taxonID	type	description	language	source
19767E3319003F50FF53D007FF3DFEC9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype PLA-G 0060, ditches in Chengtian, Chaonan, Shantou, Guangdong (23 ° 10 ' 57 " N, 116 ° 28 ' 18 " E) (Fig. 17), 21 January 2013, coll. Yi-Kui Li. saved in Bouin’s solution and stained by H. E. method. Paratypes. PLA-G 0061 – PLA-G 0066, same data as holotype (PLA-G 0061 – PLA-G 0063, the whole specimens; PLA-G 0064 – PLA- G 0066, isolated sclerotic stylets). All materials were deposited in National Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China. Description. Live individual about 1 005 – 1 340 μ m long, and middle part of bodies up to 280 – 350 μ m wide. Anterior part of body bluntly rounded, posterior part tapered. Whole body appears spindle-like. Salmon pink pigments distribute under epidermis (Fig. 1). Two reniform eyes locate at back of forebrain near pharynx, space between them about 72 μ m. Barrel-shaped pharynx 170 μ m long and 160 μ m wide. Pocket-like intestinal canal connects to pharynx, with distinct glands in junction (Figs 1 – 2, 5 – 6). Reproductive system. Hermaphrodite, with one gonopore. Female reproductive system consists of an ovary, oviducts, uterus, receptaculum seminis, vitellaria, bursa copulatrix, genital atrium and common gonopore. Strip-shaped ovary lies at back of posterior intestine. Oviducts from rear of ovary lead to uterus near rump. Branches of oviducts lead to spherical receptaculum seminis which contains serried sperms. An orange-yellow elliptic egg, with 190 μ m long and 96 μ m wide, often appears inside uterus, both ends of it slightly sharp (Fig. 3). Two vitellaria extend dorsolaterally, with 380 μ m long. Each vitellarium with numerous finger-shaped branches. Vitelloducts from left and right join together at back of intestines, then lead to uteru, and other side of it connects genital atrium. Finger-shaped bursa copulatrix comprises myofibers, and opens into genital atrium through a pore (Figs 5 – 6). Male reproductive system consists of testes, vas deferens, a vesicula seminalis, a vesicula granulorum, prostate tissues and a sclerotic stylet. Paired oval-shaped testes situated laterally at posterior intestine, with a vas deferens at backend of each testis extending to vesicula seminalis. Double-ball-shaped vesicula seminalis contains serried sperms, covered by a muscular layer. Behind it lies a cylindrical-shaped vesicula granulorum, which comprises eosinophilic granules inside, outside lies prostate cells. Sclerotic stylet, with total length 137 μ m, connecting to backend of vesicula granulorum, consists of a closed girdle and 7 spines. Girdle formed by sclerotic collagenous fibers, with height 44 μ m, diameter 70 μ m. Base of each spine connected to a U-shaped muscular layer. Lateral spines appear dagger-shaped, middle ones cynodontshaped. Spines differ in length, shortening from both sides to middle gradually. Outer spine 94 μ m long, and the middle 59 μ m long (Figs 4 – 7). Stylet of immature individual is not fully sclerotized, with some unsclerotized collagenous fibers around girdle (Fig. 8). Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China. Discussion. Sclerotic stylet is the critical taxonomic character to identify species of genus Gieysztoria. The genus Gieysztoria is divided into two groups, Aequales and Inaequales (Luther, 1955). The stylet of Aequales usually contains a proximal girdle and lateral spines which are similar in size and shape. Species of Inaequales have complicated stylets, and are divided into four subgroups: Fenestratae, Radiatae, Aberrantes, Falcatae (Luther, 1955; Damborenea et al., 2005; Van Steenkiste et al., 2012). The proximal girdle of Fenestratae has one or more pores; Radiatae does not have pores, and has actinomorphic stylet; Aberrantes has the stylet irregular (Luther, 1955; Damborenea et al., 2005). The stylet of the Falcatae is a small thick hook-like spine, which is similar to a raptor’s claw (Van Steenkiste et al., 2012). By comparing, the new species belongs to Gieysztoria, Inaequales, Aberrantes. Nine species, G. shantouensis Zhang, Li & Wang, sp. nov., G. oligocentra (Steinböck, 1948), G. papii (Young, 1977), G. pseudodiadema (Noreña-Janssen, 1995), G. shenzhensis (Wang & Wu, 2005 b), G. pulchra (Wang & Deng, 2006), G. macrovariata (Weise, 1942), G. macrovariata 9 - spinosa (Luther, 1955), G. octospinosa (Luther, 1955) are similar because of the number of the terminal spines of stylet. Among them, the stylet of G. oligocentra, G. papii and G. pseudodiadema have 8, 6 and 8 spines, respectively. However, G. oligocentra and G. papii belongs to Aequales, and G. pseudodiadema and the new species belong to Inaequales. The stylet of G. pseudodiadema is 60 – 70 μ m long, and the spines are 42 μ m long. The shape of stylet between G. pseudodiadema and the new species is significantly different. And the length of stylet of the new species is 2 times as long as G. pseudodiadema (Luther, 1955; Damborenea et al., 2005). G. shenzhensis has 8 spines within its stylet, with 4 thick and 4 flagellous spines, actinomorphic, belongs to Radiatae, a subgroup of Inaequales (Luther, 1955), which is significant different with the new species. G. pulchra, G. macrovariata and G. macrovariata 9 - spinosa belong to the same subgroup with the new species (Luther, 1955). They have 13, 10 and 9 spines within their stylets, respectively, while the new species has 7 spines within its stylet. The stylet of G. octospinosa is the most similar to the new species. However, its stylet is 55 μ m in length, has 8 sclerotic spines, and spines in the middle are longer than those in the lateral. The stylet of the new species is 137 μ m long in total, has 8 spines, and spines in the middle are shorter than those in the lateral.	en	Zhang, Hang, Li, Yi-Kui, Wu, Cheng-Chen, Wang, An-Tai (2014): Two new species of the genus Gieysztoria (Rhabdocoela: Dalyelliidae) from China. Zoological Systematics 39 (4): 485-495, DOI: 10.11865/zs.20140402
19767E3319053F52FF53D5E8FED0FB43.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype PLA-G 0111, tributary of Dongjiang River, Huizhou, Guangdong Province (23 ° 10 ' 57 " N, 116 ° 28 ' 18 " E), the water temperature 25 ° C (Fig. 17), 20 July 2014, coll. Hang Zhang. Overall sheeting, H. E. method stained. Paratypes. PLA-G 0112 – PLA-G 0117, the same data as holotype (PLA-G 0112 – PLA-G 0113, mounting specimens; PLA-G 0114 – PLA-G 0117, separated sclerotic mating spines). All the types were deposited in National Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China. Description. Mature individual about 1 000 – 1 100 μ m in length, and middle part of body up to 220 – 280 μ m in width. Animal has typical body characteristics of Dalyelliidae. Whole body appears a flat-oval shape, with blunt head, cylindrical-shaped middle part of body, and V-shaped tapering tail epidermis densely covered with ciliums. Dorsally, brown irregular-oval stripes longitudinally distributed from back of its eyes to front area of eggs, with light-colored stripes on pharynx (Fig. 9). Pair of eyes located in anterior end, oval-shaped eyespots formed by many melanin balls. Distance between eyes about 58 μ m. Cerebral ganglions distribute under eyes. Barrel-shaped pharynx behind eyes looks 234 μ m × 184 μ m, accounting for 1 / 5 of whole body length. Posterior end of pharynx joints a pocket-shaped intestinal canal, no anus present, with distinct pharyngeal glands in junction (Figs 9 – 11). Reproductive system. Hermaphrodite, with a gonopore. Female reproductive system consists of ovary, oviduct, uterus, seminal receptacle, vitellaria, bursa copulatrix, genital atrium and gonopore. Irregular-oval-shaped ovary lies in posterior end of intestine dorsally, which ends to a short oviduct, linking seminal receptacle and uterus. Seminal receptacle filled with spherical-shaped sperms. Within uterus usually exists a oval egg (149 μ m × 100 μ m) appearing brownish red when mature (Fig. 9). Two rodlike vitellaria, 466 μ m in length locate in bilateral sides of intestinal canals. Vitelline ducts from left and right side join and convert together, then extending to uterus. Other end of uterus connected to genital atrium. Utricle-shaped bursa copulatrix, formed by musclar tissues, opens holes from genital atrium (Figs 11 – 12). Male reproductive system consists of testes, vas deferens, a vesicula seminalis, a vesicula granulorum, prostate tissue and a sclerotic stylet. Pair of oval-shaped testes lie in ventral side at posterior end of intestinal canal. Vas deferens exists at each end of testis, then flows into vesicuta seminalis. Vesicuta seminalis filled with sperms and covered with thick circular muscles. Vesicula granulorum located between vas deferens and sclerotic stylet, which comprises eosinophilic granules inside, outside lies prostate cells. (Figs 11 – 12). Sclerotic stylet appears typical Falcatae characteristics with 88 μ m long. Two fiber sclerotic stalks at front end about 15 μ m and 28 μ m. Base of stylet connected through stylet cross-connection, forming irregular H-shape. Cross-connection (27 μ m long, 12 μ m wide) stretches backwards along with 2 stalks, which form 6 abnormal spines namely s 1, s 2, s 3, s 6, s 7 and s 8. Outspread parts of cross-connection and short stalk posterior form. infundibulate-shaped S 1, with 35 μ m in length, wide base and tapering distal end. Short stalk posterior stretches out s 2 and s 8. Length of s 2 about 65 μ m. Half of part, close to the base, relatively thick, with an oval musclar layer, distal end in canine shape. S 8 about 58 μ m, saber-shaped, with tip bended slightly. Outspread part of the long stalk posterior forms s 3, s 6 and s 7. Length of s 3 about 60 μ m, with strip-shaped base 10 μ m. Half of near end present a musclar layer. Daggershaped far end slightly bended. Inner edge of long stalk extends oval-plate-shaped s 6, which stretches out 8 super thin flake-like spines towards the middle part. Each spine looks like a spoon and posterior edge of it has thin serrate spines. Stretching out from inner side of base of long stalk, s 7 locates between s 1 and s 6, about 36 μ m (Figs 13 – 14). Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, China. Discussion. The new species should belong to Gieysztoria, Inaequales, Falcatae. For the subgroup Falcatae, ten species have been recorded: G. kolasai, G. saganae, G. ashokae, G. zuluensis, G. garudae, G. thienemanni, G. okugawai, G. stokesi, G. wuyishanensis and G. ramayana (Reisinger, 1933; Ruebush & Hayes, 1939; Young, 1977; Van Steenkiste et al., 2012; Lai et al., 2013). Among these species, G. kolasai and G. saganae have original sclerotic stylet. G. ashokae and G. zuluensis have only one stylet stalk. G. garudae has stylet with obvious sawtooth on coarse spines of s 3 and the surface edges of s 4. G. thienemanni has s 6 in a strip-type shape. G. okugawai has 5 coarse spines, s 2 fine S-shape, and s 6 with 11 small spines. G. stokesi and G. wuyishanensis, which are very similar to the new species, have discoid spines and hook spines. However, G. stokesi has s 7 and s 8 absent and G. wuyishanensis has s 8 absent. The bending angle of s 2 in both species is significantly hook-like and the discoid spine is smooth. In G. huizhouensis Zhang, Wu & Wang, sp. nov., s 2 is slightly blended and sawtooth serrations lie at its posterior of discoid spine. These are significant different from other species. The sclerotic stylet of G. ramayana is the most similar to the new species. Its full length of sclerotic stylet is 85 μ m, and the far end has 5 coarse spines, namely s 1, s 2, s 3, s 6 and s 8. While in G. huizhouensis sp. nov., the full length of the stylet is 88 μ m, and 6 coarse spines are present, namely s 1, s 2, s 3, s 6, s 7 and s 8.	en	Zhang, Hang, Li, Yi-Kui, Wu, Cheng-Chen, Wang, An-Tai (2014): Two new species of the genus Gieysztoria (Rhabdocoela: Dalyelliidae) from China. Zoological Systematics 39 (4): 485-495, DOI: 10.11865/zs.20140402
19767E3319073F52FF53D152FBE9F961.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PLA-G 0090 – PLA-G 0092, wetlands of Shiyan Reservoir in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China (22 ° 40 ′ 58 ″ N, 113 ° 53 ′ 42 ″ E) (Fig. 17), 19 June 2013, coll. Yan-Hong Lu, deposited in National Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China. Diagnosis. The species is similar to G. shantouensis Zhang, Li & Wang, sp. nov. Sclerotic stylet of G. macrovariata is 150 μ m in length. Ten sclerotic spines are attached to the distal end. Base of each spine is attached to a U-shaped muscular layer, and lateral spines are dagger-shaped. The spines shorten from both sides to the middle. The lateral one is 97 μ m and the middle one 66 μ m in length (Figs 15 – 16). Discussion. The stylet of type materials of G. macrovariata is about 102.5 – 139.5 μ m in length, with 10 sclerotic spines. The longest spine is up to 97 μ m and the shortest is 75 μ m in length (Weise, 1942). However, the Chinese specimens have little differences with the type. The stylet of the Chinese specimens is 133 μ m – 150 μ m in total length, with 10 sclerotic spines. The longest spine is up to 97 μ m and the shortest is 66 μ m in length.	en	Zhang, Hang, Li, Yi-Kui, Wu, Cheng-Chen, Wang, An-Tai (2014): Two new species of the genus Gieysztoria (Rhabdocoela: Dalyelliidae) from China. Zoological Systematics 39 (4): 485-495, DOI: 10.11865/zs.20140402
