identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038EF37DEF12B80219933000FC72AECE.text	038EF37DEF12B80219933000FC72AECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia mixteca A. Vazquez & Dominguez-Yescas 2021	<div><p>Magnolia mixteca A.Vázquez &amp; Domínguez-Yescas, spec. nov. (Figs 1–5)</p> <p>Type:— MEXICO. Oaxaca: Mpio. Santiago Juxtlahuaca, 5 km del poblado El Manzanal [San Lorenzo Manzanal], carretera a Infiernillo, bosque de pino-encino, suelo negro rocoso, 1835 m, 17.13 ° N, 98.04 ° W, 14 Dec 1995 (fr &amp; fl), Calzada 20619 (holotype: MEXU!).</p> <p>Magnolia mixteca is morphologically similar to the geographically distant M. nuevoleonensis in having broadly ovoid, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose fruits. However, it differs from M. nuevoleonensis in having larger flowers, 25–30 (vs. 20–24 cm in diam.); longer petals, 14.2–15.2 (vs. 10.0–11.0 cm); petal blotch when present broad and yellow (vs. narrow and dull purple); stamens 349–409, yellow (vs. 200–220, white); ovary colour tan (vs. white); and more numerous carpels 58–64 (vs. 30–42).</p> <p>Deciduous trees, 8–18 m, 10–70 cm in diameter; trunk erect, conical, crown sparse, top branched; bark slightly scaly, fissured longitudinally, and lenticels and leaf scars sparse. Petioles 4.5–5.6 cm long, 0.5–1.0 cm in diameter; stipules united 3/4 of the length of the petiole, oblong-lanceolate, with acute apex, densely scattered on the abaxial side, sericeous, glabrous adaxially. Leaves obovate, acute at the apex, auriculate or cordate at the base, leaf blades 24.0–37.0 × 22.0– 31.5 cm, adaxially glabrous and green, abaxially white-glaucous (due to their sericeous epicuticular surface) and pubescent in the veins, midvein 3.8–4.0 mm in diameter at the base. Bracts 1, spathaceous, 8.0–8.5 × 5.7–6.0 cm, ovate-oblong, abruptly truncate near the base, deeply cochleate, abaxially glabrous, with 10 secondary veins, yellowish and turning rusty brown. Pedicel (distal internode) 1.3–1.4 long, 1.5–1.6 cm diameter, glabrescent and usually glaucous towards the apex, the adjacent internode glabrescent, 3.0–3.2 long, 1.3–1.5 cm diameter. Flowers 25.0–30.0 cm, white when young, creamy white when ripe, with a broad yellow blotch, 3.0–3.2 × 3.2–3.5 cm, at the base of petals over the area of sticky secretions, starting 2–4 cm away from the base, the distal border of the blotch lacerate. Sepals 3, 9.2–13.7 × 4.1–5.1 cm, ovate-oblong, truncate basally, acute apically, green when young, turning yellowish green with distinct veins, glabrous and often glaucous. Outer petals 3, 14.2–15.2 × 4.5–5.6 cm, ovate oblong-elliptical, acute apex, abruptly, shortly clawed basally, white end turning creamy white, glabrous. Inner petals 3, 9.3–14.6 × 3.8–5.0 cm, oblong-elliptic, acute to obtuse at the apex, attenuated at the base, claws twice as long as the outer petals, white end turning creamy white, glabrous. Floral axis 4.8–5.2 cm long, androphore 1.4–1.6 × 1.0– 1.5 cm, yellow. Stamens 349–409, linear, 1.0–1.3 × 0.2–0.3 cm, yellow to white-yellowish, round to obtuse apically, truncate basally. Gynoecium 3.3–3.5 long, 2.3–2.5 cm in diameter; carpels 58–64, 1.5–1.7 cm long, ovaries 0.8–0.9 × 0.4–0.5 cm, obovate, channeled at the axis, tan-sand colored, pubescent. Styles 0.7–0.8 × 0.2–0.3 cm, linear, flat, incurved, white, glabrous, creamy white to beige, turning dark brown to black at the tip and the inner apical borders (Fig. 3). Fruit stalk 2.3–2.6 cm long, 0.9–1.1 cm in diameter, glabrous; poly-follicles 6.5–9.7 cm long, 5.4–7.5 cm diameter, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose; follicles 1.0–2.0 × 1.2-1.5 cm, puberulous. Seeds 1–2 per carpel, 0.8–0.9 × 0.6–0.7 cm, ovoid to oblongoid or sub pyramidal, with obtuse base and apex, pink to red sarcotesta.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology:— Magnolia mixteca inhabits the Alto Balsas Basin in Baja Mixteca, Oaxaca, at 1800– 2300 m within the Sierra Madre del Sur biogeographic province. The population size is undetermined and occurs in tropical montane cloud forest remnants of the Juxtlahuaca District. Expeditions to locate additional populations of this species in the Juxtlahuaca District are necessary.</p> <p>Phenology:— Flowering April–May, fewer flower buds are still present in late May; fruiting September–October; roughly a quarter of leaves remain in May.</p> <p>Ethnobotany:— Locally known as ita ndixin (Mixtec), “corncob flower” and named for the native language of the area. Also known as in Spanish as flor de queso (cheese flower). The showy and fragrant flowers are sold locally in the Abastos market of La Reforma de Juquila. Locals use the flowers to relieve pain and treat heart deficiencies.</p> <p>Conservation status:— We assessed M. mixteca as endangered (E) because this species met the criteria [B1, B(a) and (b)iii] of IUCN (2019). The distribution area of Magnolia mixteca is highly restricted, EOO &lt;5000 km 2, and AOO &lt;500 km 2. It has only been found in the municipality of Santiago Juxtlahuaca, Oaxaca. The population density is not yet determined. The label of of the type material collected in 1995 indicates that the species had a “regular abundance”. Recent explorations during 2021 at a different location allowed us to find only a single tree and a second one in a disturbed area. Locals know this tree, but they do not have any interest in its propagation or conservation. We did not observe regeneration, but records from the Naturalista website (https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/18523679) uploaded by Hermelinda Santos show photographs of two juveniles in the forest of Río Santiago Copala, Juxtlahuaca. Birds and small mammals eat the seeds. We suggest including this magnolia species in the Mexican NOM-059 (SEMARNAT 2010) and the IUCN Red List of Magnoliaceae (Rivers et al. 2016) as an endangered species due to its restricted distribution and obvious threats to its habitat.</p> <p>Notes:— Magnolia section Macrophylla now includes nine species, two in the United States and seven in México. Magnolia mixteca differs in latitude from M. nuevoleonensis: 17 ° 07’–17 ° 17’ vs. 25 ° 11’–25 ° 39’; elevation: 1500–1700 vs. 1800–2300 m; mean annual rainfall: 1600 –2,177.1 vs. 864.5 mm; hydrographic regions: Alto Balsas Basin vs. San Juan-Río Grande watershed and biogeographic provinces: Sierra Madre del Sur vs. Sierra Madre Oriental (Morrone et al. 2017). The emergence of the TVB and the climatic changes in the Miocene played a key role as vicariant events causing isolation between the northern and southern populations (Ibarra-Martínez 2020). The interruption of gene flow and selective climatic pressures allowed diversification, resulting in a similar allopatric latitudinal radiation to the reported in the M. sect. Magnolia in western Mexico (Vázquez-García et al. 2021), the last one under different selective pressures. It is not known if M. mixteca is more similar genetically to the morphologically most similar but geographically distant species, M. nuevoleonensis, or to its geographically nearest species, M. dealbata.</p> <p>Some herbarium specimens of M. mixteca from MEXU were misidentified as yoloxóchitl, Talauma mexicana (Candolle 1817: 451) Don (1831: 85) [Magnolia mexicana DC.], but the latter belongs to M. section Talauma, an evergreen tropical tree with woody apocarpous fruits and circumscissile dehiscence (Vázquez-García et al. 2015).</p> <p>Additional Specimens examined: — MEXICO. Oaxaca: Juxtlahuaca District., Coicoyán municipality, cultivated in town on agricultural parcel, 2000 m, 17 16,N, 98 17 W, 25 May 1989 (fl) Avila 317 (MEXU); Municipality of Santiago Juxtlahuaca, trail to Guadalupe Luchio El Alto, 1/ 2 km south of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.047&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.236729" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.047/lat 17.236729)">San Miguel Cueva</a>, 2290 m, 17°14’12.22” N, 98° 2’49.20” W, 15 May 2021 (fl), Domínguez-Yescas &amp; Rodríguez - Perez 79 (IBUG, MEXU); 4 km, straight-line, SW of San Miguel Cueva, Piedra Espejo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.06803&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.215162" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.06803/lat 17.215162)">San Lorenzo del Manzanal</a>, toward <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.06803&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.215162" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.06803/lat 17.215162)">Arroyo Infiernillo</a>, 2080 m, 17°12’54.58” N, 98° 4’4.93” W, 15 May 2021 (st), Domínguez-Yescas &amp; Rodríguez - Perez 80 (Photograph-IBUG); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.06803&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.215162" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.06803/lat 17.215162)">La Reforma de Juqiula</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.06803&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.215162" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.06803/lat 17.215162)">Mercado de Abastos</a>, 15 Apr 2021 (fl), Martin M 018 (MEXU).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038EF37DEF12B80219933000FC72AECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vázquez-García, J. Antonio;Yescas, Reyna Domínguez;Luna-Vega, Isolda;Rodríguez-Ramírez, Ernesto C.;Rodríguez-Pérez, Ciro	Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Yescas, Reyna Domínguez, Luna-Vega, Isolda, Rodríguez-Ramírez, Ernesto C., Rodríguez-Pérez, Ciro (2021): Corncob flower, Magnolia mixteca (M. sect. Macrophylla, Magnoliaceae) a new species endemic to the Alto Balsas Basin (Baja Mixteca), in the Pacific slopes of Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytotaxa 522 (3): 200-210, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.522.3.3
038EF37DEF18B80219933776FA71A9A2.text	038EF37DEF18B80219933776FA71A9A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia (sect. Macrophylla) Figlar & Noteboom 2004	<div><p>Key to species of Magnolia sect. Macrophylla</p> <p>1. Mature fruit broadly ovoid, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose............................................................................................................2.</p> <p>– Mature fruit oblongoid, ovoid or ellipsoid........................................................................................................................................4.</p> <p>2. Leaves 50–110 cm long; petals 20 to 23 cm long; gynoecium 4 cm long; stamens (300–)350–580; carpels (44–)50–80; carpel valve margin wide, 0.4–0.5 (–0.7) cm thick; growing at 150–300 m (US: AL, AR, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OH, TN, and VA)...................................................................................................................................................................................................... M. macrophylla</p> <p>– Leaves 25.0–35.0(–40.0) cm long.....................................................................................................................................................3.</p> <p>3. Petals 10.0–11.0 cm long; carpels 30–40; elev. 1500–1700 m (Mexico: Nuevo León)......................................... M. nuevoleonensis</p> <p>– Petals 12–15 cm long, carpels 58–62; elev. 1800– 220 m (Mexico: Oaxaca).................................................................... M. mixteca</p> <p>4. Carpels shortly (&lt;0.7 cm) beaked......................................................................................................................................................5.</p> <p>– Carpels prominently (1.0– 1.5 cm) beaked........................................................................................................................................6.</p> <p>5. Multi trunked large shrub, or small leaning trees 8.0–10.0 (–12.0) m; fruit cylindrical to ellipsoid; carpels 20–25(–50), shortly beaked; elevation less than 150 m (US: Florida).................................................................................................................... M. ashei</p> <p>– Single upright tall trees 8.0–25.0 m; fruit rhomboid-ovoid; carpels 50–65; elevation 800–1950 m (Mexico: San Luis Potosí, Querétaro &amp; Hidalgo)............................................................................................................................................... M. rzedowskiana</p> <p>6. Carpels 42–78....................................................................................................................................................................................7.</p> <p>– Carpels 80–127..................................................................................................................................................................................8.</p> <p>7. Stamens 192–216, carpels 42–54 (Mexico: Tamaulipas).............................................................................................. M. alejandrae</p> <p>– Stamens 308–352, carpels 60-78 (Mexico: Veracruz)...................................................................................................... M. vovidesii</p> <p>8. Fruit dark green to yellow, young fruits glabrescent; stamens 1.3–1.8 cm long; carpels acute to blunt, tip deciduous (Mexico: Oaxaca)............................................................................................................................................................................. M. dealbata</p> <p>– Fruit pinkish purplish to dark red, young fruit velvety; stamens 1.9–2.1 cm long; carpels acuminate to caudate, tip sometimes persistent at dehiscence (Mexico: Hidalgo / Puebla border)................................................................................................. M. zotictla</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038EF37DEF18B80219933776FA71A9A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vázquez-García, J. Antonio;Yescas, Reyna Domínguez;Luna-Vega, Isolda;Rodríguez-Ramírez, Ernesto C.;Rodríguez-Pérez, Ciro	Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Yescas, Reyna Domínguez, Luna-Vega, Isolda, Rodríguez-Ramírez, Ernesto C., Rodríguez-Pérez, Ciro (2021): Corncob flower, Magnolia mixteca (M. sect. Macrophylla, Magnoliaceae) a new species endemic to the Alto Balsas Basin (Baja Mixteca), in the Pacific slopes of Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytotaxa 522 (3): 200-210, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.522.3.3
