identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C86287C0B53FFF96FC88FBD7FAC1F8A0.text	C86287C0B53FFF96FC88FBD7FAC1F8A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thesium confine Sond.	<div><p>1. Thesium confine Sond.</p> <p>in Flora 40: 363 (1857); DC., Prodr. 14: 665 (1857); A.W.Hill in Fl. Cap. 5(2): 176 (1925).</p> <p>Type: SOUTH AFRICA, Free State: ‘ Trans-Garipina, Nieuwejaarspruit, zwischen Garip und Calendonrivier, am Fuss der Witbergen’ [Nieuwejaarspruit, between Gariep River and Calendon River, at the foot of Witberg], October, Zeyher 114 (S, holo. – digital image!; K, S – digital image!, iso.).</p> <p>Thesium spartioides A.W.Hill, in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1915 (1): 41 (1915); Hill in Fl. Cap. 5(2): 176 (1925), syn. nov.</p> <p>Type: SOUTH AFRICA, Mpumalanga: ‘in collibus pr. Brug Spruit’ (on the hills near Brug Spruit), 19 November 1893, Schlechter 3754 (K, holo. – digital image!; BOL – digital image!, HBG – digital image!, NBG – digital image!; PRE [four sheets]!, S [two sheets] – digital image!, iso.).</p> <p>Description: Slender perennial with slightly woody rootstock and decumbent habit, branching from rootstock, 70 mm – 280 mm high; stems wiry, 1 mm – 3 mm diam. Leaves scalelike, closely adpressed to stem, imbricate on young twigs, lanceolate, acuminate, 1.2 mm – 3.3 mm × 0.2 mm – 0.6 mm, margins ciliate. Inflorescences terminal (rarely axillary), monotelic, of 5- to 8(9)-flowered spike-like cymes (with single flowers sometimes replaced by 3-flowered monochasia), peduncles 5 mm – 38 mm long; involucral bracts usually absent; bracts ovate, acuminate, 1.4 mm – 1.5 mm × 1.0 mm – 1.1 mm, adpressed to flower; bracteoles 2, lanceolate, acute, 1.4 mm – 1.7 mm × 1.0 mm – 1.2 mm. Flowers white, tubular, subsessile, perianth tube 2.0 mm – 2.4 mm long, lobes ± 1 mm long, densely bearded with white hairs. Stamens inserted at base of the perianth tube; filaments 0.1 mm – 0.2 mm long, obscured by anthers; anthers 0.4 mm – 0.5 mm long. Style and stigma 0.5 mm – 0.7 mm long, stigma opposite middle or top of anthers. Placental column twisted. Fruit subglobose, brown, with 10 longitudinal ribbed veins, reticulate between main veins, 2 mm – 3 mm diam., shortly stiptitae, stipe 0.5 mm – 0.7 mm long. Flowering time: August to Octoberand December to January.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology: Thesium confine is endemic to northern and interior South Africa, extending from near Wolmaransstad in North West province and Spitskop in the Steelpoort area of Mpumalanga province southwards through Gauteng and Free State to Middelburg in Eastern Cape province (Figure 2). It grows in grassland in sand, clay or loam.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters and relationships: Thesium confine differs from T. durum in its herbaceous versus woody habit, slender, decumbent stems up to 3 mm diam. versus thicker, erect stems (3 mm – 6 mm diam.), inflorescences terminal and sometimes axillary versus axillary only, and in usually lacking involucral bracts versus invariably with involucral bracts.</p> <p>Conservation status: Thesium confine is listed as Least Concern because it is widespread and abundant (Foden &amp; Potter 2005b).</p> <p>Additional specimens seen: SOUTH AFRICA. MPUMALANGA. – 2430 (Pilgrim’s Rest): ± 2 km from Spitskop turn-off off Steelpoort and Lydenburg road, (– CB), 2 Apr. 1997, M. Jordaan 3143 (PRE). 2529 (Witbank): Doornkop 273 JS, vlei wes van Eerstekamp [marsh west of Eerstekamp], (– CB), 29 Oct. 1968, C.J. du Plessis 883 (PRE, PRU); El Shaddai, Zeekoeiwater plot 152, Emalahleni, next to the Olifants River, (– CD), 9 Oct. 2016, N. Visser &amp; M. leRoux 195 (PRE); next to the road on the R 104, 18 km east of Middelburg, (– DC), 26 Oct. 2016, N. Visser &amp; M. leRoux 208 (PRE). 2730 (Vryheid): north of Dirkiesdorp, south-east of main road, (– AB), 13 Dec. 1995, K. Balkwill 9398 (PRE).</p> <p>GAUTENG. – 2528 (Pretoria): Pretoria, (– CA), 15 Oct. 1963, H. U. Scheepans &amp; J. C Stauffer 5300 (K); Pretoria, norden- Eingang Irene, zwischen Bahn und Wellington-Strasse [northern entrance in Irene, between Bahn and Wellington streets], (– CC), 15 Oct. 1963, H. U. Stauffer 5300 (PRE). 2627 (Potchefstroom): Leeuwkuil Research Station, (– DB), 17 Oct. 1939, J. P. H. Acocks 16200 (PRE); Vereeniging, (– DB), 1 Nov. 1911, R. Leendertz 3940 (PRE). 2628 (Johannesburg): Modderfontein, (– CB), 1 Dec. 1943, A. P.D. McClean 52808 (PRE).</p> <p>NORTH WEST. – 2725 (Bloemhof): Leeuwfontein, 10 km wes van Wolmaransstad plaas van J. J. van Wyk op kalkbanken [10 km west of Wolmaransstad, farm of J. J. van Wyk on kalk bank], (– BB), 25 Mar. 1978, A. E. van Wyk 2240 (PRE, PRU); Makwassie, op pad na Wolmaransstad by Leeuwfontein uitdraaipad [Makwassie, on the road to Wolmaransstad at Leeuwfontein turn-off], (– BD), 28 Sep. 1974, A. E. van Wyk 570 (PRE).</p> <p>FREE STATE. – 2725 (Bloemhof): 5 mi [8.1 km] north-east of Hoopstad, (– DD), 21 Feb. 1946, J. P. H. Acocks 12486 (PRE). 2826 (Boshoff): Boshoff, Modder River, Paardeberg, (– CA), 20 Dec. 1937, J. P. H. Acocks 8544 (PRE); Inhoek Krugerdriftdam Nature Reserve, (– CC), 6 Nov. 1974, D. B. Muller 1485 (PRE); Glen Agricultural College, (– CD), 21 Jan. 1900, J. A. van der Berg 3950 (PRE). 2926 (Bloemfontein): Bloemfontein, (– AA), Dec., unknown collector 1906 (K); Townlands, (– AA), 18 Mar. 1975, E. R. Anderson 26 (PRE). 3025 (Colesburg): Bethulie, Tussen die Riviere Wildtuin, (– AD), 14 Nov. 1970, B. R. Roberts 5520 (PRE).</p> <p>EASTERN CAPE. – 3124 (Hanover): 3 mi [4.8 km] north-west of Middleburg, (– BD), 10 Mar. 1955, J. P. H. Acocks 17970 (PRE). 3125 (Steynsburg): Middleburg; Grootfontein above camp 6, (– AC), 10 Mar. 1955, J. P. H. Acocks 17971 (PRE).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C86287C0B53FFF96FC88FBD7FAC1F8A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mashego, Kagiso S.;Roux, M. Marianne le	Mashego, Kagiso S., Roux, M. Marianne le (2018): A taxonomic evaluation of the Thesium confine species complex (Santalaceae). Bothalia - African Biodiversity & Conservation 48 (1): 1-6, DOI: 10.4102/abc.v48i1.2346, URL: https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v48i1.2346
C86287C0B53EFF91FC88F863FA74FAC7.text	C86287C0B53EFF91FC88F863FA74FAC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thesium durum Hillard & B. L. Burtt	<div><p>2. Thesium durum Hillard &amp; B.L.Burtt</p> <p>in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41(2): 311 (1983).</p> <p>Type: SOUTH AFRICA, Eastern Cape: Fetcani Pass, 15 Oct. 1980, Hilliard &amp; Burtt 13136 (E – digital image!, holo.; K – digital image!, NBG!, NU!, PRE!, S – digital image!, iso.).</p> <p>Description: Erect shrub branching above, root structure unknown, 50 mm – 360 mm high; stems relatively thick, 3 mm – 6 mm diam. Leaves scale-like, closely adpressed to stem, imbricate on young twigs, lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 mm – 2.3 mm × 0.2 mm – 0.6 mm, ciliate margins. Inflorescences axillary, monotelic, of 1- to 4-flowered spikelike cymes (with single flowers sometimes replaced by 3-flowered monochasia), peduncles 6 mm – 85 mm long; involucral bracts present; bracts ovate, acuminate, 1.4 mm – 1.5 mm × 1.2 mm – 1.6 mm, adpressed to flower; bracteoles 2, lanceolate, slightly narrower than bract, acute, 1.4 mm – 1.5 mm × 0.9 mm – 1.2 mm. Flowers white, tubular, subsessile, perianth tube 2.0 mm – 2.5 mm long, lobes ± 1 mm long, densely bearded with white hairs. Stamens inserted at base of perianth tube; filaments 0.1 mm – 0.2 mm, obscured by anthers; anthers 0.3 mm – 0.6 mm long. Style and stigma 0.3 mm – 0.5 mm long, stigma almost reaching to top of anthers. Placental column twisted. Fruit ellipsoid, brown, with 10 longitudinal ribbed veins, reticulate between main veins, 2.0 mm – 3.3 mm × 2.4 mm – 3.0 mm, stipe 0.3 mm – 0.5 mm. Flowering time: August to October.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology: Thesium durum occurs in eastern South Africa and Lesotho, from Bethlehem in Free State province along the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg to Cradock in Eastern Cape province and Hanover in Northern Cape province (Figure 2). It grows on mountainous slopes and rocky outcrops in grasslands, in loam.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters and relationships: Thesium durum differs from T. confine in its erect habit with thicker, woody branches and stems 3 mm – 6 mm diam., and axillary inflorescences with involucral bracts.</p> <p>Conservation status: Thesium durum is a Least Concern species because it is widespread and abundant (Foden &amp; Potter 2005a).</p> <p>Additional specimens seen: SOUTH AFRICA. FREE STATE. – 2828 (Bethlehem): Bethlehem, Golden Gate National Park, Generaalskop, (– BC), 21 Jan. 1965, B.R. Roberts 3432 (PRE).</p> <p>KWAZULU-NATAL. – 2830 (Dundee): Drakensberg, Cathkin Peak, (– AB), 1 Jul. 1950, E. E. Esterhuysen 17354 (PRE). 2929 (Underburg): Mpendhle, path from Loteni Nature Reserve to Redi on ridge, (– AD), 26 Dec. 1982, O. M. Hilliard 16104 (PRE, K); locality unknown, (– AD), 1 Oct. 1967, F. B. Wright 220 (NU); Mpendhle, Mulangane Ridge, above Carter’s Nek, (– BC), 13 Mar. 1983, O. M. Hilliard 18372 (PRE); Underberg, upper tributaries south of Mkimazi River, (– CB), 30 Nov. 1982, O. M. Hilliard &amp; B. L. Burtt 15715 (K).</p> <p>EARTERN CAPE. – 3027 (Lady Grey): Verge of road up Joubert’s Pass, ± 8 km from Lady Grey, (– CB), 25 Feb. 2007, C. L. Bredenkamp 26 (PRE); about 15 km east of Rhodes: Mavis Bank Farm, on Kloppershoek turn-off, (– DB), 9 Dec. 1999, M. Koekemoer 1559 (PRE); north-east of Rhodes, Kloppershoekspruit Valley, Mavis Bank Farm, mountain on western side of valley from house, (– DB), 9 Dec. 1999, L. Smook 10311 (PRE); Barkly East, 6 mi [9.7 km] north-westof Moshesh Ford, (– DC), 14 Nov. 1959, J. P. H. Acocks 20165 (PRE); locality unknown, (– DC), 2 Nov. 1983, O. M. Hilliard 16360 (NU); west of Rhodes, Maartinshoekspruit Valley, Maartindale Farm, (– DD), 12 Dec. 1999, L. Smook 10399 (PRE). 3028 (Matatiele): About 15 km east of Rhodes: Mavis Bank Farm; on Kloppershoek turn-off, (– CA), 8 Dec. 1999, M. Koekemoer 1524 (PRE); Glen Lynden Farm, top of Naude’s Nek Pass, (– CA), 20 Oct. 1994, S. P. Bester 3013 (PRE); northeast of Rhodes, Kloppershoekspruit Valley, Mavis Bank Farm, at house, (– CA), 7 Dec. 1999, L. Smook 10232 (PRE). 3225 (Somerset East): Cradock, 1.5 mi [2.4 km], south-east of Lexton Springs, (– CB), 3 Jan. 1959, J. P. H. Acocks 20123 (PRE).</p> <p>NORTHERN CAPE. – 3124 (Hanover): Colesberg, 9 mi [14.5 km] east by south of Naauwpoort, (– BB), 30 Oct. 1953, J. P. H. Acocks 17521 (PRE).</p> <p>LESOTHO. – 2927 (Maseru): Mafeteng, Ribaning stream, hillside above stream, (– AD), 22 Oct. 1946, E. E. Esterhuysen 13207 (PRE); mountain road, Leucosidea forest, (– BD), 1 Oct. 1963, M. O. Schmitz 2713 (PRE); moutain road, 5 km before Bushman Pass, (– BD), 2 Nov. 1977, M. O. Schmitz 8030 (PRE). 2928 (Marakabei): Near Aurey, 45 km east of Blue Mountain Pass on road to Mantsonyane, (– CA), 17 Nov. 1983, A. P. M. de Kruif 1172 (PRE); Orange valley, between Sehlabathebe and Thaba Tseka, (– DB), 29 Oct. 1979, M. O. Schmitz 8859 (PRE). 2929 (Underburg): Locality unknown, (– CC), 20 Nov. 1983, O. M. Hilliard &amp; B. L. Burtt 16817 (NU); Sehlabathebe National Park, Matsa a Mafikeng, (– CC), 5 Nov. 1976, A. C. Beverly &amp; F. K. Hoener 375 (PRE). 3028 (Ramatsaliso): Ramatseliso gate (4 km), (– BB), 1 Nov. 1979, M. O. Schmitz 8830 (PRE); locality unknown, (– CC), 13 Nov. 1983, O. M. Hilliard 16621 (NU).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C86287C0B53EFF91FC88F863FA74FAC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mashego, Kagiso S.;Roux, M. Marianne le	Mashego, Kagiso S., Roux, M. Marianne le (2018): A taxonomic evaluation of the Thesium confine species complex (Santalaceae). Bothalia - African Biodiversity & Conservation 48 (1): 1-6, DOI: 10.4102/abc.v48i1.2346, URL: https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v48i1.2346
