identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B75DB220FF84886FAF5B4FA0FCA9FE07.text	B75DB220FF84886FAF5B4FA0FCA9FE07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus mirabilis (Butschli 1873)	<div><p>Tylencholaimus mirabilis (Bütschli, 1873)</p> <p>Figs 1–2, Table 1</p> <p>Tylenchus mirabilis Bütschli, 1873: 44–45.</p> <p>Discomyctus brevicaudatus Tarjan, 1953: 52–54.</p> <p>Tylencholaimus mirabilis – de Man 1876: 43; 1880: 66; 1884: 104–105. — Loof &amp; Jairajpuri 1968: 321–325. — Vinciguerra 1986: 112. — Peña-Santiago &amp; Coomans 1994b: 199–206.</p> <p>Dorylaimellus mirabilis – Thorne 1939: 140.</p> <p>Dorylaimellus (Tylencholaimus) mirabilis – Meyl 1953: 94</p> <p>Tylencholaimus brevicaudatus – Tarjan 1956: 91. — Loof 1961: 246–247. — Coomans 1962: 146–149.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA • 26 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; Tamil Nadu State, Nilgiris district, Ooty, Dodabetta Peak Road; 11º40.1′99.9″ N, 76º73.5′36.9″ E; 10–15 cm depth; 28 Mar. 2018; soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus mirabilis /1–10.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0– 1.5 µm thick at anterior region, 2.0–2.5 μm at midbody and 3.0–4.0 μm on tail. Outer cuticle thin, finely striated; inner layer thick, its outline somewhat irregular, with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 15–25% of midbody diameter. Body pores distinct, lateral pores: one at odontostyle-odontophore region, 2–5 in neck region, 5–8 at pharyngeal base to vulva and 5–10 in post-vulval region; dorsal body pores: one at odontostyle-odontophore region, 1–3 in neck region, 3 from pharyngeal base to vulva and 1–2 in post-vulval region; ventral body pores: 1–3 in neck region, 1–3 from pharyngeal base to vulva and 3 in post-vulval region. Lip region cap-like, offset by deep constriction, 1.8–2.2 times as wide as high or about ⅓ of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part slightly elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with the labial contour. Amphids cup-shaped, their aperture occupying about ⅓ to ½ of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle 0.7–0.9 times the lip region diameter long, its aperture about ¼ to ⅓ of its length. Odontophore rod-like, with distinct basal swelling, 1.2–1.6 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6–0.8 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender, weakly muscular anterior part, expanding abruptly into a cylindrical basal bulb, with thick-walled lumen, separated by a constriction, occupying about 41–46% of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 59–62, DN = 62–65, DO–DN = 1.7–3.7, S1N1 = 72–76, S1N2 = 76–80, S2N = 89–91, S2O = 90–93. Nerve ring at 34–42% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about ⅓ to 2/5 of the corresponding body diameter long.</p> <p>Genital system monodelphic-prodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 46–127 μm long, rarely extending beyond the oviduct-uterus junction (n = 4); oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 38–91 μm, its proximal and distal parts not differentiated. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by weak sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 28–47 μm long. Posterior genital branch reduced to very small sac-like structure, measuring 5.0–8.5 μm long or about ¼ of midbody diameter. Sperm cell absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending inward, 11–15 μm, or about ⅓ to ½ (35–50%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 6.5–9.5 × 6.0–8.0 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 4.0–5.5 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 5.6–8.8 and rectum 1.0–1.5 anal body diameter long. Tail convex-conoid with bluntly rounded terminus, 1.2–1.8 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>General morphology similar to that of female, except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cell spindle-shaped. In addition to adcloacal pair at 7.0–8.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are four ventromedian supplements, located outside the range of spicules, first ventromedian supplement at 37–38 μm from adcloacal pair, second at 7.0–8.0 μm from first, third at 22–23 μm from second and fourth at 10–11 μm from third ventromedian supplement. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.0–4.4 times as long as wide and 1.2– 1.3 times as long as body diameter at level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 123–125º, head occupying about 22% of total spicules length, median pieces 9.5–10.2 times as long as wide, occupying about 30% of the spicules maximum width, reaching the spicules tip, posterior end 3.0–3.5 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, 3.4–4.0 times as long as wide or ¼ of the spicules length. Prerectum 6.0–7.0 and rectum 1.2–1.5 times cloacal body diameter long. Tail short, convex-conoid, with bluntly rounded terminus, 1.4 cloacal body diameter in length, with a pair of caudal pores on each side.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Bütschli (1873) described Tylenchus mirabilis from Germany for which de Man (1876) proposed the genus Tylencholaimus with T. mirabilis as its type species. The type specimens were not preserved and the identity of the species remained uncertain. De Man (1880, 1884) collected specimens from soil near Apeldoorn, The Netherland in July, 1879 and described them as Tylencholaimus mirabilis. Tarjan (1953) described Discomyctus brevicaudatus from Rhode Island, United States, which he later (Tarjan 1956) transferred to Tylecholaimus. Coomans (1962) redescribed T. brevicaudatus from Belgium and considered it closely similar to T. mirabilis (Bütschli, 1873). Loof &amp; Jairajpuri (1968) in their revision of the genus Tylencholaimus, redescribed this species based on seven females from the type locality and one male from Switzerland, and designated neotype as well as topotype from these specimens. They also agreed with de Man’s (1876) opinion that T. mirabilis is the type species of the genus Tylencholaimus. Vinciguerra (1986) described this species from Italy, while Peña-Santiago &amp; Coomans (1994b), in their revision of the genus Tylencholaimus, made a detailed study of the type population and of another population collected from Spain. The morphometrics of the present specimens collected from India conform well with the type population, except in having slightly smaller spicules (27 vs 31 μm). The present specimens also conform well with populations described earlier by Tarjan (1953), Loof (1961) and Coomans (1962), except for the presence of males (vs absent). The present specimens also conform with Spanish and Italian populations described by Peña-Santiago &amp; Coomans (1994b) and Vinciguerra (1986). This is the first report of T. mirabilis from India.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FF84886FAF5B4FA0FCA9FE07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
B75DB220FF81886FAF004DD4FAEEFAB0.text	B75DB220FF81886FAF004DD4FAEEFAB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus teres Thorne 1939	<div><p>Tylencholaimus teres Thorne, 1939</p> <p>Fig. 3, Table 2</p> <p>Tylencholaimus teres Thorne, 1939: 58–59.</p> <p>Tylencholaimus teres – Jairajpuri 1965: 512. — Thorne 1974: 83. — Vinciguerra 1986: 112. — Peña- Santiago &amp; Coomans 1994a: 59–66.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Kerala State, Palakkad district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.53997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.061501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.53997/lat 11.061501)">Mukkali</a>; 11º03′41.4″ N, 76º32′23.9″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 25 Oct. 2017; soil samples collected from around roots of shrubs (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus teres /1.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Thorne (1939) described Tylencholaimus teres from the USA. Later, Jairajpuri (1965), Vinciguerra (1986) and Thorne (1974) redescribed this species from India, Italy and the USA, respectively. Peña- Santiago &amp; Coomans (1994a), in their revision of the genus Tylencholaimus, restudied the type material and added two more populations from Spain. The morphometrics of the present specimens conform well with the type population except in having a slightly shorter body length (0.78 vs 0.88–1.0 mm); shorter pharyngeal expansion (76 vs 102–110 μm); slightly anterior vulva position (V = 55.6 vs 58.8–62.3); lower c (44.7 vs 55–67) ratio and smaller spicules (28 vs 30–32 μm). The present specimens also conform well with the Indian population except in having a slightly shorter and slender body (0.78 vs 0.9 mm, a = 30.9 vs 25) and lower c (44.7 vs 50) ratio. The present specimens also conform well with Spanish populations except for having a slightly smaller pharynx (184 vs 191–228 μm) and comparatively anterior vulva position (V = 55.6 vs 62–66). These differences are considered here as intraspecific variability.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FF81886FAF004DD4FAEEFAB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
B75DB220FF818864AF5849A5FAC3FE00.text	B75DB220FF818864AF5849A5FAC3FE00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus micronanus Yeates 1979	<div><p>Tylencholaimus micronanus Yeates, 1979</p> <p>Fig. 4, Table 3</p> <p>Tylencholaimus micronanus Yeates, 1979: 423–425.</p> <p>Tylencholaimus vanguimus Mohilal &amp; Dhanachand, 2000: 33–35.</p> <p>Tylencholaimus micronanus – Peña-Santiago &amp; Coomans 1994c: 362–364. — Peña-Santiago 2008: 123.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA – Kerala State • 6 ♀♀; Kasaragod district, Ranipuram National Park; 12.4º26′18.3″ N, 75.3º58′94.4″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 15 Nov. 2016; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus micronanus /1–3. – Karnataka State • 4 ♀♀; Kodagu district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.530556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.391417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.530556/lat 12.391417)">Bhagamandala</a>; 12°23′29.1″ N, 75°31′50.0″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 8 Nov. 2016; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus micronanus /4–6.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Yeates (1979) described Tylencholaimus micronanus from New Zealand. Baqri (1991) reported it from Sikkim, India whereas, Peña-Santiago &amp; Coomans (1994c) restudied the type material of this species and provided a complete description. Mohilal &amp; Dhanachand (2000) described a new species, Tylencholaimus vanguimus from Manipur, India which was synonymized with T. micronanus by Peña- Santiago (2008). The morphometrics of the present populations conform well with the type population except in having a slightly shorter odontostyle (4.5–5.5 vs 6.0–7.0 μm) and in the presence of a terminal caudal pore (vs absent). The present population also conforms well with Sikkim as well as Manipur populations except in having a shorter and robust body (0.31–0.39 vs 0.44 mm, a = 17–23 vs 25); lower b value (2.4–2.8 vs 3.6); a slightly shorter odontostyle (4.5–5.5 vs 6.0 µm) and tail (11–12 vs 13 µm) than in the Sikkim population; and a slightly lower c’ ratio (0.8–1.0 vs 1.0–1.1) than in Manipur population, as well as the presence of terminal caudal pore (vs absent in the Manipur population).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FF818864AF5849A5FAC3FE00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
B75DB220FF8A8867ACF84DD4FD2AFA05.text	B75DB220FF8A8867ACF84DD4FD2AFA05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus ibericus Pena-Santiago & Coomans 1994	<div><p>Tylencholaimus ibericus Peña-Santiago &amp; Coomans, 1994</p> <p>Fig. 5, Table 4</p> <p>Tylencholaimus ibericus Peña-Santiago &amp; Coomans, 1994c: 355–358.</p> <p>Tylencholaimus japonicus Ahmad &amp; Araki, 2003: 9–12.</p> <p>Tylencholaimus zhongshanensis Wu et al., 2019: 4–8.</p> <p>Tylencholaimus ibericus – Dhanam &amp; Jairajpuri 1999: 3.— Ahad &amp; Ahmad 2016: 364–466. Tylencholaimus japonicus – Li et al. 2008: 2000.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA – Kerala State • 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; Thiruvananthapuram district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.11897&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.760083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.11897/lat 8.760083)">Ponmudi</a> hill; 8º45′36.3″ N, 77º07′08.3″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 4 Nov. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses and shrubs (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus ibericus /1–2. – Karnataka State • 3 ♀♀; Kodagu district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.530556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.391417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.530556/lat 12.391417)">Bhagamandala</a>; 12°23′29.1″ N, 75°31′50.0″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 8 Nov. 2016; soil samples collected from around the roots of forest plants (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus ibericus /3–4.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Slender nematodes of small size, slightly curved ventrad upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.5–2.0 μm thick at midbody and 2.0–2.5 μm on tail. Outer cuticle finely striated; inner layer thick, loose, its outline irregular with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 23–28% of midbody diameter. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by constriction, 1.9–2.3 times as wide as high or about ⅓ to 2/5 of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part slightly elevated. Amphids cup-shaped, their aperture occupying about ⅓ to 2/5 of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle 0.7–0.9 times the lip region diameter long, its aperture about ¼ to ⅓ of the odontostyle length. Odontophore rod-like, with minute basal knobs, 1.0–1.1 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.5–0.6 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender, slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a cylindrical basal bulb, with thick-walled lumen, occupying about 37–39% of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 62–66, DN = 65–69, DO–DN = 1.8–2.9, S1N1 = 75–79, S1N2 = 79–81, S2N = 88–91, S2O = 90–92. Nerve ring at 37–42% of neck length from anterior region. Cardia rounded to conoid, about ¼ to 2/5 of the corresponding body diameter long.</p> <p>Genital system monodelphic-prodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 30–49 μm long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 28–57 μm, consisting of a slender portion and a slightly developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked with weak sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 15–31 μm. Posterior genital branch completely absent. Vagina slightly anteriorly directed, 8.5–10μm or about ½ (48–55%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 5.0–6.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.0–3.5 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 3.3–4.9 and rectum 0.8–1.1 times the anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to conoid, 1.0–1.5 times the anal body diameter long, with a pair of subdorsal and a prominent terminal caudal pore.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>General morphology similar to that of female, except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cell spindle-shaped. In addition to the adcloacal pair at 6.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are three ventromedian supplements, located outside the range of spicules, first one at 12 μm from adcloacal pair, second at 16 μm from first and third one at 18 μm from second ventromedian supplement. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively slender, 5.7 times as long as wide and 1.4 times cloacal body diameter long, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 140°, head occupying about 25% of total spicules length, median piece 10.6 times as long as wide, occupying about 42% of the spicules maximum width, reaching the spicules tip, posterior end 2.5 μm wide. Lateral guiding piece distinct, rod-like, about 5.0 times as long as wide or about 1/5 of the spicules length. Prerectum 5.7 and rectum 1.5 times the cloacal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to conoid, 0.93 times the cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Peña-Santiago &amp; Coomans (1994c) described Tylencholaimus ibericus from Spain. Dhanam &amp; Jairajpuri (1999) reported this species from Karnataka, India. Ahmad &amp; Araki (2003) described Tylencholaimus japonicus from Japan, which was considered a synonym of T. ibericus by Peña-Santiago (2008). Later, Li et al. (2008) and Ahad &amp; Ahmad (2016) reported it from China. Wu et al. (2019) described Tylencholaimus zhongshanensis from Zhongshan, China. Recently, Peña-Santiago (2020) synonymized this species with T. ibericus that was accepted herein as well. The morphometrics of the present populations conform well with the type population except in having distinct radial refractive elements (vs indistinct); slightly shorter odontophore (5.5–6.5 vs 6.0–8.0 μm) and presence of male (vs male absent). The present populations conform well with the Indian population described by Dhanam &amp; Jairajpuri (1999) except in having slightly lower b (3.0–3.6 vs 4.0) ratio; shorter tail length (14–18 vs 18–20 μm) and presence of male (vs absent). The morphometrics of the present populations also conform well with the Japanese population described by Ahmad &amp; Araki (2003) except in having lower c (24–33 vs 35–46) and slightly higher c’ (1.0–1.5 vs 0.92–1.1) ratios; shorter prerectum (42–53 vs 70–112 μm) and presence of male (vs absent). The present populations also conform well with earlier as well as recently described Chinese populations by Li et al. (2008), Ahad &amp; Ahmad (2016) and Wu et al. (2019). These differences may be interpreted as geographical or intraspecific variability. Male individuals is reported here for the first time in this species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FF8A8867ACF84DD4FD2AFA05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
B75DB220FF89887AAC9A49D6FDE1FD01.text	B75DB220FF89887AAC9A49D6FDE1FD01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus cosmos (Dhanam & Jairajpuri 1999)	<div><p>Tylencholaimus cosmos (Dhanam &amp; Jairajpuri, 1999)</p> <p>Fig. 6, Table 5</p> <p>Amphitylencholaimus cosmos Dhanam &amp; Jairajpuri, 1999: 2, 4</p> <p>Tylencholaimus cosmos – Peña-Santiago 2008: 120–121.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA – Goa State • 3 ♀♀; South Goa district, Verna; 15º35.3′59.3″ N, 73º92.2′26.4″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 22 Apr. 2016; soil sample collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus cosmos /1. – Kerala State • 3 ♀♀; Thiruvananthapuram district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.11895&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.760056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.11895/lat 8.760056)">Ponmudi</a> hill; 8º45′36.2″ N, 77º07′08.2″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 4 Nov. 2017; soil sample collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus cosmos /2.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Dhanam &amp; Jairajpuri (1999) described Amphitylencholaimus cosmos from Malnad tracts of Karnataka, India. Peña-Santiago (2008) did not accept the generic status of Amphitylencholaimus and transferred A. cosmos to Tylencholaimus. Ahad &amp; Ahmad (2016) reported this species from Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Dhanam &amp; Jairajpuri (1999) characterized this species by having the anterior slender part of pharynx expanding gradually to form the cylindroid basal part but in their fig. 1C, the anterior part of pharynx appears slender, expanding abruptly to form the basal expanded part. In the present specimens, the anterior part of pharynx is also slender, expanding abruptly to form the basal expanded part. The morphometrics of the present populations conform well with the type population except in having a shorter body length (0.55–0.76 vs 0.7–0.9 mm), slightly lower b value (3.1–4.2 vs 3.9–5.0) and shorter odontophore length (8.5–10 vs 12–14 μm). The present populations also conform well with the Assam population except in having a slightly higher lip region (3.0–3.5 vs 2.0–3.0 μm) and a longer rectum (17–22 vs 13–14 μm).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FF89887AAC9A49D6FDE1FD01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
B75DB220FF94887FAF594EDAFCFBFB12.text	B75DB220FF94887FAF594EDAFCFBFB12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus macroamphidius Islam & Ahmad 2021	<div><p>Tylencholaimus macroamphidius sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 10F3DAD5-CF89-4677-95FA-A06D29395E95</p> <p>Figs 7–8, Table 6</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Tylencholaimus macroamphidius sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.6–0.8 mm long, slender body; lip region set off by deep constriction, lips separate, angular; amphids large; odontostyle 8.0–9.0 μm, odontophore 8.5–9.5 μm with asymmetrical basal knobs, total stylet length 17.0–18.5 μm; pharynx with weakly muscular anterior part expanding gradually into a cylindrical basal bulb occupying about 38–43% of total neck length; female genital system monodelphic-prodelphic; posterior branch 39– 70 μm or 2.0–3.5 times the midbody diameter long, consisting of uterus, sphincter, and with a saclike structure representing a rudimentary oviduct; vulva transverse; tail rounded to conoid and males with 19–23 μm long spicules, lateral guiding pieces 5.0–6.0 μm long and three spaced ventromedian supplements.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The new species is named Tylencholaimus macroamphidius sp. nov. because of its characteristically large amphids.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • 1 ♀; Tamil Nadu State, Nilgiris Hill, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.543526&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.477166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.543526/lat 11.477166)">Naduvattum</a>; 11º28′37.8″ N, 76º32′36.7″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 15 Nov. 2016; roots of shrubs (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus macroamphidius /1.</p> <p>Paratypes INDIA • 4 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus macroamphidius /2–5 • 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus macroamphidius /6–8; nematode collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.</p> <p>Type habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified) from Naduvattum, Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu State.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.5– 2.0 μm thick at midbody and 2 μm on tail. Outer cuticle thin, finely striated; inner layer thick, its outline somewhat irregular, with distinct radial refractive elements, more distinct in caudal region. Lateral chords occupying about 25–29% of midbody diameter. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by deep constriction, 2.0–2.5 times as wide as high or about ½ to 2/5 of the body diameter at neck base. Lips moderately separate, angular, inner part slightly elevated and protruding. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with the labial contour. Amphids large, stirrup-shaped, their aperture occupying about ½ to 3/5 of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle 0.8–1.0 times the lip region diameter long, its aperture about ⅓ of the odontostyle length. Odontophore 1.0–1.1 times of the odontostyle length with asymmetrical basal knobs, the subventral knobs always larger than dorsal one. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6–0.9 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender, slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a cylindroid basal bulb, with thick-walled lumen, occupying about 38–43% of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 61–64, DN = 63–67, DO–DN = 1.5–3.1, S1N1 = 73–76, S1N2 = 77–81, S2N = 88–90, S2O = 90–91. Nerve ring at 33–39% of neck length from anterior region. Cardia rounded to conoid, about ⅓ to 3/5 of the corresponding body diameter long.</p> <p>Genital system monodelphic-prodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 24–49 μm long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 49–84 μm, consisting of a slender distal part and a well developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked with welldeveloped sphincter. Uterus short, tubular, measuring 33–45 μm. Posterior genital branch 39–70 μm or 2.0–3.5 times the midbody diameter long, comprised of uterine part measuring 29–54 μm and distinct sphincter followed by sac-like structure representing rudimentary oviduct. Sperm cell present throughout the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 8.5–10.5 μm or about 2/5 to ½ (43–53%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 6.5–7.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.0–3.5 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.6–4.0 and rectum 0.9–1.0 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, conoid, ventrally curved with rounded terminus, 1.4–1.6 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of subdorsal caudal pores.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>General morphology similar to that of female, except for the posterior body region being comparatively more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cell spindle-shaped. In addition to adcloacal pair at 3.0–5.0 μm from cloacal aperture, there are three ventromedian supplements, located outside the range of spicules, first one at 16–20 μm from adcloacal pair, second at 8.0–10 μm from first, and third at 8.0–14 μm from second ventromedian supplement. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.9–5.8 times as long as wide, 1.0–1.4 times as long as cloacal body diameter, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 120–123º, head occupying about 14–17% of total spicules length, median pieces 11.3–12.5 times as long as wide, occupying about 37% of the spicules maximum width, reaching the spicules tip, posterior end 2.0–2.5 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces slender, about 4.0–6.0 times as long as wide or about ⅓ of total spicules length. Prerectum 4.2–5.0 and rectum 1.0–1.2 cloacal body diameter long. Tail short, conoid, 1.1–1.2 times cloacal body diameter long with a pair of subdorsal caudal pores.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks</p> <p>In the presence of asymmetrical basal knobs of the odontophore, the new species comes close to T. confusus Ahmad &amp; Araki, 2003 and T. arakii Ahad &amp; Ahmad, 2016, but differs from the former in having longer odontostyle (8.0–9.0 vs 6.5–7.5 μm); pharyngeal expansion gradual (vs abrupt); slightly shorter pharyngeal expansion (73–82 vs 83–93 μm); slightly posterior vulva position (V = 65.7–68.5 vs 61–65); longer posterior genital branch with distinct sphincter and rudimentary oviduct (39–60 vs 8.0– 10 μm, sphincter and rudimentary oviduct absent) and fewer ventromedian supplements (3 vs 4–6).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. arakii in having differently shaped (lips moderately separate and angular vs lips rounded and amalgamated) and wider lip region (9.0–10.0 vs 6.0–7.0 μm); wider amphidial aperture (4.5–5.5 vs 3.0–4.0 µm); absence of labial disc (vs present); higher b (3.4–4.3 vs 2.8–3.1) and c’ (1.4–1.6 vs 1.0–1.1) ratios; shorter pharyngeal expansion (73–82 vs 88–96 μm) and presence of posterior sac (vs absent).</p> <p>In the presence of gradual pharyngeal expansion and long posterior sac, the new species comes close to T. stecki Steiner, 1914 and T. vulvulatus Rahman et al., 1987. However, it differs from T. stecki, in having wider amphidial aperture (4.5–5.5 vs 3.0–3.5 µm); longer odontostyle (8.0–9.0 vs 5.0–5.5 μm), odontophore with asymmetrical basal knobs (vs symmetrical); slightly shorter pharynx and its expansion (170–196 vs 203–236 μm, 73–82 vs 89–102 μm); lower c (28–37 vs 44–59) and higher c’ (1.4–1.6 vs 0.7–0.9) ratios.</p> <p>The new species differs from T. vulvulatus in having a longer odontostyle (8.0–9.0 vs 6.0–7.0 μm), odontophore with asymmetrical basal knobs (vs symmetrical); vulval lips symmetrical (vs asymmetrical); lower c (28–37 vs 40–61), higher c’ (1.4–1.6 vs 0.7–1.0) ratios and smaller spicules (19–23 vs 28–32 μm).</p> <p>In the presence of gradual pharyngeal expansion and long posterior sac the new species also comes close to T. australis Yeates, 1979 but differs in having longer body (0.61–0.85 vs 0.50–0.54 mm); wider amphidial aperture (4.5–5.5 vs 2.0–2.5 µm); longer odontostyle (8.0–9.0 vs 4.5–5.0 µm) and odontophore (9.0–9.5 vs 5.0 µm); knobs of odontophore asymmetrical (vs symmetrical); longer posterior genital branch with distinct sphincter and rudimentary oviduct (39–70 vs 25 µm, sphincter and rudimentary oviduct absent) and presence of male (vs absent).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FF94887FAF594EDAFCFBFB12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
B75DB220FF918873AF1748C2FD23F81A.text	B75DB220FF918873AF1748C2FD23F81A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus shamimi Islam & Ahmad 2021	<div><p>Tylencholaimus shamimi sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8EA31D0A-727E-44BD-923C-364BB928F60E</p> <p>Figs 9–10, Table 7</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Tylencholaimus shamimi sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.57–0.71 mm long body; lip region offset by constriction, lips slightly elevated; odontostyle 6.0–7.0 μm, odontophore 8.5–9.5 μm with basal thickening, total stylet length 14.5–16.0 μm; pharynx with slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into the cylindrical basal bulb occupying about 38–44% of total neck length; female genital system amphidelphic; vulva a transverse slit; tail short, convex-conoid with bluntly rounded terminus and males with 19–23 μm long spicules, lateral guiding pieces and two to three spaced ventromedian supplements.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The new species is named after Prof. Mohammad Shamim Jairajpuri in recognition of his contribution to nematode taxonomy.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • 1 ♀; Kerala State, Idukki, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.796&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.827" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.796/lat 9.827)">Kudyathoor</a>; 9º49′37.2″ N, 76º47′45.6″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 31 Oct. 2017; roots of grasses (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus shamimi /1. Paratypes INDIA • 4 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus shamimi /2–4 • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus shamimi /5–6, nematode collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.</p> <p>Other material</p> <p>INDIA • 6 ♀♀; Karnataka State, Uttara Kannada district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=74.72&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.969999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 74.72/lat 14.969999)">Yellapur</a>; 14º58′12.00″ N, 74º43′12.00″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 29 Oct. 2018; roots of grasses and shrubs (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus shamimi /7–9.</p> <p>Type habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil sample collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified) from Kudyathoor, Idukki district, Kerala State.</p> <p>Other habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil sample collected from around the roots of grasses and shrubs (unidentified) from Yellapur, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka State.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Slender, small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0–1.5 μm thick at anterior region, 1.5–2.0 μm at midbody and 2.5–3.0 μm on tail. Outer cuticle thin, finely striated; inner layer thick, loose, its outline irregular, with radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 23–32% of the midbody diameter. Dorsal, ventral and lateral body pores indistinct. Lip region narrow, cap-like, offset by constriction, 2.0–2.6 times as wide as high or about ⅓ of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part slightly elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with the labial contour. Amphids small, cup-shaped, their aperture occupying about ⅓ of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle short, cylindrical, 0.8–0.9 times the lip region diameter long, its aperture about ¼ to ⅓ of the odontostyle length. Odontophore simple rod-like, with basal thickening, 1.3–1.5 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6–0.9 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a cylindrical basal bulb, with thickwalled lumen, occupying about 38–44% of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 60–63, DN = 62–65, DO–DN = 1.6–2.3, S1N1 = 75–77, S1N2 = 80–83, S2N = 89–90, S2O = 91–92. Nerve ring located at 38–42% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about ¼ to 2/5 of the corresponding body diameter long.</p> <p>Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 43–89 μm (anterior) and 36–54 μm (posterior) long, not reaching the oviduct-uterus junction; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 42–74 μm (anterior) and 33–66 μm (posterior) long, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked with well-developed sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 28–41 μm (anterior) and 26–45 μm (posterior). Sperm cell rarely present in the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards for 10–13 μm or about ½ (48–54%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 8.0–10 × 4.0–6.0 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.0–3.5 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 3.2–5.6 and rectum 0.8–1.4 anal body diameter long. Tail short, convex-conoid, 0.8–1.0 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side and a distinct terminal pore.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>General morphology similar to that of female, except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cell spindle-shaped, 8.0–9.0 μm long. In addition to adcloacal pair, situated at 5.0–6.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are two to three spaced ventromedian supplements, located outside the range of spicules; first one at 32–36 μm from adcloacal pair, second at 23–35 μm from first and the third (n = 1) at 20 μm from second ventromedian supplement. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively slender, 4.6–4.8 times as long as wide and 1.4 times as long as cloacal body diameter, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 128–131º, head occupying about 10–13% of total spicules length, median pieces 10.5–14.3 times as long as wide, occupying about 30–40% of the spicules maximum width, reaching the spicules tip, posterior end 1.5–2.0 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, 4.3–4.6 times as long as wide or about ⅓ of the spicules length. Prerectum 3.9–5.5 and rectum 1.5–1.6 cloacal body diameter long. Tail short, convex-conoid, with rounded terminus, 0.9–1.0 times cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side and a distinct terminal pore.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks</p> <p>By its small body size; gradual pharyngeal expansion and amphidelphic female genital system, the new species comes close to T. innebus Ahmad &amp; Jairajpuri, 1979; T. congestus Loof &amp; Jairajpuri, 1968; T. mongolicus Andrássy, 1967 and T. suryawanshii Ali &amp; Chisty, 1972, but differs from the former in having a cap-like lip region with rounded, amalgamated lips (vs lip region expanded, broad and labial papillae elevated); smaller amphidial aperture (⅓ vs ⅔ of the lip region diameter); odontostyle with narrow lumen (vs wide lumen); shorter expanded part of pharynx (38–44 vs 36–37% of the total neck length); differently shaped cardia (rounded to conoid vs hemispheroid); longer prerectum (53–86 vs 26–50 μm); differently shaped tail (convex-conoid vs hemispheroid) and presence of male (vs absent).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. congestus in having a shorter body size (0.57–0.71 vs 0.72–0.83 mm); smaller amphidial aperture (⅓ vs ½ of the lip region diameter); shorter pharynx and its expansion (166– 172 vs 230 μm, 64–75 vs 80 μm) and presence of male (vs absent).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. mongolicus in having a longer body size (0.57–0.71 vs 0.52–0.57 mm); narrower lip region (7.0–8.0 vs 11–12 μm); higher c (36–63 vs 21–30) and slightly lower c’ (0.8–1.0 vs 1.0–1.2) ratios; comparatively posterior vulva position (V = 58–63 vs 52–55) and presence of male (vs absent).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. suryawanshii in having a narrower lip region (7.0–8.0 vs 9.0 μm); smaller amphidial aperture (⅓ vs ⅔ of the lip region diameter); shorter odontostyle (6.0–7.0 vs 8.5 μm) and odontophore (8.5–9.5 vs 12 μm); longer prerectum (53–86 vs 30 μm) and presence of male (vs absent).</p> <p>In the presence of gradual pharyngeal expansion, the new species also comes close to T. sinensis Li et al., 2008 and T. teres Thorne, 1939 but differs from the former in having a smaller body size (0.57– 0.71 vs 0.76–0.93 mm); smaller amphidial aperture (2.0–3.0 vs 4.0–5.0 μm); comparatively posterior vulva position (V = 58–63 vs 57.0–57.5); longer pharyngeal expansion (38–44 vs 35–36% of total neck length); shorter prerectum (53–85 vs 100–105 μm) and shorter spicules (23–24 vs 32 μm).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. teres in having a smaller body size (0.57–0.71 vs 0.75–1.2 mm), slightly smaller amphidial aperture (2.0–3.0 vs 3.0–4.0 μm); shorter pharynx and its expansion (166–172 vs 184–247 μm, 65–74 vs 76–115 μm); shorter prerectum (53–85 vs 105–202 μm, 3.2–5.6 vs 6.8–9.5 times corresponding body diameter); shorter (23–24 vs 28–37 μm) and differently shaped spicules (robust vs slender, 4.6–4.8 vs 6.2 times as long as wide).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FF918873AF1748C2FD23F81A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
B75DB220FF9B884AAF714D26FDE9FCBD.text	B75DB220FF9B884AAF714D26FDE9FCBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus southindicus Islam & Ahmad 2021	<div><p>Tylencholaimus southindicus sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 995DAB2D-59D1-4B2D-BD2E-07B06E46C5A5</p> <p>Figs 11–12, Table 8</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Tylencholaimus southindicus sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.44–0.55 mm long, slender body; lip region offset by constriction, labial disc distinct; odontostyle 4.5–5.5 μm, odontophore 5.0–6.0 μm, total stylet length 10–11.5 μm; pharynx with slender anterior part expanding abruptly into a cylindrical basal bulb occupying about 39–43% of total neck length; female genital system monodelphic-prodelphic; posterior genital branch reduced to a simple sac, 22–54 μm or 1.2–3.0 times the midbody diameter long; vulva transverse; tail short, rounded to rounded-conoid; males with 17–18 µm long spicules, 4.5–5.5 µm long lateral guiding pieces and two spaced ventromedian supplements.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The new species is named Tylencholaimus southindicus sp. nov. because of its distribution in south India.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • 1 ♀; Kerala State, Ernakulam district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.798996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.798996/lat 10.158)">Manikandanchal</a>; 10º09′28.8″ N, 76º47′56.4″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 28 Oct. 2017; roots of shrubs (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus southindicus /1.</p> <p>Paratypes INDIA • 9 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus southindicus /2–5 • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus southindicus /6, nematode collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.</p> <p>Other material</p> <p>INDIA • 16 ♀♀; Karnataka State, Kodagu district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.530556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.391417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.530556/lat 12.391417)">Bhagamandala</a>; 12º23′29.1″ N, 75º31′50.0″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 8 Nov. 2016; roots of shrubs and forest trees (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus southindicus /7–13.</p> <p>Type habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified) from Manikandanchal, Ernakulam district, Kerala State.</p> <p>Other habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified) and forest trees (unidentified) from Bhagamandala, Kodagu district, Karnataka State.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Small sized nematodes, 0.44–0.55 mm long; curved ventrad upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0–1.5 μm thick at midbody and 1.5–2 μm on tail. Outer cuticle finely striated; inner layer thick, with radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 23–31% of midbody diameter. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by distinct constriction, 1.4–2.0 times as wide as high or about ⅓ of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part elevated, transformed into a labial disc-like structure. Amphids small, cup-shaped, their aperture occupying about ⅓ to 2/5 of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle short, slender, anterior end slightly thick, 0.8–1.0 times the lip region diameter long, its aperture about 1/5 to ⅓ of the odontostyle length. Odontophore rod-like, with minute basal knobs, 1.0–1.2 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6–0.8 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender, slightly muscular anterior part, expanding abruptly into a cylindrical basal bulb, with thick-walled lumen, occupying about 39–43% of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 62–65, DN = 65–68, DN–DO = 1.9–3.4, S1N1 = 75–79, S1N2 = 79–82, S2N = 88–90, S2O = 90–92. Nerve ring located at 36–43% of neck length from anterior region. Cardia rounded to conoid, about ⅓ of the corresponding body diameter long.</p> <p>Genital system monodelphic-prodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 32–86 μm long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 53–102 μm, with a welldeveloped pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus slightly long and tubular, measuring 27–53 μm. Posterior genital branch reduced to simple sac, measuring 22–54 μm or 1.2–3.0 times midbody diameter. Sperm cell present throughout the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 8.0–10 μm or about ½ to 3/5 (46–61%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 5.0–7.0 × 3.0–5.0 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae short, 2.0–3.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva a transverse slit. Prerectum 3.4–6.6 and rectum 0.9–1.2 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to rounded-conoid, 0.6–0.9 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of subdorsal and a prominent terminal caudal pore present.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>General morphology similar to that of female, except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cell spindle-shaped. In addition to adcloacal pair at 4.0–5.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are two ventromedian supplements, located outside the range of spicules, first one at 22–31 μm from adcloacal pair, second at 16–31 μm from first ventromedian supplement. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, 4.3–5.1 times as long as wide and 1.3–1.5 times as long as body diameter at level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 125–130º, head occupying about 10–11% of total spicules length, median pieces 7.5–11.3 times as long as wide, occupying about 37– 57% of the spicules maximum width, reaching the spicules tip, posterior end 1.5–2.0 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 3.3–5.0 times as long as wide or about ¼ to ⅓ of the spicules length. Prerectum 5.1–7.9 and rectum 1.5–1.7 times cloacal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to conoid, 0.7–1.0 times cloacal body diameter long; a pair of subdorsal and a prominent terminal caudal pore present.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks</p> <p>In the presence of labial disc, abrupt pharyngeal expansion, presence of posterior uterine sac and short rounded to hemispheroid tail, the new species comes close to T. imperamus Mohilal &amp; Dhanachand, 2003; T. discus Golhasan et al., 2019 and T. constrictus Vinciguerra, 1986 but differs from the former in the shape and size of labial disc (large vs small); distinctly offset lip region (vs lip region almost continuous); longer post-uterine sac (22–54 vs 9.0–18 μm); smaller spicules (17–18 vs 24–25 μm) and fewer ventromedian supplements (2 vs 3).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. discus in having a shorter body size (0.44–0.55 vs 0.65–0.76 mm); comparatively smaller amphidial aperture (2.0–2.5 vs 3.0–4.0 μm); shorter total stylet length (10.0– 11.5 vs 15.0–17.5 μm, odontostyle 4.5–5.5 vs 6.0–7.0 μm, odontophore 5.0–6.0 vs 9.0–10.5 μm); odontophore with minute basal knobs (vs large knobs); shorter pharynx and its expansion (142–164 vs</p> <p>230–259 μm, 56–71 vs 98–125 μm); slightly shorter tail length (9.0–11 vs 13–17 μm) and presence of male (vs absent).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. constrictus in having a shorter body size (0.44–0.55 vs 0.76–0.96 mm); narrower lip region (5.0–6.0 vs 7.0–8.0 μm); smaller amphidial aperture (2.0–2.5 vs 4 μm), shorter odontophore (5.0–6.0 vs 9.0–10 μm); longer post-uterine sac (22–54 vs 5.0–16 μm); shorter spicules (17–18 vs 28 μm) and fewer ventromedian supplements (2 vs 5–6).</p> <p>In the presence of long posterior uterine sac, the new species also comes close to T. longicaudatus Peña- Santiago &amp; Coomans, 1994 and T. conicaudatus Peña-Santiago &amp; Coomans, 1994 but differs from the former in having a shorter body size (0.44–0.55 vs 0.60–0.77 mm); comparatively posterior vulva position (V = 64–70 vs 59–63); shorter post-uterine sac (22–54 vs 61–90 μm) and shorter tail (9.0–11 vs 31–41 μm, c = 39–64 vs 18–21, c’ = 0.6–1.0 vs 2.1–3.2).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. conicaudatus in having a slightly narrow lip region (5.0–6.0 vs 7.0– 8.0 μm); pharyngeal expansion abrupt (vs gradual); slightly posterior vulva position (V = 64–70 vs 61–65); higher c (39–62 vs 21–24) and lower c’ (0.6–1.0 vs 1.3–1.6) ratios; tail rounded (vs conoid) and presence of male (vs absent).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FF9B884AAF714D26FDE9FCBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
B75DB220FFA4884FAF1E4FA1FDEFFD8F.text	B75DB220FFA4884FAF1E4FA1FDEFFD8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus striatus Islam & Ahmad 2021	<div><p>Tylencholaimus striatus sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AB28078B-AE98-4000-844C-B8823170F355</p> <p>Figs 13–14, Table 9</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Tylencholaimus striatus sp. nov. is characterized by having small sized, robust body, 0.30–0.34 mm; distinctly striated cuticle; lip region set off by slight constriction; odontostyle 5.0–5.5 μm; odontophore about as long as odontostyle with minute basal knobs, total stylet length 10–11 μm; pharynx with slender anterior part, expanding abruptly into a cylindrical basal bulb occupying about 36–41% of total neck length; female genital system monodelphic-prodelphic; posterior genital branch reduced to a small uterine sac, 0.4–0.6 times the midbody diameter; vulva a transverse slit and tail short, cylindroid to conoid with bluntly rounded terminus.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The new species is named Tylencholaimus striatus sp. nov. because of its distinctly striated cuticle.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • 1 ♀; Karnataka State, Kodagu district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.530556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.391417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.530556/lat 12.391417)">Bhagamandala</a>; 12°23′29.1″ N, 75°31′50.0″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 15 Nov. 2016; roots of shrubs and forest trees (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/ NC/ Tylencholaimus striatus /1.</p> <p>Paratypes INDIA • 4 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus striatus /2–3 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; slide reference number AMU/ ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus striatus /4, nematode collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.</p> <p>Type habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs and forest trees (unidentified) from Bhagamandala, Karnataka State.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad to open C-shaped upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0–1.5 μm thick at midbody and 2.0–2.5 μm on tail. Outer cuticle strongly striated; inner layer thick, loose, irregular outline with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 26–36% of midbody diameter. Lateral dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region caplike, offset by slight constriction, 1.7–2.0 times as wide as high or about ⅓ to 2/5 of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part slightly elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with the labial contour. Amphids cup-shaped, their aperture occupying about ⅓ to 2/5 of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle 0.8 times the lip region diameter long, its aperture about ⅓ of the odontostyle length. Odontophore rod-like, as long as odontostyle, with minute basal knobs. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.7–0.9 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender, slightly muscular anterior part, expanding abruptly into a cylindrical basal bulb, with thick-walled lumen, occupying about 36–41% of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 62–66, DN = 65–69, DO–DN = 2.2–3.1, S1N1 = 74–77, S1N2 = 78–82, S2N = 89–91, S2O = 91–92. Nerve ring at 39–44% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded conoid, about ⅓ of the corresponding body diameter long.</p> <p>Genital system monodelphic-prodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 29–47 μm long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 42–54 μm, its proximal and distal parts not differentiated. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus short, measuring 19–26 μm. Posterior genital branch reduced to a small uterine sac, 5.5–10.0 μm or about 2/5 to 3/5 of the corresponding body diameter long, rarely absent (n = 2). Sperm cell not present in the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 7.5–9.0 μm or about ½ (49–55%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 5.0–6.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae short, 2.5– 3.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.6–4.5 and rectum 1.1–1.5 times anal body diameter long. Tail convex-conoid with bluntly rounded terminus, 1.1–1.3 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side.</p> <p>Male Not found.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks</p> <p>In its small sized body, lip region without labial disc, abrupt pharyngeal expansion, mono-prodelphic gonad and short conoid tail, the new species comes close to T. minutus Vinciguerra, 1986 and T. gallaicus Seijas et al., 2007 but differs from the former in having a comparatively smaller body size (0.30–0.34 vs 0.37–0.52 mm); absence of labial disc (vs labial disc present); lower b value (2.5–2.7 vs 2.7–3.5); slightly shorter pharynx (116–126 vs 121–161 μm), shorter pharyngeal expansion (36–41 vs 42–46% of total neck length); presence of well-developed sphincter (vs sphincter weakly developed); shorter and differently shaped tail (12–15 vs 15–18 μm, convex-conoid vs conical with finely rounded terminus) and absence of male (vs present).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. gallaicus in having a posterior vulva position (V = 68–72 vs 60.3–66.7); shorter tail (12–15 vs 20–28 μm); higher c (23–27 vs 12.3–19.0); lower c’ (1.1–1.3 vs 1.6–2.4) ratios and absence of male (vs present).</p> <p>In the presence of monodelphic genital system and conoid tail, the new species comes close to T. decens Andrássy, 1991 and T. mirabilis de Man, 1876, but differs from T. decens, in having a comparatively shorter body size (0.30–0.34 vs 0.68–0.80 mm); narrower lip region (5.5–6.0 vs 8.0–10 μm); lower b value (2.5–2.7 vs 3.2–3.4); shorter odontostyle (5.0–5.5 vs 7.0–8.0 μm) and odontophore (5.0–5.5 vs 8.0–9.0 μm); shorter pharynx (116–126 vs 207–232 μm); shorter pharyngeal bulb (46–51 vs 99–115 μm); shorter tail (12–15 vs 19–21 μm), lower c (23–27 vs 31–38) and slightly higher c’ (1.1–1.3 vs 0.9–1.1) ratios.</p> <p>The new species differs from T. mirabilis in having a smaller body size (0.30–0.34 vs 0.69–1.0 mm), narrower lip region (5.5–6.0 vs 8.0–10 μm); lower b value (2.5–2.7 vs 2.9–4.4); shorter odontostyle (5.0–5.5 vs 6.0–7.0 μm) and odontophore (5.0–5.5 vs 8.5–11.5 μm); shorter pharynx (116–126 vs 186– 254 μm), shorter pharyngeal expansion (46–51 vs 88–112 μm); shorter tail (12–15 vs 24–34 μm) and absence of male (vs present).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FFA4884FAF1E4FA1FDEFFD8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
B75DB220FFA18844AF024EACFB67FE59.text	B75DB220FFA18844AF024EACFB67FE59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus tamiliensis Islam & Ahmad 2021	<div><p>Tylencholaimus tamiliensis sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 90F61B5B-B85A-4BD0-823F-76A964973D92</p> <p>Figs 15–16, Table 10</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Tylencholaimus tamiliensis sp. nov. is characterized by its small slender body, 0.51–0.58 mm long; lip region cap-like, offset, lips elevated; odontostyle slender 5.5–6.0 μm, odontophore 6.0–6.5 μm, total stylet length 11.5–12.5 μm; pharynx with slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into the cylindrical basal bulb occupying about 40–43% of total neck length; female genital system monodelphicprodelphic; posterior genital branch reduced to a simple sac, 1.3–2.0 times midbody diameter long; vulva a transverse slit and tail short, rounded to conoid with sunken terminus.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The new species is named Tylencholaimus tamiliensis sp. nov. because of its type locality Tamil Nadu.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • 1 ♀; Tamil Nadu State, Nilgiris district, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.543526&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.477166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.543526/lat 11.477166)">Naduvattum</a>; 11º28′37.8″ N, 76º32′36.7″ E; 5–15 cm depth; 15 Nov. 2016; roots of shrubs(unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus tamiliensis /1.</p> <p>Paratypes INDIA • 6 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus tamiliensis /2–3 • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Tylencholaimus tamiliensis /4, nematode collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.</p> <p>Type habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified) from forest near Naduvattum, Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu State.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Moderately sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.5– 2.0 μm thick at midbody and 2.5–3.0 μm on tail. Outer cuticle with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, its outline loose irregular, with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 22–31% of midbody diameter. Lateral body pores indistinct, dorsal body pores one at odontostyle- odontophore region, 1–2 in neck region, one between pharyngeal base to vulva and one at post-vulval region; ventral body pores: 1–2 in neck region, and 2 in post-vulval region. Lip region cap-like, offset by deep constriction, 2.0–2.3 times as wide as high or about ⅓ of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part slightly elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with the labial contour. Amphids small, cup-shaped, their aperture occupying about ⅓ of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle 0.7–0.9 times the lip region diameter long, its aperture about ¼ to 1/5 of the odontostyle length. Odontophore rod-like, with minute basal knobs, about 1.0–1.1 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6–0.8 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a cylindrical basal bulb, with thick-walled lumen, occupying about 40–43% of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 58–62, DN = 61–64, DO–DN = 2.1–3.5, S1N1 = 74–77, S1N2 = 77–82, S2N = 87–89, S2O = 89–92. Nerve ring located at 37–41% of neck length from anterior region. Cardia rounded conoid, about ⅓ to 2/5 of the corresponding body diameter long.</p> <p>Genital system monodelphic-prodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 48–70 μm long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 52–83 μm, consisting of a slender distal part and well developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by welldeveloped sphincter. Uterus short, tubular, measuring 32–43 μm. Posterior genital branch reduced to a short uterine sac, 1.3–2.0 times the corresponding body diameter. Sperm cell not present in the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, 10–12 μm or about 2/5 to ½ (44–53%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 7.0–8.0 × 5.0–6.5 μm, its wall encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.0–4.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva a transverse slit. Prerectum 3.0–5.4 and rectum 1.0–1.3 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to convex-conoid with sunken terminus, 0.7–0.9 times anal body diameter long, with a dorsal pore at level of anal opening and a pair of subdorsal caudal pores.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Not found.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks</p> <p>In the absence of labial disc, gradual pharyngeal expansion, presence of posterior uterine sac and short tail with sunken terminus, the new species comes close to T. australis Yeates, 1979; T. orientalis Li et al., 2008; T. maritus Loof &amp; Jairajpuri, 1968 and T. loofi Dhanachand, 1994 but differs from the former in having a distinctly offset lip region, with elevated, angular and slightly separate lips (vs not elevated, flat, rounded and amalgamated), slightly higher lip region (3.0–3.5 vs 2.5–3.0 μm); body pores distinct (vs indistinct), slightly higher c (39.7–48.8 vs 36–40), lower c’ (0.7–0.9 vs 1.0–1.1) ratios and presence of three caudal pores (vs two caudal pores).</p> <p>It differs from T. orientalis in having a slightly smaller pharyngeal expansion (40–43 vs 44–45% of total neck length); longer post-uterine sac (30–44 vs 10–27 μm); tail short, rounded to conoid with sunken tip (vs rounded tip) and presence of three caudal pores (vs two caudal pores).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. maritus in having a comparatively posterior vulva position (V = 68– 72 vs 63–66); longer post-uterine sac (30–44 vs 6.0–9.5 μm); lower c’ ratio (0.7–0.9 vs 1.0–1.3); tail short, rounded to conoid with sunken tip (vs rounded tip); caudal pores three (vs two) and absence of male (vs present).</p> <p>The new species differs from T. loofi in having a shorter total stylet length (11.5–12.5 vs 22.4–25.6 μm); slightly posterior vulva position (V = 68–72 vs 65.0–67.5); longer post-uterine sac (30–44 vs 10 μm); longer prerectum (42–80 vs 24–25 μm) and tail with sunken tip (vs conoid tip).</p> <p>The new species also comes close to T. chathami Yeates, 1979 but differs in having a comparatively shorter body length (0.51–0.58 vs 0.6–0.8 mm); shorter pharynx and its expansion (156–179 vs 192– 223 μm, 64–76 vs 84–103 μm); longer post-uterine sac (1.3–2.0 vs 0.25 times the corresponding body diameter long); tail with sunken tip (vs rounded tip) and three caudal pores (vs two).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B75DB220FFA18844AF024EACFB67FE59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Islam, Md Niraul;Ahmad, Wasim	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2021): Five new and five known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Taxonomy 774 (1): 58-105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.774.1531
