identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4103C076FFBAFF9AFF293069FB88F83D.text	4103C076FFBAFF9AFF293069FB88F83D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actiniaria Hertwig 1882	<div><p>Order ACTINIARIA Hertwig, 1882</p> <p>Suborder ANENTHEMONAE Rodríguez &amp; Daly, 2014 in Rodríguez et al., 2014</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4103C076FFBAFF9AFF293069FB88F83D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Izumi, Takato;Yanagi, Kensuke	Izumi, Takato, Yanagi, Kensuke (2021): Description of the second species of Synhalcurias Carlgren, 1914, Synhalcurias kahakui sp. nov. (Actiniaria: Actinernidae) with redescription of S. elegans (Wassilieff, 1908). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 561-574, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.5
4103C076FFBBFF9BFF2937F9FAB2FD61.text	4103C076FFBBFF9BFF2937F9FAB2FD61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synhalcurias Carlgren 1914	<div><p>Genus Synhalcurias Carlgren, 1914</p> <p>Synhalcurias Carlgren, 1914: 53; Carlgren, 1918: 27; Stephenson, 1922: 260; Carlgren, 1949: 19.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Column cylindrical, distally not expanded, nor forming lobes; with many simple tentacles. Mesenteries 68 to ca. 100, all mesenteries perfect and fertile. After formation of ten first pairs of mesenteries (1st and 2nd cycles), further mesenterial formation cyclical in each of eight lateral endocoels, similar to Halcurias. Two siphonoglyphs. Column ectoderm with or without small nematocyst batteries. Cnidom: basitrichs, spirocysts, microbasic b -mastigophores, microbasic p -mastigophores (each in all tissue). (Modified from Uchida [2007], changes in bold)</p> <p>Type species. Synactinernus elegans (Wassilieff, 1908)</p> <p>Remarks. Synhalcurias has been recognized as monotypic since it was established by Carlgren (1914) (see also Carlgren, 1949; Fautin, 2016). In this study, we describe a second species for this genus, S. kakahui sp. nov. To incorporate this additional species, we rearranged the diagnosis as below: 1) adding the cnidom; 2) added the case that not nematocyst batteries in the column; 3) revised that all mesenteries perfect (instead of “almost all”).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4103C076FFBBFF9BFF2937F9FAB2FD61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Izumi, Takato;Yanagi, Kensuke	Izumi, Takato, Yanagi, Kensuke (2021): Description of the second species of Synhalcurias Carlgren, 1914, Synhalcurias kahakui sp. nov. (Actiniaria: Actinernidae) with redescription of S. elegans (Wassilieff, 1908). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 561-574, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.5
4103C076FFBBFF9CFF29341BFB88FC61.text	4103C076FFBBFF9CFF29341BFB88FC61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synhalcurias elegans (Wassilieff 1908)	<div><p>Synhalcurias elegans (Wassilieff, 1908)</p> <p>(Japanese name: seitaka-kawari-ginchaku)</p> <p>Figs. 2–4; Table 1</p> <p>Ilyanthopsis elegans Wassilieff, 1908: 8, textfigs 2–5, pl. 1 fig. 2, pl. 3 fig. 38, pl. 4 figs. 39, 40a, 40b.</p> <p>Synhalcurias elegans: Carlgren, 1914: 50–53, pl. figs. 1–4; Carlgren, 1918: 6, 27, textfigs 2-4; Stephenson, 1922: 260; Carlgren, 1940: 22; Carlgren, 1949: 20; Uchida, 1992: 129, pl. 29 fig. 5; Uchida and Soyama, 2001: 21; Uchida, 2007: 23–27, fig. 2,3, pl. 2. xxx</p> <p>Material examined. Types (Fig. 2). ZSM2004147 (syntype): specimen collected from Sagami Bay, Japan by Franz Doflein on May 1904. ZSM2004148 (syntype): specimen collected from Sagami Bay, Japan, at 110 m, by Allan Owston using his yacht “Golden Hind” on July 24, 1902. Other specimens (Fig. 3). NSMT-Co 1693: from Mikawa Bay, specimen dissected and fixed by Takato Izumi on June 1, 2016. NSMT-Co 1694: collected January 2018, at Uragami, Wakayama Prefecture, at 100–130 m, by Isao Hirabayashi, and dissected and fixed by Takuma Fujii and Kensuke Yanagi on May 22, 2018.</p> <p>Description. External anatomy. Body cylindrical (Fig. 3A), 7–15 cm in length and 50–100 mm in diameter in living specimens, 50–100 mm in length and 35–80 mm in diameter in preserved specimens. Column surface relatively smooth, wrinkled but without any structures. Ectoderm of column pale orange or yellow when alive (Fig. 3A), with sparse, small nematocyst batteries. The naked column opaque milky white. Basal disc in aboral end, thick, robust and adhesive (Fig. 3A). Distal column not developed into lobes (Fig. 3B). Tentacles 76–100 in number on oral disc, all marginal, in two rows. All tentacles 5–10 mm in length, pale orange in color, long and slender without any structures and no thickenings. Tentacles less contractile and less adhesive. Oral disc pale orange, with radial stripes corresponding to every tentacle. Mouth at center of oral disc, lip-like, pale orange and yellow in color (Fig. 3A, B).</p> <p>Internal anatomy. Perfect mesenteries 76-100, extending from distal to proximal ends; 12 in first cycle, including four directives; eight in second cycle; 16 in third cycle; and 32 in fourth cycle; fifth cycle incomplete. Mesenteries of second cycle in endocoels of mesenteries of first cycle, same as general arrangement of Actinernoidea. Microcnemes absent (Fig. 3C). Tentacular longitudinal and circular muscles both too weak to observe in histological sections (Fig. 3F, G). Mesoglea on aboral ends of tentacles not thickened like Actinernus. Retractor muscles extremely weak and diffuse (Fig. 3C–E); muscle processes too weak to count (Fig. 3D, E). Parietal muscles of mesenteries very weak and indistinct, with few muscle fibers (Fig. 3D, E). Mesoglea thickest in body wall and actinopharynx (Fig. 3C), 2–5 mm, far thicker than ectoderm and endoderm; mesoglea thinner in mesenteries (Fig. 3D, E) and basal disc, thinnest in tentacles. Two siphonoglyphs connected to actinopharynx on dorsal and ventral sides, with 18–22 longitudinal grooves (Fig. 3C). Marginal sphincter muscle and basilar muscles both absent. Dioecious: almost all mesenteries fertile, immature spermatic cysts in the specimens examined.</p> <p>Cnidom. Basitrichs, spirocysts, microbasic b -mastigophores and microbasic p -mastigophores. See Table 1 and Fig. 4A–L for size and distribution. Spirocysts in the column of the syntype (ZSM2004147) are slightly distinguished into three types: small, gracile, and robust ones.</p> <p>Distribution. Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Pref. and Suruga Bay, Shizuoka Pref. (Wassilieff, 1908); Ogasawara Islands, Tokyo Met. (Carlgren, 1918); Suruga Bay, Shizuoka Pref., Taiji and Kushimoto, Wakayama Pref., Enshu- Nada Sea, Aichi Pref. (Uchida, 2007); Mikawa Bay, Aichi Pref., and Uragami, Wakayama Pref. (present study), all in Japan. All localities situated off the Pacific coast of Japan except for the Ogasawara Islands (see remarks of Synhalcurias kahakui sp. nov.).</p> <p>Remarks. This species was originally described as Ilyanthopsis elegans by Wassilieff (1908). However, this genus was abolished by Carlgren (1914) because its type species, I. longifilis Hertwig (1888), had been already synonymized with Condylactis passiflora Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864 (currently considered a junior synonym of Condylactis gigantea [Fautin, 2016]) by Pax (1910). Thus, Carlgren established a new genus, Synhalcurias Carlgren, 1914, for I. elegans. This new genus was monotypic.</p> <p>Since its original description and additional specimens in Carlgren (1918), Synhalcurias elegans had not subsequently been documented until Uchida (2007); he redescribed S. elegans using specimens collected from several localities of Japan (see distribution). The characters of our specimens almost perfectly correspond to the redescription of Uchida (2007) and the two syntypes. There is a slight difference in the cnidae between the type material, description of Uchida (2007) and our specimens: the spirocysts of the column can be distinguished into the three types in the type specimen (ZSM2004147), into two types according to Uchida (2007), but are of only one type in our specimen (NSMT-Co 1693). However, there were several cnidae with intermediate form between the two types, thus this difference should not be a conclusive factor to differentiate the species. Thus, we identified these specimens as S. elegans, and redescribed this species by emending mesenterial arrangements and histology of the description of Uchida (2007) and added images of the cnidae. Note that Carlgren (1918) mentioned hermaphrodite specimens; we observed only gonochoric individuals and only immature spermatic cysts.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4103C076FFBBFF9CFF29341BFB88FC61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Izumi, Takato;Yanagi, Kensuke	Izumi, Takato, Yanagi, Kensuke (2021): Description of the second species of Synhalcurias Carlgren, 1914, Synhalcurias kahakui sp. nov. (Actiniaria: Actinernidae) with redescription of S. elegans (Wassilieff, 1908). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 561-574, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.5
4103C076FFBEFF94FF29314BFF0BFA11.text	4103C076FFBEFF94FF29314BFF0BFA11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synhalcurias kahakui Izumi & Yanagi 2021	<div><p>Synhalcurias kahakui sp. nov.</p> <p>(New Japanese name: kobito-seitaka-kawari-ginchaku)</p> <p>Figs. 4, 5; Table 1</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype. NSMT-Co 1695: dissected specimen, July 11, 2016, off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.0905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.218834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.0905/lat 27.218834)">northwestern Otouto-jima Island</a>, Ogasawara Islands (27°13.13ʹN, 142°5.43ʹE), at 157 m in depth, biological dredge, coll. T. Izumi. Paratypes. NSMT-Co 1696: dissected specimen (damaged on its surface), collected May 23, 2019, west off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.373667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.25233/lat 28.373667)">Amami Island</a> (28°22.42ʹN, 129°15.14ʹE), at 315 m in depth, using beam trawl, during research cruise of RV Toyoshio-Maru, coll. I. Kobayashi. CMNH-ZG 09759: a dissected specimen and histological slides; same date, locality, collector, and method as NSMT-Co 1696. CMNH-ZG 09760: a whole specimen preserved in 99 % ethanol; same date, locality, collector, and method as NSMT-Co 1696.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Description. External anatomy. Body cylindrical (Fig. 5A, C), up to ca. 50 mm in height and ca. 30 mm in width in preserved specimens; 40 mm in height and 27 mm in height and 15 mm in width in preserved holotype. Column surface smooth, without tenaculi or nematocyst batteries, pale whitish orange (or translucent) ectoderm layer and transversal discontinuous yellow line. Column has spirocysts and very sparsely distributed nematocysts. Surface of column easily peeled off. Distal column slightly expanded, simple and not developed into lobes (Fig. 5B). Tentacles simple, all marginal, 8–16 mm length, tapering at tip, no thickenings including at aboral base, pale white to pale orange in color when alive (Fig. 5A–B); 68 in number on oral disc; inner and outer tentacles alternatively bared. Tentacles less contractile and less adhesive. Aboral end developed as pedal disc, opaque, with mesenterial insertions invisible. Oral disc pale white, diameter almost same as column. Mouth at center of oral disc, highly swollen, lip-like, with radial grooves on surface, pale orange, with fluorescent yellow patch on dorsal and aboral sides when alive (Fig. 5B).</p> <p>Internal anatomy. All mesenteries perfect. Sixty-eight mesenteries (Fig. 5H) at actinopharynx level: 12, including four directives, in first cycle; eight in second cycle; 16 in third cycle; 32 in fourth cycle. Mesenteries of second and younger cycles in endcoels of mesenteries of first cycle. All mesenteries perfect distally, and each tentacle between either exo- or endocoelic. Tentacular longitudinal and circular muscles too weak to observe in historical section (Fig. 5D–G); retractor muscles comparatively weak, restricted near body wall or diffused and integrated to parietal muscle (Fig. 5I). Muscle processes very short, simple, 40–100 in each muscle pennon. Parietal muscles of mesenteries weak, indistinct (Fig. 5I). Mesoglea thickest in body wall and actinopharynx (Fig. 5H), up to 3 mm, far thicker than ectoderm and endoderm; mesoglea thinner in tentacles than in other body parts, but far thicker than endo- and ectoderm (Fig. 5D–G); same in mesenteries (Fig. 5I). Two siphonoglyphs connected to actinopharynx on dorsal and ventral sides (Fig. 5H), with 12 additional longitudinal grooves shallower than syphonoglyphs. Marginal sphincter muscle absent. Basilar muscle absent. Possibly gonochoric, with immature oocytes in holotype. Mesenteries of first to third cycles fertile.</p> <p>Cnidom. basitrichs, spirocysts, microbasic b -mastigophores, and microbasic p -mastigophores. See Table 1 and Fig. 4M–Y for size and distribution.</p> <p>Etymology. This species name is derived from the Japanese abbreviated name “Kahaku” of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo. The survey during which this species was collected was part of a project organized by this museum. Derivation of Japanese name: “kobito” means small, as S. kahakui sp. nov. is far smaller than S. elegans.</p> <p>Distribution. Off Ogasawara Islands, Tokyo Met., and Amami Island, Kagoshima Pref. Both localities are around remote islands south of the mainland of Japan (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Remarks. This species is remarkably similar to S. elegans and clearly belongs to Synhalcurias. However, there are several differences between S. kahakui sp. nov. and S. elegans: the sizes of bodies (S. kahakui shorter than 50 mm when alive), even when at sexual maturity; the number of perfect mesenteries (S. kahakui has 68 (first to fourth cycle of mesenteries), whereas S. elegans has at least 76 (but up to 108); the column of S. kahakui has no nematocyst batteries.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4103C076FFBEFF94FF29314BFF0BFA11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Izumi, Takato;Yanagi, Kensuke	Izumi, Takato, Yanagi, Kensuke (2021): Description of the second species of Synhalcurias Carlgren, 1914, Synhalcurias kahakui sp. nov. (Actiniaria: Actinernidae) with redescription of S. elegans (Wassilieff, 1908). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 561-574, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.5
