taxonID	type	description	language	source
039EFD16FFDCFF8BD8DBF987FC70BCF3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The examined specimens are registered and deposited in the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt (SMF), Germany. All specimens were collected in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. Station numbers indicate “ Expedition, station number (plus - deployment number for SYSTCO and DIVA- 1), depth, core number, sediment horizon ”. Female holotype, SMF 37235 (adult female on 1 slide): RV Polarstern PS 71 — SYSTCO, St. 85 - 7, 2,964 m, MUC 8, 0 – 1 cm. Male allotype, SMF 37236 (adult male on 1 slide): RV Meteor 48 / 1 — DIVA- 1, St. 346 - 7, 5,389 m, R 7, 0 – 1 cm. Female paratype 1, SMF 37237 (adult female on 8 slides): RV Polarstern PS 71 — SYSTCO, St. 85 - 7, 2,964 m, MUC 8, 0 – 1 cm. Male paratype 2, SMF 37238 (adult male on 3 slides): RRS Discovery 226 — PAP, St. 13077 # 24, 4,844 m, 0 – 1 cm.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFDCFF8BD8DBF987FC70BCF3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name refers to the conspicuous serrations on the spines of the swimming legs P 2 – P 4. Spines of this type are not known from any other species of Paramesochridae.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFDCFF8BD8DBF987FC70BCF3.taxon	description	Description of female. Habitus (Fig. 3 A, B). Total body length measured from anterior tip of rostrum to posterior margin of anal somite (holotype) 0.22 mm, including caudal rami 0.24 mm. Body cylindrical, slightly depressed dorsoventrally, with prosome slightly wider than urosome. Pores present in small numbers, distributed dorsally and laterally on cephalothorax and most of free somites. Most sensilla visible on cephalothorax, some on third and fourth pedigerous somite. Entire posterior margin of first urosomal somite ornamented with two rows of microspinules. Genital double-somite ornamented with row of micro- and row of spinules on posterior margin. Third urosomite with row of micro- and row of different sized spinules along posterior margin. Fourth urosomite ventrolaterally with same-sized spinules as anterior urosomite. Fourth urosomite with thin, well developed pseudoperculum. Anal somite short, with minute spinules ventrally and ventrolaterally along posterior margin (Fig. 3 B, C). Caudal rami of adult female (Fig. 3 C) cylindrical, approximately two to three times longer than wide, with five setae: seta I absent; seta II slender, dorsally displaced; seta III slender, unipinnate, spine-like, situated dorsolaterally, near posterior end; seta IV shorter, naked, and more slender than III, V long and slender, bipinnate in posterior half; seta VI absent; seta VII slender, on dorsal surface. Antennule (Fig. 4 A, B). Eight-segmented. Armature formula: I (0) II (7) six slender naked setae of different sizes, one seta with three spinules near posterior end III (3) three naked setae IV [1 + (2 + aes)] three naked setae, two of which situated on small protrusion with one aesthetasc V (1) one slender seta VI (0) unarmed VII (3) three naked setae, two of which long VIII [6 + (1 + aes)] seven slender naked setae, one of which fused at base with aesthetasc Antenna. See male (Fig. 5 A). Mandibular palp (Fig. 5 B). Palp biramous. Endopod two-segmented, proximal segment unarmed, distal segment apically with five naked, basally fused, slender setae. Exopod one-third length of endopod, one-segmented, with one dorsally displaced and two apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 5 C). Praecoxal arthrite with two juxtaposed strong, stout setae on anterior and one seta on anterior surface. Arthrite with one short and flexible, four stout and two spine-like setae. Coxal endite bearing six slender setae. Endite of basis with four slender, naked setae. Endopod one-segmented, bearing two slender naked setae. Exopod with three slender naked setae. Maxilla (Fig. 5 D). Praecoxa and coxa fused forming syncoxa with three endites. No separation with basis visible. Proximal endite with two slender, unipinnate setae. Middle endite with two slender, unipinnate setae. Distal endite with two slender, naked setae. Allobasis with one naked and one unipinnate seta. Endopod with six naked setae, one of which broken off. Maxilliped (Fig. 5 E). Syncoxa with one long, naked seta. Basis with row of spinules. Endopod one-segmented, apically with one long, geniculate seta and one naked seta accompanied by three small spinules. Swimming legs (Fig. 6; Table 2). With rami characteristic for Emertonia species belonging to the andeep - group; intercoxal sclerites without ornamentation. P 1 (Fig. 6 A). Basis with one pinnate inner seta and one naked outer seta. Endopod slightly longer than exopod, both rami two-segmented. Enp 1 armed with spinules on outer margin and three pinnules near inner distal corner. Enp 1 unarmed. Enp 2 terminally with one long bipinnate seta, one shorter, naked, slighty displaced outer seta, and one spine-like spinule near inner distal corner. Exp 1 with one unipinnate outer spine. Exp 2 with all elements arranged around distal margin: one unipinnate and one bipinnate spine, and two setae, the outermost being bipinnate with short outer pinnules, the inner one with pinules on inner margin. P 2 – P 4 (Fig. 6 B – D). Surface of coxae naked. Bases of P 2 – P 4 bearing one naked outer seta accompanied by a short row of spinules. Three-segmented exopods slightly longer than endopods, with spinules along outer margin. P 2 – P 4 exp 1 and exp 2 with one strong serrated spine; exp 2 with one inner spinule situated on pronounced ledge. P 2 – P 3 exp 3 with four elements. P 2 exp 3 with two serrated outer spines, and apically with one long, serrated outer spine and one long inner seta with two long pinnules. P 3 exp 3 as in P 2, but long seta with four long pinnules. P 4 exp 3 with two serrated spines (outer one short and strongly serrated, inner one long); inner distal corner with few spinules. Endopods P 2 – P 3 one-segmented with spinules along outer margin and an additional terminal spinule row. Endopods P 2 – P 3 bearing two spinules on inner margin, one of which positioned on a ledge; apically with long, rigid, spine-like bipinnate seta. Endopod P 4 two-segmented, armed with spinules along outer margin; enp 1 apically with one inner spinule, and spinule row on posterior surface; enp 2 with a row of inner spinules. P 4 enp 2 apically with two short spinous processes and one spine-like seta with distally jagged tip. P 5 (Fig. 7 A). Baseoendopods fused medially; completely separated from small exopods. Baseoendopod with long outer basal seta (with two pinnules) and short spinule row near outer margin on anterior surface. Endopodal lobes well developed, separated by medial cleft; each with halfmoon-shaped spinule row and two stout setae, the outer unipinnate and the inner one bipinnate. Exopod with several spinules along inner margin and three spinelike setae, the inner one being shortest, the outer one being longest and unipinnate, and the middle one being more flexible, outwardly directed and arising from a minute protrusion. P 6 and genital field see Fig. 7 B. Sixth pair of legs represented by small fused outgrowths bearing two minute spinous processes. Description of male. Habitus (Fig. 8 A – C). As in female but second and third urosomites not fused. Total body length measured from anterior tip of rostrum to posterior margin of anal somite (allotype) 0.20 mm, including caudal rami 0.22 mm. Mouthparts and swimming legs as in female, sexual dimorphism in antennule, P 5, P 6 and urosomal segmentation. Antennule (Fig. 9). Seven-segmented. Segment III small, segment V rounded and bulbous (Fig. 9 A, B). Armature formula: I (0) II (5) five slender naked setae III (2) two naked setae IV (3) three slender naked setae V (6 + aes) three slender naked setae, three spine-like setae and one aesthetasc VI (2) two naked setae VII (6 + aes) six slender naked setae and one aesthetasc Antenna (Fig. 5 A). Endopod two-segmented; enp 1 unarmed; enp 2 subapically with one seta; apical margin of enp 2 with four slender naked setae, two of which geniculate. Exopod one-segmented with one naked inner seta and a small spine adjacent to two naked setae. P 5 (Fig. 7 C). Baseoendopods fused medially; with outer basal seta (lost on one side) and short row of spinules near outer margin; endopodal lobes weakly developed, separated medially by indentation. Exopod discrete at base; with several spinules on inner margin; armed with three spine-like setae, the innermost being shortest and naked, the outer being longest and with two pinnules, and the middle one being flexible, naked, originating from a minute protrusion and outwardly directed. P 6 (Fig. 7 D). Sixth legs represented by small, medially fused plates separated by deep cleft, each with two small, unipinnate setae and a short row of spinules on anterior surface.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFD4FF93D8DBF9E2FD81BE3A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The examined specimens are registered and deposited in the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Germany. All specimens of the type material were collected on the continental margin off Chile. Station numbers indicate “ Expedition, station number, depth, core number, sediment horizon ”. Female holotype, SMF 37239 (adult female on 1 slide): RV Sonne 156 C — PUCK, St. 7174, 1,222 m, R 3, 0 – 1 cm. Male allotype, SMF 37240 (adult male on 1 slide): RV Sonne 156 B — PUCK, St. 7167, 2,060 m, R 1, 0 – 1 cm. Female paratype 1, SMF 37241 (adult female on 6 slides): RV Sonne 156 C — PUCK, St. 7177 A, 906 m, R 4, 0 – 1 cm. Female paratype 2, SMF 37242 (adult female on 2 slides): RV Sonne 156 B — PUCK, St. 7167, 2,060 m, R 1 C, 0 – 1 cm. Male paratype 3, SMF 37243 (adult male on 7 slides): RV Sonne 156 C — PUCK, St. 7177 B, 906 m, R 3, 0 – 1 cm. Female paratype 4, SMF 37244 (adult female on 5 slides): RV Sonne 156 C — PUCK, St. 7177 C, 906 m, R 4, 0 – 1 cm. Male paratype 5, SMF 37245 (adult male on 1 slide): RV Sonne 156 C — PUCK, St. 7177 A, 906 m, R 3, 0 – 1 cm.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFD4FF93D8DBF9E2FD81BE3A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is dedicated to Ilse Veit-Köhler, mother of Gritta Veit-Köhler, who always encouraged her daughter’s love for nature and animals.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFD4FF93D8DBF9E2FD81BE3A.taxon	description	Description of female. Habitus (Fig. 10 A, B). Total body length measured from anterior tip of rostrum to posterior margin of anal somite (holotype) 0.21 mm, including caudal rami 0.23 mm. Body cylindrical, slightly depressed dorsoventrally, with prosome slightly wider than urosome. Pedigerous somites bearing P 2 – P 4 with middorsal backwardly directed protrusions arising from posterior margin. Pores present in small numbers, distributed dorsally and laterally on cephalothorax and most of free somites. Sensilla visible on cephalothorax and third pedigerous somite. Second and third prosomal somites dorsally ornamented with short row of microspinules. Entire posterior margin of first three urosomites ornamented with spinules. First urosomite with additional spinule row laterally. Fourth urosomite ventrolaterally with same-sized spinules as in preceding somites and minute spinules along entire posterior margin. Fourth urosomite forming thin, well developed pseudoperculum (Fig. 10 A, B). Anal somite short with minute spinules ventrally and ventrolaterally along posterior margin (Fig. 10 B, C). Caudal rami of adult female (Fig. 10 C) cylindrical, approximately three times longer than wide, with five setae: seta I absent; seta II slender, dorsally displaced; seta III slender with clearly visible inner structure, spine-like, situated dorsolaterally, near posterior end; seta IV shorter and more slender than III; seta V long and slender with clearly visible internal fracture plane, three pinnules in posterior half; seta VI absent; seta VII slender, arising from dorsal surface. Posterior margin of caudal rami with ventral spinule row. Rostrum (Fig. 11 A). Small, hyaline, not defined at base; not discernible in dorsal or lateral aspect. Antennule (Fig. 12 A, B). Eight-segmented. Armature formula: I (0) II (8) eight slender naked setae of different sizes, one of which minute III (4) four naked setae IV (1 + 2 aes) one naked seta and two aesthetascs V (1) one long slender seta with one pinnule VI (1) one slender naked seta VII (3) three naked setae, one of which long VIII [5 + (1 + aes) + aes] six slender setae, two aesthetascs, one of which fused at base with longest slender naked seta with one spinule Antenna. See male (Fig. 11 B). Mandible (Fig. 11 D, E). Coxa with slender elongate gnathobase (Fig. 11 D); cutting edge with two large and four smaller teeth. Palp biramous (Fig. 11 E). Basis asetose. Endopod two-segmented; proximal segment asetose, distal segment apically furnished with four naked, basally fused, slender setae. Exopod one-third length of endopod, one-segmented, with three apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 11 F, G). Praecoxal arthrite with two juxtaposed slender setae on anterior surface. Inner margin of arthrite with five stout spines (two of which shorter than the others) and four additional setae (not all visible in Fig. 11 G). Coxal endite bearing three slender setae. Endite of basis armed with three slender naked setae. Endopod one-segmented, with three slender naked setae. Exopod missing. Maxilla (Fig. 11 H). Praecoxa and coxa fused forming syncoxa with three endites. No separation with basis visible. Proximal endite slightly bilobed, with slender, naked seta on either lobe. Middle endite with two slender, naked setae. Distal endite with two slender, naked setae. Allobasis with stout, naked, claw-like spine (no separation from allobasis visible) accompanied by two naked setae. Endopod two-segmented with one naked seta on proximal segment and three naked setae on distal one. Maxilliped (Fig. 11 I). Syncoxa and basis unarmed. Endopod one-segmented, with two small spines next to one long naked seta. Swimming legs (Fig. 13; Table 3). With rami characteristic for Emertonia species belonging to the andeep - group; intercoxal sclerites without ornamentation. P 1 (Fig. 13 A). Coxa naked. Basis with row of short spinules along inner margin, one pinnate inner seta and one pinnate outer seta. Endopod slightly longer than exopod, both rami two-segmented and, except for exp 1, armed with spinules on outer margin. Enp 1 unarmed, enp 2 terminally with one long inner seta bearing single pinnule, and one shorter, unipinnate, outer seta. Exp 1 with one unipinnate outer spine. Exp 2 with two unipinnate outer spines and two bipinnate apical setae. P 2 – P 4 (Fig. 13 B – D). Surface of coxae naked. Bases of P 2 – P 4 bearing one naked outer seta (accompanied by two spinules in P 4). Three-segmented exopods slightly longer than endopods with spinules along outer margin (P 2 – P 4) and terminally (P 4). P 2 – P 4 exp 1 and exp 2 with strong serrated spine; exp 2 with two spinules along inner margin in P 2, with one spinule situated on pronounced ledge in P 3 – P 4. P 2 – P 3 exp 3 with four elements. P 2 exp 3 with two serrated outer spines and apically one long, naked, spine-like, outer seta and one long, inner seta with one pinnule. P 3 exp 3 as in P 2, but spine-like terminal seta serrated at tip. P 4 exp 3 with two serrated spines (one short outer and one long terminal). Endopods P 2 – P 3 one-segmented with spinules along outer margin, two short inner rows of fine spinules and an additional terminal spinule row. Endopod P 2 bearing one long spinule, positioned on ledge and one subapically on inner margin. Endopods P 2 – P 3 apically with long, rigid bipinnate seta. Endopod P 4 two-segmented; armed with spinules along outer margin, one inner spinule on enp 1 and several slender inner spinules on enp 2; enp 2 apically with one short naked, spine-like seta. P 5 (Fig. 14 A). Baseoendopods fused forming medially cleft plate with naked outer basal seta on either side; completely separated from exopods; with slightly curved spinule rows situated near proximal outer margins. Endopodal lobes with paired halfmoon-shaped spinule rows around outer margins; with one large inner and one slightly smaller outer naked seta. Exopod with several spinules along inner margin and three naked spine-like setae, the innermost being shortest and the outer being the longest seta. The middle seta is more flexible, outwardly directed and situated on a protrusion. P 6 and genital field see Fig. 14 B. Sixth pair of legs represented by small fused outgrowths bearing a minute spinous process on either side. Description of male. Habitus (Fig. 15). As in female but slightly larger and second and third urosomites not fused (Fig. 15 A, B). Total body length measured from anterior tip of rostrum to posterior margin of anal somite (allotype) 0.23 mm, including caudal rami 0.25 mm. Only third prosomal somite dorsally ornamented with short row of microspinules. Mouthparts and swimming legs as in female, sexual dimorphism in antennule, P 5, P 6 and urosomal segmentation, in addition to slight differences in armature of caudal rami (Fig. 15 C: seta II very tiny on outer margin, no spinules along apical margin). Antennule (Fig. 16). Five-segmented. Segment I with spinule row along anterior margin, segment III relatively small, segment IV rounded and bulbous (Fig. 16 B, C). Armature formula: I (0) II (4) four slender naked setae, one of which minute III (2) two naked setae IV (5 + aes) one slender naked, one minute and three spine-like (Fig. 16 C) setae, and one aesthetasc V (7 + aes) seven slender naked setae, one of which on anterior margin, and one aesthetasc Antenna (Fig. 11 B). Basis unarmed. Endopod two-segmented; enp 1 with one short naked abexopodal seta; enp 2 subapically with three spine-like naked setae, one of which small; apical margin of enp 2 with five slender naked setae, two of which geniculate. Exopod one-segmented with one inner pinnate seta, apically with a spine adjacent to two setae of different sizes with transversally cut naked tips. P 5 (Fig. 14 C). Baseoendopods fused medially; with naked outer basal seta; slightly curved spinule rows situated on either side of basal margin and along posterior margin on endopodal lobes. Exopod discrete at base; with with several spinules along inner margin and three naked setae, two of which spine-like, the innermost being shortest and the outer being the longest seta. The middle seta is flexible, situated on a protrusion and more outwardly directed. P 6 (Fig. 14 D). Sixth leg represented by small, medially fused plates, each bearing one small, naked inner seta and one slightly larger, naked outer seta.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFCCFF9BD8DBF8E2FB42BC66.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The examined specimens are registered and deposited in the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Germany. All specimens of the type material were collected with the D. S. V. Alvin in the San Diego Trough off California (only one station) and during the PUCK expedition off Chile. Station numbers for PUCK indicate “ Expedition, station number, depth, core number, sediment horizon ”. Additionally, for each specimen from the San Diego Trough an identification number assigned by the collector (David Thistle) is given. Female holotype, SMF 37246 (adult female on 6 slides): D. S. V. Alvin, T 3613 A, 1,050 m. Male allotype, SMF 37247 (adult male on 1 slide): RV Sonne 156 A — PUCK, St. 7103, 891 m, R 1, 0 – 1 cm. Female paratype 1, SMF 37248 (adult female on 3 slides): D. S. V. Alvin, T 3649 A, 1,050 m. Female paratype 2, SMF 37249 (adult female on 1 slide): D. S. V. Alvin, T 3628, 1,050 m. Male paratype 3, SMF 37250 (adult male on 4 slides): D. S. V. Alvin, T 3649 B, 1,050 m. Female paratype 4, SMF 37251 (adult female on 5 slides): D. S. V. Alvin, T 3609, 1,050 m.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFCCFF9BD8DBF8E2FB42BC66.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is dedicated to Dr Robert R. Hessler who is a noted deep-sea ecologist.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFCCFF9BD8DBF8E2FB42BC66.taxon	description	Description of female. Habitus (Fig. 17). Total body length measured from anterior tip of rostrum to posterior margin of anal somite (holotype) 0.23 mm, including caudal rami 0.25 mm. Body cylindrical (Fig. 17 A, B), slightly depressed dorsoventrally, with prosome slightly wider than urosome. Most pores distributed dorsally and laterally on cephalothorax and some on the free body somites. Sensilla visible on cephalothorax and pedigerous somites. First urosomite and genital double-somite dorsolaterally and third and fourth urosomites along entire posterior margin ornamented with spinules (Fig. 17 B). Fourth urosomite with thin, well developed pseudoperculum (Fig. 17 A). Anal somite short with minute spinules ventrally and ventrolaterally along the posterior margin (Fig. 17 B). Caudal rami (Fig. 17 C). Cylindrical, approximately three times longer than wide, with five setae: seta I absent; seta II slender, dorsally displaced; seta III short, slender, spine-like, situated dorsolaterally, near posterior margin; seta IV longer, with clearly visible fracture plane and with flexible end, V long and slender, with clearly visible fracture plane and several pinnules, situated terminally; seta VI absent; seta VII slender, on dorsal surface. Posterior margin of caudal rami with ventral spinule row. Antennule (Fig. 18). Eight-segmented. No further details visible. Antenna (Fig. 19 A) Basis unarmed. Endopod two-segmented; enp 1 with one abexopodal spinule and one short naked inner seta; enp 2 with two spinules along inner margin and subapically with four naked dorsal setae; apical margin with six slender naked setae. Exopod one-segmented with one naked flexible seta and a spinule laterally and two naked setae apically. Mandibular palp (Fig. 19 B) biramous. Basis with two spinules. Endopod two-segmented; proximal segment with two naked inner setae, one short and one long; distal segment apically furnished with five naked and slender confluent, basally fused setae. Exopod one-third length of endopod, one-segmented, with one dorsally displaced and two apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 19 C). Praecoxal arthrite with four naked setae. Coxal endite with four slender naked setae. Endite of basis with four slender naked setae. Endopod one-segmented, with two slender naked setae. Exopod with three slender naked setae, one dorsally displaced. Maxilla (Fig. 19 D). Praecoxa and coxa fused forming syncoxa with three endites. No separation with basis visible. Proximal endite with two slender, naked setae. Middle endite with two slender, naked setae. Distal endite with two slender, naked setae, one of which short. Allobasis with two naked setae. Endopod two-segmented; proximal segment with three naked setae, one of which slightly displaced; distal segment with two naked setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 19 I). Syncoxa with one naked seta. Basis unarmed. Endopod one-segmented with one small spine adjacent to one long naked seta. Swimming legs (Fig. 20; Table 4). With rami characteristic for Emertonia species belonging to the andeep - group; intercoxal sclerites without ornamentaion. P 1 (Fig. 20 A). Coxa with several spinules of different sizes along outer margin. Basis with spinules along inner margin, one unipinnate inner and one bipinnate outer seta. Endopod slightly longer than exopod; both rami two-segmented and armed with spinules along outer margin. Enp 1 unarmed; with three pinnules along inner apical margin. Enp 2 with two equally long unipinnate setae, the inner one slightly stronger and accompanied at base by two long spinules. Exp 1 with one unipinnate outer spine. Exp 2 with two unipinnate outer spines and terminally with one unipinnate outer and one naked inner seta. P 2 – P 4 (Fig. 20 B – D). Coxae without ornamentation. Basis of P 2 with spinule row near naked outer seta. Basis P 3 unarmed and basis P 4 with naked outer seta. Exopods three-segmented and slightly longer than endopods; all segments with spinules along outer margin in P 2 and P 3. P 4 exp 1 sparsely armed and exp 2 and exp 3 unarmed along outer margin. Spines of P 4 exp 2 and exp 3 accompanied at base by spinules. P 2 exp 1 and exp 2 with strong serrated spine. P 3 exp 1 with strong naked and exp 2 with strong serrated spine. P 2 – P 3 exp 2 with spinules along inner margin. P 4 exp 1 and exp 2 with two spinules on small ledges along inner margin. P 2 – P 3 exp 3 with four elements. P 2 exp 3 with two strongly serrated outer spines and two apical setae, the outermost of which long, naked and spine-like and the inner long and flexible with two long pinnules. P 3 exp 3 as in P 2, but inner apical seta more plumose and outer apical spine with bifid tip. P 4 exp 3 with two serrated spines (a short outer and a very long terminal). P 2 – P 3 endopods one-segmented; with spinules along outer margin, two short rows of fine spinules and an additional terminal spinule row on posterior surface. P 2 enp with three long spinules along inner margin, the proximalmost one positioned on a ledge. P 2 – P 3 endopods apically with long rigid seta, being uniplumose in P 2 and bipinnate with spine-like pinnules in P 3. P 4 endopod two-segmented, armed with spinules along outer margin; enp 1 with one long inner spinule and a spinule row along apical margin; enp 2 with two groups of three spinules arising from small ledges near apical margin and with one short, naked, spine-like distal seta exhibiting two deep serrations at tip. P 5 (Fig. 21 A). Baseoendopods fused medially, completely separated from small exopods; with long, naked outer basal seta on either side and short spinule rows on surface near outer margins; anterior surface with one pore near spinule row and several integumental pits. Endopodal lobes moderately developed, separated by medial cleft; each with halfmoon-shaped spinule row and two stout apical setae, the outer being unipinnate with two spinules and the inner bipinnate. Exopod with one small spinule and three naked spine-like setae, the inner one being shortest, the outer longest and the middle one more flexible, and directed outwardly (contrary to the other setae). P 6 and genital field (Fig. 21 B). Sixth pair of legs represented by small fused outgrowths. Description of male. Habitus (Fig. 22 A, B). As in female but slightly smaller and second and third urosomites not fused. Total body length measured from anterior tip of rostrum to posterior margin of anal somite (allotype) 0.18 mm, including caudal rami 0.19 mm. Spermatophore located in right side of the body. Ornamentation of body somites as in female. Caudal rami (Fig. 22 C). For description see female. Antennule (Fig. 23). Seven-segmented (not all segments visible in Fig. 23 B). Segment I with spinule row along outer margin, segment III relatively small, segment IV rounded and bulbous, with two spinules along anterior margin and one stout spinule on apical margin (Fig. 23 A). Armature formula: I (0) II (8) eight slender naked setae of different sizes III (1) one naked seta IV (2 + aes) two slender naked setae and one aesthetasc V and VI no armature discernible VII (3) three slender naked setae, one of which minute Swimming legs as in female, sexual dimorphisms only in P 5 and P 6 (Fig. 21 C, D). P 5 (Fig. 21 C). Baseoendopods fused medially; with very long, naked outer basal seta on either side and short spinule rows on anterior surface surface near outer margins. Exopod discrete at base; with one small spinule (not visible on one side) and three naked spine-like setae, the middle seta of which being more flexible, longest and outwardly directed. P 6 (Fig. 21 D) represented by small, medially fused plates, each bearing two stout setae.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFC4FFA5D8DBFA31FE55BCD2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The examined species will be registered and deposited in the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Germany. All specimens of the type material were collected in the Southern Ocean, Atlantic Sector. Station numbers indicate “ Expedition, station number-deployment number, depth, core-number, sediment horizon ”. Female holotype, SMF 37252 (adult female on 1 slide): RV Polarstern PS 71 — SYSTCO, St. 85 - 7, 2,964 m, MUC 1, 0 – 1 cm. Female paratype 1, SMF 37253 (adult female on 1 slide): RV Polarstern PS 71 — SYSTCO, St. 85 - 5, 2,965 m, MUC 3, 0 – 1 cm. Female paratype 2, SMF 37254 (adult female on 3 slides): RV Polarstern PS 71 — SYSTCO, St. 13 - 12, 2,963 m, MUC 2, 0 – 1 cm. Female paratype 3, SMF 37255 (adult female on 1 slide): RV Polarstern PS 71 — SYSTCO, St. 85 - 7, 2,964 m, MUC 4, 0 – 1 cm.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFC4FFA5D8DBFA31FE55BCD2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is dedicated to Annabel Mathiske’s father, Dr Bernd Mathiske, for always supporting her and for sparking her interest in marine biology.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFC4FFA5D8DBFA31FE55BCD2.taxon	description	Description of female. Habitus (Fig. 24 A, B). Total body length measured from anterior tip of rostrum to posterior margin of anal somite (holotype) 0.23 mm, including caudal rami 0.25 mm. Body cylindrical (Fig. 24 A, B), slightly depressed dorsoventrally, with prosome slightly wider than urosome. Pores distributed dorsally and laterally on cephalothorax and some on the free somites. Sensilla visible on cephalothorax and somites bearing P 2 – P 5. Second and third prosomites dorsally with short row of microspinules and spinules along entire posterior margin (in third prosomite of minute size). Entire posterior margin of the first three urosomites ornamented with spinules; fourth urosomite ventrolaterally with similar-sized spinules (Fig. 24 B) and forming thin, well developed pseudoperculum (Fig. 24 A). Anal somite short with minute spinules ventrally and ventrolaterally along posterior margin (Fig. 24 A, B). Caudal rami of adult female (Fig. 24 C) cylindrical, approximately three times longer than wide, with five setae: seta I absent; seta II slender, dorsally displaced; seta III short, slender, spine-like, situated dorsolaterally near outer distal corner; seta IV longer, unipinnate, with clearly visible fracture plane and with flexible end; seta V long and slender, bipinnate, with clearly visible fracture plane, situated terminally; seta VI absent; dorsal seta VII slender. Posterior margin of caudal rami ventrally with several spinules (Fig. 24 B). Antennule (Fig. 25). Eight-segmented. Segment I with spinule row along inner margin. Armature formula: I (0) II (10) ten slender naked setae of different sizes III (5) four naked setae, one small spine and one scar (possibly from broken-off seta) along anterior margin IV (2 + aes) one short naked seta on inner margin and one long naked seta on protrusion accompanying aesthetasc V (1) one long, naked slender seta VI (1) one long slender seta with one spinule VII (3) three naked setae VIII [6 + (1 + aes)] six slender setae, terminally with one aesthetasc fused at base with one slender naked seta Antenna (Fig. 26 A) Basis unarmed. Endopod two-segmented. Enp 1 with one long, naked inner seta. Enp 2 subapically with two naked dorsal setae accompanied by a stout spine; apical margin with seven slender naked setae, five of which geniculate. Exopod one-segmented with one naked inner seta, subapically a stout spine and apically a spinule row and two naked setae. Mandibular palp (Fig. 26 B). Palp biramous. Endopod two-segmented; proximal segment with two naked inner setae; distal segment apically with seven naked, slender, basally fused setae of different lengths. Exopod one-third length of endopod, one-segmented, with one dorsally displaced and four apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 26 C). Praecoxal arthrite apically with four stout and two slender naked setae, two juxtaposed slender setae on anterior surface and one outer spinule. Coxal endite bearing four slender naked setae. Endite of basis armed with four slender naked setae. Enp one-segmented with two slender naked setae. Exp with five slender naked setae. Maxilla (Fig. 26 D). Praecoxa and coxa fused to form a syncoxa bearing three endites. No separation towards basis visible. Proximal endite slightly bilobed, with a slender, naked seta on either lobe. Middle endite with one slender, naked seta. Distal endite armed with two naked setae. Allobasis with stout naked claw-like spine accompanied by three naked setae (one of which with not detectable tip). Enp with four naked setae and one of which slightly displaced. Maxilliped (Fig. 26 E). Syncoxa with a row of spinules accompanying a slender naked seta. Basis asetose. Enp one-segmented with five setae, of which two are slender and naked, two are short slender and naked, and one is stout, long, unipinnate and spine-like. Swimming legs (Fig. 27; Table 5). With modified rami characteristic for Emertonia species belonging to the andeep - group and naked intercoxal sclerites. P 1 (Fig. 27 A). Coxa not visible. Basis with two spinules at inner margin, one inner and one outer pinnate seta. Enp slightly longer than exp, both rami two-segmented and exp 2 and enp 1 ornamented with spinules on outer margin. Enp 1 unarmed, enp 2 terminally with one long unipinnate seta and one shorter naked slighty displaced outer seta. Exp 1 with one outer naked spine. Exp 2 with two outer unipinnate spines and terminally two unipinnate setae. P 2 – P 4 (Fig. 27 B – D). Coxa anteriorly with short row of outward facing flexible setules. Basis of P 2 – P 4 with a spinule row on outer margin. Basis P 4 bearing one naked outer seta. Three-segmented exopods slightly longer than endopods with spinules along outer margin and terminally (P 2 – P 4). Exp 1 and exp 2 with strong serrated outer spines and spinules at the spine’s base. Exp 2 P 3 with three spinules situated on pronounced ledge on inner margin. Exp 2 P 4 with one spinule situated on pronounced ledge and one at apical part of inner margin. Exp 3 with spine-like spinules at base of all setae (P 2 – P 4). Exp 3 P 2 and P 3 with four elements. Exp 3 P 2 with two strongly serrated outer spines and two apical setae, the outermost of which long spine-like and serrated at distal half and the innermost long flexible and naked. Exp 3 P 3 as in P 2, but inner apical seta plumose with pinnules on inner side. Exp 3 P 4 with two serrated spines (one short outer and one long terminal). Endopods P 2 and P 3 one-segmented with spinules along the outer margin and an additional terminal spinule row. Spinule row on outer margin of enp P 2 ending below apical margin in an inward curve. Enp P 2 with additionally two very long spinules at two thirds of the outer margin. Enp P 3 with three spinules on a ledge on inner margin. Enps P 2 and P 3 apically with long, rigid, spine-like bipinnate seta. Endopod P 4 two-segmented, armed with spinules along outer margin, one inner spinule on enp 1 and three slender inner spinules on a ledge on enp 2. Enp 2 P 4 apically with one spine-like seta jaggedly serrated at tip. P 5 (Fig. 28 A). Legs of P 5 fused in the middle. Exopod and baseoendopod fused, forming a non-segmented plate. Benp with outer long basal naked seta and short spinule rows on surface proximally from exp. Endopodal lobes drawn out with medial cleft, each armed with two pinnate setae. Exopodal parts with three naked setae, with the innermost being shortest and the outer being the longest seta. The outer and inner setae are spine-like while the middle seta is more slender, flexible and outwardly oriented. Exopodal part of right body side with a short spinule row near innermost seta. P 6 and genital field see Fig. 28 B. Sixth pair of legs represented by small wavily fused outgrowths bearing two small inner thorns on each side. Male. Unknown.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
039EFD16FFFDFFA1D8DBF987FB5EBDFA.taxon	description	The new species were found in a small number of stations (11) compared to the total number of 74 investigated stations — most of them sampled during the Census of Abyssal Marine Life (CeDAMar). A total of 875 sediment samples (mainly collected with multicorers) were checked in the course of this study (Fig. 2). The number of copepods examined (adults and copepodids) totalled more than 73,000 individuals. Assuming a percentage of 30 % adults in deep-sea harpacticoid communities (George et al. 2014), the 49 collected adult individuals of the four new species (out of approx. 22,000 inspected adult copepods) show their rareness compared to other, more typical deep-sea taxa (e. g. Argestidae: cf. Menzel 2011). However, species such as E. andeep, described from only two specimens found during the ANDEEP II expedition to the Weddell Sea (Veit-Köhler 2004), proved to be extremely wide-spread when samples of other expeditions were taken into account (Gheerardyn & Veit-Köhler 2009). The same is true for E. serrata sp. nov. which was reported only from the Southeastern Atlantic (Gheerardyn & Veit- Köhler 2009; as their putative species Kliopsyllus sp. 1). Three of the four new species proved to be extremely widespread. Consequently, the rareness of Paramesochridae in the deep sea does not necessarily exclude their suitability as model organisms for distribution range studies of benthic copepods. Moreover, their easy-to-assess simple morphology with a reduced segmentation and setation of the swimming legs, and their ubiquity makes biogeography studies on deep-sea Paramesochridae a straightforward and rewarding task.	en	Mathiske, Annabel, Thistle, David, Gheerardyn, Hendrik, Veit-Köhler, Gritta (2021): Deep sea without limits-four new closely related species of Emertonia Wilson 1932 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Paramesochridae) show characters with a worldwide distribution. Zootaxa 5051 (1): 443-486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.18
