes. Distal stalk fragments, IN pentagonal or subpentagonal, N slightly starry. Syntype 1: L 47.4 mm composed of 1 complete Ndx of 19 IN (L 30.5 mm) + 1 incomplete Ndx of 15 IN (Fig. 8 A – B), Ndx with marked curvature, no inter-articular pores, proximal end of complete Ndx with smooth, slightly convex infraN facet, N with 4 cirrals connected; internodal D reaching 6.5 mm proximally and decreasing to 6.2 mm at distal end; proximal Ndx with higher IN alternating with slightly lower IN of similar D; nodal H reaching a maximum of 2.2 mm; smaller differences in intermodal H in distal Ndx; smooth and slightly convex columnal side faces. Syntypes 2 and 5: incomplete curved Ndx (8 and 13 IN respectively) with distal N, similar in morphology to syntype 1, differences in H and D between IN more pronounced in syntype 2 (Fig. 8 F). Syntypes 3 and 4 (Fig. 8 C – D): IN with the same characters (D 6.1 mm, H / D 0.26, maximum Cr / PZ 17), syntype 4 moderately star-shaped with PZ still slightly open (Fig. 9 A). Other specimens from Les Angles. Plc with at most 7 IN; 60 % of symplexies with 16 Cr / PZ, only one case with 17, all PZ closed, internal crenularium poorly differentiated, cryptosymplexy preservation not allowing a detailed description. Quantitative characters including type series in Table 7. Specimens from Notre-Dame du Château. Quantitative characters including 2 Plc from type series of Pentacrinus miocenicus (de Loriol 1897, figs. 15 – 16) given in Table 7; most Co pentagonal; Plc with maximum of 14 successive IN, ~ 50 % with inter-articular pores more or less marked; most proximal Plc (de Loriol 1897, fig. 16) with columnal H markedly unequal, inter-articular pores widely open, IN star-shaped and a single N without cryptosymplexy despite cirrus sockets being well-developed; another proximal Plc (de Loriol 1897, fig. 15) more distal with IN becoming subpentagonal (Fig. 9 B – C); oval cirrus sockets 1.7 times wider than high and tangential to N facet borders (Fig. 9 D); all Co with smooth sides. Symplexies most often (62 %) with 15 – 16 Cr / PZ, PZ closed, inner crenularium poorly differentiated. Distal N facet (cryptosymplexy) smooth, slightly concave with 7 – 8 small marginal Cr / PZ. Specimens from Avignon. Exceptional variety of Br types preserved (Fig. 10); 9 IBr identified with maximum D 5.17 mm (mean 4.3 mm), muscular synarthries with moderately developed muscle areas and fulcral ridge perpendicular to dorso-ventral axis (Fig. 10 C – D), IBr 1 + 2 synostosis with narrow marginal symplexial crenularium (Fig. 10 A – B), IBr 2 with proximal synostosial facet slightly convex and bearing a large pinnule socket (Fig. 10 D – E), IBr 4 + 5 synostosis with aboral growth lines underlined by a thicker stereom (Fig. 10 G, J); all Brax with proximal muscular synarthry, fulcral ridges of distal synarthries forming acute angle (Fig. 10 H), IBrax with 0.65 <H / D <0.87; free IIBr or IIIBr most abundant with oblique fulcral ridge, muscle areas remaining small only in the most proximal IIBr (Fig. 10 I) and lengthening distally (Fig. 10 K – L), pinnule socket on IBr and IIBr remaining large and limiting width of adjacent muscle area on distal Br facet (Fig. 10 K), distal IIBr or IIIBr with D <2.5 mm very asymmetrical (Fig. 10 L) allowing great flexibility of arm movements. External columnal morphology variable (quantitative characters given in Table 6, Fig. 11); symplexies most often (62 %) with 13 – 14 Cr / PZ; differences in columnal H remaining small in distal Plc from young individuals but increasing during individual growth (Fig. 11 A – C); some small Plc with more or less marked bulges on the lateral faces (Fig. 11 A – B) becoming less frequent or smooth with growth (Fig. 11 F), either widening and making IN subcircular (Fig. 11 H) or splitting into granules forming a discrete ornamentation; juvenile Co with H / D> 0.5 having subcircular section and symplexies of open PZ (Fig. 12 C), N with ligament areas wide (Fig. 11 E), cirrus sockets subcircular and occupying only 2 / 3 of nodal H (Fig. 11 D); cirrus sockets becoming more oval with growth (Fig. 11 C) and tangential to nodal facet borders (Fig. 13 J); 1 N abnormal with only a single cirrus socket; ~ 50 % of symplexial facets having IPZ with narrow and well-marked grooves extended to inner crenularium (Fig. 11 G); cryptosymplexies often well preserved, distal N facet (Fig. 11 J) moderately concave with a more or less developed marginal crenularium, proximal infraN facet (Fig. 11 K) convex with more attenuated marginal crenularium and IPZ without axial groove, axial canal filled by dense secondary stereom with a 5 - lobed secondary lumen (Fig. 11 L); two Plc having symplexies with four PZ, one of irregular subcircular section (Fig. 12 A), the other of quadrangular section (Fig. 12 B). Specimens from other sites. In Beaucaire, Co and Plc belonging to individuals of sizes like in Avignon (see Table 6), one complete Ndx 13.3 mm long with 13 IN; qualitative characters as in Avignon except side faces smooth without ornamentation. In Tarascon, Plc with maximum of 10 successive IN, 5.16 <D <7.00 and 0.15 <H / D <0.55, ~ 50 % of symplexies with conspicuous furrow at the IPZ axis, external morphology very close to Plc from Les Angles. Among 9 Plc from Le Barroux, 2 with N located at middle length (Fig. 9 E), only 1 Plc with 8 successive IN, longest Plc with discrete inter-articular pores and IN of various D and H; symplexies with 13 to 16 Cr / ZP; all pentagonal IN with more or less convex external faces; N with cirrus sockets 1.6 times wider than high with two well-developed culminae (Fig. 9 E); 1 N with 4 cirrus sockets. In Picabrier (quantitative characters given in Table 5), symplexies most often (52 %) with 15 – 16 Cr / PZ, two Plc with 10 successive IN; most IN with qualitative characters (Fig. 11 F – I) identical to those in Avignon, ~ 30 % of IN with lateral faces more convex in center and more prominent angles (Fig. 11 H – J), sometimes forming rougher angles on some Plc (Fig. 11 K); cryptosymplexies rarely well-preserved, symmorphy of variable amplitude, patches of denser stereom in place of symplexal crenularium pre-existing articulation ankylosis, ZIP without axial grooves (Fig. 9 J). Co from other sites with Co characters entering in main field of variation of those from Picabrier. One IBrax (possibly IBr 4 ax) with proximal synostosial facet from Vedène.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF3CC6AFF25066BFE54FD36.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The two species P. berthei and P. miocenicus were published in the same year of 1897. Pentacrinus berthei was based on distal stalk fragments that clearly distinguish it from the species gastaldii, one of them with a complete Ndx, while the type-series of P. miocenicus contains specimens belonging to two different species. In addition, the two Plcs belonging to berthei figured by de Loriol (1897) are very proximal showing symplexies with specific characters incompletely developed. Therefore, we have given priority to the species whose type-series allows an unambiguous determination. Nicolas (1897, 1898) refers to another species, Pentacrinus allardi, found in Avignon molasse and from Beaucaire. Without description or figuration, it remains a nomen nudum. It most probably corresponds to our morphotype C. Metacrinus mazarronensis Roux and Montenat, 1977 is very close to M. berthei. It differs in having ZIP of cryptosymplexies with axial groove. Metacrinus berthei and M. mazarronensis share symplexies with characters very close to those of the extant species M. interruptus Carpenter, 1884 from the northwestern Pacific (Roux 1981, pl. 6 – 3 and pl. 7 – 5). Occurrence in southeastern France. Avignon (Palais des Papes), Les Angles (ancient quarry), Le Barroux, Beaucaire (ancient quarry), Caumont-sur-Durance (Picabrier), Entrechaux (Pont Saint-Michel), Entrechaux (Ferme Pie, marnes de Faucon), Saint-Etienne du Grès (Notre-Dame du Château), Tarascon, Vedènes, and possibly Villeneuve-lès-Avignon (Pierre Longue) and Saint-Rémy de Provence (= P. miocenicus after Joleaud 1907). Late Burdigalian-Early Langhian.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF2506B7FBBCF80E.taxon	description	Fig. 12 D – F.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF2506B7FBBCF80E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. A single isolated nodal as holotype (MHNL 20.062726).	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF2506B7FBBCF80E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Avignon (reference to the type locality).	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF2506B7FBBCF80E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As in description.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF2506B7FBBCF80E.taxon	materials_examined	Type stratum. Late Burdigalian. Type locality. Place du Palais des Papes in Avignon.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF2506B7FBBCF80E.taxon	description	Description. Nodal with subcircular to pentalobate facets, H: 1.43 mm, D: 4.65 mm, H / D 0.31, identical symplexy on each facet (Fig. 12 D – E) with pyriform to triangular closed petaloid zones, 12 Cr / PZ of variable size including 6 marginal ones, weak crenularium relief, massive protuberance curved proximally prolonging PZ (Fig. 12 E); deep, subcircular cirrus sockets much lower than the nodal height, nearly tangent to the distal N facet border, with two strong triangular culminae (Fig. 12 F).	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF2506B7FBBCF80E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The symplexial crenularium of Papacrinus avignonensis n. gen. n., sp. is of balanocrine-type (see Fig. 2 D). Such side protuberances are unknown in extant and fossil Isocrinida. The particular morphology of this nodal justifies the creation of a new genus. Its size and relative thickness suggest that it belongs to the distal stalk of a young individual. The absence of a cryptosymplexy is usually a paedomorphic character of the proximal nodals without phylogenetic significance. It is retained in the distal stalk of Proisocrinus. In this genus, symplexies differ from those of Papacrinus n. gen. in having always open PZ; moreover, rudimentary cirri are restricted to proxistele and in mid to distal stalk there are only nudinodals (Bourseau et al. 1991). Pending new discoveries allowing a more complete description, the symplexial characters lead us to place Papacrinus n. gen. provisionally in the subfamily Balanocrininae. Occurrence. Only known from Avignon (Palais des Papes), Late Burdigalian.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF250119FE63FB8C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Papacrinus avignonensis n. gen., n. sp.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF250119FE63FB8C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Pape (reference to Palais des Papes in Avignon).	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFF5CC6AFF250119FE63FB8C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Stalk symplexies of balanocrine-type, crenularium relief weak with more than 10 crenulae per petaloid zone; thick nodals (H / D 0.3) without cryptosymplexy at distal articulation; deep, subcircular cirrus sockets much lower than nodal height.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFBCC64FF2503A8FE6DF879.taxon	description	Fig. 12 G – K, 13, Table 8	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFBCC64FF2503A8FE6DF879.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. 26 Co not figured (MHNL 20062728) + 4 Co figured (MHNL 20062727).	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFBCC64FF2503A8FE6DF879.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Reference to the Rhodanian basin. Additional material. 1 AC, 1 Co from Vedène.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFBCC64FF2503A8FE6DF879.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As in description.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFBCC64FF2503A8FE6DF879.taxon	materials_examined	Type stratum. Late Burdigalian. Type locality. Place du Palais des Papes in Avignon.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFBCC64FF2503A8FE6DF879.taxon	description	Description. 30 Co (quantitative characters given in Table 8) corresponding to a stalk length of 62.5 mm. Co from distal stalk with proximal facet having one or more projections ended by rhizoid insertion at one (Fig. 12 G) or both sides (Fig. 12 J – K) of fulcral ridge. Co from mesistele without rhizoid, more elongated (1 <H / D <1.5) with oval (D / d <0.85) synarthries (Fig. 14 I). Distally, Co with weaker H / D (tending to 0.7), narrower (D / d tending to 2.5) spindle-shaped synarthries (Figs. 12 G, J) with more robust rhizoid socket (Fig. 12 J). Synarthrial facets of classical Conocrinus type (see Roux et al. 2019) with a deep 8 - shaped ligament fossa; fulcral ridge of two segments with axis hollowed, regular crenularium reaching ~ 20 small Cr on each side and bordered by slightly depressed ligament areas (Fig. 12 H). Worn material from Vedène presumedly belonging to P. rhodanicus n. sp. Oblong aboral cup, preserved H 6.9 mm, D maximum 4.0 mm, stalk insertion 1.98 mm. Co with H 2.70 mm, D 2.95 mm and d 2.10 mm.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFBCC64FF2503A8FE6DF879.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paraconocrinus rhodanicus n. sp. is a small species with distal Co articulated by narrow synarthries of fulcral ridge bordered by slightly depressed areas as in most species of the genus Paraconocrinus (Merle and Roux 2018; Roux et al. 2019). The Co figured from the Middle Miocene near Turin (see especially Albus 1931 and Manni 2005) differ in having a larger size and more massive shape. As previously usual, isolated Miocene rhizocrinid Co had been attributed to the most classically cited Eocene species: “ Conocrinus ” thorenti (d’Archiac 1846) or “ Conocrinus ” pyriformis (Münster in Goldfuss, 1826). “ Conocrinus ” seguenzai Meneghini, 1875, known only from aboral cups from the Miocene of Piedmont (Noelli 1900; Manni 2005), is the only rhizocrinid species clearly identified, but the published figures are too imprecise to attribute it to one of the genera distinguished by Roux et al. (2019). Although very worn, the aboral cup from Vednes, which may belong to P. rhodanicus n. sp., differs markedly from “ Conocrinus ” seguenzai. Occurrence in southeastern France. Avignon (Place du Palais des Papes), Les Angles?, Vedène?, Late Burdigalian, Early Langhian?	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFBCC64FF250359FCC5FE78.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Eugeniacrinus pyriformis Münster in Goldfuss, 1826.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC65FF250750FEFAF9C4.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species. Gastecrinus vinealis n. gen., n. sp.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC65FF250750FEFAF9C4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Gaste, reference to the type locality Vigne Gaste.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC65FF250750FEFAF9C4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal cup of inverted truncated cone-shape, wider than hight, external surface smooth without distinct sutures, large radials suggesting robust arms, conspicuous stalk socket forming a conical depression; stalk and arms unknown.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC66FF2504EFFC6BFE9E.taxon	description	Fig. 12 L	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC66FF2504EFFC6BFE9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. A single aboral cup (MHNL 20062729).	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC66FF2504EFFC6BFE9E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Vigne, reference to the type-locality Vigne Gaste.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC66FF2504EFFC6BFE9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As in description.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC66FF2504EFFC6BFE9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type stratum. Just above the calcareous limestone dated Late Burdigalian. Type locality. Vigne Gaste (Istres).	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC66FF2504EFFC6BFE9E.taxon	description	Description. Dorsal cup of inverted truncated cone-shape, wider than high, external surface convex and smooth, conspicuous stalk socket forming a conical depression, sutures between cup plates indistinct, adoral D 6.11 mm, stalk socket D 2.45 mm, estimated H 4.3 mm. Adoral part recrystallized and worn, location of radials suggested by a discrete relief allowing to estimate a maximum width of about 2.6 mm.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
AD1B87ADFFFACC66FF2504EFFC6BFE9E.taxon	discussion	Remark. This aboral cup differs from that of the Rhizocrinidae in having large radials suggesting robust arms and a very large stalk socket. The poor preservation of its adoral side does not allow to attribute it to a known post- Paleozoic taxon. Occurrence. Only known from Vigne-Gaste (Istres), Late Burdigalian.	en	Roux, Michel, Philippe, Michel (2021): Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy. Zootaxa 5052 (3): 301-331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1
