identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3B7687F6423A6271D669F9DEFA9AF858.text	3B7687F6423A6271D669F9DEFA9AF858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiopyrgidae Perrier 1893	<div><p>Family Ophiopyrgidae Perrier, 1893</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiopyrgus Lyman, 1878.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Amphiophiura Matsumoto, 1915; Aspidophiura Matsumoto, 1915; Dictenophiura H.L. Clark, 1923; Euvondrea Fell, 1961; Glaciacantha Fell, 1961; Gymnophiura Lütken &amp; Mortensen, 1899; Ophiogona Studer, 1876; Ophiomages Koehler, 1923; Ophioperla Koehler, 1912; Ophiopleura Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1877; Ophioplinthus Lyman, 1878; Ophiosparte Koehler, 1922; Ophiosteira Bell, 1902; Ophiuroglypha Hertz, 1927; Spinophiura Stöhr &amp; Segonzac, 2006; Stegophiura Matsumoto, 1915.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs present. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape.Arm spine cross section round (Amphiophiura, Ophioplinthus), or oval (Ophiosparte). The ratio of distal 1/3 an arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.2–0.6, or 0.6–0.9 (Amphiophiura), or 0.9–1 (Ophiosparte, Ophioplinthus). Arm spines tapering (conical), or cylindrical (Ophiosparte), or pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment (Amphiophiura, Ophioplinthus, Ophiopleura), or between half and one segment (Ophiosparte). Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; more than two times as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size (Amphiophiura), or all similar (Ophiosparte, Ophiopyrgus, Ophioplinthus). Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; high (above arm level). Integument not obscuring plates (Amphiophiura, Ophiopyrgus, Ophioplinthus, Ophiopleura), or skin obscuring plates (Ophiosparte). Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates (Amphiophiura, Ophioplinthus), or with concealed primary plates (Ophiosparte, Ophiopleura); with scales (the scales are covered by thickened skin in Ophiosparte and embedded in thickened skin in Ophiopleura) without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length less than one third of the disc radius, or length between one third and half of the disc radius (Ophiopyrgus), or length more than half of the disc radius (Ophiopleura); isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius, or absent (Ophiosparte, Ophiosparte, Ophiopleura). The number of scales on H line of an interradius about less than 7. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP present. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much longer than wide or about as long as wide (e.g., Ophioplinthus tessellata (Verrill, 1894) and Ophiopleura borealis Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1877). Madreporite no data. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius (or about equal). Genital papillae present. Dental plate ventral half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular; less than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth spine-shaped. Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate (Ophioplinthus).</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6423A6271D669F9DEFA9AF858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64237627ED535FD10FA9AFE23.text	3B7687F64237627ED535FD10FA9AFE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiosphalmidae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Ophiosphalmidae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiosphalma H.L. Clark, 1941.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiolipus Lyman, 1878; Ophiomusium Lyman, 1869.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering with spines distal to the genital slit around the disc margin but without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present.Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment. Tentacle scales present; pores visible only on proximal arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section round. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm) (Fig. 3L). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal; flat (about same level as arms). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length more than half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius fewer than 7. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much longer than wide. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae present. Dental plate of equal width all over; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64237627ED535FD10FA9AFE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6420F6246D662F8D0FA9AF991.text	3B7687F6420F6246D662F8D0FA9AF991.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiactidae Matsumoto 1915	<div><p>Family Ophiactidae Matsumoto, 1915</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiactis Lütken, 1856.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Hemipholis Lyman, 1865.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length 3– 4× disc diameter, or length more than 4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9, or 0.9–1. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between half and one segment long, or between one and two segments long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; larger in middle of arm. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal or circular; high (above arm level). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates; with scales; with spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length more than half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius about 14–21. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much longer than wide or about as long as wide. Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over, or dorsal half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as perforation with septum. Teeth block-like (with square tip). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6420F6246D662F8D0FA9AF991	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6423C6277D522FA0CFA9AFC3F.text	3B7687F6423C6277D522FA0CFA9AFC3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiopteridae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Ophiopteridae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiopteris E.A. Smith, 1877. (No other genera)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate present. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round, or oval. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.9–1. Arm spines flat or cylindrical; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines longer than two segments. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section round. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventroproximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; with a fully developed sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; larger in middle of arm. Distance between spine articulations equal. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal or circular; high (above arm level). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with granules; length more than half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with spines. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; spiniform. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering more than one third of the length of an interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield separated. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate dorsal half widest; entire. Dental sockets heart-shaped(?); equal to or more than 50% of the width. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like).</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6423C6277D522FA0CFA9AFC3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6423D6248D52FFC44FA9AFE44.text	3B7687F6423D6248D52FFC44FA9AFE44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clarkcomidae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Clarkcomidae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Clarkcoma Devaney, 1970. (No other genera)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present.Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section oval. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines flat; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines longer than two segments. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; more than two times as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs with constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventrodistal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; with a fully developed sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; dorsalwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations equal. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with granules; length more than half of the disc radius.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with granules. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius no data. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; paddle-shaped. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped and circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as perforation with septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6423D6248D52FFC44FA9AFE44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6423E6275D53FF8DEFEC1FA00.text	3B7687F6423E6275D53FF8DEFEC1FA00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiocamacidae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Ophiocamacidae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiocamax Lyman, 1878. (No other genera)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length more than 4× disc diameter; covering tubercles grown out of scales/plates. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.9–1. Arm spines cylindrical; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines longer than two segments. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) only lateral. Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventrodistal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; dorsalwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; with spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length between one third and half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with spines. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; multiple rows of lateral papillae; spiniform. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering more than one third of the length of an interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite one; with numerous pores. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped and circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth spine-shaped. Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae hourglass-shaped (streptospondylous); beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6423E6275D53FF8DEFEC1FA00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6420C6247D523F9D6FACAFB20.text	3B7687F6420C6247D523F9D6FACAFB20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiopholidae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Ophiopholidae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiopholis Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842. (No other genera)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate present. Ventral arm plate present.Accessory ventral arm plate present. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines not all similar in shape. The atypical spines are hook-shaped. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between one and two segments long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs with constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; larger in middle of arm. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with obvious primary plates; with scales; with spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate with tubercles. Radial shield present; with granules and with tubercles grown out of plate; length between one third and half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with spines. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate ventral half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as perforation with septum. Teeth block-like (with square tip). Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with extended keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6420C6247D523F9D6FACAFB20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6420E6244D64AFDDEFA9AF858.text	3B7687F6420E6244D64AFDDEFA9AF858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphilepididae Matsumoto 1915	<div><p>Family Amphilepididae Matsumoto, 1915</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Amphilepis Ljungman, 1867.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiomonas Djakonov, 1952.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between one and two segments long. Tentacle scales absent. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length more than half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius about 14–21. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped and heart-shaped; less than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6420E6244D64AFDDEFA9AF858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64231627CD634FDF3FE00FE60.text	3B7687F64231627CD634FDF3FE00FE60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euryalidae Gray 1840	<div><p>Family Euryalidae Gray, 1840</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Euryale Lamarck, 1816.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Asteromorpha Lütken, 1869; Asteroschema Örstedt &amp; Lütken, 1856; Asterostegus Mortensen, 1933; Astrobrachion Döderlein, 1927; Astroceras Lyman, 1879; Astrocharis Koehler, 1904; Ophiocreas Lyman, 1869; Squamophis Okanishi Okanishi, O'Hara &amp; Fujita, 2011; Sthenocephalus Koehler, 1898; Trichaster Agassiz, 1836.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape branched; length more than 4× disc diameter; covering with granules. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate absent. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present or absent. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines not all similar in shape.Atypical arm spines are hook-shaped.Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.9–1. Arm spines cylindrical; at proximal segments only on ventral side of arms; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along the arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section round. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) only lateral. Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction (Fig. 2J). Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes; restricted to (the ventral or central) portion of the distal edge; all similar. Distance between spine articulations not applicable (two spine articulation). Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening (Fig. 3A–B).</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal; flat (about same level as arms). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; without scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with tubercles grown out of plate; length more than half of the disc radius; bar-like.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads not restricted to the disc (extending into the basal portion of the arms) or restricted to the disc (Asteroschema). Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine absent. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite multiple; with one pore, or with numerous pores. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit shorter than half interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; fragmented. Dental sockets slit-shaped; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae hourglass-shaped (streptospondylous); beyond segment 5 non-keeled; with oral bridge (Fig. 3E).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64231627CD634FDF3FE00FE60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6420D6258D67EFB47FACAFBB8.text	3B7687F6420D6258D67EFB47FACAFBB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiotrichidae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Ophiotrichidae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiothrix Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Gymnolophus Brock, 1888; Lissophiothrix H.L. Clark, 1938; Macrophiothrix H.L. Clark, 1938; Ophiocnemis Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842; Ophiogymna Ljungman, 1866; Ophiolophus Marktanner- Turneretscher, 1887; Ophiomaza Lyman, 1871; Ophiophthirius Döderlein, 1898; Ophiopsammium Lyman, 1874; Ophiopteron Ludwig, 1888; Ophiothela Verrill, 1867; Ophiotrichoides Ludwig, 1882.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines longer than two segments long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; more than two times as long as wide; as long as the spine nearby; cross section round. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards.Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; larger in middle of arm. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; with spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with spines; length more than half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with spines. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth single or with several tooth papillae (O’Hara et al. 2018). Infradental papillae on oral plate absent. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine absent. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield separated. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate ventral half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped and circular; less than 50% of the width of to equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as perforation with septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on half of dental plate and other half with a cluster of tooth papillae (ventral cluster).</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with extended keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6420D6258D67EFB47FACAFBB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6420B6242D648FD48FEC1FD8D.text	3B7687F6420B6242D648FD48FEC1FD8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophionereididae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Ophionereididae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophionereis Lütken, 1859.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiochiton Lyman, 1878; Ophiodoris Koehler, 1904; Ophioneroides Cherbonnier &amp; Guille, 1978; Ophioplax Lyman, 1875.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate present or sometimes absent (Ophiodoris sp.). Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9, or 0.9–1 (Ophioplax, Ophiodoris). Arm spines pointed or cylindrical (Ophioplax, Ophiodoris); mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between half and one segment long, or between one and two segments long (Ophioplax). Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval or round. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; larger in middle of arm. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; flat (about same level as arms) to high (above arm level). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules or with granules along the genital slit, extending onto disc edge; with concealed primary plates; with scales; with spines (Ophiodoris) or without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length less than one third of the disc radius; isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines or with granules (Ophioplax). Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius or absent (Ophioplax, Ophiodoris). The number of scales on H line of an interradius about 14–21. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present.Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield separated. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae present. Dental plate of equal width all over, or ventral half widest (Ophioplax); entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular to heart-shaped; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as perforation with septum. Teeth block-like (with square tip). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE.Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with extended keel, or with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6420B6242D648FD48FEC1FD8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6422C627AD4EAFE81FAF4FE3F.text	3B7687F6422C627AD4EAFE81FAF4FE3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiuroidea Gray 1840	<div><p>Conventional identification key to the families of the Ophiuroidea with respect to the species listed in Table 1</p> <p>1. Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment........................................................................ 2</p> <p>– Longest arm spines between half and one segment long........................................................ 12</p> <p>– Longest arm spines between one and two segments long....................................................... 20</p> <p>– Longest arm spines longer than two segments........................................................................ 32</p> <p>2(1). Arm spines tapering (conical) (Fig. 5)...................................................................................... 3</p> <p>– Arm spines flat (Fig. 5)........................................... Ophiodermatidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 34]</p> <p>– Arm spines cylindrical (Fig. 5).................................................................................................. 4</p> <p>– Arm spines pointed (Fig. 5)....................................................................................................... 6</p> <p>3(2). Arm combs present (Fig. 1F); dorsal arm plate present; spines all similar in shape (Fig. 5); arm spines mainly lateral......................................................... Ophiopyrgidae Perrier, 1893 [p. 25]</p> <p>– Arm combs absent; dorsal arm plate absent; spines not all similar in shape (Fig. 2F–H); arm spines at proximal segments only on ventral side of arms.... Asteronychidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 19]</p> <p>4(2). Radial shield scalene (oblique) triangular (Fig. 1E)......... Astrophiuridae Sladen, 1879 [p. 24]</p> <p>– Radial shield isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped (Fig. 1F)....................... 5</p> <p>– Radial shield bar-like (Fig. 1B).................................................. Euryalidae Gray, 1840 [p. 20]</p> <p>5(4). Arm combs present (Fig. 1F); arm spines mainly lateral; tentacle scales more than two times as long as wide; dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles (Fig. 2B–D)..................................................................................................................................... Ophiopyrgidae Perrier, 1893 [p. 25]</p> <p>– Arm combs absent; arm spines at proximal segments only on ventral side of arms; tentacle scales nearly as long as wide; dorsal disc scale/plate with tubercles (Fig. 2A).............................................................................................................................. Hemieuryalidae Verrill, 1899 [p. 40]</p> <p>6(2). Tentacle scales nearly as long as wide....................................................................................... 7</p> <p>– Tentacle scales slightly longer than wide.................................................................................. 8</p> <p>– Tentacle scales more than two times as long as wide.............................................................. 10</p> <p>7(6). Tentacle scales shorter than the spine nearby; tentacle scales cross section round; disc pentagonal; dorsal disc with spines (Fig. 2B–D)................... Ophiosphalmidae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 22]</p> <p>– Tentacle scales as long as the spine nearby; tentacle scales cross section oval; disc circular; dorsal disc without spines (Fig. 1A–B, D–F).............................. Astrophiuridae Sladen, 1879 [p. 24]</p> <p>8(6). Accessory dorsal arm plate present; dorsal disc with obvious primary plates (Fig. 2D); adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield; distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing.................................................................... Ophiolepididae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 39]</p> <p>– Accessory dorsal arm plate absent; dorsal disc with concealed primary plates (Fig. 1A–D); adoral shield separated (Fig. 4); distance between spine articulations equal....................................... 9</p> <p>9(8). Arm spines predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed); integument obscuring plates (Fig. 1D); dorsal disc without scales; dorsal disc with spines (Fig 2B, D)..................................................................................................................................... Ophiopezidae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 35]</p> <p>– Arm spines predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis; integument not obscuring plates (Fig. 1E–F); dorsal disc with scales (Fig. 2B, D); dorsal disc without spines (Fig.1A–B, D–F)............................................................................. Ophiomyxidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 36]</p> <p>10(6). Arm combs present (Fig. 1F); disc circular; genital papillae present; distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing.................................. Ophiopyrgidae Perrier, 1893 [p. 25]</p> <p>– Arm combs absent; disc pentagonal; genital papillae absent; distance between spine articulations equal.........................................................................................................................................11</p> <p>11(10). Arm spines predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed); tentacle scales longer than the spine nearby; tentacle pores visible only on proximal arm; dorsal disc with obvious primary plates (Fig. 2D)................................................................. Ophiomusaidae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 23]</p> <p>– Arm spines predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis; tentacle scales shorter than the spine nearby; tentacle pores visible along most of the arm; dorsal disc with concealed primary plates (Fig. 1B–D)....................................................... Ophiomyxidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 36]</p> <p>12(1). Arm spines predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed)................................................... 13</p> <p>– Arm spines predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis.................................... 16</p> <p>13(12). Tentacle scales nearly as long as wide..................................................................................... 14</p> <p>– Tentacle scales slightly longer than wide................................................................................ 15</p> <p>– Tentacle scales more than two times as long as wide....... Ophiopyrgidae Perrier, 1893 [p. 25]</p> <p>14(13). Arm spines cylindrical (Fig. 5); radial shield isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pearshaped (Fig. 1F); the ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.9–1 (Fig. 5); arm spines at proximal segments only on ventral side of arms................................................................................. Hemieuryalidae Verrill, 1899 [p. 40]</p> <p>– Arm spines pointed (Fig. 5); radial shield scalene (oblique) triangular (Fig. 1F); the ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9 (Fig. 5); arm spines mainly lateral................. Ophioleucidae Matsumoto, 1915 [p. 38]</p> <p>15(13). Arm combs present (Fig. 1F); spines all similar in shape; arm spine cross section round (Fig. 5); integument not obscuring plates (Fig. 1E–F)...... Ophiuridae Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840 [p. 24]</p> <p>– Arm combs absent; spines not all similar in shape (Fig. 2F–H); arm spine cross section oval (Fig. 5); integument obscuring plates (Fig. 1D)......... Ophiernidae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 37]</p> <p>16(12). Integument not obscuring plates (Fig. 1E–F); nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.................................................................................................................................... 17</p> <p>– Integument obscuring plates (Fig. 1D); nerve opening smaller than muscle opening........... 18</p> <p>17(16). Tentacle scales nearly as long as wide; radial shield length between one third and half of the disc radius; arm spine articulation ventralwards increasing in size........................................................................................................................................... Amphiuridae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 44]</p> <p>– Tentacle scales slightly longer than wide; radial shield length more than half of the disc radius; arm spine articulation larger in middle of arm............... Ophiactidae Matsumoto, 1915 [p. 46]</p> <p>18(16). Arm covering without granules/spines/tubercles; arm spine cross section round (Fig. 5); arm spines mainly lateral; genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius....................... 19</p> <p>– Arm covering with granules; arm spine cross section oval (Fig. 5); arm spines at proximal segments only on ventral side of arms; genital slit shorter than half the length of an interradius.............................................................................. Gorgonocephalidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 21]</p> <p>19(18). Tentacle scales present; dorsal disc with scales (Fig. 2B, D); radial shield without granules/spines (Fig. 1B); ventral teeth single (Fig. 4)..................... Ophionereididae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 42]</p> <p>– Tentacle scales absent; dorsal disc without scales; radial shield with granules (Fig. 1A); ventral teeth several (tooth papillae) (Fig. 4)........................ Ophiobyrsidae Matsumoto, 1915 [p. 29]</p> <p>20(1). Integument not obscuring plates (Fig. 1E–F).......................................................................... 21</p> <p>– Integument obscuring plates (Fig. 1D).................................................................................... 26</p> <p>21(20). Radial shield length between one third and half of the disc radius......................................... 22</p> <p>– Radial shield length more than half of the disc radius............................................................ 25</p> <p>22(21). Arm combs present (Fig. 1F); arm spines predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed); tentacle scales slightly longer than wide; ventral teeth several (tooth papillae) (Fig. 4)....................................................................................................... Ophiuridae Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840 [p. 24]</p> <p>– Arm combs absent; arm spines predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis; tentacle scales nearly as long as wide; ventral teeth single (Fig. 4)..................................................... 23</p> <p>23(22). Accessory dorsal arm plate present; accessory ventral arm plate present; spines not all similar in shape (Fig. 2F–H); dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs with constriction (Fig. 2I)........................................................................................... Ophiopholidae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 47]</p> <p>– Accessory dorsal arm plate absent; accessory ventral arm plate absent; spines all similar in shape; dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction (Fig. 2J).................................... 24</p> <p>24(23). The number of scales on H line (Fig. 2C) of an interradius about 7–14; arm spine articulation larger in middle of arm; dental plate ventral half widest; dental sockets less than 50% of the width.................................................................... Ophiothamnidae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 46]</p> <p>– The number of scales on H line (Fig. 2C) of an interradius about 14–21; arm spine articulation ventralwards increasing in size; dental plate dorsal half widest; dental sockets equal to or more than 50% of the width.................................................... Amphiuridae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 44]</p> <p>25(21). Tentacle scales present; dorsal disc with spines (Fig. 2B, D); arm spine articulation larger in middle of arm; nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.......................................................................................................................... Ophiactidae Matsumoto, 1915 [p. 46]</p> <p>– Tentacle scales absent; dorsal disc without spines (Fig. 1A–B, D–F); arm spine articulation ventralwards increasing in size; nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.............................................................................................................. Amphilepididae Matsumoto, 1915 [p. 45]</p> <p>26(20). Tentacle scales nearly as long as wide..................................................................................... 27</p> <p>– Tentacle scales slightly longer than wide................................................................................ 28</p> <p>– Tentacle scales more than two times as long as wide.............................................................. 30</p> <p>27(26). Arm spines flat; the number of scales on H line (Fig. 2C) of an interradius more than 21; arm spine cross section oval (Fig. 5); ventral teeth several (tooth papillae) (Fig. 4)................................................................................................................... Ophiotomidae Paterson, 1985 [p. 30]</p> <p>– Arm spines pointed (Fig. 5); the number of scales on H line (Fig. 2C) of an interradius about 7–14; arm spine cross section round (Fig. 5); ventral teeth single (Fig. 4)..................................................................................................................... Ophiacanthidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 33]</p> <p>28(26). Arm spines predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed); radial shield absent (Fig. 1C); ventral interradii with spines; ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards (Fig. 2K).................................................................................................................. Ophiohelidae Perrier, 1893 [p. 27]</p> <p>– Arm spines predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis; radial shield present; ventral interradii with granules; ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards (Fig. 2L)....... 29</p> <p>29(28). Radial shield scalene (oblique) triangular; the number of scales on H line (Fig. 2C) of an interradius more than 21; arm spine cross section oval (Fig. 5); radial shield with granules............................................................................................... Ophiotomidae Paterson, 1985 [p. 30]</p> <p>– Radial shield isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped (Fig. 1F); the number of scales on H line (Fig. 2C) of an interradius about 14–21; arm spine cross section round (Fig. 5); radial shield without granules/spines (Fig. 1B)....... Ophionereididae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 42]</p> <p>30(26). Tentacle scales shorter than the spine nearby; the number of scales on H line (Fig. 2C) of an interradius about 14–21; oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; at least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum................................................................ 31</p> <p>– Tentacle scales longer than the spine nearby; the number of scales on H line (Fig. 2C) of an interradius more than 21; oral shield covering more than one third of the length of an interradius; at least one socket on DP as perforation with septum....................................................................................................................................................... Ophiopsilidae Matsumoto, 1915 [p. 43]</p> <p>31(30). Arm spine cross section round (Fig. 5); tentacle scales cross section oval; radial shield absent (Fig. 1C); ventral interradii without granules/spines.... Ophioscolecidae Lütken, 1869 [p. 28]</p> <p>– Arm spine cross section oval (Fig. 5); tentacle scales cross section round; radial shield present (Fig. 1C); ventral interradii with spines................ Amphilimnidae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 41]</p> <p>32(1). Radial shield length less than one third of the disc radius...................................................... 33</p> <p>– Radial shield length between one third and half of the disc radius......................................... 35</p> <p>– Radial shield length more than half of the disc radius............................................................ 36</p> <p>33(32). Radial shield scalene (oblique) triangular (Fig. 1E); arm spine cross section oval (Fig. 5); integument obscuring plates (Fig. 1D); radial shield with granules (Fig. 1A)....................... 34</p> <p>– Radial shield isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped (Fig. 1F); arm spine cross section round (Fig. 5); integument not obscuring plates (Fig. 1E–F); radial shield without granules/spines (Fig. 1B)............................................ Ophiomyxidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 36]</p> <p>34(33). Adoral shield separated; ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards (Fig. 2K); disc flat (about same level as arms); lateral oral papillae multiple rows of lateral papillae.............................................................................................. Ophiocomidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 36]</p> <p>– Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield; ventral position of LAP not projecting ventroproximalwards (Fig. 2L); disc high (above arm level); lateral oral papillae single row of lateral papillae (Fig. 2E)............................................................. Ophiotomidae Paterson, 1985 [p. 30]</p> <p>35(32). Arm covering without granules/spines/tubercles; arm spines pointed (Fig. 5); tentacle scales nearly as long as wide; integument obscuring plates (Fig. 1D)...................................................................................................................................... Ophiacanthidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 33]</p> <p>– Arm covering with tubercles grown out of scales/plates; arm spines cylindrical (Fig. 5); tentacle scales slightly longer than wide; integument not obscuring plates (Fig. 1E–F)........................................................................................................ Ophiocamacidae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 29]</p> <p>36(32). Tentacle scales nearly as long as wide..................................................................................... 37</p> <p>– Tentacle scales more than two times as long as wide............................................................. 38</p> <p>37(36). Accessory ventral arm plate present; tentacle scales cross section round; scales on ventral interradii absent; ventral teeth several (tooth papillae) (Fig. 4).................................................................................................................................... Ophiopteridae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 31]</p> <p>– Accessory ventral arm plate absent; tentacle scales cross section oval; scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius; ventral teeth single (Fig. 4).......................................................................................................................... Ophiacanthidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 33]</p> <p>38(36). Arm spines flat (Fig. 5); tentacle scales shorter than the spine nearby; arm spine cross section oval (Fig. 5); tentacle scales cross section oval........ Clarkcomidae O’Hara et al., 2018 [p. 32]</p> <p>– Arm spines pointed (Fig. 5); tentacle scales as long as the spine nearby; arm spine cross section round (Fig. 5); tentacle scales cross section round..... Ophiotrichidae Ljungman, 1867 [p. 48]</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6422C627AD4EAFE81FAF4FE3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F642356270D566F94DFA9AF9A8.text	3B7687F642356270D566F94DFA9AF9A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiuridae Muller & Troschel 1840	<div><p>Family Ophiuridae Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840, restricted sensu O’Hara et al. (2017)</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiura Lamarck, 1801.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiocrossota H.L. Clark, 1928; Ophiocten Lütken, 1855; Ophioctenella Tyler, Paterson, Sibuet, Guille, Murton &amp; Segonzac, 1995; Ophionotus Bell, 1902.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length 3× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs present. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral and at proximal segments only on ventral side of arms; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines between half and one segment long, or between one and two segments long (Ophiura sarsii Lütken, 1855). Tentacle scales present or absent; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventroproximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes; restricted to (the ventral or central) portion of the distal edge; all similar. Distance between spine articulations ventralwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (at arm level). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/ plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length between one third and half of the disc radius; isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius fewer than 7, or 7–14 (Ophiocten). Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering more than one third of the length of an interradius; much longer than wide or about as long as wide (Ophiocten). Madreporite one; with one pore or with numerous pores. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae present. Dental plate of equal width all over, or ventral half widest (Ophiura sarsii, Ophiocten); entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate (two rows in Ophiocten).</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F642356270D566F94DFA9AF9A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F642086243D67DFD6BFA9AFE93.text	3B7687F642086243D67DFD6BFA9AFE93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiopsilidae Matsumoto 1915	<div><p>Family Ophiopsilidae Matsumoto, 1915</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiopsila Forbes, 1843. (No other genera)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section oval. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.9–1. Arm spines flat; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between one and two segments long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; more than two times as long as wide; longer than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventroproximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length between one third and half of the disc radius; bar-like.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius more than 21. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering more than one third of the length of an interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite multiple; with numerous pores. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate dorsal half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as perforation with septum. Teeth block-like (with square tip). Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F642086243D67DFD6BFA9AFE93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64203624AD64EFCA0FA9AFDD0.text	3B7687F64203624AD64EFCA0FA9AFDD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiodermatidae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Ophiodermatidae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophioderma Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Bathypectinura H.L. Clark, 1909; Cryptopelta H.L. Clark, 1909; Diopederma H.L. Clark, 1913; Ophiarachnella Ljungman, 1872; Ophiochasma Grube, 1868; Ophiocormus H.L. Clark, 1915; Ophiocryptus H.L. Clark, 1915; Ophiocypris Koehler, 1930; Ophiomidas Koehler, 1904; Ophiopsammus Lütken, 1869.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present.Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section oval. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines flat; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; with a weakly developed sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations equal. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with granules; length less than one third of the disc radius; isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with granules. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; spiniform. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite multiple; with one pore. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits two per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; fragmented. Dental sockets slit-shaped and circular; less than 50% of the width or equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth block-like (with square tip). Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64203624AD64EFCA0FA9AFDD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64206624DD5D5F940FA9AFAF2.text	3B7687F64206624DD5D5F940FA9AFAF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiernidae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Ophiernidae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiernus Lyman, 1878. (No other genera)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present.Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines not all similar in shape. The atypical spines are bristles (Fig. 2H). Arm spine cross section oval. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines between half and one segment long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) only lateral. Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs with constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes or with weak lobes (O’Hara et al. 2018); arranged over entire distal LAP edge; dorsalwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length less than one third of the disc radius; isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with granules. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius fewer than 7. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; spiniform. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64206624DD5D5F940FA9AFAF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64200624AD52DFD16FA9AF858.text	3B7687F64200624AD52DFD16FA9AF858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiopezidae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Ophiopezidae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiopeza Peters, 1851.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiochaeta Lütken, 1869.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby. Dental plate ventral half widest; entire (single plate). Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) only lateral. Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and thin ventral lobes and a fully developed sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; larger in middle of arm. Distance between spine articulations equal. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; without scales; with spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; covering, length and shape no data.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with granules. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent.Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; spiniform. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield separated. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental sockets slit-shaped or circular; less than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth spine-shaped. Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64200624AD52DFD16FA9AF858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64204624FD67FFA9DFA9AFC6D.text	3B7687F64204624FD67FFA9DFA9AFC6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiolepididae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Ophiolepididae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiolepis Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophioteichus H.L. Clark, 1938; Ophiotypa Koehler, 1897.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length 3× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate present. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent or present in other genera or species of Ophiolepis (Koehler 1922 and Pineda-Enriquez 2014). Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; larger in middle of arm. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length between one third and half of the disc radius; isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much longer than wide. Madreporite one. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over, or dorsal half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular to heart-shaped; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth block-like (with square tip). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64204624FD67FFA9DFA9AFC6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64201624BD67BFE80FA9AF96D.text	3B7687F64201624BD67BFE80FA9AF96D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiomyxidae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Ophiomyxidae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiomyxa Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Neoplax Bell, 1884; Ophiarachna Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842; Ophioconis Lütken, 1869; Ophiostiba Matsumoto, 1915; Ophiurochaeta Matsumoto, 1915.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present.Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment, or longer than two segments (Ophiarachna). Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide, or more than two times as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without or with a weakly developed sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations equal. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal; flat (about same level as arms). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules (Ophiarachna) or without granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length less than one third of the disc radius; isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines, or with granules (Ophiarachna). Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth single or with several tooth papillae (Ophiarachna). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; paddle-shaped. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield separated.Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate ventral half widest; fragmented. Dental sockets slit-shaped and circular; less than 50% of the width or equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as perforation with septum. Teeth block-like (with square tip). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64201624BD67BFE80FA9AF96D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64201624CD67AF8D4FA9AF9F9.text	3B7687F64201624CD67AF8D4FA9AF9F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiocomidae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Ophiocomidae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiocoma L. Agassiz, 1836.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Breviturma Stöhr Stöhr, Boissin &amp; Hoareau, 2013; Ophiarthrum Peters, 1851; Ophiocomella A.H. Clark, 1939; Ophiomastix Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present.Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section oval. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9, or 0.9–1. Arm spines flat, or cylindrical, or pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines longer than two segments. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; with a fully developed sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; dorsalwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; with smooth spines (O’Hara et al. 2018) or without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with granules; length less than one third of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with granules. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius more than 21. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present or absent; multiple rows of lateral papillae; rounded. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield separated. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular to heart-shaped; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as perforation with septum. Teeth block-like (with square tip). Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on half of dental plate and other half with a cluster of tooth papillae (ventral cluster), or a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64201624CD67AF8D4FA9AF9F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64207624ED670FA08FEC1FBFB.text	3B7687F64207624ED670FA08FEC1FBFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophioleucidae Matsumoto 1915	<div><p>Family Ophioleucidae Matsumoto, 1915</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophioleuce Koehler, 1904.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiopallas Koehler, 1904; Ophiopyren Lyman, 1878; Ophiostriatus Madsen, 1983.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar or not all similar in shape (Ophiopallas). The atypical spines are hook-shaped. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines between half and one segment long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section round. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; larger in middle of arm. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing, or not applicable (two spine articulations) (Ophioleuce seminudum Koehler, 1904). Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with granules; length less than one third of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with granules. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine absent. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much longer than wide. Madreporite multiple; with numerous pores. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae present (O phiopallas) or absent. Dental plate ventral half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped; less than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth spine-shaped. Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae hourglass-shaped (streptospondylous); beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64207624ED670FA08FEC1FBFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64236627DD659FD86FEC1FE44.text	3B7687F64236627DD659FD86FEC1FE44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gorgonocephalidae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Gorgonocephalidae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Gorgonocephalus Leach, 1815.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Asteroporpa Örstedt &amp; Lütken, 1856; Astracme Döderlein, 1927; Astroboa Döderlein, 1911; Astrocaneum Döderlein, 1911; Astrochalcis Koehler, 1905; Astrochele Verrill, 1878; Astrochlamys Koehler, 1912; Astrocladus Verrill, 1899; Astroclon Lyman, 1879; Astrocnida Lyman, 1872; Astrocrius Döderlein, 1927; Astrocyclus Döderlein, 1911; Astrodendrum Döderlein, 1911; Astrodictyum Döderlein, 1927; Astroglymma Döderlein, 1927; Astrogomphus Lyman, 1869; Astrogordius Döderlein, 1911; Astrohamma Döderlein, 1930; Astrohelix Döderlein, 1930; Astroniwa McKnight, 2000; Astrophyton Fleming, 1828; Astroplegma Döderlein, 1927; Astrosierra Baker, 1980; Astrospartus Döderlein, 1911; Astrothamnus Matsumoto, 1915; Astrothorax Döderlein, 1911; Astrothrombus H.L. Clark, 1909; Astrotoma Lyman, 1875; Astrozona Döderlein, 1930; Conocladus H.L. Clark, 1909; Ophiocrene Bell, 1894; Ophiozeta Koehler, 1930; Schizostella A.H. Clark, 1952.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched, or shape branched; length more than 4× disc diameter; covering with granules.Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present.Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms present (Gorgonocephalus caputmedusae (Linnaeus, 1758)) or absent in some genera. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section oval. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given crosssectional plane) 0.9–1. Arm spines flat; at proximal segments only on ventral side of arms; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between half and one segment long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section round. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) only lateral. Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes; restricted to (the ventral or central) portion of the distal edge; all similar. Distance between spine articulations ventralwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with/without granules; length more than half of the disc radius; bar-like.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with granules. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate absent. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP present. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent.Adoral shield spine absent. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite one; with numerous pores. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit shorter than half interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; fragmented. Dental sockets circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth spine-shaped. Teeth on DP arranged as covering the entire dental plate evenly.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae hourglass-shaped (streptospondylous); beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64236627DD659FD86FEC1FE44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64234627ED539FE5EFA97F858.text	3B7687F64234627ED539FE5EFA97F858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiomusaidae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Ophiomusaidae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiomusa Hertz, 1927. (No other genera)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate absent or present in some species on a few proximal arm joints only (O’Hara et al. 2018). Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment. Tentacle scales present; pores visible only on proximal arm; more than two times as long as wide; longer than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; all similar. Distance between spine articulations equal. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal; high (above arm level). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate with tubercles. Radial shield present; with tubercles, without granules/spines; length more than half of the disc radius; isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius fewer than 7. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering more than one third of the length of an interradius; much longer than wide. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit shorter than half interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate dorsal half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped and circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64234627ED539FE5EFA97F858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64230627BD671FC06FE4DFD8B.text	3B7687F64230627BD671FC06FE4DFD8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asteronychidae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Asteronychidae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Asteronyx Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Astrodia Verrill, 1899; Astronebris Downey, 1967; Ophioschiza H.L. Clark, 1911.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched;length more than4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate absent.Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines not all similar in shape (Fig. 2F–H). The atypical spines are hook-shaped (Fig. 2G). Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.2–0.6. Arm spines tapering (conical); at proximal segments only on ventral side of arms; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment. Tentacle scales absent. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) only lateral (Fig. 3J–K). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards (Fig. 2L). Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; all similar. Distance between spine articulations ventralwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; high (above arm level). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with concealed primary plates; without scales (A. loveni Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842) or a few (O’Hara et al. 2018); without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length more than half of the disc radius; bar-like.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate absent. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP present. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine absent. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite one; with numerous pores. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit shorter than half interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped to circular; less than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth spine-shaped. Teeth on DP arranged as covering the entire dental plate evenly.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae hourglass-shaped (streptospondylous); beyond segment 5 with short keel (Fig. 3C, E); without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64230627BD671FC06FE4DFD8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6423F6276D66FFA66FA9AFAF6.text	3B7687F6423F6276D66FFA66FA9AFAF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiotomidae Paterson 1985	<div><p>Family Ophiotomidae Paterson, 1985</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiotoma Lyman, 1883.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiocomina Koehler in Mortensen, 1920; Ophiocopa Lyman, 1883; Ophiomitra Lyman, 1869; Ophiopristis Verrill, 1899; Ophiotreta Verrill, 1899.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present.Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section oval. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9 to 0.9–1 (in Ophiocopa more pointed than in Ophiotreta). Arm spines flat; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between one and two segments long, or longer than two segments (Ophiocopa). Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; nearly as long as wide (Ophiotreta), or slightly longer than wide (Ophiocomina); shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards.Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; with a fully developed sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; dorsalwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; high (above arm level). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; with spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with granules; length less than one third of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with granules. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius more than 21. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; rounded (Ophiotreta) or spiniform (Ophiocomina). Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide (Ophiotreta), or much wider than long (Ophiocomina). Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate ventral half widest; entire (Ophiocomina) or fragmented (Ophiotreta, Ophiocopa). Dental sockets slit-shaped and circular; less than 50% of the width or equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth spine-shaped. Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6423F6276D66FFA66FA9AFAF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6420A6241D538FBBEFA9AFD33.text	3B7687F6420A6241D538FBBEFA9AFD33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphilimnidae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Amphilimnidae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Amphilimna Verrill, 1899. (No other genera)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section oval. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines flat; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between one and two segments long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; more than two times as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section round. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventroproximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal or circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; with spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length between one third and half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular or bar-like.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii with spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius about 14–21. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; rounded and spiniform. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate dorsal half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped and circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6420A6241D538FBBEFA9AFD33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F642396273D662FE80FA9AF858.text	3B7687F642396273D662FE80FA9AF858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophioscolecidae Lutken 1869	<div><p>Family Ophioscolecidae Lütken, 1869</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophioscolex Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiocymbium Lyman, 1880; Ophiogeron Lyman, 1878; Ophiohyalus Matsumoto, 1915; Ophiohymen H.L. Clark, 1911; Ophioleptoplax H.L. Clark, 1911; Ophiologimus H.L. Clark, 1911; Ophiolycus Mortensen, 1933; Ophiophrura H.L. Clark, 1911; Ophioplexa Martynov, 2010; Ophioprium H.L. Clark, 1915; Ophiorupta Martynov, 2010; Ophiosyzygus H.L. Clark, 1911; Ophiuroconis Matsumoto, 1915.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar, or not all similar in shape (Ophiolycus). The atypical spines are hook-shaped. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.2–0.6, or 0.9–1 (Ophiolycus). Arm spines cylindrical (Ophiolycus) or tapering (conical); mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between one and two segments long. Tentacle scales present (Ophiolycus) or absent; pores visible along most of the arm; more than two times as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs with constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; dorsalwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with concealed primary plates; with or without scales; without spines. However, in some species with granules and spines (O’Hara et al. 2018). Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield absent.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius about 14–21. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent.Accessory oral papillae on OP present. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite one or multiple; with one pore or with numerous pores. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate ventral half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth spine-shaped. Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on half of dental plate and other half with a cluster of tooth papillae (ventral cluster), or a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate (Ophiolycus).</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F642396273D662FE80FA9AF858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F642026249D673FDBBFA9AFD34.text	3B7687F642026249D673FDBBFA9AFD34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiacanthidae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Ophiacanthidae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiacantha Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophialcaea Verrill, 1899; Ophientrema Verrill, 1899; Ophiocanops Koehler, 1922; Ophiochondrus Lyman, 1869; Ophiohamus O’Hara &amp; Stöhr, 2006; Ophiolebes Lyman, 1878; Ophiolimna Verrill, 1899; Ophiomitrella Verrill, 1899; Ophiomoeris Koehler, 1904; ‘ Ophiophthalmus ’ Matsumoto, 1917; Ophioplinthaca Verrill, 1899; Ophioripa Koehler, 1922; Ophiosemnotes Matsumoto, 1917; Ophiurothamnus Matsumoto, 1917.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3× disc diameter, or length 3– 4× disc diameter, or length more than 4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles.Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present.Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9, or 0.9–1 (Ophiochondrus). Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between one and two segments long (Ophiolimna), or longer than two segments. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs with constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; with a fully developed sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; dorsalwards increasing in size (Ophiacantha bidentata (Bruzelius, 1805), Ophiolimna), or all similar (Ophiacantha abyssicola G.O. Sars, 1872, Ophioplinthaca). Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms) or high (above arm level) (Ophiochondrus). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules (Ophioplinthaca, Ophiolimna); with concealed primary plates; with scales; with spines (Ophiacantha, Ophiolimna) or without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with spines and with granules; length between one third and half of the disc radius (O. bidentata, Ophioplinthaca), or length more than half of the disc radius (O. abyssicola, Ophiochondrus); isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped, or bar-like.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc or not restricted to the disc (Ophiocanops). Ventral interradii with spines (O. abyssicola) or with granules (O. bidentata, Ophiochondrus, with spine and granules in Ophiolimna). Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius about 7–14. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; spiniform. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite one or multiple; with one pore or with numerous pores. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over, or dorsal half widest (Ophiolimna); entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F642026249D673FDBBFA9AFD34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F642096244D663FE4EFA9AFDA8.text	3B7687F642096244D663FE4EFA9AFDA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiuridae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Amphiuridae Ljungman, 1867</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Amphiura Forbes, 1843.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Acrocnida Gislén, 1926; Amphichondrius Nielsen, 1932; Amphicontus Hill, 1940; Amphigyptis Nielsen, 1932; Amphiodia Verrill, 1899; Amphiomya H.L. Clark, 1939; Amphioncus H.L. Clark, 1939; Amphioplus Verrill, 1899; Amphipholis Ljungman, 1866; Amphipholizona H.L. Clark, 1915; Amphistigma H.L. Clark, 1938; Dougaloplus A.M. Clark, 1970; Microphiopholis Turner, 1985; Nannophiura Mortensen, 1933; Nudamphiura Tommasi, 1965; Ophiocentrus Ljungman, 1867; Ophiocnida Lyman, 1865; Ophiodaphne Koehler, 1930; Ophionephthys Lütken, 1869; Ophiophragmus Lyman, 1865; Ophiosphaera Brock, 1888; Ophiostigma Lütken, 1856; Paracrocnida Mortensen, 1940; Paramphichondrius Guille &amp; Wolff, 1984; Paramphiura Koehler, 1895; Triplodia Turner &amp; Hallan, 2011.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3–4× or more than 4× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9, or 0.9–1. Arm spines tapering (conical), cylindrical, or pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines between half and one, or between one and two segments long. Tentacle scales present or absent (Ophiophragmus); pores only proximally visible along the arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) only lateral. Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes, or with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing.. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; flat (about same level as arms) to high (above arm level). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates or with concealed primary plates; without scales; without spines or with spines, granules and tubercles in some genera (O’Hara et al. 2018). Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length between one third and half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular, or isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped, or bar-like.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines or with spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of interradius or absent. The number of scales on H line of an interradius about 14–21. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long or about as long as wide (Amphipholis). Madreporite one; with one pore or with numerous pores. Adoral shield separated or meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate dorsal half widest, entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped to heart-shaped, equal to or more that 50% of the width of dental plate. At least one socket on DP as perforation with septum. Teeth block-like (with square tip). Teeth on DP arranged as single column.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F642096244D663FE4EFA9AFDA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6420F6245D530FEC4FA9AF8A9.text	3B7687F6420F6245D530FEC4FA9AF8A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiothamnidae O'Hara, Stohr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov 2018	<div><p>Family Ophiothamnidae O’Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy &amp; Martynov, 2018</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiothamnus Lyman, 1869.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Histampica A.M. Clark, 1970; Ophioleila A.H. Clark, 1949.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between one and two segments long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards.Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; larger in middle of arm. Distance between spine articulations dorsalwards increasing. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening approximately as large as muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; with spines or without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length between one third and half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius about 7–14. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP absent. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite one; with one pore. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate ventral half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular; less than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6420F6245D530FEC4FA9AF8A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F6423E6274D673FEFCFEC1F8A6.text	3B7687F6423E6274D673FEFCFEC1F8A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiobyrsidae Matsumoto 1915	<div><p>Family Ophiobyrsidae Matsumoto, 1915</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiobyrsa Lyman, 1878.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiobyrsella Verrill, 1899; Ophiophrixus H.L. Clark, 1911; Ophiosmilax Matsumoto, 1915.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9. Arm spines pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly erect, standing perpendicular to arm axis. Longest arm spines between half and one segment long. Tentacle scales absent. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs with constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations equal. Nerve and muscle openings separated by large, prominent ridge or regular stereom. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; flat (about same level as arms). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc with granules; with concealed primary plates; without scales; with spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; with granules.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; about as long as wide. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate of equal width all over; entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular; less than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth spine-shaped. Teeth on DP arranged as covering the entire dental plate evenly.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae hourglass-shaped (streptospondylous); beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F6423E6274D673FEFCFEC1F8A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F642056240D66DFB95FC57FC07.text	3B7687F642056240D66DFB95FC57FC07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemieuryalidae Verrill 1899	<div><p>Family Hemieuryalidae Verrill, 1899</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Hemieuryale von Martens, 1867.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Actinozonella Stöhr, 2011; Astrogymnotes H.L. Clark, 1914; Ophioholcus H.L. Clark, 1915; Ophioplocus Lyman, 1861; Ophioplus Verrill, 1899; Ophiozonella Matsumoto, 1915; Ophiozonoida H.L. Clark, 1915; Quironia A.H. Clark, 1934; Sigsbeia Lyman, 1878.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length more than4×disc diameter;covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate present or absent (Actinozonella). Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape.Arm spine cross section round or oval (Sigbeia). The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.9–1. Arm spines cylindrical; at proximal segments only on ventral side of arms; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment (Sigsbeia, Ophiozonella falklandica Mortensen, 1936), or between half and one segment long (Hemieuryale, Ophiozonella longispina (H.L. Clark, 1908), Ophioplus). Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; nearly as long as wide; shorter than the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) only lateral or arched (wrapped around the arm) (Sigsbeia). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; restricted to (the ventral or central) portion of the distal edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations not applicable (two spine articulations). Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening, or approximately as large as muscle opening (Ophiozonella).</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc pentagonal to circular; high (above arm level). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates; with scales; without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate with tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length between one third and half of the disc radius, or length more than half of the disc radius (Ophioplus); isosceles (mirror-symmetric) triangular to pear-shaped.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii covering the whole area of an interradius. The number of scales on H line of an interradius fewer than 7. Ventral teeth single. Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; one lateral papilla along each side of the jaw; block-shaped. Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit shorter than half interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate dorsal half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets slit-shaped and circular; equal to or more than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as single row.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae hourglass-shaped (streptospondylous) or zygospondylous (Ophiozonella longispina); beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F642056240D66DFB95FC57FC07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F642386272D61EFEF1FA9AF858.text	3B7687F642386272D61EFEF1FA9AF858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiohelidae Perrier 1893	<div><p>Family Ophiohelidae Perrier, 1893</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Ophiohelus Lyman, 1880.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiomyces Lyman, 1869; Ophiothauma H.L. Clark, 1938; Ophiotholia Lyman, 1880.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM. Arm shape unbranched; length 3× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present. Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar (Ophiomyces) or not similar in shape. The atypical spines are umbrella-shaped (Ophiotholia and Ophiohelus) (Fig. 2F). Arm spine cross section round (Ophiotholia), or oval (Ophiomyces). The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.2–0.6, or 0.9–1. Arm spines tapering (conical), or flat (Ophiomyces), or cylindrical (Ophiotholia); mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines between one and two segments long. Tentacle scales present; pores visible along most of the arm; slightly longer than wide; shorter than the spine nearby. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) arched (wrapped around the arm). Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs with constriction (Ophiotholia), or without constriction (Ophiomyces). Ventral position of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP projecting ventralwards (Fig. 2K). Arm spine articulation with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; ventralwards increasing in size. Distance between spine articulations equal. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all. Nerve opening smaller than muscle opening.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; a sac-like shape (much higher than wide). Integument obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with concealed primary plates; with scales; with spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield absent.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines (Ophiotholia), or with spines (Ophiomyces). Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP absent. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; multiple rows of lateral papillae; paddle-shaped. Adoral shield spine absent. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much longer than wide. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield separated. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate ventral half widest; entire (single plate). Dental sockets circular; less than 50% of the width. At least one socket on DP as depression or perforation without septum. Teeth flat (with round or slightly pointed tip, but never spine-like). Teeth on DP arranged as a single row on ⅔ and a cluster of tooth papillae on ⅓ of dental plate.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F642386272D61EFEF1FA9AF858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
3B7687F64235627FD66BFEC5FA9AF935.text	3B7687F64235627FD66BFEC5FA9AF935.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrophiuridae Sladen 1879	<div><p>Family Astrophiuridae Sladen, 1879</p> <p>Type genus</p> <p>Astrophiura Sladen, 1879.</p> <p>Other genera</p> <p>Ophiomisidium Koehler, 1914; Ophiophycis Koehler, 1901.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>ARM.Arm shape unbranched; length less than 2× disc diameter; covering without granules/spines/tubercles. Arm combs absent. Dorsal arm plate present.Accessory dorsal arm plate absent. Ventral arm plate present. Accessory ventral arm plate absent. Girdle of tiny hooks on the arms absent. Spines all similar in shape. Arm spine cross section round. The ratio of thickness of distal ⅓ of arm spine to maximum thickness (in a given cross-sectional plane) 0.6–0.9, or 0.9–1. Arm spines cylindrical or pointed; mainly lateral; predominantly parallel to arm axis (adpressed). Longest arm spines shorter than half a segment. Tentacle scales present; pores visible only on proximal arm; nearly as long as wide; as long as the spine nearby; cross section oval. Position of lateral arm plate (LAP) only lateral. Dorsal and/or ventral edge(s) of LAPs without constriction. Ventral position of LAP not projecting ventro-proximalwards. Ventro-distal tip of LAP not projecting ventralwards. Arm spine articulation without dorsal and ventral lobes, or with dorsal and ventral lobes; without sigmoidal fold; arranged over entire distal LAP edge; all similar. Distance between spine articulations equal. Nerve and muscle openings separated by small ridge if at all.</p> <p>DORSAL DISC. Disc circular; high (above arm level). Integument not obscuring plates. Dorsal disc without granules; with obvious primary plates; without scales or with a few scales (O’Hara et al. 2018); without spines. Dorsal disc scale/plate without tubercles. Radial shield present; without granules/spines; length between one third and half of the disc radius; scalene (oblique) triangular.</p> <p>VENTRAL DISC. Gonads restricted to the disc. Ventral interradii without granules/spines. Scales on ventral interradii absent. Ventral teeth several (tooth papillae). Infradental papillae on oral plate present. Buccal scales on OP present. Accessory oral papillae on OP absent. Lateral oral papillae on OP present; single row of lateral papillae; block-shaped and spiniform.Adoral shield spine present. Lyman’s ossicle absent. Oral shield covering less than one third of interradius; much wider than long. Madreporite no data. Adoral shield meeting in front of the oral shield. Abradial genital plate not twisted. Number of genital slits one per bursa. Genital slit longer than half the length of an interradius. Genital papillae absent. Dental plate and teeth no data.</p> <p>VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae zygospondylous; beyond segment 5 with short keel; without oral bridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7687F64235627FD66BFEC5FA9AF935	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goharimanesh, Mona;Stöhr, Sabine;Mirshamsi, Omid;Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh;Adriaens, Dominique	Goharimanesh, Mona, Stöhr, Sabine, Mirshamsi, Omid, Ghassemzadeh, Fereshteh, Adriaens, Dominique (2021): Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions. European Journal of Taxonomy 766 (1): 1-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.766.1483
