identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C2878AFFE4FF8844D6FE5C82C7DBF0.text	03C2878AFFE4FF8844D6FE5C82C7DBF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harriotta raleighana Goode & Bean 1895	<div><p>Harriotta raleighana Goode &amp; Bean 1895</p> <p>Pacific longnose Chimaera; Quimera narizona del Pacífico (Spanish)</p> <p>(Figure 1, Table 1)</p> <p>Material examined. 6 specimens. UCR 2909–02, 5 males, 1 female, 451–641 mm TL, 196–298 mm BDL; 44.95 <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.49889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.4379" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.49889/lat 9.4379)">Km</a>, 253.73 ° T from Cabo Blanco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (9º26'16.44" N, 85º29'56.04" W), 560–620 m, 24 November 2010, collected by J.M. Carvajal.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Snout elongated and pointed; tooth-plates with ridges and knobs; eyes relatively large (EYL 7.2–9.0% BDL) and virtually above mouth; dorsal-fin spine longer than height of first dorsal-fin (DSA 1.3–1.4 times in D1H); caudal-fin axis weakly raised with the fin asymmetrical, epaxial caudal-fin lobe narrower than hypaxial lobe; upper edge of caudal fin without denticles or tubercles. Additional morphometric measurements, expressed as percentage of body length (% BDL) or head length (% HDL), and comparative data are presented in Table 1.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Distribution. This species has an apparent fragmented distribution in the three major oceans, and is likely cosmopolitan along continental margins in sub-polar oceans (Didier et al. 2012, Eschmeyer 2014). Confirmed records exist in the eastern Atlantic (Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Rockall Trough along Ireland to northern France, Canary Islands and off Cap Blanc, Mauritania, Namibia and South Africa), western Atlantic (Nova Scotia, Canada to Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A., and southern Brazil), north Pacific (off Japan), eastern Pacific (off California, U.S.A., Mexico (Gulf of California and Central coast), Costa Rica (this study), and Peru), and southwestern Pacific (off New Zealand and Australia) (Chirichigno 1974b, Garrick &amp; Inada 1975, van der Heiden 1985, Compagno et al. 1989, Krupp &amp; Bussing 1995, Castro-Aguirre et al. 2007, Didier &amp; Meckley 2009 a, Didier et al. 2012, Eschmeyer 2014). Usually encountered at depths between 500 and 2000 m (Didier &amp; Meckley 2009 a, Didier et al. 2012).</p> <p>Remarks. Although this species has a global distribution, in the eastern Pacific region there are no published records between Peru (Didier &amp; Meckley 2009a) and Mexico (Castro-Aguirre et al. 2007). The discovery of these specimens in Costa Rican waters increases the knowledge of its marine ichthyofauna and provides evidence of a broader distributional pattern for this species in the eastern Pacific region.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2878AFFE4FF8844D6FE5C82C7DBF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Angulo, Arturo;López, Myrna I.;Bussing, William A.;Murase, Atsunobu	Angulo, Arturo, López, Myrna I., Bussing, William A., Murase, Atsunobu (2014): Records of chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, with the description of a new species of Chimera (Chimaeridae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3861 (6): 554-574, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3861.6.3
03C2878AFFE2FF8A44D6FC8B8273DE1B.text	03C2878AFFE2FF8A44D6FC8B8273DE1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinochimaera africana Compagno, Stehmann, & Ebert 1990	<div><p>Rhinochimaera africana Compagno, Stehmann &amp; Ebert 1990</p> <p>Paddlenose Chimaera</p> <p>(Figure 2, Table 2)</p> <p>Material examined. 1 specimen. UCR 2612-01, male, 818 mm TL, 402 mm BDL; Isla del <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.09735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.722388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.09735/lat 8.722388)">Caño</a>, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (8°43'20.60" N, 84°5'50.46" W), 430–650 m, 11 April 2000.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body elongate, with a elongate, broad and paddle-shaped pointed snout extending anterior to head (SNL 47.7% HDL), tapering to a slender tail; junction of supraorbital and infraorbital canals on ventral side of snout closer to the tip of the snout than to the nasal canal; ONC/TIO greater than 1.4 (ONC/TIO= 1.64); TIO/SWF less than 1.5 (TIO/SWF= 1.47); TIO/LNC less than 3.0 (TIO/LNC= 2.75); tooth-plates nearly smooth; eyes relatively small (EYL 6.4% BDL) and distinctly behind level of mouth; first and second dorsal fins separated by a relatively long interdorsal space (IDS 23.6% BDL) and not connected by a web of skin; caudal-fin axis weakly raised with the fin asymmetrical, epaxial caudal-fin lobe narrower than hypaxial lobe; 25 dorsal caudal tubercles; caudal filament vestigial; uniform dark brown coloration across entire body, except the oronasal region which is abruptly paler than the body. Additional morphometric measurements, expressed as percentage of body length (% BDL) or head length (% HDL), and comparative data are presented in Table 2.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Distribution. Originally described from southern Africa from the south eastern Atlantic to south western Indian Ocean and in the Mozambique Channel at depths of 549–1450 m (Compagno et al. 1990, Didier &amp; Nakaya 1999), this species is now also found in the western north Pacific in Japanese waters from off Hokkaido and northern Honshu to the east China Sea, including waters of Taiwan (Didier &amp; Nakaya 1999), and in the eastern Pacific in Costa Rican (this study) and Peruvian waters (Didier &amp; Meckley 2009a).</p> <p>Remarks. The Costa Rican specimen share with R. africana ONC /TIO greater than 1.4, TIO/SWF less than 1.5, and TIO/LNC less than 3.0; but share with R. pacifica ONC /EYL less than 3.5 (ONC/EYL= 2.10), and SWF/ EYL less than 1.8 (SWF/EYL= 0.87). In addition, eye size (EYL 6.4% BDL) and snout width (SWF 5.6% BDL and SWB 5.5% BDL) are consistent with R. pacifica, but color, interdorsal space (IDS 23.6% BDL) and dorsal caudal tubercles count (25) are more consistent with R. africana. Didier &amp; Meckley (2009a) report similar proportions, counts and coloration pattern for Peruvian specimens (5 in total), and mentions that these specimens may represent a new species different from both R. africana and R. pacifica. In this regard, a more carefully morphological comparative study, as well as molecular information, may be necessary to clarify this situation. In any case, the specimen herein reported represent a north range extension of at least 1500 Km on the known distribution of the genus in eastern Pacific waters, as the northernmost record was, as informed above, in Peruvian waters (Didier &amp; Meckley 2009a; no coordinates are provided).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2878AFFE2FF8A44D6FC8B8273DE1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Angulo, Arturo;López, Myrna I.;Bussing, William A.;Murase, Atsunobu	Angulo, Arturo, López, Myrna I., Bussing, William A., Murase, Atsunobu (2014): Records of chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, with the description of a new species of Chimera (Chimaeridae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3861 (6): 554-574, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3861.6.3
03C2878AFFE0FF8044D6FA7082B7DEC0.text	03C2878AFFE0FF8044D6FA7082B7DEC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimaera orientalis Angulo, Lopez, Bussing & Murase 2014	<div><p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov.</p> <p>Eastern Pacific black Chimaera</p> <p>(Figures 3–5, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. UCR 2909–05.01, male, 774 mm TL, 460 mm BDL; 44.95 <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.49889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.4379" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.49889/lat 9.4379)">Km</a>, 253.73 ° T from Cabo Blanco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (9º26'16.44" N, 85º29'56.04" W), 560–620 m, 24 November 2010, collected by J.M. Carvajal.</p> <p>Paratypes. 2 specimens. UCR 2909–05.02, one specimen, male, 760 mm TL, 475 mm BDL; same data as holotype. HUMZ 174615, one specimen, female, 858 mm TL, 505 mm BDL; off Peru (9º18'07"– 9º20'00" S, 79º47'04"– 79º47'08" W), 1103–1138 m, 23 April 2000, collected by the R / V Shinkai Maru.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A species of the genus Chimaera based on the presence of an anal fin. Chimaera orientalis sp. nov is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: oral and preopercular canals sharing a short common branch off the infraorbital canal; dorsal spine long (DSA 28.4–31.0% BDL), longer than first dorsal fin, when depressed reaches beyond to origin of second dorsal fin; first dorsal fin high (D1H 20.8–26.7% BDL) with a short base (D1B 10.3–12.5% BDL); interdorsal space long (IDS 8.1–10.2% BDL); pectoral fin long (P1A 40.0–43.5% BDL), when depressed reaches beyond to origin of pelvic fin base; pelvic claspers long (CLT 17.5–17.7% BDL), bifurcate, divided at about distal 40.9–43.1% of its length; dorsal caudal space long (DCS 2.0–2.5% BDL); ventral caudal margin ending slightly posterior to dorsal caudal margin; and dark brown coloration with the ventral portion of the trunk and all fins slightly darker, without distinctive markings or mottling</p> <p>Description. Morphometric measurements of the holotype and paratypes, expressed as percentage of body length (% BDL) or head length (% HDL), are presented in Table 3. A medium to large bodied species with a relatively large head (HDL 24.9-26.3% BDL) which is about 20.1–20.4% of PCL. Snout relatively short, blunt, PRN 26.0–31.8% HDL and POR 37.2–43.8% HDL. Eyes relatively large (EYL 30.6–30.9% HDL) and oval in shape (EYH 58.5–63.2% EYL). Trunk stout, body depth remains similar to origin of pelvic fins where it quickly tapers posteriorly, transitioning to a caudal filament. Skin is smooth, without denticles, non-deciduous.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Oral and preopercular canals sharing a short common branch off the infraorbital canal (Fig. 4). Lateral line canal of trunk originates at a fork between occipital and otic canals with a sigmoid curve, and then with slight undulations, extends posteriorly to caudal region, where it becomes ventral and continues to caudal filament.</p> <p>First dorsal fin base relatively short (D1B 10.3–12.5% BDL) and preceded by a robust dorsal fin spine. Dorsal fin spine tall (DSA 28.4–31.0% BDL), greater than head length (DSA about 1.14–1.18 times HDL) and extending past apex of first dorsal fin. Spine is slightly curved with majority occurring near distal tip, free from the first dorsal fin for at least the distal third length of spine. Two columns of serrations present on the posterior distal margin of the spine, and a slight keel present along the basal and distal anterior margins, medial anterior margin with small denticles. Dorsal fin spine, when depressed posteriorly, past second dorsal fin origin. First dorsal fin triangular, anterior margin relatively convex, posterior margin concave, height relatively large (D1H 22.8–26.7% BDL), about equal to PD1 and CVM. Interdorsal space relatively long (IDS 8.1–10.2% BDL). Second dorsal fin base relatively long (D2B 79.2–81.3% BDL), height relatively uniform throughout, but with the anterior medial-third of fin length with greatest height (D2H 3.8–4.4% BDL). Second dorsal fin height is less than 20.0% of first dorsal fin height (D2H/D1H= 0.15–0.19). Margin of second dorsal fin straight, not undulating, with posterior end of fin curving downwards to dorsal caudal fin origin.</p> <p>Pectoral fins relatively large, broad and triangular (P1A 40.0–43.5% BDL), anterior margin mainly straight, convex near pointed tip. Posterior margin relatively convex, becoming rounded near inner margin. When depressed, pectoral fin reaches beyond insertion of pelvic fin. Pectoral-pelvic space relatively long (PPS 28.6–33.0% BDL) and about 79.4–93.8% of TRL. Pelvic fins relatively large and broad (P2A 50.0–51.0% P1A); anterior margin relatively straight to weakly convex becoming rounded at tip; posterior margin relatively convex. Pelvic claspers (in males) relatively long (CLT 17.5–17.7% BDL), about 40.7–43.8% P1A, bifurcate, divided at about distal 40.9–43.2% of its length, and with fleshy distal tips (Fig. 5). Female with a fleshy anal pad posterior to the cloaca, lacking in males. Pelvic-caudal space relatively short (PCA 58.3–61.1% BDL) and about 45.8–47.5% of PCL.</p> <p>Frontal tenaculum (in males) with a relatively broad, short neck, and a prominent distal knob (FTL 17.6–17.9% HDL). Distal knob with 10–11 longitudinal rows of 6–12 relatively large, pointed, slender, posteriorly directed, unicuspidate spines on its sides and ventral surface.</p> <p>Dorsal caudal space relatively long (DCS 2.0–2.5% BDL). Dorsal and ventral aspects of the caudal fin elongate, broad, transitioning into a whip-like tail filament. Ventral caudal lobe greater in length than the dorsal caudal margin (CDM 77.5–82.3% CVM), with the ventral caudal insertion posterior to the dorsal caudal insertion. Both caudal fin lobes are about equal in height (CDH 100.0–110.0% CVH), height less than second dorsal fin height. Anal fin present, low, with a pointed tip, separated from ventral caudal fin by a notch. Anal fin originates below second dorsal fin with anal fin tip extending beyond insertion of second dorsal fin.</p> <p>Coloration. Preserved specimens dark brown with the ventral portion of the trunk and all fins slightly darker, without distinctive markings or mottling. Pelvic claspers also slightly darker with the distal portion pale.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named orientalis, from the Latin for east, given its distribution in the Pacific Ocean.</p> <p>Distribution. The three type specimens were collected (2 specimens) from off Costa Rica (9º26'16.44" N, 85º29'56.04" W) and (1 specimen) from off Peru (9º18'07"– 9º20'00" S, 79º47'04"– 79º47'08" W), eastern Pacific, at depths between 560 and 1138 m. As noted by Didier &amp; Meckley (2009b), Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. may be more widely distributed in the eastern Pacific region.</p> <p>Remarks. Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. is the first species of the genus C himaera described from the eastern Pacific and can be distinguished from its other congeners by a combination of morphological and coloration differences.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. argiloba Last, White &amp; Pogonoski 2008, from the eastern Indian (Last et al. 2008, Didier et al. 2012), in having a shorter head length (24.9–26.3 vs. 31.3–36.1% BDL), a shorter pre-orbital length (11.8–12.6 vs. 14.7–18.7% BDL), a shorter pre-first dorsal length (26.5–29.7 vs. 29.8–36.2% BDL), a shorter pre-second dorsal length (47.2–48.7 vs. 55.5–64.2% BDL), a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 17.5–21.9% BDL), a larger dorsal caudal space (2.0–2.5 vs. 0.8–1.9% BDL), a shorter total caudal length (40.1–45.5 vs. 61.5–76.8% BDL), a shorter ventral caudal margin (24.2–31.7 vs. 37.7–61.3% BDL), a shorter total clasper length (17.5–17.7 vs. 25.1–26.5% BDL), a shorter length of lateral clasper branch from fork to tip (7.2–7.6 vs. 15.2–15.5% BDL), and in the coloration pattern (the last being uniformly silvery greyish dorsally and laterally, paler ventrally), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. bahamaensis Kemper, Ebert, Didier &amp; Compagno 2010, from the western north Atlantic (Kemper et al. 2010b, Didier et al. 2012), in having a shorter pre-narial length (6.7–7.9 vs. 15.4% BDL), a shorter pre-oral length (9.6–10.9 vs. 12.0% BDL), a shorter pre-orbital length (11.8–12.6 vs. 14.3% BDL), a longer eye length (7.7–8.1 vs. 6.9% BDL), a longer pre-second dorsal length (47.2–48.7 vs. 45.3% BDL), a longer dorsal spine (28.4–31.0 vs. 23.1% BDL), a higher first dorsal fin (22.8–26.7 vs. 14.4% BDL), a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 13.7% BDL), a longer interdorsal space (8.1–10.2 vs. 7.5% BDL), a longer dorsal caudal space (2.0–2.5 vs. 0.2% BDL), a lower dorsal lobe of caudal fin (2.2–2.5 vs. 4.5% BDL), and a longer pectoral to pelvic space (28.6–33.0 vs. 23.4% BDL), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. cubana Howell-Rivero 1936, from the western central Atlantic (Didier et al. 2012), in having a shorter pre-narial length (6.7–7.9 vs. 8.4% BDL), a shorter pre-oral length (9.6–10.9 vs. 12.5% BDL), a longer dorsal spine (28.4–31.0 vs. 24.0–29.2% BDL), a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 16.0–21.0% BDL), a higher dorsal lobe of caudal fin (2.2–2.5 vs. 1.4% BDL), a shorter total caudal length (40.1–45.5 vs. 72.6% BDL), a shorter ventral caudal margin fin (24.2–31.7 vs. 35.0–59.0% BDL), and in the coloration pattern (the last being uniformly silvery gray, lighter ventrally with all fins having a black distal margin), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. fulva Didier, Last &amp; White 2008, from the eastern Indian and southwestern Pacific (Didier et al. 2008, 2012), in having a shorter snout-vent length (59.2–61.3 vs. 63.8–67.0% BDL), a shorter trunk length (35.1–37.0 vs. 39.4–43.5% BDL), a shorter pre-first dorsal length (26.5–29.7 vs. 29.1–31.5% BDL), a shorter pre-second dorsal length (47.2–48.7 vs. 49.5–52.7% BDL), a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 14.5–18.1% BDL), a longer length of second dorsal fin base (79.2–81.3 vs. 72.9–76.7% BDL), a longer dorsal spine (28.4–31.0 vs. 22.0–27.8% BDL), a longer interdorsal space (8.1–10.2 vs. 4.5–8.5% BDL), a longer dorsal caudal space (2.0–2.5 vs. 0% BDL), bifid claspers (the last with trifid claspers), and in the coloration pattern (the last being pale brownish dorsally and laterally, with faint longitudinal stripes on sides of tail, first dorsal, caudal, pectoral and pelvic fins brown, with pale posterior margins, second dorsal fin pale brownish basally, darkish brown to dusky distally, and claspers pale), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. jordani Tanaka 1905, from the western north Pacific and probably wester Indian (Didier et al. 2012), in having bifid claspers (the last with trifid claspers), and in the coloration pattern (the last uniformly dark brown, with four indistinct bands in the posterior part of body), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. lignaria Didier 2002, from the southwestern Pacific (Didier 2002, Didier et al. 2012), in having a shorter pre-first dorsal length (26.5–29.7 vs. 28.0–36.0% BDL), a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 13.0–20.0% BDL), a longer length of second dorsal fin base (79.2–81.3 vs. 61.0–78.0% BDL), a longer dorsal spine (28.4–31.0 vs. 20.0–27.0% BDL), a lower ventral lobe of caudal fin (2.1–2.4 vs. 3.0–4.0% BDL), and in the coloration pattern (the last being uniformly purplish), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. macrospina Didier, Last &amp; White 2008, from the eastern Indian and southwestern Pacific (Didier et al. 2008, 2012), in having a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 13.3–17.6% BDL), a higher first dorsal fin (22.8–26.7 vs. 19.4–24.4% BDL), a longer pelvic fin anterior margin (20.0–22.2 vs. 15.6–18.4% BDL), a longer interdorsal space (8.1–10.2 vs. 2.4–5.1% BDL), a longer dorsal caudal space (2.0–2.5 vs. 0–1.8% BDL), bifid claspers (the last with trifid claspers), and a longer total clasper length (17.5–17.7 vs. 10.8–13.1% BDL), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. monstrosa, from the Atlantic (including the Mediterranean sea) and Indian Oceans (Didier et al. 2012), in having a longer dorsal spine (28.4–31.0 vs. 18.0–26.0% BDL), a higher first dorsal fin (22.8–26.7 vs. 18.0–24.0% BDL), a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 14.0–21.0% BDL), a longer dorsal caudal space (2.0–2.5 vs. 0.0–1.0% BDL), and in the coloration pattern (the last with a silvery body, mottled with brown spots and undulating stripes, creamy ventrally, fins grayish, and a black margin on the distal edges of medial fins), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. notafricana Kemper, Ebert, Compagno &amp; Didier 2010, from the southeastern Atlantic (Kemper et al. 2010 a, Didier et al. 2012), in having a short distance from anterior base of dorsal-fin spine to center of supratemporal canal (18.5–21.5 vs. 6.5–14.8% HDL), bifid claspers (the last with trifid claspers), a longer total clasper length (17.5–17.7 vs. 12.1–12.3% BDL), and in the coloration pattern (the last being uniform blackish brown with dark bluish streaking, and the pre-caudal tail with longitudinal light and dark stripes), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. obscura Didier, Last &amp; White 2008, from the southwestern Pacific (Didier et al. 2008, 2012), in having a shorter trunk length (35.1–37.0 vs. 39.1–45.2% BDL), a longer eye length (7.7–8.1 vs. 6.1–7.3% BDL), a shorter pre-second dorsal length (47.2–48.7 vs. 49.3–49.5% BDL), a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 16.8–17.9% BDL), a longer dorsal spine (28.4–31.0 vs. 27.2% BDL), a higher first dorsal fin (22.8–26.7 vs. 23.0–23.8% BDL), a lower dorsal lobe of caudal fin (2.2–2.5 vs. 3.4–3.5% BDL), and a longer dorsal caudal space (2.0–2.5 vs. 0% BDL), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. opalescens Luchetti, Iglésias &amp; Sellos 2011, from the eastern north Atlantic (Luchetti et al. 2011, Didier et al. 2012), in having a shorter length of rostral canal (0.5 vs. 0.8–1.7% PCL), a shorter length of nasal canal from left to right side measured as a straight-line distance (3.1–3.4 vs. 4.4–5.5% PCL), a longer dorsal spine (22.9–24.2 vs. 12.4–19.5% PCL), bifid claspers (the last with trifid claspers), a longer total clasper length (13.7 vs. 10.3–11.4% PCL), and in the coloration pattern (the last being evenly coloured, iridescent, varying from beige to tan in adults and bronzish in juveniles, with the unpaired fins brown to purple, uniformly coloured or with pale or whitish edges), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. owstoni Tanaka 1905, from the western north Pacific (Didier et al. 2012), in having a shorter trunk length (35.1–37.0 vs. 38.0–46.0% BDL), a shorter pre-first dorsal fin length (26.5–29.7 vs. 29.0–35.0% BDL), a shorter pre-second dorsal fin length (47.2–48.7 vs. 49.0–57.0% BDL), a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 15.0–17.0% BDL), a longer length of second dorsal fin base (79.2–81.3 vs. 75.0% BDL), a higher first dorsal fin (22.8–26.7 vs. 19.0–21.0% BDL), a longer interdorsal space (8.1–10.2 vs. 6.0–8.0% BDL), a shorter dorsal caudal margin length (18.9–24.6 vs. 24.0–30.0% BDL), a lower dorsal lobe of caudal fin (2.2–2.5 vs. 3.0% BDL), a lower ventral lobe of caudal fin (2.1–2.4 vs. 3.0–4.0% BDL), bifid claspers (the last with trifid claspers), a longer total clasper length (17.5–17.7 vs. 4.0% BDL), among other characters.</p> <p>Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. panthera, from the southwestern Pacific (Didier 1998, Didier et al. 2012), in having a shorter trunk length (35.1–37.0 vs. 40.0–41.0% BDL), a shorter pre-orbital length (11.8–12.6 vs. 14.0% BDL), a shorter pre-first dorsal fin length (26.5–29.7 vs. 30.0–32.0% BDL), a shorter pre-second dorsal fin length (47.2–48.7 vs. 52.0–56.0% BDL), a shorter length of first dorsal fin base (10.3–12.5 vs. 14.0–21.0% BDL), a longer dorsal spine (28.4–31.0 vs. 21.0% BDL), a higher first dorsal fin (22.8–26.7 vs. 22.0% BDL), a lower dorsal lobe of caudal fin (2.2–2.3 vs. 3.0–4.0% BDL), a lower ventral lobe of caudal fin (2.1–2.5 vs. 3.0–4.0% BDL), a longer total clasper length (17.5–17.7 vs. 13.0–15.0% BDL), and in the coloration pattern (the last with gray colored body and fins, covered with chocolate brown reticulations and spots, most dorsally, and the first dorsal fin with a distinct white margin), among other characters.</p> <p>Finally, Chimaera orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. phantasma Jordan &amp; Snyder 1900, from the western north Pacific (Didier et al. 2012), in having bifid claspers (the last with trifid claspers), and in the coloration pattern (the last silvery, white below, darker above, with the dorsal and anal fin edges blackish and faint dark longitudinal stripes along the lateral line canal and trunk), among other characters.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2878AFFE0FF8044D6FA7082B7DEC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Angulo, Arturo;López, Myrna I.;Bussing, William A.;Murase, Atsunobu	Angulo, Arturo, López, Myrna I., Bussing, William A., Murase, Atsunobu (2014): Records of chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, with the description of a new species of Chimera (Chimaeridae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3861 (6): 554-574, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3861.6.3
03C2878AFFEAFF8244D6F9BB857CDD9D.text	03C2878AFFEAFF8244D6F9BB857CDD9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrolagus colliei (Lay & Bennett 1839)	<div><p>Hydrolagus colliei (Lay &amp; Bennett 1839)</p> <p>Spotted Ratfish; Quimera manchada (Spanish)</p> <p>(Figure 6, Table 4)</p> <p>Material examined. 3 specimens. UCR 2909–04, 2 males, 1 female, 469–495 mm TL, 265–329 mm BDL; 44.95 <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.49889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.4379" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.49889/lat 9.4379)">Km</a>, 253.73 ° T from Cabo Blanco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (9º26'16.44" N, 85º29'56.04" W), 560–620 m, 24 November 2010, collected by J.M. Carvajal.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Snout short and bluntly rounded; oral and preopercular lateral line canals not sharing a short common branch from the infraorbital canal; anterior edge of dorsal-fin spine not serrated; anterior and posterior regions of second dorsal-fin considerably taller than middle region; pectoral fins when depressed not reaches beyond to origin of pelvic fins; anal fin absent; caudal-fin axis horizontal with the fin nearly symmetrical, epaxial and hypaxial lobes equal sized; brown or reddish brown coloration with small white spots on head and trunk. Morphometric measurements, expressed as percentage of body length (% BDL) or head length (% HDL), and comparative data are presented in Table 4.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Distribution. Northeastern Pacific: west coast of North America from southwestern Alaska to Baja California, Mexico, including the Gulf of California (Baldwin 1961, Krupp &amp; Bussing 1995, González-Acosta et al. 1999, Didier &amp; Rosenberger 2002, Ebert 2003, Mecklenburg et al. 2002, Didier et al. 2012), and Costa Rica (this study), at depths between 0 and about 900 m (Didier et al. 2012).</p> <p>Remarks. These specimens represent a south range extension of about 3500 Km on known distribution, as the southernmost record of the spotted Ratfish was on Punta Prieta off the outer coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico (26°59’N, 114°02’W) (González-Acosta et al. 1999, Ruiz-Campos et al. 2010).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2878AFFEAFF8244D6F9BB857CDD9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Angulo, Arturo;López, Myrna I.;Bussing, William A.;Murase, Atsunobu	Angulo, Arturo, López, Myrna I., Bussing, William A., Murase, Atsunobu (2014): Records of chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, with the description of a new species of Chimera (Chimaeridae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3861 (6): 554-574, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3861.6.3
03C2878AFFE8FF9C44D6F88780A9DE6F.text	03C2878AFFE8FF9C44D6F88780A9DE6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrolagus macrophthalmus de Buen 1959	<div><p>Hydrolagus macrophthalmus de Buen 1959</p> <p>Big eye Chimaera</p> <p>(Figure 7, Table 5)</p> <p>Material examined. 4 specimens. UCR 2611–08, n=2, females, 435–581 mm TL, 223–343 mm BDL; in front of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.468&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.680561" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.468/lat 9.680561)">Playa Coyote</a>, Península de Nicoya, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (9°40'50.02" N, 85°28'4.81" W), 650–700 m, 7 April 2000, collected by M. Vitola. UCR 2901–01, n=2, females, 543–639 mm TL, 334–349 mm BDL; 44.95 <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.49889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.4379" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.49889/lat 9.4379)">Km</a>, 253.73 ° T from Cabo Blanco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (9º26'16.44" N, 85º29'56.04" W), 560–620 m, 24 November 2010, collected by J.M. Carvajal.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body slender; snout short and bluntly rounded; head relatively short (HDL 24.2–24.5% BDL); eyes relatively large (EYL 30.9–34.2% HDL); oral and preopercular lateral line canals sharing a short common branch from the infraorbital canal; pectoral fins relatively large (P1A 36.5–40.8% BDL), extending posterior to the insertion of pelvic fins; lateral line canal of the trunk without sinusoidal undulations; anterior and posterior regions of second dorsal fin considerably taller than middle region; anal fin absent; tail region elongate and slender (PCA 58.3–59.9% BDL); caudal-fin axis horizontal with the fin nearly symmetrical, epaxial and hypaxial lobes equal sized; uniform brown coloration across entire body, with no white markings; bluish fins. Additional morphometric measurements, expressed as percentage of body length (% BDL) or head length (% HDL), and comparative data are presented in Table 5.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern Pacific: Central coast of Mexico (González-Acosta et al. 2010), Costa Rica (this study), Peru and Chile, at depths of 590–1160 m (Didier &amp; Meckley 2009b).</p> <p>Remarks. Although this species has a postulated distribution extending from the central coast of Mexico (González-Acosta et al. 2010) to Chile (Didier &amp; Meckley 2009b), there are no published records between Mexico and Peru (Didier &amp; Meckley 2009b). The discovery of these specimens in Costa Rican waters increases the knowledge of its marine ichthyofauna and provides evidence of a broader distributional pattern for this species in the eastern Pacific region.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2878AFFE8FF9C44D6F88780A9DE6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Angulo, Arturo;López, Myrna I.;Bussing, William A.;Murase, Atsunobu	Angulo, Arturo, López, Myrna I., Bussing, William A., Murase, Atsunobu (2014): Records of chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, with the description of a new species of Chimera (Chimaeridae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3861 (6): 554-574, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3861.6.3
03C2878AFFF7FF9D44D6FF1B848FDED2.text	03C2878AFFF7FF9D44D6FF1B848FDED2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimaeriformes	<div><p>Key to eastern Pacific species of the order Chimaeriformes</p> <p>The following key is based on our research and data available in the literature (Didier &amp; Nakaya 1999, Didier &amp; Rosenberger 2002, Barnett et al. 2006, Nelson 2006, Quaranta et al. 2006, Didier &amp; Meckley 2009a, b, James et al. 2009, González-Acosta et al. 2010, Bustamante et al. 2012, Didier et al. 2012).</p> <p>1 Snout with elongate, flexible, hooklike process; lateral line canals closed; second dorsal fin not elongate; tail heterocercal (Ecuador to Argentina)............................................. Callorhinchus callorynchus (Linnaeus 1758)</p> <p>- Snout short and rounded or long and pointed, not hooklike; lateral line canals are open grooves; second dorsal fin elongate; tail diphycercal.......................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Snout short and bluntly rounded; caudal-fin axis horizontal with the fin nearly symmetrical, epaxial and hypaxial lobes equal sized............................................................................................... 3</p> <p>- Snout elongated and pointed; caudal-fin axis weakly raised with the fin asymmetrical, epaxial caudal-fin lobe narrower than hypaxial lobe........................................................................................ 8</p> <p>3 Anal fin present (Costa Rica to Peru, probably more widespread in the southeastern Pacific).... Chimaera orientalis sp. nov.</p> <p>- Anal fin absent...................................................................................... 4</p> <p>4 Anterior and posterior regions of second dorsal-fin considerably taller than middle region............................ 5</p> <p>- Second dorsal-fin uniform in height throughout............................................................. 7</p> <p>5 Anterior edge of dorsal-fin spine not serrated; uniform dark brown to reddish-brown across entire body with numerous white spots on the head and trunk (Gulf of Alaska to Costa Rica)................... Hydrolagus colliei (Lay &amp; Bennett 1839)</p> <p>- Anterior edge of dorsal-fin spine serrated; uniform brown across entire body with or without a distinct white spot on the lateral side above the pectoral fins............................................................................. 6</p> <p>6 Snout blunt; EYL more than 40% HDL; tail region short and stout, PCA less than 57% BDL; uniform brown across entire body with a distinct white spot on the lateral side above the pectoral fins (Galapagos Islands)................................................................................. Hydrolagus alphus Quaranta, Didier, Long &amp; Ebert 2006</p> <p>- Snout pointed at tip; EYL less than 40% HDL; tail region elongate and slender, PCA more than 58% BDL; uniform brown across entire body with no white markings (Mexico to Chile)................ Hydrolagus macrophthalmus de Buen 1959</p> <p>7 EYL more than 10% BDL; two narrowly spaced columns of serrations on the posterolateral edges of the distal 66–75% of spine (in adults); uniform overall medium grey on dorsal and lateral parts extending to near the ventrum, and dorsum with many irregular circular and elongate white blotches (Galapagos Islands)................................................................................................. Hydrolagus mccoskeri Barnett, Didier, Long &amp; Ebert 2006</p> <p>- EYL less than 9% BDL; spine serrations very worn, posterior edge of spine serrated for last 6.5–13% of spine length (in adults); uniform dark brown to black across entire body with a lighter band over the snout (Southern California, U.S.A. to Chile)............................................. Hydrolagus melanophasma James, Ebert, Long &amp; Didier 2009</p> <p>8 Tooth-plates with ridges and knobs; eyes virtually above mouth; upper edge of caudal fin without denticles or tubercles (Southern California, U.S.A., to Peru)......................................... Harriotta raleighana Goode &amp; Bean 1895</p> <p>- Tooth-plates nearly smooth; eyes distinctly behind level of mouth; caudal tubercles present along the upper edge of caudal fin.................................................................................................... 9</p> <p>9 Snout broad and paddle-shaped with fleshy tip; junction of supraorbital and infraorbital canals on ventral side of snout closer to the tip of the snout than to the nasal canal; ONC/TIO greater than 1.4, TIO/SWF less than 1.5, TIO/LNC less than 3.0; 25–47 dorsal caudal tubercles in mature specimens; even dark brown color over entire body (Costa Rica to Peru)............................................................. Rhinochimaera africana Compagno, Stehmann &amp; Ebert 1990</p> <p>- Snout narrow and conical shaped with the tip narrow and stiff; junction of supraorbital and infraorbital canals on ventral side of snout nearly equidistant between the tip of the snout and the nasal canal; ONC/TIO less than 1.4, TIO/SWF greater than 1.5, TIO/LNC greater than 3.0; 36–62 dorsal caudal tubercles in mature specimens; pale brownish-gray body color with fins darker (Peru).............................................................. Rhinochimaera pacifica (Mitsukuri 1895)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2878AFFF7FF9D44D6FF1B848FDED2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Angulo, Arturo;López, Myrna I.;Bussing, William A.;Murase, Atsunobu	Angulo, Arturo, López, Myrna I., Bussing, William A., Murase, Atsunobu (2014): Records of chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, with the description of a new species of Chimera (Chimaeridae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3861 (6): 554-574, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3861.6.3
