identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D38784E1574537FDCFF96BFAC4F91D.text	03D38784E1574537FDCFF96BFAC4F91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oplognathus MacLeay 1819	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819</p>
            <p> Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819: 159 (Fig. 1a–g). </p>
            <p> Oplognathus – Latreille 1829: 553 (catalogue). — Laporte 1840: 124 (catalogue). — Machatschke 1970: 157 (synonymy observation); 1972: 5 (catalogue). — Ratcliffe &amp; Jameson 1989: 135 (general characterization). — Jameson 1990: 415 (phylogeny). — Krajcik 2007: 90 (catalogue). — Grossi &amp; Vaz-de-Mello2015: 221 (collecting report).— Carvalho&amp; Grossi2018:369 (general characterization). </p>
            <p> Hoplognathus – Burmeister 1844: 428 (re-description). — Lacordaire 1856: 365 (catalogue). — Ohaus 1905: 322 (species description); 1912: 650 (species description); 1914a: 301 (species description); 1915: 257 (general characterization); 1918: 11 (catalogue); 1934: 41 (re-description). — Blackwelder 1944: 235 (catalogue). </p>
            <p>Type species</p>
            <p> Oplognathus kirbii MacLeay, 1819 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Males with quadrangular, trilobate clypeus (Fig. 3a–d), rounded in females (Fig. 1b, e, g); clypeus extending beyond labrum in ventral view in both sexes; mandibles with three teeth in incisive area (Fig. 4a, e, i); maxillae with six teeth (Fig. 4b, f, j); antennae with 10 antennomeres (Fig. 3a–d); elytra with 10 striae (Fig. 1a–g); mesoventral process present (Fig. 8a–f); parameres asymmetrical (Figs 5–7), each paramere with two apical lobes, and one lateral projection.</p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>Male</p>
            <p>SIZE. Total length: 17.4–22.4 mm; width across prothorax: 8.0– 11.4 mm.</p>
            <p>COLOUR. General aspect light yellow varying from yellowish to reddish metallic green, with golden and green reflexes; ventral surface metallic green; pronotum sometimes with black maculae; elytral margins metallic green or copper (Fig. 1a, c–d, f).</p>
            <p>HEAD (Fig. 3). Reddish brown and/or metallic green. Clypeus subquadrate, surface rugose, setose, apex trilobate, apical and lateral margins elevated; clypeus produced beyond labrum in ventral view. Frontoclypeal suture usually distinct, straight or sinuous. Frons predominantly rectangular, surface glabrous, distinctly punctate, punctures dense; ocular canthus intruding a third of the eye’s length, with scattered yellow setae. Labrum transverse, widely bilobed, setose, never visible from above. Mandibles laminar, rounded, intimately joined to labrum, with three incisive teeth (Fig. 4a, e, i). Maxillae setose, galea with six teeth, palpi 4-segmented, last palpomere longer than other three combined, varying from cylindrical to fusiform (Fig. 4b–c, f–g, j, l). Mentum sinuous, bilobed or notched, ventral surface setose; labial palpus inserted dorsally on mentum, 3-segmented; last palpomere enlarged (Fig. 4d, h, m). Antenna with 10 antennomeres, antennal club 1.3 to 1.8× longer than antennomeres 2–7 combined.</p>
            <p>THORAX. Pronotum convex, transverse, about 1.8 times wider than longer, beaded; pronotal bead incomplete posteriorly at middle; surface varying from sparse to densely punctate; punctures small to moderate; maculae varying from two distinct anterolateral spots to two complete elongated maculae; some specimens with spots and maculae obsolete or absent. Each elytron with 10 distinctly punctate striae, punctures fine to moderate, interstriae almost smooth, punctures visible from 10× of magnification; humeri rounded, smooth; elytral apex straight. Hind wings full developed with a group of setae at AA 1+2, setae long and fine, longer than width of first axillar sclerite; AP 3+4 softly setose at base, with fine and minute setae; R 3+4 sclerotized, disc with a distinct row of short setae. Mesoventral process acute, elongated, but never extended beyond anterior procoxal base (Fig. 8). Metafemur with anterior and posterior margins rounded, distinctly developed that other femora, with at least twice the mesofemoral width. Protibia tridentate, teeth reducing in size from apex to base, proximal tooth sometimes obsolete; inner apex with one tiny spur; ventral surface distinctly dilated, convex. Mesotibia with surface rugose, and two oblique carinae: proximal carina with 2–7 spinules, and distal carina with 4–9 spinules, distal carina longer; mesotibial apex truncate with 7–13 spinules and two spurs, inner spur slightly longer. Metatibia wider than mesotibia, with inner margin distinctly rounded, apical spinules varying from 14–22; spurs distinctly short, and flattened, apex less acute than spinules; proximal carina with 2–8 spinules and distal carina with 6–11 spinules. Protarsomere V thickened; inner claw stronger with a basal obtuse tooth. Meso- and metatarsomere ornamented with lateral setae, and inner apical spinules. Meso- and metatarsal claws curved, simple, unequal in thickness; unguitractor plate present with two apical setae.</p>
            <p>ABDOMEN. Pygidium flat to weakly convex, subtrapezoidal, transverse, surface rugose and setose; longer setae often on posterior sides. Ventrites metallic green, slightly convex, surface weakly punctate, punctures sparse, with scattered setae, sternites V and VI about twice as long as sternite IV. Parameres asymmetrical, each paramere with 1–2 distal lobes, left lateral expanded with a long projection, apical bifurcation wide, V-shaped (Figs 5–7).</p>
            <p>Female (Fig. 1b, e, g)</p>
            <p>Similar to male, differing in the following aspects:</p>
            <p>SIZE. Total length: 17.2–22.1 mm; width across prothorax: 7.5–11.1 mm.</p>
            <p>HEAD. Apex rounded, never with projections; antennal club distinctly smaller.</p>
            <p>THORAX. Pronotum more densely punctate. Elytra more convex, with dilated external margins, and elytral epipleuron wider in ventral view; legs thinner, anterior claws subequal, simple, not dilated.</p>
            <p>ABDOMEN. Sternum and pygidium more convex.</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Brazil. Bahia: Condeúba; Espírito Santo: Palmital; Minas Gerais: Águas Vermelhas, Berizal, Manhumirim, Grão Mogol, Leme do Prado; Paraná: Curitiba; Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro; São Paulo: São Paulo (Fig. 9).</p>
            <p>Nomenclatural history</p>
            <p> Oplognathus was described by MacLeay (1819) without ‘H’ at the beginning of the name, but later Burmeister (1844) redescribed the genus as “  Hoplognathus ”, justifying that it would be the correct spelling for the name. Lacordaire (1856) also pointed the “error” of MacLeay, and uses  Hoplognathus as a valid name, indicating “ Aplognathus ” as original wrong spelling, but not specifying the cause of the error. Since then, the name  Hoplognathus has been widely used, including the description of the new species, generating more synonyms, such as  Hoplognathus bahianus and  Hoplognathus helmenreichi . Only Machatschke (1970) comments that  Hoplognathus is a synonym, but when using  Oplognathus , the spelling appears as “ Oplongnathus ”. Already in his catalogue, Machatschke (1972) cites “  Oplognathus ” using the original spelling, which proves to be a typing error in the previous publications. Ratcliffe &amp; Jameson (1989) note this fact and show the correct use “  Oplognathus MacLeay (not  Hoplognathus as in Burmeister 1844; Ohaus 1918, 1934; Blackwelder 1944)”, because according to Article 23 (ICZN 1999), the Principle of Priority, the oldest name should be used. In the original description, MacLeay (1819) does not detail the etymology of  Oplognathus , but the Hoplo prefix, from the Greek Hoplon, means ‘any tool or implement of armour and shield’ while Gnathus, from the Greek, means ‘mandible, mouth’, possibly due to the distinct shape of the clypeus of the males. Perhaps, this explains the insistence of later authors (Burmeister 1844; Lacordaire 1856) to use the spelling  Hoplognathus , instead of  Oplognathus , as correct. However, as there is no written indication of this, and the addition of ‘H’ is not a clear, obvious and necessary correction of the name,  Oplognathus must be maintained, following the original description and not its subsequent spelling (ICZN 1999, Art. 33). </p>
            <p> Although Burmeister corrected the name of the genus, this does not mean that Ohaus intended to describe  Oplognathus bahianus and  Oplognathus helmenreichi in a genus other than  Oplognathus . Thus, the author’s name is written here without brackets, since the species is basically in its original combination. </p>
            <p> Oplognathus kirbii was cited by Laporte (1840) as  Oplognathus kirbyi and since then, both spellings were widely used, in addition to  Hoplognathus kirbii and  Hoplognathus kirbyi , it is common to find four spellings for this species throughout the literature. There are no details for replacing ‘i’ with ‘y’, but we can suppose Laporte (1840) to make this change on the assumption that MacLeay intended to honour the naturalist William Kirby. ICZN (1999, Article 58.2) states that the use of ‘i’ and ‘y’ are ‘variant spellings’ deemed to be identical. However, as MacLeay (1819) makes the description with no detail about etymology, it is prudent to keep the original spelling  Oplognathus kirbii and not to use the subsequent spellings (ICZN 1999, Art. 33). </p>
            <p> Oplognathus helmenreichi was described for the first time based on a single specimen in the collection of W.J.C. Weber by Ohaus (1905) with this spelling (for the specific epithet) and the locality Buenos Aires, Argentina. Later, Ohaus wrote that he found (Ohaus 1914a: 22) several specimens of this species in the Museum of Vienna, but he described them as a variety “  var. maculicollis ”. These specimens were labelled “Helmr.”, realizing that the name of the collector was Helmreichen and not Helmenreich, as published in Ohaus (1905). Although Ohaus (1914a) has described the variety as “  Hoplognathus helmreicheni var. maculicollis ” in the original publication, the correct name is  Hoplognathus helmenreichi var. maculicollis (as written on the original label). In this case, Ohaus (1914a) made an unjustified emendation almost 10 years after the original publication of the species, not being recognized by the Code to validate a name (ICZN 1999, Art. 19.1, 33.2). Still, the latter spelling is used as valid, violating the Principle of Priority (ICZN 1999, Art. 23.9). </p>
            <p> Key to adult species of  Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819</p>
            <p>1. Males with weakly trilobed clypeus, sides usually parallel; last maxillary palpomere cylindrical; mentum longer than wider, anterior margin sinuous; mesoventral process long (exceeding the anterior margin on mesocoxae, never exceeding the procoxae); (if female, clypeus rounded) ....... 2</p>
            <p> – Males with strongly trilobed clypeus, sides clearly divergent (Fig. 3b); last maxillary palpomere fusiform (Fig. 4g); mentum as long as wide, anterior margin notched (Fig. 4h); mesoventral process short (not exceeding the anterior margin on mesocoxae), slightly flat (Fig. 8b, e); (if female, the clypeus rounded, and last maxillary palpomere cylindrical). Brazil: Bahia, Minas Gerais ............... ....................................................................................................................  O. bahianus Ohaus, 1912</p>
            <p> 2. Body distinctly bicoloured. Pronotum dark green with yellow maculae. Elytra reddish brown to orange yellow; size varying from 17.2 mm to 18.6 mm in length (Fig. 1c–e); anterior margin of mentum slightly sinuous (Fig. 4m); females without dilated epipleuron, simple. Brazil: Minas Gerais, Paraná ......................................................................................  O. helmenreichi Ohaus, 1905</p>
            <p> – Body colour uniformly yellowish golden, sometimes with spots or maculae on pronotum. Elytra golden yellow, with greenish reflections; size varying from 19.15 mm to 22.0 mm in length (Fig. 1a– b); females with distinctly dilated epipleuron. Brazil: Espírito Santo; Minas Gerais; Paraná; Rio de Janeiro; São Paulo ........................................................................................  O. kirbii MacLeay, 1819</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D38784E1574537FDCFF96BFAC4F91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tamara G.;Seidel, Matthias;Grossi, Paschoal C.	Carvalho, Tamara G., Seidel, Matthias, Grossi, Paschoal C. (2021): Taxonomic revision of the genus Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini). European Journal of Taxonomy 764 (1): 62-84, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.764.1471, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.764.1471
03D38784E150453BFDC3F894FB2DFC2E.text	03D38784E150453BFDC3F894FB2DFC2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oplognathus kirbii MacLeay 1819	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Oplognathus kirbii MacLeay, 1819</p>
            <p>Figs 1a–b, 2e, 3a, 4a–d, 5a–c, 7a–d, 8a, d, 9</p>
            <p> Oplognathus kirbii MacLeay, 1819: 160 . </p>
            <p> Areoda kirbii – Dejean 1837: 172 (catalogue). — Guérin-Méneville 1844: 98, pl. 24 bis fig. 10 (catalogue). </p>
            <p> Oplognathus kirbyi – Laporte 1840: 124 (re-description). — Machatschke 1972: 5 (catalogue). </p>
            <p> Hoplognathus kirbii – Burmeister 1844: 428 (re-description). </p>
            <p> Hoplognathus kirbyi – Lacordaire 1856: 365 (catalogue). — Ohaus 1905: 322 (species diagnosis); 1912: 650 (species diagnosis); 1915: 257 (general characterization); 1918: 12 (catalogue); 1934: 42 (catalogue). — Blackwelder 1944: 235 (catalogue). </p>
            <p> Oplognathus kirbii – Krajcik 2007: 90 (catalogue). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Colour golden yellow with metallic green reflections; pronotum usually with two spots or elongate maculae (Figs 1a–b, 3a). Male with slightly trilobate clypeus (Fig. 3a); clypeus rounded in females, length of clypeus approximately 1.5× longer than length of frons; antennal club 1.3× longer than antennomeres 2–7 combined; last maxillary palpomere cylindrical in both sexes (Fig. 4c); mentum longer than wide, anterior margin sinuous, posterior angles distinctly acute (Fig. 4d). Pronotum with posterior border interrupted at middle, with scattered setae on maculae; epipleuron dilated on anterior half; mesoventral process acute (Fig. 8a, d); apex of mesotibia with 9–11 spinules; apex of the metatibia with 16–19 spinules; females with 9–10 and 18–23 spinules at the apex of meso and metatibiae.</p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p>  Neotype (by present designation) BRAZIL • ♂; “[illegible, probably “Adelaid”]” [handwritten label]; “Bowring. 63-47*” [white typewritten label]; “So named in Reiches Collection. C. W.” [white typewritten label, C.W. indicating NHMUK entomology C.O. Waterhouse]; “  Hoplognathus kirbyi McLeay ” [handwritten by Waterhouse on reverse of previous label]; “ NHMUK 010806029 ” [white typewritten label with QR code] (Fig. 2e); “NEOTYPUS  Oplognathus kirbii MacLeay, 1819 Carvalho, Seidel &amp; Grossi des.” [red typewritten label]; NHMUK. </p>
            <p>Additional material (21 specimens)</p>
            <p>  BRAZIL – State unknown • 2 ♂♂; “ Brasilia,  Virmond ”; ZMHB  •   2 ♂♂; “  Brasilia ”; ZMHB. – Espírito Santo  •   1 ♂;  Palmital ; 15 Dec. 1908; F.J. Zikán leg.; CEIOC. – Rio de Janeiro  •   1 ♂; Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin,  Instituto Zoobotânico Morro Azul ; 28 Dec. 2002; F. Racca Filho leg.; CERPE  •  2 ♂♂; NHMUK. – São Paulo •   1 ♂;  “Bosque d.S.” ; 30 Oct. 1926; F. Ohaus leg.; ZMHB  •  1 ♂; Saude; 15 Oct. 1920; CEMT •  1 ♂; Saude; 18 Dec. 1914; MNRJ •  1 ♂, 1 ♀; Jabaquara; Oct. 1938; Dirings leg.; MZUSP •  1 ♂; Jabaquara; Feb. [1]936; IBSP-IB •  1 ♀; Jabaquara; Dec. [1]933; IBSP-IB •  1 ♀; Jabaquara; 2 Dec. [19]39; MNRJ •  1 ♀; Mogy das Cruzes; H. Rüderw leg.; ZMHB •   1 ♂;  Parque do Estado de Paulo ; 30 Nov. [19]37; Zellibor-Hauff leg.; CEMT  •  1 ♂; J. Metz leg.; ZMHB •   1 ♂;  Ypiranga ; 14 Jan. 1927; F. Ohaus leg.; NHMUK. – Minas Gerais  •   1 ♂;  Manhumi [ri]n; 15 Dec. [19]35; MNRJ  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Male</p>
            <p>SIZE. Total length 19.15–22 mm; width across prothorax: 8.0– 10.6 mm.</p>
            <p>COLOUR. General aspect golden yellow with green reflection, ventral surface metallic green; head and legs reddish brown to metallic green; pygidium greenish brown with green reflections (Fig. 1a).</p>
            <p>HEAD. Clypeus subquadrangular, surface rugose; apex weakly trilobate, lateral lobes almost straight, central lobe rounded; margins bowed inward, slightly widening from base to apex; ventral surface moderately punctate (Fig. 3a). Frontoclypeal suture distinct, straight. Length of clypeus about 1.5× longer than frons. Frons distinctly punctate, surface glabrous. Last maxillary palpomere cylindrical (Fig. 4c). Mentum 1.2× longer than wide, anterior margin sinuous, posterior angles distinctly acute</p>
            <p>(Fig. 4d); surface densely punctate, and sparsely setose, setae as long as length of last labial palpomere. Antennal club 1.3× longer than antennomeres 2–7 combined.</p>
            <p>THORAX. Pronotum with surface moderately punctate; anterolateral maculae as spots with up to three setae on maculae; anterior angles acute (Fig. 3a). Propleuron slightly concave, surface moderately setose. Scutellar plate densely and uniformly punctate. Elytra with obsolete striae; first interstriae with punctuation sparse to moderate; each epipleuron slightly dilated on anterior half of elytron. Epipleuron concave with surface sparsely punctate, and sparsely setose. Mesoventral process long with apex acute, never reaching procoxal base, moderately setose and moderately punctate (Fig. 8a, d). Metasternum densely punctate, and densely setose. Procoxa densely punctate and sparsely setose. Profemur moderately punctate, moderately setose on lateral carina, setae shorter than wide on profemur. Mesofemur flattened, surface moderately punctate, and moderately setose. Metafemur flattened, broader, with surface sparsely punctate, and sparsely setose posteriorly. Protibia densely setose laterally, sparsely setose at disc, with setae shorter than wide on protibia, apex with 9–14 setae; densely punctate, big punctures; tibial spur as long as protarsomere I. Mesotibia sparsely setose dorsally, setae shorter than wide on mesotibia, and densely setose ventrally, with setae longer than wide on mesotibia; densely punctate; with two carinae, one proximal formed by 3–5 spinules, and one distal formed by 5–7; apex truncate with 9–11 apical spinules. Metatibia similar to mesotibia, but with 16–19 apical spinules; proximal carina with 2–4 spinules; and distal carina with 6–8 spinules.</p>
            <p>ABDOMEN. Pygidium transverse, subtrapezoidal, surface sparsely setose, setae fine, and medial-posteriorly disposed. Ventrites in general aspect convex, ventrites II–IV with a slight central concavity, and with sparse setae and sparse punctures posteriorly. Parameres transverse, broader, apex V-shaped, left side slightly shorter, base rounded; left side of parameres expanded in lateral view, expansion parabolic, and with two apical lobes, almost with same length; right side of parameres sinuous, with two apical lobes, outer lobe shorter; paramere base almost straight, with discrete sinuosity (Figs 5a–c, 7a–d).</p>
            <p>Female (Fig. 1b)</p>
            <p>Similar to males, differing in the following aspects: Total length: 21.2–22.0 mm; width across prothorax: 10.1–10.4 mm. Clypeus rounded, frontoclypeal suture weakly sinuous; elytral epipleuron more strongly dilated; protibia thinner; mesotibia varying from 9–10 spinules, and metatibia varying from 18–23; protarsomere I longer in length, protarsomere V not dilated; tarsal claws similar in length and width.</p>
            <p>Type locality</p>
            <p>Brazil.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The holotype of  Oplognathus kirbii MacLeay, 1819 is currently considered lost, and could not be traced in any of the likely collections. A neotype is designated to stabilize the nomenclature. We selected the oldest historical specimen, one that was received by NHMUK with Bowring’s collection in 1863 [accession number 47]. The neotype fits the drawing of Guérin-Meneville (1844), the earliest illustration of the species (25 years after the description) which helps ensure that we selected the correct taxon. MacLeay (1819) provided only “ Brazil ” as the type locality. Since  O. kirbii is a Brazilian endemic it is not a problem that the collecting data of the neotype are illegible. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Brazil. Espírito Santo: Palmital; Minas Gerais: Manhumirin; Paraná; Rio de Janeiro: Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin; São Paulo: São Paulo (Fig. 9).</p>
            <p> Oplognathus kirbii can be found in the mountainous regions of the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, besides being recorded in literature for the state of Paraná (specimens from Paraná have not been confirmed here), inhabiting humid areas of the Atlantic Forest, unlike the other species of the genus, found in areas of Mata Seca in the north of Minas Gerais. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D38784E150453BFDC3F894FB2DFC2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tamara G.;Seidel, Matthias;Grossi, Paschoal C.	Carvalho, Tamara G., Seidel, Matthias, Grossi, Paschoal C. (2021): Taxonomic revision of the genus Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini). European Journal of Taxonomy 764 (1): 62-84, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.764.1471, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.764.1471
03D38784E15C453CFDA1FC65FBDFF998.text	03D38784E15C453CFDA1FC65FBDFF998.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oplognathus helmenreichi Ohaus 1905	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Oplognathus helmenreichi Ohaus, 1905</p>
            <p>Figs 1c–e, 2b–d, 3c–d, 4i–m, 6, 7e –h, 8c, f, 9</p>
            <p> Hoplognathus helmenreichi Ohaus, 1905: 322 . </p>
            <p> Hoplognathus helmenreichi – Ohaus 1914a: 301 (species description); 1918: 12 (catalogue). — Blackwelder 1944: 235 (catalogue). </p>
            <p> Hoplognathus helmreicheni – Ohaus 1914a: 302 (species description); 1918: 12 (catalogue); 1934: 42 (catalogue). — Blackwelder 1944: 235 (catalogue). </p>
            <p> Oplognathus helmreicheni – Machatschke 1972: 5 (catalogue). — Krajcik 2007: 90 (catalogue). </p>
            <p> Oplognathus helmenreichi – Machatschke 1972: 5 (catalogue). </p>
            <p> Hoplognathus helmreicheni var. maculicollis – Ohaus 1914a: 302 (description, infrasubspecific name, unavailable). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Elytra reddish brown to orange yellow; male with clypeus moderately trilobate, lobes distinctly rounded, sides parallel (Figs 1c–e, 3c–d); antennal club 1.8× longer than antennomeres 2–7 combined (Fig. 3c– d); females with club length 1.5× longer than antennomeres 2–7 combined; last maxillary palpomere cylindrical in both sexes (Fig. 4l); mentum longer than wide, anterior margin slightly sinuous, posterior angles rounded (Fig. 4m). Elytral striae distinctly marked; elytral epipleuron of female slightly dilated; mesoventral process long, apex rounded, never reaching anterior coxae (Fig. 8c, f); apex of the mesotibia with 7–13 spinules; apex of metatibia with 14–22 spinules in both sexes.</p>
            <p>Material examined (Figs 1c, 2b)</p>
            <p>Holotype</p>
            <p>  ARGENTINE • ♂, holotype of  Oplognathus helmenreichi Ohaus, 1905 ; “ Buenos Aires ” [white typewritten label]; “  Pelidnota Helmenreichi Buenos Aires” [white handwritten label]; “  Typus !” [red typewritten label]; “  Hoplognathus Helmenreichi Ohaus ” [red handwritten label]; ZMHB. </p>
            <p>Syntypes</p>
            <p>  COUNTRY UNKNOWN • ♂, syntype of  Oplognathus helmenreichi var. maculicollis Ohaus, 1914 (Figs 1d, 2c)  •   “Typus!” [red typewritten label]; “Helmr.” [white handwritten label]; “ H. Helmenreichi Ohs.  v. maculicollis Ohs. ” [red handwritten label]; “SYNTYPE  Hoplognathus helmenreicheni var. maculicollis Ohaus, 1914 labelled by MFNB 2017 ” [red typed label]; ZMHB  •   ♀, syntype of  Oplognathus helmenreichi var. maculicollis Ohaus, 1914 (Figs 1e, 2d); “♀” [white typewritten label with black border]; “Cotype” [red typewritten label]; “Helmr.” [white handwritten label]; “SYNTYPE  Hoplognathus helmenreicheni var. maculicollis Ohaus, 1914 labelled by MFNB 2017 ” [red typed label]; ZMHB. </p>
            <p>Additional material (six specimens)</p>
            <p>  COUNTRY UNKNOWN • “Ohaus determin. 1913 Hopl. Helmenreichi  v. maculicollis Ohs. Cotype ♀ ”; NHMW. </p>
            <p>  BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • 4 ♂♂; Leme do Prado,  Estação Ecológica de Acauã ; 23 Dec. 2003; M.F. Vasconcelos leg.; UFMG-ICO  . –   Paraná • 1 ♂;  Curitiba ; 3 Aug. 2010; Oliveira leg.; CERPE  . </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>Male holotype (Figs 1c, 3c, 4i–m, 6a–c, 7e–f)</p>
            <p>SIZE. Total length: 17.6 mm; width across prothorax: 9.1 mm.</p>
            <p>COLOUR. General aspect metallic dark green and reddish brown; head, pronotum, legs and venter metallic green, elytra reddish brown.</p>
            <p>HEAD. Clypeus with surface rugose, densely punctate, larges punctures, gradually coalescent from disc to margins; apex trilobate, lobes rounded, sides parallels with the slightly converging apex. Frontoclypeal suture obsolete, sinuous, forming an angle on disc. Clypeus and frons subequal in length. Frons subquadrangular, moderately punctate, more densely posteriorly, with medium to large punctures, coalescent in the margins (Fig. 3c). Maxillary palpi with last palpomere cylindrical, sensorial area oval, occupying two thirds of dorsal area (Fig. 4l). Mentum near 1.2× longer than wide, anterior margin weakly sinuous, almost straight, posterior angles rounded (Fig. 4m); surface sparsely punctate with scattered setae, punctures large. Antennal club 1.8× longer than antennomeres 2–7 combined.</p>
            <p>THORAX. Pronotum with surface moderate to densely punctate, increasing density towards sides; anterior angles acute; sides slightly truncate (Fig. 3c). Propleuron slightly concave, surface rugose, and moderately setose. Scutellar plate moderately punctate, punctures bigger on disc. Elytral striae distinctly marked; first interstriae with puncture thin, dense. Epipleuron flattened, sparsely setose, minute setae. Mesoventral process long with rounded apex, never reaching procoxal base (Fig. 8c, f); surface punctate and densely setose. Metasternum densely punctate and densely setose. Procoxa densely punctate and sparsely setose. Profemur sparsely punctate and sparsely setose. Mesofemur moderately punctate and densely setose. Metafemur flattened, broad, sparsely punctate, and with sparse posterior setae. Protibia with surface densely punctate, bigger punctures, C-shaped punctures on disc; apex with 10 distinct setae. Mesotibia with two transverse carinae: proximal carina marked by four spinules, distal carina marked by five spinules, surface moderately punctate and sparsely setose, short setae; apex with 11 spinules. Metatibia similar to mesotibia, but more robust and with 19 apical spinules.</p>
            <p>ABDOMEN. Pygidium subtrapezoidal, apex slightly rounded, surface rugose, minute setae sparsely disposed on margins. Ventrites with surface sparsely setose, fine and short setae. Parameres similar in length, irregularly V-shaped bifurcated, bifurcation base rounded; apical lobes well defined, left lobe smaller than right lobe; left lateral expanded in lateral view, parabolic expansion; right expansion obsolete (Figs 6a–c).</p>
            <p>Male variation</p>
            <p>Size: total length: 17.2–19.0 mm; width across prothorax: 7.5–9.1 mm. General aspect orange-brown; head, pronotum and scutellar plate may have yellowish maculae (Fig. 1d–e). Suture frontoclypeal vary in the degree of sinuosity. Pronotum can be more or less truncate at sides. Surface of mesofemur varies from moderately to densely punctate. Mesotibia with proximal and distal carina marked by 4–7 spinules; apex truncate with 7–13 spinules. Metatibia with 14–22 spinules in the apex, distal carina with 5–11 spinules, and proximal carina with 5–8. Parameres vary from parabolic curvature of the aedeagus to the truncate curvature, as well as, in the degree and shape of lateral expansion, it can be longer and more parabolic (Figs 6d–f, 7e–h).</p>
            <p>Female (Fig. 1e)</p>
            <p>Similar to males in general aspects, differentiating in the following aspects: pronotal maculae more elongate; clypeus rounded; frontoclypeal suture distinct, with central curvature; antennal club 0.7× smaller than in males, 1.5× longer than antennomeres 2–7 combined. Pronotum with parallel sides and anterior angles more rounded. Elytral epipleuron slightly rounded, distinct depression above epipleuron. Protarsomere I as long as protarsomeres II–IV combined.</p>
            <p>Type locality</p>
            <p> Oplognathus helmenreichi was originally described from Buenos Aires (Argentina) (Ohaus 1905), and this locality was later contested by the author (Ohaus 1914a) while describing the variety,  O. helmenreichi var. macullicolis . This species can actually be found in the north and northeast of Minas Gerais state in the Jequitinhonha River Valley (Ohaus 1914a). Accordingly, after the examination of three more males from the same region, we agree with Ohaus (1914a) and disregard the occurrence of  O. helmenreichi in Argentina. </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> We consider the type of  Oplognathus helmenreichi a holotype since Ohaus (1905) mentions only a single specimen. For  Oplognathus helmreicheni var. maculicollis Ohaus (1914a) had multiple specimens available. ICZN (1999, Article 45.6.1.) states that a name “is infrasubspecific if its author expressly gave it infrasubspecific rank, or if the content of the work unambiguously reveals that the name was proposed for an infrasubspecific entity”. Furthermore, the Article 45.6.4. (ICZN 1999) clarifies that a name “is subspecific if first published before 1961 and its author expressly used one of the terms “variety” or “form” (including use of the terms “var.”, “forma”, “v.” and “f.”), unless its author also expressly gave it infrasubspecific rank, or the content of the work unambiguously reveals that the name was proposed for an infrasubspecific entity, in which case it is infrasubspecific”. In the time Ohaus described  Oplognathus helmenreichi var. maculicollis he already clearly separated between species, subspecies and varieties as an article from the same year (see Ohaus 1914b) shows where he described new taxa on the species, subspecies and infrasubspecific levels. Therefore,  Oplognathus helmenreichi var. maculicollis is an unavailable name. Although the pair of syntypes of  O. helmenreichi var. maculicollis examined have some distinct characteristics of the holotype – such as yellowish colour, smaller size, less dense punctures and the male genitalia almost parallel sided, the other specimens examined show many similarities both with the syntypes and with the holotype. The variation of these characteristics was also observed within the other species of the genus. Despite these variations, mouthpart characters (like mentum shape, maxillary palpus shape) and mesoventral process remained constant in the eight specimens examined. Thus,  Oplognathus helmenreichi var. maculicollis does not present a unique combination of character states that justify validating it to species or subspecies status. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Brazil: Minas Gerais: Grão Mogol, Leme do Prado. Paraná: Curitiba? (Fig. 9).</p>
            <p> No other specimen of  O. helmenreichi was subsequently collected in Buenos Aires, or anywhere else in Argentina (Ohaus 1914a). One part of the material of  O. helmenreichi var. maculicollis was labelled “Helm., Brasilia, XXII, 1853” and the other part “Serra do Grão Mogor, 1846” [Municipality of Grão Mogol, Minas Gerais]. Ohaus (1914a) then made it clear that the most probable locality of this species would be the north of Minas Gerais State (Grão Mogol) and not Buenos Aires, corresponding to the known distribution of the genus. Thus, we agree with Ohaus (1914a) and disregard Buenos Aires as a locality for this species, as well as for the genus  Oplognathus . One male of the examined material is labelled as being from Curitiba, Paraná, South of Brazil, but the origin is doubtful, since this single specimen was found in a didactic collection of the Federal University of Paraná. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D38784E15C453CFDA1FC65FBDFF998	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tamara G.;Seidel, Matthias;Grossi, Paschoal C.	Carvalho, Tamara G., Seidel, Matthias, Grossi, Paschoal C. (2021): Taxonomic revision of the genus Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini). European Journal of Taxonomy 764 (1): 62-84, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.764.1471, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.764.1471
03D38784E15B4526FDC9F90FFD06FEBA.text	03D38784E15B4526FDC9F90FFD06FEBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oplognathus bahianus Ohaus 1912	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Oplognathus bahianus Ohaus, 1912</p>
            <p>Figs 1f–g, 2a, 3b, 4e–h, 5d–f, 7i–m, 8b, e, 9</p>
            <p> Hoplognathus bahianus Ohaus, 1912: 650 . </p>
            <p> Hoplognathus bahianus – Ohaus 1918: 12 (catalogue); 1934: 42 (catalogue). — Blackwelder 1944: 235 (catalogue). </p>
            <p> Oplognathus bahianus – Machatschke 1972: 5 (catalogue). — Krajcik 2007: 90 (catalogue). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Male with truncate, strongly, trilobate clypeus, rounded in females; clypeus with divergent sides (Fig. 3b). Antennal club of the males 1.5× longer than antennomeres 2–7 combined. Male with last maxillary palpomere fusiform (Fig. 4g), cylindrical in females. Mentum broad, as long as wide, anterior margin notched, posterior angles rounded (Fig. 4h). Elytral striae distinctly marked. Mesoventral process short and slightly flat, with apex slightly rounded (Fig. 8b, e). Apex of the mesotibia with 9–12 spinules and apex of the metatibia with 18–20 spinules, females with 24–27 spinules at the apex of the metatibia.</p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p>Syntype</p>
            <p>  BRAZIL • ♂, syntype of  Oplognathus bahianus Ohaus, 1912 (Figs 1f, 2a); “Typus!” [red typewritten label]; “ C. Bts. Obrth. ” [white handwritten label]; “SAntonio da  Barra Prov. de Bahia Ch. Pujol 1890” [white typewritten label]; “  Hoplognathus bahianus Ohs. ” [red handwritten label]; ZMHB  . </p>
            <p>Additional material (six specimens)</p>
            <p> BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • 1 ♂; Berizal; 15 Dec. 2007; Grossi, Rafael &amp; Parizotto leg.; CERPE •   1 ♂;  Berizal ; Dec. 2001; P. Grossi leg.; CERPE  •   3 ♂♂, 1 ♀;  Águas Vermelhas ; Nov. 1991; E. Grossi leg.; EPGC  . </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>Syntype male (Figs 1f, 3b, 4e–f, 5d–f, 8b, e)</p>
            <p>SIZE. Total length: 20.8 mm; width across prothorax: 10.5 mm.</p>
            <p>COLOUR. General aspect with dorsal surface yellow gold and ventral surface metallic green; head, legs, and pygidium from cooper to reddish brown with metallic green reflections.</p>
            <p>HEAD (Fig. 3b). Clypeus subquadrangular, surface rugose, sparsely setose; apex strongly trilobate, truncate, margins bowed inward, sides clearly divergent; ventral surface moderately punctate and moderately setose. Frontoclypeal suture straight. Clypeus 1.3× longer than frons. Frons densely punctate, punctures coalescent laterally. Last maxillary palpomere fusiform, distinctly flattened (Fig. 4g); sensorial area oval, occupying two thirds of dorsal surface. Mentum 1.05× wider than long, subequal, anterior margin notched, posterior angles rounded (Fig. 4h); surface densely punctate, large punctures; surface sparsely setose, setae as long as the length of the labial palpus. Antennal club 1.5× longer than the antennomeres 2–7 combined.</p>
            <p>THORAX. Pronotum with surface moderately and uniformly punctate, thin punctures; surface glabrous; anterior angles rounded; maculae obsolete: two anterolateral maculae as cooper slight spots, and two lateral maculae heterogeneous (Fig. 3b). Propleuron concave, moderately setose and moderately punctate. Scutellar plate sparsely punctate. Elytra with 10 deeply marked striae, interstriae practically obsolete in general, first interstriae with dense puncture; epipleuron flattened, glabrous. Mesoventral process short with rounded apex, never reaching the apex of the mesocoxa, surface sparsely setose and densely punctate (Fig. 8b, e). Metasternum densely punctate, and densely setose. Procoxa rugose, surface sparsely setose. Profemur moderately setose. Mesofemur flattened, surface densely, and uniformly punctate; moderately setose. Metafemur flattened, broader, surface moderately, and uniformly punctate; moderately setose. Protibia moderately setose in the medial-inner portion, external portion sparsely setose; surface densely punctate, not uniform, big punctures, coalescent on the lateral portion; apex with a group of 11 setae. Mesotibia with surface sparsely setose dorsally, setae longer than wide mesotibia; surface densely setose ventrally; densely punctate, punctures big and small, not uniformly scattered; external surface with two carinae, proximal one short, marked by 3 spinules, and a distal complete, and oblique carina with 8 spinules; apex truncate with 13 spinules. Metatibia similar to mesotibia, but with 19 spinules on the apex.</p>
            <p>ABDOMEN. Pygidium subtrapezoidal, sparse setae disposed in the margins, disc glabrous. Ventrites with surface sparsely setose posteriorly in the ventrites II–IV, and restricted to the lateral of ventrite VI, moderate punctuation. Parameres transverse, apex emarginated like V-shaped, with the left side distinctly shorter and broader, the right side slightly sinuous, base notched, concave; right lateral paramere divergent, straight, toward the apex with a concavity; apex with an only oblique lobe, transverse and anterior face straight; left lateral paramere broadly rounded and expanded ventrally, long expansion, apically of two lobes, external lobe projecting outwardly; base of parameres sinuous with median recess in V-shape (Fig. 5d–f).</p>
            <p>Male variation</p>
            <p>Size: total length: 20.0– 20.8 mm; width across prothorax: 10.0– 10.5 mm. Frontoclypeal suture can be slightly sinuous. Mentum can have the anterior margin more or less curved, but all specimens show the notched type; mentum vary from 1.3–1.8× longer than frons. Pronotal and elytral punctation are distinctly marked, but one specimen has them very smooth. Surface on the scutellar plate varies from sparsely to moderately punctate. Mesoventral process is predominantly short with a rounded apex, one specimen has it more acute. Apex of protibia vary from 9–12 setae. Proximal carina of mesotibia varies by 2–3 spinules, and the distal carina varies by 5–9 spinules; apex truncate with 9–13 spinules. Metatibia with 18–20 spinules in the apex, distal carina with 7–11 spinules, and proximal carina with 3–5 spinules. Parameres vary in the degree of lateral inclination, lobes of parameres may be more or less pronounced, the lateral projections vary in length (Fig. 7i–m).</p>
            <p>Female (Fig. 1g)</p>
            <p>Similar to the male, differing from it in the following aspects: body usually more truncate, globose, distinctly convex. Total length: 22.1 mm, width across prothorax: 11.1 mm. Head with rounded clypeus, convergent sides; antennal club 0.7× shorter than in male. Last maxillary palpomere cylindrical, sensorial area straighter. Pronotal maculae obsolete; elytral epipleuron broader; protibial spur distinctly thinner; tarsal claws similar, without differentiation, anterior tarsus shorter; apex of metatibia with 24–27 apical spinules. Sixth sternite subtriangular, and more densely punctate almost rugose.</p>
            <p>Type locality</p>
            <p>Brazil. Bahia: [Santo Antônio da Barra], currently the municipality of Condeúba (Fig. 9).</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Ohaus (1912) did not state the number of specimens and therefore, we consider the single type specimen as a syntype.  Oplognathus bahianus is the most distinctive species of the genus, with the males presenting a strongly trilobed clypeus. However, this character does not fit the original diagnosis of the genus (based on the type species  O. kirbii ), where the clypeus was described with this character being less evident. Although being a secondary sexual character, the clypeus has been used as the main diagnostic character of the genus. After this study, despite concerning only one sex, the trilobed cypleus is the best character to distinguish  O. bahianus . Another relevant character to distinguish this species is the mesoventral process, which is not salient and simply rounded, vs acute and salient in the two other species. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Brazil. Bahia: Condeúba; Minas Gerais: Águas Vermelhas, Berizal (Fig. 9).</p>
            <p> Oplognathus bahianus was described by Ohaus (1912) from Santo Antônio da Barra in Bahia. This locality received the denomination of Condeúba in 1889, and is located in the south-central region of the state in the Bahia Semiarid Region, near the north of Jequitinhonha Valley. This species has the northernmost distribution in Brazil, being also found in the north of Minas Gerais in the Jequitinhonha </p>
            <p> Fig. 9. Geographic distribution of  Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819 . River Valley Region, an ecotone characterized by transition from the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga, with a high degree of endemism. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D38784E15B4526FDC9F90FFD06FEBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tamara G.;Seidel, Matthias;Grossi, Paschoal C.	Carvalho, Tamara G., Seidel, Matthias, Grossi, Paschoal C. (2021): Taxonomic revision of the genus Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini). European Journal of Taxonomy 764 (1): 62-84, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.764.1471, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.764.1471
