taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EA87D95567FFC71E5DFB36FD4CF2C0.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8 B 78 F 047 - E 8 D 6 - 4149 - 9 A 2 E- 10 D 631959037 Figs 1 – 3, 4 A, D, 5, 6 A	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95567FFC71E5DFB36FD4CF2C0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Compared to the other five Chinese Afronurus species, this new species somewhat resembles A. furcatus, A. hunanensis and A. yixingensis in imaginal stages because of their similar abdominal color patterns (with longitudinal stripes and pale dots submedially). However, these species can easily be differentiated from each other by the shape of the penes and titillators: penial lobes of A. drepanophyllus sp. nov. are obviously divergent and form a U-shaped cleft; apex of each penis diverges into three lobes; titillators are thicker and stronger than in other congeners (Fig. 5 D – E). Comparatively, A. yixingensis has a spinelike projection between the two penial lobes and divergent spine-like titillators (Fig. 13 I – J), while A. furcatus and A. hunanensis have plate-like titillators. Furthermore, the penial lobes of A. furcatus are slightly divergent and connected by a foliated structure (Fig. 13 A – B). In contrast, A. hunanensis has penial lobes obviously spread out and U-shaped deeply cleft (Fig. 13 C – D). Generally, the nymphs of the six Chinese Afronurus species are alike because of their yellowishbrown body with various pale dots or stripes. For the convenience of identification, we separate them into two groups here: anterior margin of head with pale dots (A. drepanophyllus sp. nov., A. furcatus, A. obliquistriatus and A. rubromaculatus) (Figs 1 A, 7 A, G, J) and without any dot (A. hunanensis and A. yixingensis) (Fig. 7 D, M) (for detailed comparisons see remarks of each species below). Among the first group, A. drepanophyllus sp. nov. and A. furcatus can be identified by the following characters: 1) glossae of the new species are slightly oblong (Fig. 2 F), by contrast, glossae of A. furcatus are lobe-like (Fig. 8 E); 2) gill I is sickle-like in the new species (Fig. 3 F) but banana-shaped in A. furcatus (Fig. 9 F). Compared to other Asian congeners in the genus, this new species appears to be closely related to the Thailand species A. namnaoensis Braasch & Boonsoong, 2010 in both nymphal and imaginal stages, e. g., the structures of mouthparts, legs and the shape of genitalia. However, the nymph of A. drepanophyllus sp. nov. has larger body size (6.0 – 8.0 mm); head capsule has 2 – 5 pale dots on anterior margin and 4 – 5 pale dots on posterior margin, respectively; abdominal terga yellowish brown and with marked pale dots on terga I – IX; gill I sickle-like; caudal filaments slightly longer than body. In contrast, the nymph of A. namnaoensis has smaller body size (4.5 – 6.1 mm); head capsule without distinct dot; terga yellowish and with light markings on terga VII – IX; gill I leaf-like; caudal filaments 2 × length of body. In male imago, A. drepanophyllus sp. nov. has larger body size (8.0 – 10.0 mm); abdominal terga I – IX with brown longitudinal stripe and a pair of small pale dots medially; styliger plate with projections laterally; forceps with segment III subequal in length to segment IV and combined segments III and IV about half of segment II. Comparatively, A. namnaoensis has smaller body size (6.2 – 6.9 mm); terga I – IX with median stripe only; lateral margins of styliger plate slightly expanded; forceps with segment IV half of segment III in length and combined segments III and IV ⅓ × length of segment II.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95567FFC71E5DFB36FD4CF2C0.taxon	etymology	Etymology The Latin specific name ‘ drepanophyllus ’ means ‘ sickle’. It indicates the nymphs having sickle-like gills I.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95567FFC71E5DFB36FD4CF2C0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Yunnan Province, Meng-La County, Meng-Lun town; 21 ° 56 ′ 7.12 ″ N, 101 ° 14 ′ 55.72 ″ E; alt. 683 m; 22 Jan. 2019; X. H. Y. Zheng leg.; NNU. Paratypes CHINA • 1 ♂, 1 ♂ subimago, 1 ♀, 4 nymphs; same collection data as for holotype; NNU. Additional material CHINA • 2 ♂♂, 50 nymphs; Yunnan Province, Liang-He County, Fen-Shui-Ling town; 24 ° 46 ′ 44.11 ″ N, 98 ° 16 ′ 5.92 ″ E; alt. 951 m; 26 Apr. 2018; W. Zhang and Z. X. Ma leg.; NNU.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95567FFC71E5DFB36FD4CF2C0.taxon	description	Description Nymph MEASUREMENTS. Body length 6.0 – 8.0 mm, caudal filaments 8.0 – 10.0 mm long. COLORATION. Body yellowish-brown to brown. HEAD. Head capsule subquadrangular, anterior margin slightly thickened and with 2 – 5 small pale dots (some immature individuals less than 5 dots), posterior margin slightly concave; additional 4 – 5 pale dots located between compound eyes (Fig. 1 A). Labrum expanded laterally, with slightly rounded apices; anterior margin with shallow median groove, long and dense setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces, those on dorsal surface longer and denser than others (Fig. 2 A – B); an additional row of short bristles on ventral anterior margin (Fig. 2 B). Both mandibles covered with numerous setae on outer margins; prostheca with 3 – 5 fimbriate bristles (Fig. 2 D – E, H – I); outer incisor of left mandible with serrated margin and one larger terminal denticle; inner incisor shorter than outer incisor and with trifid apex (Fig. 2 D, H); outer incisor of right mandible serrated and with 2 apical terminal denticles; inner one divided into 2 sharp denticles (Fig. 2 E, I). Hypopharynx: apex of superlinguae strongly curved and extended into round lobelike structures, row of long hair-like setae on lateral margins from base to apex; lingua bell-like, subequal to superlinguae in length and with tuft of setae at apex (Fig. 2 C). Maxillae with scattered fimbriate setae on ventral surface (Figs 2 G, 4 D), row of 13 – 15 comb-shaped setae on crown of galea-lacinia, middle combs with 9 – 13 teeth, distal dentisetae branched, proximal dentisetae bifid and fringed (Fig. 4 A); maxillary palpi 3 - segmented, first segment with setae on outer margin and basal half of inner margin; second segment obviously longer than basal one, outer margin with long setae, terminal segment with dense setaceous brush (Fig. 2 G). Labium: slightly oblong, inner margins of glossae slightly expanded and with tuft of long setae; paraglossae expanded greatly into palpable lobes, with dense setae and bristles on dorsal and anterior margins; labial palpi broad, 2 - segmented; ventral surface and free margin with setae brushes; dorsal surface with setae (Fig. 2 F). THORAX. Pronotum slightly extended laterally, subequal to head in width (Fig. 1 A – B). Supracoxal spurs rounded. Femora of all legs with long setae on outer margins, dorsal surfaces and inner margins with two kinds of spatulate setae, the shorter setae more abundant than longer ones (Fig. 3 J). Foretibia subequal in length to femur, base of outer margin with sparse hair-like setae (Fig. 3 A), dorsal surface with rows of fine setae and bristles, inner margin with row of bristles only; foretarsi slightly shorter than ⅓ tibia, outer and inner margins with tiny setae. Midleg similar to foreleg, except tibia 0.7 × length of femur, with row of hair-like setae on outer margin (Fig. 3 B). Hindleg similar to midleg except tibia 0.65 × length of femur, outer margin with rows of dense hair-like setae and bristles, dorsal surface with short and long bristles (Fig. 3 C – D). Claws of all legs with 3 – 4 subapical denticles (Fig. 3 E). ABDOMEN. Abdominal terga I – II pale, terga III – VII brown with 2 median pale dots and 2 lateral dots; pale dots on terga IV – V fused together and forming pale stripes; terga VIII – IX with fused pale dots and tergum VIII always with longitudinal brown stripe medially; tergum X dark brown (Fig. 1 A); posterolateral angles of terga III – VII extended into small acute projections. Gill I sickle-like, inner margin slightly curved (Fig. 3 F); gills II – VI heart-like and lamellae expanded laterally (Fig. 3 G), gills V – VI with apical arrow-like accessory lobes (Fig. 3 H); gill VII round, with fine marginal setae, appreciably asymmetrical (Fig. 3 I). Basal of caudal filaments pale and other parts yellowish brown, with whorled spines on articulations (Fig. 1 A – B). Male imago MEASUREMENTS. Body length 8.0 – 10.0 mm, forewing 8.0 – 10.0 mm, hindwing 2.0 – 3.0 mm, cerci 19.0 – 22.0 mm long. Compound eyes contiguous, upper portion hoar and lower portion dark blue. COLORATION. Body generally pale to yellowish (Fig. 5 A, 5 F). THORAX. Mesonotum with apparent transverse suture, and medial depression of furcasternum parallel. Foreleg: length of femur 3.0 mm, length of tibia 3.5 mm, length of tarsi 4.5 mm, tarsal segments from basal to apical = 0.9: 1.4: 1.2: 0.6: 0.4. Midleg: length of femur 2.0 mm, length of tibia 1.3 mm, length of tarsi 1.0 mm, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order as 1, 5, 2, 3, 4. Hindleg: length of femur 2.0 mm, length of tibia 1.5 mm, length of tarsi 0.8 mm, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order as 5, 1, 2, 3, 4. All claws of legs similar, one blunt and one hooked. Forewing hyaline, costal, subcostal and R 1 fields semitransparent; Rs and MP forked at same level at wing base, MA forked at over ½ of distance from base of wing to margin (Fig. 5 B). Hindwing transparent, with costal projection at base, MA forked in middle, MP forked much more basally than MA (Fig. 5 C). ABDOMEN. Pale but with a longitudinal light brown stripe medially, terga I – VII with pair of pale dots, posterior margin of each tergum with dark brown stripe (Fig. 5 F). GENITALIA. Posterior margin of styliger plate convex, lateral margins with two distinct lobes (Fig. 5 D – E). Forceps of segment III subequal to those of segment IV in length, combined segments III – IV approximately half length of segment II. Penial lobes divergent and with U-shaped cleft between them; apices of penial lobes divided into three parts or apices, the median one much broader than inner and outer lobes. Robust but blunt titillators at base of penes, covered by styliger plate and invisible in ventral view (Fig. 5 D – E). Cerci pale with dense tiny setae on surface and brown dots on articulations. Egg Oval, chorion decorated with small KCTs at poles, large KCTs located equatorially (Fig. 6 A).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95567FFC71E5DFB36FD4CF2C0.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Guangxi).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95563FFCD1E0EF8C4FE60F643.taxon	description	Figs 4 B, D, 6 B, 7 A – C, 8 – 9, 12 A, 13 A – B	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95563FFCD1E0EF8C4FE60F643.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Zhejiang Province, Lin-An city, Tian-Mu Mountain, San-Mu-Ping; 30 ° 21 ′ 53.06 ″ N, 119 ° 25 ′ 53.99 ″ E; alt. 780 m; 29 Jul. 1998; M. S. Zhao leg.; NNU. Paratypes CHINA • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; NNU. Additional material CHINA • 7 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀, 5 nymphs; Zhejiang Province, Long-Quan city, Shuang-Xi village; 27 ° 53 ′ 16.34 ″ N, 119 ° 12 ′ 55.17 ″ E; alt. 1391 m; 3 Aug. 2020; Z. X. Ma and X. H. Y. Zheng leg.; NNU.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95563FFCD1E0EF8C4FE60F643.taxon	description	Description Nymph (first description, Figs 7 A – C, 8 – 9) MEASUREMENTS. Body length 7.0 – 10.0 mm, caudal filaments 13.0 – 18.0 mm long. COLORATION. Generally yellowish to brown. HEAD. Head capsule subquadrate, anterior margin of head with 4 small pale dots and basal part of antennae with 2 pale dots; posterior margin of head slightly concave and with 4 pale dots between the compound eyes (Fig. 7 A). Labrum 0.5 × width of head, laterally tapering and slightly curved; anterior margin with shallow emargination; an additional row of short bristles on ventral anterior margin (Fig. 8 A). Both mandibles covered with numerous setae on outer margins; prostheca with 6 – 8 fimbriate bristles (Fig. 8 C – D, G – H); outer incisor of left mandible with serrated margin and one larger terminal denticle; inner incisor shorter than outer incisor and with 3 blunt denticles (Fig. 8 C, G); outer incisor of right mandible serrated and with 2 apical terminal denticles; inner one divided into 2 sharp denticles (Fig. 8 D, H). Hypopharynx: apex of superlinguae strongly curved and extended into round lobe-like structures, long hair-like setae up to the lower part of superlinguae; lingua bell-like, subequal to superlinguae in length and with tuft of setae at apex (Fig. 8 B). Maxillae with scattered fimbriate setae on ventral surface (Figs 4 D, 8 F), row of 17 – 20 comb-shaped setae on crown of galea-lacinia, middle combs with 10 – 15 teeth, distal dentisetae branched, proximal dentisetae bifid (Fig. 4 B); maxillary palpi with setae on outer margin and basal half of inner margin of first segment; segment II longer than the former one and outer margin with long setae, terminal segment with dense setal brush (Fig. 8 F). Labium: glossae lobe rounded, inner margin slightly expanded, with tuft of long setae; paraglossae expanded greatly into palpable lobes, with dense setae and bristles on dorsal and free margins; labial palpi 2 - segmented, ventral surface and free margin of second segment with setal brush, dorsal surface with scattered golden setae (Fig. 8 E). THORAX. Pronotum slightly expanded laterally, wider than head (Fig. 7 A). Supracoxal spurs rounded. Femora of all legs with row of long setae on outer margins, dorsal surfaces with spatulate setae and inner margins with short bristles. Foretibia subequal in length to femur, outer margin with sparse hair-like setae near base, inner margin with row of bristles; foretarsi 0.4 × as long as tibiae, outer and inner margins with tiny setae (Fig. 9 A). Midleg similar to foreleg except tibia 0.91 × of femur in length, outer margin with row of hair-like setae, dorsal surface with rows of hair-like setae and bristles; tarsi approximately ⅓ length of tibia (Fig. 9 B). Hindleg tibia 0.8 × of femur in length, outer margin and dorsal surface with rows of long setae and bristles, inner margin with row of bristles and very tiny setae (Fig. 9 D); tarsi about ¼ length of tibia (Fig. 9 C). Claws of all legs with 3 – 4 subapical denticles (Fig. 9 E). ABDOMEN. Abdominal terga I – VII yellowish to brown, with 3 pale dots medially and 2 pale dots laterally; terga VIII – IX with fused pale dot medially; tergum X dark brown, anterior margin with 3 light pale dots (Fig. 7 B – C). Gill I banana-shaped, inner margin slightly curved (Fig. 9 F); gills II – IV heart-like and with lamellae expanded laterally (Fig. 9 G); gills V – VI oval, with additionally arrow-like accessory lobes (Fig. 9 H); gill VII oval, with fine marginal setae, trachea clearly visible (Fig. 9 I). Caudal filaments pale, with whorled spines on articulations (Fig. 7 C, as in Fig. 1 B). Male imago See Zhou & Zheng (2003: 755, figs 1 – 6, original description). Egg Oval, chorion mostly smooth and decorated with small KCTs at each pole, larger KCTs located equatorially (Fig. 6 B).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95563FFCD1E0EF8C4FE60F643.taxon	discussion	Remarks The male imago of A. furcatus is similar to the one of A. hunanensis due to color pattern of abdominal terga, plate-like titillators and bifurcated apices of penial lobes. However, they can be separated by the following characters: 1) the body color of A. furcatus is bright yellow when it is alive (Fig. 12 A) while reddish brown in A. hunanensis (Fig. 12 B); 2) A. furcatus has slightly divergent penial lobes, which are connected by a foliated structure (Fig. 13 A – B), while penes of A. hunanensis are obviously divergent and with deeply cleft (Fig. 13 C – D); 3) the plate-like titillators of A. hunanensis are smaller than in A. furcatus (Fig. 13 A – D). In the nymph, A. furcatus resembles A. drepanophyllus sp. nov., A. obliquistriatus and A. rubromaculatus because of marking patterns on head capsules. However, the following combination of characters can help to separate them: 1) head capsule of A. furcatus has one row (4 dots) of pale dots on anterior margin (Fig. 7 A), while A. drepanophyllus sp. nov. has two rows (generally 2 – 5 dots) of pale dots on anterior margin (Fig. 1 A), A. obliquistriatus and A. rubromaculatus have two rows (generally 8 – 9 dots) on anterior margins (Fig. 7 G, J); 2) linguae and superlinguae are approximately the same length in A. furcatus, A. drepanophyllus sp. nov. and A. rubromaculatus (Fig. 2 C, 8 B); however, the lingua of A. obliquistriatus is much shorter than superlinguae (as in Fig. 10 B); 3) number of comb-shaped setae on maxillae: 13 – 15 in A. drepanophyllus sp. nov. (middle combs with 9 – 13 teeth), 17 – 20 in A. furcatus (middle combs with 10 – 15 teeth), 11 – 13 in A. obliquistriatus (middle combs with 8 – 10 teeth) and 14 – 16 in A. rubromaculatus (middle combs with 10 – 12 teeth); 4) caudal filaments of A. furcatus are pale (Fig. 7 C) whereas in A. drepanophyllus sp. nov. they are pale near the base and yellowish-brown in other parts (Fig. 1 A); A. obliquistriatus and A. rubromaculatus have dark brown dots on articulation (Fig. 7 I, L).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95563FFCD1E0EF8C4FE60F643.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Jiangxi, Zhejiang).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95569FFCE1E07FD46FDD9F682.taxon	description	Figs 4 C – D, 6 C, 7 D – F, 10 – 11, 12 B, 13 C – D	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95569FFCE1E07FD46FDD9F682.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Hunan Province, Zhang-Jia-Jie city, Jin-Bian creek; 29 ° 20 ′ 45.14 ″ N, 110 ° 32 ′ 46.36 ″ E; alt. 253 m; 18 Jun. 1986; J. Zhang and S. S. She leg.; NNU. Paratypes CHINA • 9 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; NNU. Additional material CHINA • 25 ♂♂, 22 ♀♀, 16 nymphs; Hunan Province, Chen-Zhou city, Mang-Shan National Forest Park; 24 ° 58 ′ 55.92 ″ N, 112 ° 51 ′ 22.32 ″ E; alt. 511 m; 7 Aug. 2020; Z. X. Ma leg.; NNU.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95569FFCE1E07FD46FDD9F682.taxon	description	Description Nymph (first description, Figs 7 D – F, 10 – 11) MEASUREMENTS. Body length 7.0 – 8.5 mm, caudal filaments 15.0 – 17.0 mm long. COLORATION. Body brown to dark brown. HEAD. Head capsule ellipsoid, anterior margin unicolor, posterior margin slightly concave and with 4 pale dots in the middle of the compound eyes (Fig. 7 D). Labrum ca half width of head, lateral margins expanded slightly; free margin nearly straight, both surfaces with setae but those on dorsal surface relatively longer and denser; ventral surface with shallow median groove, an additional row of bristles on ventral anterior margin (Fig. 10 A). Both mandibles covered with numerous long setae on outer margins; prostheca with 5 – 7 fimbriate bristles (Fig. 10 C – D, G – H); outer incisor of left mandible with serrated margin and a large terminal denticle; inner incisor divided into 3 blunt denticles (Fig. 10 C, G); outer incisor of right mandible serrated with 2 apical terminal denticles; inner one divided into 2 sharp denticles (Fig. 10 D, H). Hypopharynx: apex of superlinguae extended into round lobe-like structures, row of long hair-like setae on lateral margins from base to apex; lingua bell-like, much shorter than superlinguae, apex with tuft of setae (Fig. 10 B). Maxillae with fimbriate setae on ventral surface (Figs 4 D, 10 F), row of 16 – 18 comb-shaped setae on crown of galea-lacinia, middle combs with 10 – 13 teeth, distal dentisetae branched, proximal dentisetae bifid and fringed (Fig. 4 C); maxillary palpi 3 - segmented, basal segment with scattered setae on both outer and inner margins, second segment with long setae on outer margin and terminal segment with setal brush (Fig. 10 F). Labium: glossae lobe rounded, inner margins slightly expanded, with tuft of long setae; paraglossae expanded into distinct lobes, with dense setae and bristles on dorsal surface and outer margin; labial palpi 2 - segmented, ventral surface and free margin of second segment with setal brush (Fig. 10 E). THORAX. Pronotum slightly extended laterally, subequal in length to head (Fig. 7 D). Supracoxal spurs rounded. Femora of all legs with acute and spatulate setae on dorsal surfaces, outer margins with long setae and inner margins with short bristles. Foretibia subequal in length to femur, outer margin with tiny setae at base; foretarsi approximately ⅓ length of tibiae (Fig. 11 A). Midleg similar to foreleg, but tibia 0.89 × of femur in length, outer margin and dorsal surface with rows of sparse setae (Fig. 11 B). Hindleg similar to midleg except tibia 0.7 × of femur in length and dorsal surface of tibia with long and short bristles (Fig. 11 C – D). Claws of all legs with 4 subapical denticles (Fig. 11 E). ABDOMEN. Abdominal terga I pale or with transverse brown band; terga II – VII brown with pair of pale dots medially, and terga IV – V, VII with adlateral dots; terga VIII – IX pale but with pale thin stripe anteriorly; tergum X brown with 2 small pale longitudinal stripes (Fig. 7 E); terga II – VIII with weakly developed posterolateral angles. Gill I banana-shaped, trachea visible (Fig. 11 F); gills II – VI heart-like and lamellae expanded laterally (Fig. 11 G), gills V – VI with arrowlike accessory lobes (Fig. 11 H); gill VII slightly asymmetrical, with fine marginal setae (Fig. 11 I). Caudal filaments with whorls of spines on articulations, proximal part pale and other parts yellowish brown (Fig. 7 F, as in Fig. 1 B). Male imago See Zhang & Cai (1991: 237, figs 1 – 9, original description) and Zhou & Zheng (2003: 756, figs 11, 15). Egg (Fig. 6 C) Ovoid, small KCTs concentrated at each pole, chorion smooth, large KCTs and oval micropyles located equatorially.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95569FFCE1E07FD46FDD9F682.taxon	discussion	Remarks The nymphs of A. hunanensis and A. yixingensis can be separated into one group due to the anterior margins of head capsules being without any dot. However, the following characters can help differentiate them: 1) lingua of A. hunanensis is much shorter than superlinguae (Fig. 10 B) but in A. yixingensis it is subequal in length (as in Fig. 8 B); 2) glossae of A. hunanensis are round (Fig. 10 E) while slightly oblong in A. yixingensis (as in Fig. 2 F); 3) number of comb-shaped setae on maxillae: 16 – 18 in A. hunanensis (middle combs with 10 – 13 teeth) and 12 – 14 in A. yixingensis (middle combs with 7 – 10 teeth); 4) gill VII of A. hunanensis is broad (Fig. 11 I) but narrow, leaf-like in A. yixingensis (as in Fig. 9 F); 5) caudal filaments of A. hunanensis are pale at base and yellowish-brown in other parts (Fig. 7 F), whereas caudal filaments of A. yixingensis have dark brown dots on every two or three segments (Fig. 7 O). In male imago, A. hunanensis has plate-like titillators and bifurcated apices of penial lobes (Fig. 13 C – D, I – J). In contrast, A. yixingensis has spine-like titillators and a remarkable projection between divergent penial lobes.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95569FFCE1E07FD46FDD9F682.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D9556AFFD11DC7FD05FEB2F77B.taxon	description	Figs 6 D, 7 G – I, 12 C, 13 E – F	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D9556AFFD11DC7FD05FEB2F77B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Jiangsu Province, Yi-Xing city, Ming-Ling village; 31 ° 10 ′ 5.02 ″ N, 119 ° 40 ′ 17.52 ″ E; alt. 67 m; 11 Aug. 1980; J. Zhang and S. S. She leg.; NNU. Paratypes CHINA • 13 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; NNU. Additional material CHINA • 15 ♂♂, 18 ♀♀ (some reared from mature nymphs), 20 nymphs; Zhejiang Province, Lin-An city, unnamed creek in front of Tian-Mu Hotel; 30 ° 19 ′ 16.7 ″ N, 119 ° 26 ′ 55.7 ″ E; alt. 479 m; 3 – 6 Apr. 2019; W. Zhang and Z. X. Ma leg.; NNU.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D9556AFFD11DC7FD05FEB2F77B.taxon	description	Description Nymph See Zhou & Zheng (2003: 757, fig. 9, first description). Male imago See You et al. (1981: 26, figs 1 – 13, original description). Egg (Fig. 6 D) Ovoid, small KCTs concentrated at each pole, chorion decorated with small KCTs, large KCTs and oval micropyle located equatorially.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D9556AFFD11DC7FD05FEB2F77B.taxon	discussion	Remarks In China, the nymphs of A. obliquistriatus and A. rubromaculatus are the most difficult to distinguish, especially when they are young or typical stripes are faded. Herein, the following combination of characters are differentiable: 1) lingua is much shorter than superlinguae in A. obliquistriatus (as in Fig. 10 B), while that in A. rubromaculatus is subequal in length (as in Fig. 2 C); 2) number of comb-shaped setae on maxillae: 11 – 13 in A. obliquistriatus and 14 – 16 in A. rubromaculatus; 3) A. obliquistriatus has lateral oblique stripes on terga I – X (Fig. 7 H) and A. rubromaculatus has pale dots on terga I – X only (Fig. 7 K); 4) posterolateral projections of A. obliquistriatus are moderately developed on segments III – VIII (Fig. 7 H) but weakly developed in A. rubromaculatus (as in Fig. 7 E); 5) caudal filaments of A. obliquistriatus have brown stripes on every two or three articulations (Fig. 7 I), but A. rubromaculatus has dark brown stripes on some articulations (Fig. 7 L). In male imago, the color pattern of abdominal terga and shape of genitalia can be used as valid characters to distinguish them: 1) A. obliquistriatus has unique oblique stripes on abdomen (Fig. 12 C), while A. rubromaculatus has reddish longitudinal stripes laterally (Fig. 12 D); 2) penial lobes of A. obliquistriatus are slightly divergent (Fig. 13 E – F), whereas A. rubromaculatus has a distinct conelike projection between obviously divergent penial lobes (Fig. 13 G – H).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D9556AFFD11DC7FD05FEB2F77B.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95575FFD01DDDFC7FFE29F238.taxon	description	Figs 6 E, 7 J – L, 12 D, 13 G – H	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95575FFD01DDDFC7FFE29F238.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Jiangsu Province, Yi-Xing city, Ming-Ling village; 31 ° 10 ′ 5.02 ″ N, 119 ° 40 ′ 17.52 ″ E; alt. 67 m; 15 Jul. 1980; T. Wu leg.; NNU. Paratypes CHINA • 48 ♂♂, 27 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; NNU. Additional material CHINA • 6 ♂♂ (reared from mature nymphs), 7 ♂♂ subimagoes, 10 ♀♀, 8 ♀♀ subimagoes, 40 nymphs; Hunan Province, Zhang-Jia-Jie city, Jin-Bian creek; 29 ° 20 ′ 45.14 ″ N, 110 ° 32 ′ 46.36 ″ E; alt. 253 m; 12 Aug. 2019; R. Lo and W. Zhang leg.; NNU.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95575FFD01DDDFC7FFE29F238.taxon	description	Description Nymph See Zhou & Zheng (2003: 758, fig. 7, first description). Male imago See You et al. (1981: 28, figs 14 – 24, original description). Egg (Fig. 6 E) Ovoid, small KCTs concentrated at each pole, large KCTs and oval micropyle located equatorially.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95575FFD01DDDFC7FFE29F238.taxon	discussion	Remarks Compared to other Chinese congeners, A. rubromaculatus resembles A. obliquistriatus in the nymph because of the similar color patterns of the head and abdomen. However, the nymphal and imaginal stages of these two species can be identified by other characters, as mentioned in remarks for A. obliquistriatus. Additionally, the genitalia of A. rubromaculatus have an obvious projection between divergent penial lobes (Fig. 13 G – H), which makes it seems closer to the Vietnamese species A. cervina Braasch & Soldán, 1984. Nevertheless, the particular color pattern (terga pale medially and reddish laterally) of A. rubromaculatus is unique and distinguishable in the genus (Fig. 12 D). The nymphal characters of A. rubromaculatus, such as the pale dots on the head capsule and larger body size (8.0 – 12.0 mm), can help differentiate them effectively.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95575FFD01DDDFC7FFE29F238.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hainan).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95574FFD21E37F9A2FEB3F6DC.taxon	description	Figs 6 F, 7 M – O, 12 E, 13 I – J	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95574FFD21E37F9A2FEB3F6DC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Jiangsu Province, Yi-Xing city, Ming-Ling village; 31 ° 10 ′ 5.02 ″ N, 119 ° 40 ′ 17.52 ″ E; alt. 67 m; 15 Jul. 1980; T. Wu leg.; NNU. Paratypes CHINA • 10 ♂♂, 2 ♂♂ subimagoes, 6 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; NNU. Additional material CHINA • 12 ♂♂ (some reared from mature nymphs), 15 ♀♀ subimagoes, 40 nymphs; Hainan Province, Chang-Jiang County, Ba-Wang-Ling National Forest Park; 19 ° 07 ′ 16.28 ″ N, 109 ° 05 ′ 0.56 ″ E; alt. 304 m; 12 – 14 Nov. 2014; Q. Si, J. Z. Sun and J. Y. Luo leg.; NNU.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95574FFD21E37F9A2FEB3F6DC.taxon	description	Description Nymph See Zhou & Zheng (2003: 758, fig. 10, first description). Male imago See Wu & You (1986: 280, figs 1 – 13, original description). Egg (Fig. 6 F) Ovoid, small KCTs concentrated at each pole, large KCTs and oval micropyles located equatorially.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95574FFD21E37F9A2FEB3F6DC.taxon	discussion	Remarks Among the six valid Chinese Afronurus species, A. yixingensis and A. hunanensis are separated into one group because of the similar color patterns of the head capsule in nymphs. However, as stated above for A. hunanensis, the nymphs can be separated by shape of hypopharynx, glossae, gills VII, number of comb-shaped setae on maxillae and color patterns of caudal filaments. In the male imago, they can easily be differentiated by shape of penes, titillators and projection between penial lobes.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95574FFD21E37F9A2FEB3F6DC.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hainan).	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95574FFD21E37F9A2FEB3F6DC.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Among the six Chinese Afronurus species studied in this paper, A. obliquistriatus, A. rubromaculatus and A. yixingensis are more common than the others and they are frequently found at the collecting sites. The last instar nymphs of A. obliquistriatus are recorded molting at about 10: 00 – 12: 30 AM or 17: 00 – 19: 30 PM while the last instar nymphs of A. rubromaculatus and A. yixingensis molted at about 16: 00 – 19: 00 PM local time, and these three species are observed molting underwater. The subimagoes persisted for 1 – 2 days and molted at 12: 00 – 15: 00 PM, the whole process lasting about 2 – 4 minutes. Moreover, in another observed species, A. drepanophyllus sp. nov., the last instar nymph molted at about 17: 00 – 18: 00 PM and the male subimago molted at 15: 00 – 16: 00 PM, the process lasting about 90 seconds.	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
03EA87D95576FFD51CA8FCC3FAE5F6E4.taxon	discussion	Key to six common Chinese Afronurus species (male imago)	en	Zhang, Wei, Lei, Zhi-Ming, Zhou, Chang-Fa (2021): A contribution to the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 in China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 94-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1491
