identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9D2E87F3FFBB8056FD96F998FCAAFA68.text	9D2E87F3FFBB8056FD96F998FCAAFA68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Trichodagmia) Enderlein 1934	<div><p>Simulium (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934</p> <p>Figs 13–15, 21, 28–30, 45–47, 64–68, 86–88, 104–106, 145–147, 156–157</p> <p>Trichodagmia Enderlein, 1934a: 288 (as genus). Type species: Trichodagmia latitarse Enderlein, 1934 [= Simulium townsendi Malloch, 1912].</p> <p>Thyrsopelma Enderlein, 1934a: 284 (as genus). Type species: Thyrsopelma brasiliense Enderlein, 1934 [= Simulium orbitale Lutz, 1910].</p> <p>Grenieriella Vargas &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1951: 141, figs 14–22 (as subgenus of Simulium). Type species: Grenieriella lahillei Vargas &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1951 [= Simulium lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927)].</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Scutum blackish; scutal pattern present (except in S. orbitale). Cibarium pigmented anteromedially (Figs 13–15), medial area armed with sharp teeth or with tubercle-like prominences. Tarsal claw with or without subbasal tooth. Hypoginial valves subovoid, shorter than sternite VIII width, directed forwardly or inwardly (Fig. 21). Anal lobe subrectangular, being two times longer or shorter than cercus base width.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate two times longer than wide, with or without anterior notch; lateral shoulders projected or not; posteromedial process present (except in S. nigrimanum), being cylindrical or globular. Gonocoxite wider than long, with base almost equal or less in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection (Figs 64–68). Gonostylus hooked-shaped, distinctly longer than gonocoxite, with acute apex, and apical spinule (Figs 64–68). Parameres with very small to absent spines.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture upward directed, separated from substratum, not corbicular (Figs 86–88). Gill shorter than pupa body, with trunk development, free or with the base enclosed by the cocoon anterior margin; with 12–50 filamentous arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments stiff or flexible, cylindrical, and with acute apices darkened or not; inferior branch multibranched. Thoracic trichomes simple or multibranched.</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Cephalic apotome spots insertion area pigmented. Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites or not; Antenna ranging from equal or shorter, to longer than labral fan stalk, without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth from shorter or as long as the apical tooth; two mandibular serrations of different sizes. Postgenal cleft triangular or rounded; postgenal bridge length less than hypostomal length (Figs 145–147). Hypostoma anterior margin straight; hypostomal teeth extended below or beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; medial tooth as prominent as lateral teeth or reduced; lateral serrations absent or much reduced; paralateral teeth absent. Body surface glabrous or hairy. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg. Anal sclerite not encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>We recognize S. (Trichodagmia) (Fig. 1, node 18) just as the Orbitale species-group of S. (Trichodagmia) sensu Adler (2020), which includes 21 species. So defined, this subgenus was recovered as monophyletic and well supported based on eight synapomorphies (Table 2, node 18). According to the clades found, we divided S. (Trichodagmia) into two species-groups: Nigrimanum [= S. (Trichodagmia) s. str. (Fig. 1, node 19)], and Orbitale [= S. (Thyrsopelma) (Fig. 1, node 20)]. Nigrimanum is comprised of nine species and supported by three synapomorphies (Table 2, node 19). Orbitale is comprised of the remaining seven species and is supported by seven synapomorphies (Table 2, node 20), one of them unique: female cibarium armed with tubercle-like prominences (3 (1)) (Fig. 15).</p> <p>These two groups are considered as different subgenera by other authors, but previous studies showed its close relationship as recovered here (Coscarón 1987; Miranda-Esquivel &amp; Coscarón 2001). Both speciesgroups can be differentiated by: female tarsal claws, cibarium, hypoginial valves orientation, and anal lobe length; male ventral plate morphology; pupal gills; larval body tegument, antenna, postocciput, and hypostomal teeth orientation.</p> <p>Simulium (Trichodagmia) includes anthropophilic species with medical-economic importance: Simulium guianense Wise, 1911 is the primary vector of onchocerciasis in the Brazilian Amazonia focus of the disease (Shelley et al. 2010). Simulium nigrimanum Macquart, 1838, is a potential vector of onchocerciasis in the Minaçu focus disease of Brazil (Shelley et al. 2000) and is also suspected to be the responsible for causing endemic pemphigus foliaceus in Brazil, an autoimmune skin reaction in response to the female’s bites (Eaton et al. 1998). Simulium lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927), S. orbitale Lutz, 1910 and S. scutistriatum Lutz, 1909 are nuisance species to humans and cattle (Miranda-Esquivel &amp; Coscarón 2001).</p> <p>Nigrimanum species-group</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium chimguazaense Díaz, Moncada, Lotta, Matta &amp; Adler, 2015</p> <p>S. huairayacu Wygodzinsky, 1953</p> <p>S. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927)</p> <p>S. muiscorum Bueno, Moncada &amp; Muñoz de Hoyos, 1979</p> <p>S. nigrimanum Macquart, 1838</p> <p>S. nunesdemelloi Hamada, Pepinelli &amp; Hernández, 2006</p> <p>S. sumapazense Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989</p> <p>S. townsendi Malloch, 1912</p> <p>S. wygodzinskyorum Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Tarsal claw with a subbasal tooth shorter than a third of the claw length. Cibarium medial area armed with sharp teeth (Figs 13–14). Hypoginial valves forwardly directed. Anal lobe twice as long as cercus width at base (Fig. 29).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate not notched; lateral shoulders not projected; posteromedial process cylindrical with length lower or equal than ventral plate length (Fig. 46).</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Gills free from cocoon (Fig. 86); filaments with apices concolorous with rest of gill (Fig. 104) (except S. nunesdemelloi). Thoracic trichomes simple.</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Antenna equal or shorter than labral fan stalk. Postocciput not extended over the cervical sclerites. Postgenal cleft triangular (e.g., S. huairayacu, S. lahillei (Fig. 146)) or rounded (e.g., S. townsendi, S. nigrimanum (Fig. 147)). Hypostomal teeth arranged beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; medial tooth as prominent as lateral teeth (Fig. 157). Body glabrous.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The group is distributed in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (southern and central regions), Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela (Adler 2020).</p> <p>Orbitale species-group</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium coscaroni Nascimento, Hamada &amp; Adler, 2017</p> <p>S. criniferum Nascimento, Hamada, Andrade-Souza &amp; Adler, 2017</p> <p>S. duodenicornium Pepinelli, Hamada &amp; Trivinho-Strixino, 2005</p> <p>S. guianense Wise, 1911</p> <p>S. hirtipupa Lutz, 1910</p> <p>S. itajara Nascimento, Hamada &amp; Pepinelli, 2020</p> <p>S. itaunense d’Andretta &amp; Dolores González, 1964</p> <p>S. jeteri (Py-Daniel, Darwich, Mardini, Strieder &amp; Coscarón, 2005)</p> <p>S. litobranchium Hamada, Pepinelli, Mattos-Glória &amp; Luz, 2010</p> <p>S. orbitale Lutz, 1910</p> <p>S. perplexum Shelley, Maia-Herzog, Luna Dias &amp; Couch, 1989</p> <p>S. scutistriatum Lutz, 1909</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Tarsal claw without subbasal tooth. Cibarium armed (except in S. hirtipupa) with tubercle-like prominences (Fig. 15). Hypoginial valves inwardly directed (Fig. 21). Anal lobe shorter than the cercus base width (Fig. 28) (exceptions: S. scutistiatum (Fig. 30), S. criniferum, S. itajara).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate with a shallow notch (except on S. scutistriatum and S. itajara, which do not have notch, and S. criniferum and S. hirtipupa, in which the notch is deep as half the length of ventral plate body); lateral shoulders projected (Fig. 45) (except in S. scutistriatum (Fig. 47) and S. itajara); posteromedial process cylindrical (e.g., S. hirtipupa, S. scutistriatum (Fig. 47), S. itajara) or globular (e.g., S. criniferum, S. itaunense (Fig. 45), S. orbitale), longer than ventral plate length (except S. scutistiatum (Fig. 47) and S. itajara).</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Gill base enclosed by cocoon anterior margin (Figs 87–88) with filament apices darkened (Figs 105– 106) (except in S. coscaroni). Thoracic trichomes simples.</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Antenna with ½ of distal antennomere surpassing the labral fan stalk. Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites. Postgenal cleft rounded (Fig. 145). Hypostomal teeth arranged below anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; medial tooth shorter than lateral teeth (Fig. 156). Body covered with multiple setae (e.g., S. scutistriatum and S. itajara).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The group is mostly found in Brazil, but with some species also recorded from Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, and Venezuela (Adler 2020).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3FFBB8056FD96F998FCAAFA68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Molina, Óscar S.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.	Molina, Óscar S., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. (2021): Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection. European Journal of Taxonomy 773: 80-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
9D2E87F3FFBE804AFE0AF990FB77F81A.text	9D2E87F3FFBE804AFE0AF990FB77F81A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Hearlea)	<div><p>Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1946</p> <p>Figs 6, 25, 39–40, 57–59, 78–79, 98, 110, 121, 136–139</p> <p>Hearlea Rubtsov, 1940: 154 (unav., nom. nud.).</p> <p>Hearlea Vargas, Martínez Palacios &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1946: 106, figs 19–34 (as subgenus of Simulium). Type species: Simulium canadense Hearle, 1932.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Scutum blackish to dark brown; scutal pattern present (Fig. 6). Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claws with subbasal tooth. Hypoginial valves subtriangular, shorter than sternite VIII width and forwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular with ventral extension shorter than cercus base width (Fig. 25).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate with sub-equal width and length, with or without anterior notch; lateral shoulders projected or not; posteromedial process present or absent. Gonocoxite wider than long, with base double in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection (Figs 57–59). Gonostylus cylindrical, distinctly longer than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and apical spinule (Figs 57–59). Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture upward directed or not, not corbicular. Gills shorter than pupa body, with trunk developed, and free or with the base enclosed by the cocoon anterior margin; with 2–12 filaments arranged in the same or in different planes (tridimensional); filaments stiff, swollen, with blunt or acute apices concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch not multibranched. Thoracic trichomes simples.</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Cephalic apotome spots insertion area not pigmented (Fig. 121). Postocciput not extended over the cervical sclerites (Fig. 121). Antenna with ½ of distal antennomere surpassing the labral fan stalk, without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth as long as or longer than apical tooth; two mandibular serrations of same sizes. Postgenal cleft triangular; postgenal bridge length equal or less than hypostomal length. Hypostomal anterior margin convex or straight; hypostomal teeth extended beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; medial tooth as prominent as lateral ones or longer; lateral serrations well-developed, sharp; hypostomal paralateral teeth present or absent. Body surface glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg (Fig. 110). Anal sclerite encircling posterior posterior proleg or not. Posterior portion of abdomen with or without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Simulium (Hearlea) was recovered based on three synapomorphies (Fig. 1, Table 2, node 3), so we propose its revalidation. Coscarón et al. (2004) divided S. (Hearlea) into the species-groups Carolinae and Juarezi. We included two species of Carolinae and three of Juarezi in our analysis and, despite the low number of representatives, both groups were recovered, each defined by three synapomorphies and highly supported (Fig. 1, Table 2, nodes 4, 5).</p> <p>Based to our results, we maintain S. (Hearlea), which comprises 19 species and is divided into the species-groups Carolinae (Fig. 1, node 4) (seven species) and Juarezi (Fig. 1, node 5) (12 species), as defined by Coscarón et al. (2004). Both species-groups can be differentiated by: male ventral plate; pupal gills and cocoon morphology; larval hypostoma, abdominal posterior sclerotized accessory plates, and anal sclerite.</p> <p>Carolinae species-group</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium carolinae De León, 1945</p> <p>S. gorirossiae Vargas &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1957</p> <p>S. johnsoni Vargas &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1957</p> <p>S. larvispinosum De León, 1948</p> <p>S. menchacai Vargas &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1957</p> <p>S. paracarolinae Coscarón, 2004</p> <p>S. temascalense Díaz Nájera &amp; Vulcano, 1962</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate not notched; lateral shoulders not projected; posteromedial process absent (Fig. 40).</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture next to the substratum; with 2–12 gill filaments, stiff, swollen, of same thickness, with accessory small branches, and oriented in different planes (tridimensional).</p> <p>Larva (last instar) Hypostomal anterior margin convex; hypostomal medial tooth distinctly longer than lateral ones. Abdomen with posterior sclerotized accessory plates. Anal sclerite totally encircling base of posterior proleg (e.g., S. carolinae, S. gorirossiae, S. johnsoni, S. larvispinosum, S. menchacai, S. temascalense) or almost (e.g., S. paracarolinae).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The group is found exclusively in central and southern Mexico and Guatemala (Adler 2020).</p> <p>Juarezi species-group</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium ayrozai Vargas, 1945</p> <p>S. burchi Dalmat, 1951</p> <p>S. canadense Hearle, 1932</p> <p>S. capricorne De León, 1945</p> <p>S. contrerense Díaz Nájera &amp; Vulcano, 1962</p> <p>S. dalmati Vargas &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1948</p> <p>S. delatorrei Dalmat, 1950</p> <p>S. estevezi Vargas, 1945</p> <p>S. ethelae Dalmat, 1950</p> <p>S. juarezi Vargas &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1957</p> <p>S. microbranchium Dalmat, 1949</p> <p>S. nigricorne Dalmat, 1950</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate shallowly notched; lateral shoulders projected; posteromedial process present (Fig. 39).</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture upward-directed (Figs 78–79); with 2–3 gill filaments, stiff, swollen, of different thickness and length, without accessory small branches, and oriented in the same plane (Fig. 98).</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Hypostomal anterior margin straight; hypostomal medial tooth at same level as lateral ones. Abdomen without posterior sclerotized accessory plates. Anal sclerite not encircling base of posterior proleg.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Most members of this group occur in central and southern Mexico and Guatemala; S. canadense occurs in Canada and the USA and S. ethelae occurs in Costa Rica and Panama (Adler 2020).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3FFBE804AFE0AF990FB77F81A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Molina, Óscar S.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.	Molina, Óscar S., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. (2021): Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection. European Journal of Taxonomy 773: 80-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
9D2E87F3FFA1804FFDA9FE93FD09F827.text	9D2E87F3FFA1804FFDA9FE93FD09F827.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Hemicnetha) Enderlein 1934	<div><p>Simulium (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934</p> <p>Figs 9–12, 19–20, 26, 41–42, 60–62, 80–81, 99–102, 111, 122–123, 140–143, 153–154</p> <p>Hemicnetha Enderlein, 1934b: 190 (as genus). Type species: Hemicnetha mexicana Enderlein, 1934 [= Simulium paynei (Vargas, 1942) (subst. name) nom. nov.]</p> <p>Dyarella Vargas, Martínez Palacios &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1946: 105, figs 8–28 (as subgenus of Simulium). Type species: Simulium mexicanum Bellardi 1982 [= Simulium tarsatum Macquart, 1846 (1844)].</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium brachycladum Lutz &amp; Pinto, 1932</p> <p>S. bricenoi Vargas, Martínez Palacios &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1946</p> <p>S. cristalinum Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989</p> <p>S. earlei Vargas, Martínez Palacios &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1946</p> <p>S. freemani Vargas &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1949</p> <p>S. guerrerense Vargas &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1956</p> <p>S. hieroglyphicum Peterson, Vargas &amp; Ramírez-Pérez, 1988</p> <p>S. hinmani Vargas, Martínez Palacios &amp; Díaz Nájera, 1946</p> <p>S. hippovorum Malloch, 1914</p> <p>S. lobatoi Luna Dias, Hernández, Maia-Herzog &amp; Shelley, 2004</p> <p>S. paynei Vargas, 1942</p> <p>S. pulverulentum Knab, 1915</p> <p>S. rubrithorax Lutz, 1909</p> <p>S. smarti Vargas, 1946</p> <p>S. solarii Stone, 1948</p> <p>S. tarsale Williston, 1896</p> <p>S. tarsatum Macquart, 1846</p> <p>S. virgatum Coquillett, 1902</p> <p>S. yepocapense Dalmat, 1949.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Scutum black to dark brown (e.g., S. pulverulentum, S. earlei, S. hieroglyphicum, S. bricenoi, S. tarsatum) or red to light brown (e.g., S. brachycladum, S. cristalinum, S. lobatoi, S. paynei, S. rubrithorax, S. virgatum); scutal pattern present. Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially, armed with sharp teeth (Figs 9–10, 12) or unarmed (Fig. 11). Tarsal claw with subbasal tooth shorter than a third of claw length (except in S. lobatoi, in which the tooth has about half of claw length). Hypoginial valves fine and pointed (Fig. 19) or subtriangular (Fig. 20), longer than sternite VIII width (except in S. lobatoi, in which are shorter), forwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular (except in S. lobatoi, in which is hemispheric with curved distal border), twice as long as cercus width at base. (Fig. 26).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate two times longer than wide or with sub-equal width and length, not notched (except in S. arlei); lateral shoulders absent (Fig. 42) or present (Fig. 41), in this case, not projected (except in S. lobatoi); posteromedian process absent (Fig. 42) or present (Fig. 41), in this case, is cylindrical and longer than ventral plate width (except in S. lobatoi, in which is smaller). Gonocoxite longer than wide, with base almost equal in width to gonostylus width at their point of intersection (Figs 60–62). Gonostylus cylindrical, with medial region wider than basal region; distinctly longer than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and apical spicule (Figs 60–62). Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture upward directed (Figs 80–81),separated from substratum, corbicular (Fig.81) or not. Gill shorter than pupa body, with trunk developed and base enclosed by cocoon anterior margin (Figs 80–81) (except in S. lobatoi, in which the gills are totally free); with 6–90 filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments flexible, cylindrical, with apices blunt (e.g., S. hieroglyphicum, S. bricenoi, S. paynei, S. rubrithorax, S. virgatum, S. tarsatum) or acute (e.g., S. brachycladum, S. cristalinum, S. lobatoi, S. pulverulentum, S. earlei), concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch multi-branched (Figs 99–100) or single-branched (Figs 100–101). Thoracic trichomes generally simple.</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Cephalic apotome spots insertion area pigmented (Figs 122–123) (except in S. lobatoi). Postocciput extended (Fig. 122) over the cervical sclerites, or not (Fig. 123). Antenna ranging from equal in length to or shorter than labral fan stalk (e.g., S. earlei, S. bricenoi, S. paynei, S. rubrithorax, S. tarsatum), to longer (e.g., S. brachycladum, S. cristalinum, S. lobatoi, S. pulverulentum, S. hieroglyphicum), without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth as long as apical tooth; two mandibular serrations of different sizes. Postgenal cleft triangular; postgenal bridge length less than hypostomal length (Figs 140–143). Hypostoma anterior margin convex (Fig. 154) or straight (Fig. 153); hypostomal teeth extended beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; median tooth distinctly longer than lateral ones (Fig. 154) or at same level (Fig. 153); lateral serrations well-developed, blunt (except in S. pulverulentum, in which are sharp); hypostomal paralateral teeth present (except in S. brachycladum). Body surface glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg (Fig. 111). Anal sclerite no encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral papillae. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Simulium (Hemicnetha) was recovered as monophyletic based on four synapomorphies (Fig. 1, Table 2, node 21), one of them unique: male gonostylus with medial region larger than basal region (20 (0), Figs 60–62). We therefore propose the revalidation of the subgenus, which comprises 19 species.</p> <p>Coscarón &amp; Coscarón-Árias (2007) divided S. (Hemicnetha) into four species-groups: Paynei, Brachycladum, Mexicanum, and Oviedoi. We included the following representatives in our analysis: Paynei (five species), Brachycladum (four species), Mexicanum (two species), and Oviedoi (two species). Simulium (Hemicnetha) sensu Coscarón &amp; Coscarón-Árias (2007) was not recovered, because Oviedoi does not group with the remaining species-groups. Moreover, except for Oviedoi, none of the previously defined species-groups in this subgenus were recovered. We therefore revalidate S. (Hemicnetha), but without Oviedoi and without a subdivision into species-groups pending a more comprehensive investigation on the subgenus.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Simulium (Hemicnetha) is mostly distributed in Mesoamerica and South America, being recorded from the following countries: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Vincent, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. However, S. bricenoi, S. freemani, S. paynei, S. solarii, and S. virgatum are present in the USA, and S. hippovorum occurs in Canada and the USA (Adler 2020).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3FFA1804FFDA9FE93FD09F827	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Molina, Óscar S.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.	Molina, Óscar S., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. (2021): Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection. European Journal of Taxonomy 773: 80-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
9D2E87F3FFA6804CFDAEFE93FDBDFED2.text	9D2E87F3FFA6804CFDAEFE93FDBDFED2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Shewellomyia) Peterson 1975	<div><p>Simulium (Shewellomyia) Peterson, 1975</p> <p>Figs 7, 27, 43, 63, 82–83, 112, 124–125</p> <p>Hagenomyia Shewell, 1959: 83, figs 1–9 (as subgenus of Simulium) (preoc.). Type species: Simulium pictipes Hagen, 1880. nom. praeoc.</p> <p>Shewellomyia Peterson, 1975: 111 (as subgenus of Simulium). Type species: Simulium pictipes Hagen, 1880. nom. nov.</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium claricentrum Adler, 1990</p> <p>S. innoxium Comstock &amp; Comstock, 1895</p> <p>S. pictipes Hagen, 1880</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Scutum black to dark brown; scutal pattern present (Fig. 7). Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claw without subbasal tooth. Hypoginial valves subtriangular, shorter than sternite VIII width, forwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular with ventral extension shorter than the cercus base width (Fig. 27).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate (Fig. 43) two times longer than wide, deeply notched (reaching about half of the ventral plate body width); lateral shoulders projected; posteromedial process absent. Gonocoxite wider than long, with base double in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection (Fig. 63). Gonostylus cylindrical, distinctly longer than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and without apical spinule (Fig. 63). Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture upward directed, separated from substratum, not corbicular (Figs 82–83). Gills shorter than pupa body, with trunk development, and totally enclosed by cocoon anterior margin; with nine filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments flexible, cylindrical, with blunt apices concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch multibranched. Thoracic trichomes simples.</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Cephalic apotome spots insertion area pigmented (Figs 124–125). Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites. Antenna equal or shorter than labral fan stalk, without secondary annulations. Mandibles with pre-apical teeth shorter than apical tooth; two mandibular serrations of different sizes. Postgenal cleft triangular; postgenal bridge length equal or less than hypostomal length. Hypostomal anterior margin straight; hypostomal teeth extended beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; medial tooth at same level as lateral ones; lateral serrations well-developed, sharp; paralateral teeth absent. Body surface glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg (Fig. 112). Anal sclerite no encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Simulium (Shewellomyia) was recovered as monophyletic and stable, based on three synapomorphies (Fig. 1, Table 2, node 7), therefore we propose its revalidation.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Simulium (Shewellomyia) is distributed in the Nearctic Region, recorded from the central-eastern regions of Canada and the USA (Adler 2020).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3FFA6804CFDAEFE93FDBDFED2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Molina, Óscar S.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.	Molina, Óscar S., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. (2021): Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection. European Journal of Taxonomy 773: 80-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
9D2E87F3FFA48042FDBAFE29FBEAFC62.text	9D2E87F3FFA48042FDBAFE29FBEAFC62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Obuchovia) Rubtsov 1947	<div><p>Simulium (Obuchovia) Rubtsov, 1947</p> <p>Figs 8, 44, 84–85, 103, 113, 126, 144, 155</p> <p>Obuchovia Rubtsov, 1947: 90 (as subgenus of Simulium). Type species: Simulium albellum Rubtsov, 1947.</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium adornatum (Rubtsov, 1956)</p> <p>S. albellum Rubtsov, 1947</p> <p>S. auricoma Meigen, 1818</p> <p>S. biseriatum Rubtsov, 1940</p> <p>S. brevifile (Rubtsov, 1956)</p> <p>S. continii (Rivosecchi &amp; Cardinali, 1975)</p> <p>S. emiliae (Rubtsov, 1976)</p> <p>S. galloprovinciale Giudicelli, 1963</p> <p>S. ibericum Crosskey &amp; Santos Grácio, 1985</p> <p>S. karasuae (Panchenko, 1998)</p> <p>S. margaritae (Rubtsov, 1956)</p> <p>S. marocanum Bouzidi &amp; Giudicelli, 1987</p> <p>S. popowae Rubtsov, 1940</p> <p>S. segusinum (Couvert, 1968)</p> <p>S. transcaspicum Enderlein, 1921</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Scutum black to dark brown; scutal pattern present(Fig.8)or absent(e.g., S. auricoma, S. galloprovinciale). Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claw without subbasal tooth. Hypoginial valves subtriangular, shorter than sternite VIII width, forwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular with ventral extension shorter than cercus base width.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate two times longer than wide, rectangular, not notched; lateral shoulders not projected (Fig. 44); posteromedial process absent. Gonocoxite wider than long, with base double in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection. Gonostylus cylindrical, distinctly longer than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and without apical spurt. Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture upward directed, separated from substratum, not corbicular (Figs 84–85). Gills shorter than pupal body with main trunk development and totally enclosed by cocoon anterior margin; with six filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments flexible, cylindrical, with blunt apices concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch multibranched (Fig. 103). Thoracic trichomes simples.</p> <p>Larva (last instar) Cephalic apotome spots insertion area pigmented (Fig. 126). Postocciput not extended over the cervical sclerites.Antenna equal or shorter than labral fan stalk, without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth shorter than apical tooth; two mandibular serrations of same (e.g., S. obuchovia, S. margaritae) or different sizes (e.g., S. auricoma, S. ibericum). Postgenal cleft triangular; postgenal bridge length equal or less than hypostomal length (Fig. 144). Hypostomal anterior margin straight; hypostomal teeth extended beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma (Fig. 155); medial tooth longer than lateral teeth; lateral serrations well-developed, sharp; paralateral teeth present. Body surface glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to circlet (Fig. 113). Anal sclerite no encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Simulium (Obuchovia) was recovered as monophyletic and stable, based on one synapomorphy (Fig. 1, Table 2, node 8). We therefore propose its revalidation.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Simulium (Obuchovia) is distributed in the Palearctic Region, ranging from North Africa through southcentral and southern Europe to the eastern Mediterranean area, the Caucasus and Transcaucasus, to south-west Asia, being recorded from the following countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan (Adler 2020).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3FFA48042FDBAFE29FBEAFC62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Molina, Óscar S.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.	Molina, Óscar S., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. (2021): Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection. European Journal of Taxonomy 773: 80-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
9D2E87F3FFAA8047FDBAFB9BFE99F8C9.text	9D2E87F3FFAA8047FDBAFB9BFE99F8C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein 1930	<div><p>Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930</p> <p>Figs 3–4, 16–17, 22–23, 33–37, 50–54, 71–75, 91–94, 107–108, 114–118, 127–131, 150–151</p> <p>Anasolen Enderlein, 1930: 94 (as genus). Type species: Anasolen adolffriedericianus Enderlein, 1930 [=</p> <p>Simulium dentulosum Roubaud, 1915]. Xenosimulium Crosskey, 1969: 86, figs 129, 161, 200–201, 277 (as subgenus of Simulium). Type species: Simulium imerinae Roubaud, 1905.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Scutum black to dark brown; scutal pattern present (Figs 3–4). Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claw with subbasal tooth shorter than a third of claw length. Hypoginial valves fine and pointed, shorter or longer than sternite VIII width, inwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular, shorter than the cercus base width (Figs 22–23).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate two times longer than wide or with sub-equal width and length, not notched; lateral shoulders projected or not; posteromedial process absent or present. Gonocoxite longer than wide, with base almost equal in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection (Figs 50–54). Gonostylus cylindrical, with medial region equal in width than basal region; sub-equal or shorter than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and apical spinule (Figs 50–54). Parameres with spines of equal size, or with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture upward directed, separated from substratum, not corbicular (Figs 71–75). Gill much shorter than pupa body, with trunk developed, and totally free or with base enclosed by cocoon anterior margin; with 8–19 filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments stiff, cylindrical, with acute apices of different or same color than rest of the gill; inferior branch multibranched. Thoracic trichomes simples.</p> <p>Larva (last instar) Cephalic apotome spots insertion area pigmented (Figs 114–118). Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites or not. Antenna ranging from equal or shorter, to longer than labral fan stalk, with medial antennomere annulated or not. Mandibles with preapical teeth shorter, equal, or longer than apical tooth; with two to up to five mandibular serrations of different sizes. Postgenal cleft rounded; postgenal bridge longer than hypostomal length (Figs 128–131). Hypostoma anterior margin straight; hipostomal teeth extended beyond or below hypostomal anterior margin; medial tooth longer than lateral ones or at same level; lateral serrations absent or present; paralateral teeth present or absent. Body surface mostly glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg (Figs 107–108). Anal sclerite no encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched or simple lobes.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Simulium (Anasolen) and S. (Xenosimulium) were both recovered as monophyletic and well supported based on two and eight synapomorphies, respectively (Fig. 1, Table 2, nodes 14, 13). In S. (Xenosimulium), two of them are unique: larval antenna annulated (45 (1), Fig. 127) and larval rectal papillae with undivided lobes (62 (0)).</p> <p>Both groups form a clade based on five synapomorphies (Fig. 1, Table 2, node 12), some of them unique among the Afrotropical black flies: hypoginial valves of similar shape and orientation (Figs 16–17), similar anal lobe shape (Figs 22–23), and shape of pupal gills (Figs 91–94). Therefore, we propose to subsume S. (Xenosimulium) as the Imerinae species-group (Fig. 1, node 13) (five species) in S. (Anasolen), and treat the species already included in S. (Anasolen) as the Dentulosum species-group (Fig. 1, node 14) (11 species). Both species-groups can be differentiated by: female hypoginial valves; male ventral plate and parameres; pupal gill morphology; larval antenna, hypostoma and rectal papillae.</p> <p>Dentulosum species-group</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium bisnovem Gibbins, 1938</p> <p>S. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915</p> <p>S. heptaspicae Gouteux, 1977</p> <p>S. kauntzeum Gibbins, 1938</p> <p>S. masabae Gibbins, 1934</p> <p>S. ngabogei Fain, 1950</p> <p>S. nili Gibbins, 1934</p> <p>S. octospicae Gibbins, 1937</p> <p>S. rhodesiense De-Meillon, 1942</p> <p>S. shoae Grenier &amp; Ovazza, 1956</p> <p>S. voltae Grenier, Ovazza &amp; Valade, 1960</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Hypoginial valves shorter than sternite VIII width (Fig. 16).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate with sub-equal width and length; lateral shoulders present (Fig. 35) or absent (Figs 33, 36–37); posteromedial process absent. Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Gill filaments with apices darkly pigmented, contrasting in color with the rest of the gill (Figs 91–92, 94).</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites (Figs 115, 117–118). Antenna equal or shorter than labral fan stalk; medial antennomere not annulated. Mandibles with preapical teeth shorter (e.g., S. dentulosum, S. nili) or as long as apical tooth (e.g., S. kauntzeum, S. ngabogei); two mandibular serrations of equal or different sizes. Hypostomal (Fig. 151) teeth extended beyond hypostomal anterior margin; medial tooth distinctly longer than lateral ones; lateral serrations well-developed, sharp; paralateral teeth present. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Dentulosum is distributed in the following countries of the Afrotropical Region: Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Yemen and Zimbabwe (Adler 2020).</p> <p>Imerinae species-group</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium ambositrae Grenier &amp; Grjebine, 1959</p> <p>S. griveaudi Ovazza &amp; Ovazza, 1970</p> <p>S. imerinae Roubaud, 1905</p> <p>S. iphias De-Meillon, 1951</p> <p>S. neireti Roubaud, 1905</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Hypoginial valves longer than sternite VIII width (Fig. 17).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate two times longer than wide; lateral shoulders projected (e.g., Fig. 34); posteromedial process present (e.g., S. griveaudi, S. iphias, S. neireti), cylindrical and lower or equal than ventral plate length, or absent (Fig. 34). Parameres with all spines equal in size.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Gill filaments with apices concolorous with rest of gill (Fig. 93).</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites (Fig. 116). Antenna with distal antennomere and ½ of medial antennomere surpassing labral fan stalk; medial antennomere secondarity annulated (Fig. 127). Mandibles with preapical teeth equal or longer than apical tooth; supernumerary mandibular serrations (except in S. ambositrae) of different sizes. Hypostomal (Fig. 150) teeth very reduced and extended below hypostomal anterior margin; lateral serrations blunt (e.g., S. ambositrae, S. neireti) or absent (e.g., S. griveaudi, S. imerinae, S. iphias); paralateral teeth absent. Rectal papillae without secondary lobules.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The Imerinae group is endemic to Madagascar but S. imerinae is also recorded from the Comoro Islands (Adler 2020).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3FFAA8047FDBAFB9BFE99F8C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Molina, Óscar S.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.	Molina, Óscar S., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. (2021): Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection. European Journal of Taxonomy 773: 80-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
9D2E87F3FFAE8045FD94FE93FC80FD11.text	9D2E87F3FFAE8045FD94FE93FC80FD11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Freemanellum) Crosskey 1969	<div><p>Simulium (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969</p> <p>Figs 5, 18, 24, 38, 55–56, 76–77, 95–97, 109, 119–120, 132–135, 152</p> <p>Freemanellum Crosskey, 1969: 92, figs 91, 110–112, 131, 147, 163, 205–206, 254 (as subgenus). Type species: Simulium berghei Fain, 1949.</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium berghei Fain, 1949</p> <p>S. debegene De-Meillon, 1934</p> <p>S. empopomae De-Meillon, 1937</p> <p>S. hessei Gibbins, 1941</p> <p>S. hirsutilateris De-Meillon, 1937</p> <p>S. manense Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976</p> <p>S. spinulicorne Fain &amp; Elsen, 1980</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Scutum red to light brown; scutal pattern present (Fig. 5). Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claw with subbasal tooth of about half of claw length. Hypoginial valves subtriangular, shorter than sternite VIII width, forwardly directed (Fig. 18). Anal lobe rectangular, longer than cercus width (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate two times wider than longer, not notched, without lateral shoulders or posteromedial process (Fig. 38). Gonocoxite of equal length and width, with base almost equal in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection (Figs 55–56). Gonostylus cylindrical with medial region equal in width than basal region, distinctly longer than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and apical spinule (Figs 55–56). Parameres with both, large and small accessory spines.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture upward directed, separated from substratum and not corbicular (Figs 76–77). Gill shorter than pupal body with trunk very reduced and with base enclosed by cocoon anterior margin (Figs 95–97); with four filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments flexible, cylindrical, and with blunt apices concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch single (Figs 95–97). Thoracic trichomes simples.</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Cephalic apotome spots insertion area pigmented (Figs 119–120). Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites. Labral fan stalk shorter than antenna, but longer than antennomeres 1+2. Antenna without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth as long as apical tooth; supernumerary mandibular serrations of different sizes. Postgenal cleft rounded; postgenal bridge length nearly equal than hypostomal length (Figs 132–135). Hypostomal anterior margin straight; hypostomal teeth very reduced and extended below anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma (Fig. 152); lateral serrations well-developed, blunt; paralateral teeth present. Body surface glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg (Fig. 152). Anal sclerite no encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Simulium (Freemanellum) was recovered as monophyletic and stable based on nine synapomorphies (Fig. 1, Table 2, node 16), one of them unique: pupal gill trunk reduced (35 (0), Figs 95–97). Simulium (Freemanellum) groups with S. (Trichodagmia) and S. (Hemicnetha) based on two synapomorphies (Fig. 1. Table 2, node 15), one of them unique: female anal lobe at least twice as long as cercus width at base twice as long as cercus width at base (13 (1), Figs 24, 26, 29–30), but with reversals in most species of the Orbitale species-group of S. (Trichodagmia) (e.g., Fig. 28).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Simulium (Freemanellum) is distributed in the following countries of the Afrotropical Region: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3FFAE8045FD94FE93FC80FD11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Molina, Óscar S.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.	Molina, Óscar S., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. (2021): Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection. European Journal of Taxonomy 773: 80-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
9D2E87F3FFAD807BFDC0FD6EFBD0FB77.text	9D2E87F3FFAD807BFDC0FD6EFBD0FB77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Disculter) Molina & Gil-Azevedo 2021	<div><p>Simulium (Disculter) subgen. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E5A8F7C6-7B96-4F7F-A54D-9CBBB160EE41</p> <p>Figs 31–32, 48–49, 69–70, 89–90, 148–149</p> <p>Type species</p> <p>Simulium oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Scutum black; scutal pattern present. Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claw with subbasal tooth of about half of claw length. Hypoginial valves subtriangular, shorter than sternite VIII width, forwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular and shorter than the cercus base width (Figs 31–32).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Ventral plate (Figs 48–49) with sub-equal width and length, not notched; lateral shoulders absent; posteromedian process absent. Gonocoxite length equal to width, with base almost equal in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection (Figs 69–70). Gonostylus cylindrical, with medial region equal in width than basal region; longer than gonocoxite, with acute apex and apical spinule (Figs 69– 70). Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.</p> <p>Pupa</p> <p>Cocoon aperture upward directed, separated from substratum, not corbicular (Figs 89–90). Gills shorter than pupa body, with trunk development, and base enclosed by cocoon anterior margin; with six filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments cylindrical, with blunt apices concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch multibranched. Thoracic trichomes present or absent.</p> <p>Larva (last instar)</p> <p>Cephalic apotome spots insertion area not pigmented. Postocciput not extended over the cervical sclerites. Antenna shorter than labral fan stalk, without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth shorter than apical tooth; two mandibular serrations of same sizes. Postgenal cleft triangular; postgenal bridge length nearly equal than hypostomal length (Figs 148–149). Hypostomal anterior margin straight; hypostomal teeth extended beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; medial tooth as prominent as lateral ones; lateral serrations well-developed, sharp; paralateral teeth present. Body glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg. Anal sclerite not encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The name Disculter derives from Latin prefix ‘ dis ’, meaning ‛apart’, plus the Latin ‛ culter ’, meaning ‛knife or razor’, in reference to the gonostylus shape, which differs from those of other related subgenera, such as S. (Trichodagmia) and S. (Hemicnetha). The gender is masculine.</p> <p>Species</p> <p>Simulium oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971</p> <p>S. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Oviedoi species-group in Coscarón (1987) (not included in any Simulium subgenera). Oviedoi speciesgroup of Simulium (Hemicnetha) in Coscarón &amp; Coscarón-Arias (2007). As part of the Orbitale species-group of S. (Hemicnetha) in Shelley et al. (2010). As part of the Bicoloratum species-group of S. (Psilopelmia) in Hernández (2011).</p> <p>Simulium oviedoi and S. rivasi were first described and included in S. (Hemicnetha) by Ramírez-Pérez (1971). Coscarón (1987) created the group Oviedoi, not including it in any Simulium subgenus, but regarding it as close to S. (Hemicnetha) based on the general aspect of the adult and last instar larva. Coscarón &amp; Coscarón-Arias (2007) placed Oviedoi as a species-group within S. (Hemicnetha) based on the female cibarium, nudiocular triangle, frontoclypeal base, basal section of the Radius, pupal cocoon, and shape of pupal gill. Even these authors considered that S. (Hemicnetha) offered the closest fit for S. oviedoi and S. rivasi, and pointed out that the female and male genitalia of the Oviedoi speciesgroup differ from those of most other species of S. (Hemicnetha). Shelley et al. (2010) transferred both species from S. (Hemicnetha) to the Orbitale species-group of S. (Trichodagmia) (sensu Shelley et al. 2010), but did not explain the reason for this taxonomic change. Hernández (2011) transferred them to the Bicoloratum species-group of S. (Psilopelmia) based on the female cibarium, male ventral plate shape, gonocoxite/gonostyle length ratio, and larval hypostomal teeth. Gil-Azevedo &amp; Coscarón (2020) confirmed that Oviedoi failed to group with S. (Psilopelmia) and recovered it as closer to S. (Hemicnetha).</p> <p>According to our analysis, Oviedoi is close to the clade [(S. (Anasolen) + S. (Freemanellum) + S. (Hemicnetha) + S. (Trichodagmia)] (Fig. 1, node 9), but did not fit in any of these groups or in any other Neotropical Simulium subgenus. Therefore, we here propose a new subgenus, S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. (Fig. 1, node 10) to accommodate the species in this group.</p> <p>Both species are almost identical and can be differentiated only by the trichomes and tubercles of the pupal frontoclypeus and thorax. Simulium oviedoi has trichomes with 3–5 ramifications and spinous tubercles, whereas S. rivasi to does not have trichomes and has rounded tubercles.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The subgenus is endemic to the state of Mérida, Venezuela (Adler 2020).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3FFAD807BFDC0FD6EFBD0FB77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Molina, Óscar S.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.	Molina, Óscar S., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. (2021): Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection. European Journal of Taxonomy 773: 80-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
