identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
311F2D1BFFCDFF9A0B72522FFB539DF6.text	311F2D1BFFCDFF9A0B72522FFB539DF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratranes Zimmerman 1994	<div><p>Genus Paratranes Zimmerman, 1994</p> <p>Figs 1–10</p> <p>Paratranes Zimmerman, 1994: 695.</p> <p>Paratranes – Oberprieler 1995: 306; 2004: 183 (classification, host associations). — Alonso-Zarazaga &amp; Lyal 1999: 210 (catalogue); 2014: 560 (classification, host associations). — Oberprieler &amp; Caldara 2012: 57 (classification, host associations). — Pullen et al. 2014: 289 (catalogue). — Anderson et al. 2018: 2 (classification, host associations). — Legalov 2018: 345 (key, catalogue, classification).</p> <p>Type species</p> <p>Tranes monopticus Pascoe, 1870, by monotypy.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Body slender and depressed, completely shiny black; pronotal and elytral derm nearly nude, covered with very short setae (Fig. 1A). Rostrum moderately long, equally long in both sexes (Fig. 4). Eyes dorsally well separated (Fig. 1C); ventrally very narrowly separated, as narrowly as procoxae (Fig. 1B); forehead slightly narrower than basal width of rostrum (Fig. 1C). Antennae inserted at about distal third of rostrum in both sexes, not sexually dimorphic (Fig. 4); funicles 7-segmented but segment 7 closely approximated to club and nearly continuous in outline with it, segments 1 and 2 short, 2 slightly longer or as long as apical width of scape and slightly shorter than segments 3+4 (Fig. 5); clubs stout and short, distinctly shorter than funicles, 4-segmented, with small conical apical segment, appearing 5-segmented due to funicle segment 7 being closely approximated to basal club segment. Pronotum distinctly narrower than elytra at humeri, with sides weakly to moderately arcuate (Fig. 3); surface punctate, punctures separate on disc but confluent and vague laterally (Fig. 1D). Elytra elongate, jointly ca 0.5–0.6× as broad as long, sides subparallel or slightly diverging apicad, subapically slightly indented (Fig. 2A); surface nearly flat (Figs 3–4). Prothorax with anterior margin laterally extended into weak ocular lobes ventrally separated by shallow emargination (Fig. 1B); prosternum before procoxal cavities impunctate or sparsely punctate medially; procoxal cavities confluent, with procoxae contiguous; metanepisterna without sclerolepidia. Femora distinctly sulcate beneath; meso- and metatibiae with distal setal combs continued around apex and extending to almost middle of tibia (Fig. 2B), metatibiae with dorso-apical corner rounded. Terminalia: tergite VII of female subtrapezoidal (Fig. 2C), with posterior margin subtruncate, anterior margin ca 1.5–1.9× as wide as posterior margin; tergite VIII of male subquadratic (Fig. 2D), with posterior margin subtruncate, of female subtrapezoidal (Fig. 7A, C), very long in P. monopticus, ca 0.9–1.8 × as long as width at anterior margin, posterior margin subtruncate, anterior margin ca 1.4–1.5 × as wide as posterior margin; sternite VIII of female with sclerotised parts of apical lobes slender, linear (Fig. 7B, D); tegmen with oval to rounded ring (Fig. 7I–J), manubrium distinctly shorter than parameroid lobes; penis subparallel (Fig. 8), dorsum strongly sclerotised at both sides, forming a broad median groove, apical margin roundly subtruncate or slightly medially emarginate, body distinctly shorter than temones (ca 2.0–3.0 ×); endophallus (Fig. 8A–B, D–E) membranous, long, extending below body of penis, apically with anchor-shaped symmetrical armature composed of two strongly hooked sclerites joined medially to form a common stalk (Fig. 9A–D); ovipositor short (P. zimmermani sp. nov.) to long (P. monopticus), ca 1.5–5.7 × as long as wide, proximal gonocoxite ca 0.8–1.4 × as long as distal gonocoxite (Fig. 10A–B), gonostyli subapical, broad, apically truncate, with few long setae.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Paratranes is here classified in the tribe Orthorhinini, following Anderson et al. (2018), who included the Tranes group in this tribe based on the strongly supported relationship between Tranes Schoenherr, 1843 and the orthorhinine genus Vanapa Pouillaude, 1915 found by Shin et al. (2017) in a robust phylogenetic analysis of 522 protein-coding genes. Without considering these results, Legalov (2018) recently proposed a separate tribe for the Tranes group, Tranini (incorrectly formed as ‘Tranesini’; see Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler (2020)), but his diagnosis of Tranini did not distinguish the group from Orthorhinini, and it further contained characters not present in all the included genera. Pending further and more detailed analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of the Tranes group, it is premature to afford it tribal status in Molytinae.</p> <p>The relationships of Paratranes to the other genera of the Tranes group also remain uncertain for the moment. It agrees with Tranes, Miltotranes Zimmerman, 1994 and Howeotranes Zimmerman, 1994 in lacking sclerolepidia along its metanepisternal sutures, which are present in Demyrsus Pascoe, 1872 and Siraton Hustache, 1934 (Oberprieler &amp; Caldara 2012; Lyal 2014; Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler 2020), but how closely related it may be to the cycad-associated genera, Tranes and Miltotranes, is as yet unknown. The similarity of the anchor-shaped sclerite of the endophallus in Paratranes and Tranes lyterioides (Pascoe, 1875) suggests a close relationship between these taxa and that Tranes in its current concept may be nonmonophyletic. The taxonomy of Tranes is currently under investigation (unpubl. data 2020).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/311F2D1BFFCDFF9A0B72522FFB539DF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hsiao, Yun;Oberprieler, Rolf G.	Hsiao, Yun, Oberprieler, Rolf G. (2021): A review of Paratranes Zimmerman, 1994, Xanthorrhoea-associated weevils of the Tranes group (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Molytinae), with description of a new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 117-141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1493
311F2D1BFFCAFF910B7D53EAFD539EE7.text	311F2D1BFFCAFF910B7D53EAFD539EE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratranes monopticus (Pascoe 1870)	<div><p>Paratranes monopticus (Pascoe, 1870)</p> <p>Figs 3A–B, 4A–B, 5A, 6A, C, E, G, 7A–B, E, G, I, 8A–C, 9A–C, 10A, C, 11–12</p> <p>Tranes monopticus Pascoe, 1870: 199. Type locality: Queensland, Australia.</p> <p>Tranes xanthorrhoeae Lea, 1898: 592. Type locality: Darling Range, Western Australia, Australia.</p> <p>Tranes monopticus – Lea 1898: 594; 1929: 539. — Schenkling &amp; Marshall 1936: 1. — Oberprieler 1995: 305.</p> <p>Tranes xanthorrhoeae – Froggatt 1907: 187. — Schenkling &amp; Marshall 1936: 1. — Mulder 1964: 12. — Oberprieler 1995: 306. — Pullen et al. 2014: 289 (syn.).</p> <p>Notiosomus (Tranes) xanthorrhoeae – Hawkeswood 1985: 162, 164–165 (habits, distribution).</p> <p>Paratranes monopticus – Zimmerman1994: 696.— Alonso-Zarazaga &amp;Lyal 1999: 210.— Oberprieler &amp; Caldara 2012: 57; Pullen et al. 2014: 289.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species can easily be distinguished from P. zimmermani sp. nov. by the following characters (states of P. zimmermani sp. nov. in parentheses): body generally smaller, length 5.2–9.3 mm, width 0.40–0.42× length (body larger, length 7.3–10.1 mm, width 0.46–0.48 × length); rostrum shorter, ca 1.1–1.2 ×as long as pronotum (Fig. 4A–B) (ca 1.3–1.4× as long as pronotum; Fig. 4C–D); funicles with segment 2 shorter than 1 (Fig. 5A) (longer than or subqual in length to 1; Fig. 5B); pronotum narrower, sides weakly arcuate (Fig. 3A–B) (wider, sides distinctly arcuate; Fig. 3C–D); elytra narrower and more slender, jointly ca 0.5–0.6 × as broad as long (Fig. 3A–B) (broader, jointly ca 0.6–0.7 × as broad as long; Fig. 3C–D); glabrous region on prosternum oval, longitudinal, distinctly depressed (Fig. 6A) (wider, rounded, not so glabrous, with few sparse punctures, slightly depressed; Fig. 6B); femora ventrally with subapical tooth (Fig. 6C) (edentate; Fig. 6D); protibial uncus distinct (Fig. 6E) (minute; Fig. 6F); tarsal claws thinner (Fig. 6G) (thicker; Fig. 6H); tergite VIII of female elongate (Fig. 7A), ca 1.6–1.8 × as long as wide (shorter, ca 0.9–1.1 × as long as wide; Fig. 7C); sternite VIII of female more elongate (Fig. 7B) (shorter and thicker; Fig. 7D); tegmen ring narrower (Fig. 7I) (broader; Fig. 7J); penis slender, ca 1.9–2.0 × as long as wide (Fig. 8A–C) (thicker, ca 1.4–1.6 × as long as wide; Fig. 8D– F); gonocoxites elongate, slender, ca 3.7–5.7 × as long as wide (Fig. 10A) (shorter and thicker, ca 1.5–2.0 × as long as wide; Fig. 10B).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype AUSTRALIA • “ Holotype // Queensland // Tranes / monopticus / Type Pasc // Pascoe Coll. / 93–60. // Tranes / monopticus Pasc ”; NHMUK.</p> <p>Lectotype of Tranes xanthorrhoeae Lea, 1898 (here designated) (Fig. 11 B) AUSTRALIA • ♂; “ Darling Rgs / W.A., Lea // Tranes / xanthorrhoeae / Lea ♂ // Co-type // LECTOTYPE / Tranes xanthorrhoeae / Lea, 1898 / Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler des. 2021”; SAMA.</p> <p>Paralectotype of Tranes xanthorrhoeae Lea, 1898 AUSTRALIA • 1 ♂; “ xanthorrhoeae / Lea Galston // PARALECTOTYPE / Tranes xanthorrhoeae / Lea, 1898 / Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler des. 2021”; SAMA.</p> <p>Other material</p> <p>AUSTRALIA – Western Australia • 1 ♂; Pinjarra; “13574 / Tranes / xanthorrhoeae / W. Australia / TYPE [in Lea’s hand in red capital letters along right side of label]”, “ Tranes monopticus c.w.t. 1988, E.C. Zimmerman ”; SAMA • 1 ♀; WA; Ferguson Collection; ANIC • 1 ex.; Geraldton; J. Clark leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Bowring; ANIC • 1 ex.; same collection data as for preceding; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Denmark; ANIC • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Mt Barker; ANIC • 1 ex.; South Perth; 5 Dec. 1903; H.M. Giles leg.; NHMUK • 2 exx.; North Sydney; Oct. 1908; G.E. Bryant leg.; NHMUK • 1 ex.; same collection data as for preceding; 29 Nov. 1908; NHMUK • 1 ex.; same collection data as for preceding; 7 Dec. 1908; NHMUK • 2 exx.; Mt Barker; 1919; A.H. Westley leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♀♀; Eradu; Sep. 1926; H.J. Carter leg.; ANIC • 1 ♂; Deepdene, Karridale; 17 Jan. 1967; M.S. Upton leg.; ANIC • 1 ♀; Applecross, Perth; 7 May 1967; F.H. Uther Baker leg.; ANIC • 1 ♀; Mt Toolbrunup, Stirling Range National Park; 25 Sep. 1975; F.H. Uther Baker leg.; ANIC • 1 ex.; same collection data as for preceding; E. Gowing-Scopes leg.; “ Tranes monopticus c.w.t. 1991”; NHMUK • 1 ♂; W of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.25142&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.40428" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.25142/lat -34.40428)">Bremer Bay</a>; 34°24.257′ S, 119°15.085′ E; 23 Oct. 2003; S. Neser leg.; ANIC • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; 17 km E of Harvey; 5 Jan. 1986; C. Reid and P.J. Gullan leg.; ANIC • 2 exx.; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.994&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.994/lat -34.383)">Stirling Range</a>, 35 km NE of Kendenup; 34.383 S, 117.994 E; 287 m a.s.l.; 7 Sep. 2009; G.B. Monteith and F.Turco leg.; ANIC. – South Australia • 1 ♀; Lucindale; ANIC • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Lucindale; A.M. Lea leg.; SAMA • 1 ex.; Melrose; Oct.; A.M. Lea leg.; SAMA. – New South Wales • 2 ♂ ♂, 4 ♀♀, 1 ex.; NSW; ANIC • 2 exx.; NSW; Fry Collection; NHMUK • 2 exx.; NSW; G.A.K. Marshall Collection; NHMUK • 1 ex.; NSW; Sharp Collection; NHMUK • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 1 ex.; Sydney; ANIC • 1 ex.; Sydney, Nat. Park; H.J. Carter leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Galston; G.C. Champion Collection; NHMUK • 1 ex.; Gosford; Dec. 1931; H.C. Davis leg.; ANIC • 1 ♀; Nr. Gosford; 20 Dec. 1931; ANIC • 1 ex.; Palm Beach; 24 Dec. 1933; ex collection A. Walford-Huggins, E. Gowing-Scopes Collection; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Homebush; 26 Apr. 1941; ANIC • 1 ex.; Nat. Park, Engadine; 8 Dec. 1961; P.L. Cook leg.; NHMUK (BMNH (E) 2016-227) • 1 ♂; 6 km N of Lennox Hd.; 24 Nov. 1986; C. Reid and P.J. Gullan leg.; ANIC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Coonabarabran; ANIC • 1 ex.; Frenchs Forest [Sydney]; Jul. [19]30; ANIC • 1 ♀; Rivertree; E. Sutton leg.; QM. – Queensland • 1 ex.; NQ; W.W. Froggatt Collection; ANIC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Queensland; H. Hacker leg.; “ Tranes monopticus c.w.t. 1988, E.C. Zimmerman ”; ANIC • 1 ♂; Cooktown; H. Hacker leg.; ANIC • 1 ex.; Coolangatta; 8 Sep. 1919; F. Muir; ANIC • 1 ♀, 1 ex.; Yeppoon; 24 Oct. H.J. C [arter] leg.; ANIC • 1 ♂; Bayfield; 1924; ANIC • 1 ♂; South Keppel Island; C. Vallis leg.; ANIC • 1 ♂; Mt Tozer Area, Iron Range; 29 Apr.–1 May 1973; G.B. Monteith leg.; ANIC • 1 ♂, 1 ex.; Brisbane, Griffith Uni.; 1978; ANIC • 1 ♂, 1 ex.; 7 km NE of Tolga; Mar. 1987; Storey and De Faveri leg.; ANIC • 1 ♀, 1 ex.; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.0/lat -15.18)">Isabella Falls</a>; 15.18° S, 145.00° E; 18 Jan. 1994; P. Zborowski and E.D. Edwards leg.; ANIC • 2 ♂♂, 11 exx.; 14 km W by N of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.59/lat -15.16)">Hope Vale Mission</a>; 15.16° S, 144.59° E; 7–10 May 1981; A. Calder leg.; ANIC • 7 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀, 17 exx.; 7 km N of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.07/lat -15.14)">Hope Vale Mission</a>; 15.14° S, 145.07° E; 4 Oct. 1980; T. Weir leg.; ANIC • 9 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; 14 km W by N of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.59/lat -15.16)">Hope Vale Mission</a>; 15.16° S, 144.59° E; 8–10 Oct. 1980; T.vWeir leg.; ANIC • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; 5 km W by N of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.1/lat -15.17)">Rounded Hill</a>; 15.17° S, 145.10° E; 7 Oct. 1980; T. Weir leg.; ANIC • 1 ex.; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.35/lat -11.45)">Heathlands</a>; 11.45° S, 142.35° E; 24–28 Feb. 1993; P. Zborowski leg.; ANIC • 1 ♂; 91 km S of Coen; 31 Nov. 1978; R.I. Storey leg.; QDPI • 1 ex.; Brisbane, Mt Alder; 13 May 1912; QDPI • 3 exx.; same collection data as for preceding; QM • 1 ex.; Mt Tambourine; QM • 5 exx.; Fletcher; E. Sutton leg.; QM • 1 ♂; Beenleigh; 24 Apr. [19]28; [prob. E. Sutton leg.]; QM • 2 exx.; Moreton Is.; E.vAllen; QM • 1 ex.; Gordonvale; 1 Feb. 1923; QM • 1 ♀; Stradbroke Is.; Jan. 1926; E. Kehon leg.; QM • 1 ex.; Mt Tambourine; 18 Dec. 1929; QM • 2 exx.; same locality as for preceding; 14 Dec. 1930; E. Sutton; QM • 1 ex.; Hambledon; 20 Jan. 1949; E. Sutton and A. Johnson leg.; QM • 1 ♀; Mt Cleveland Summit, 25 km E Townsville; 13 Jan. 1991; A. Graham leg.; QM • 1 ♀; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.81667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.81667/lat -16.816668)">Mcllwraith Nth</a> end; 16°49′ S, 144°49′ E; 9 Jul. 1994; Potter, Ingram and Eddie leg.; QM • 1 ex.; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.2535&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.888333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.2535/lat -13.888333)">Mcllwraith Range</a>, 8 km NE of Coen; 13°53.30′ S, 143°15.21′ E, 540 m a.s.l.; 29 Dec. 1994; G. and A. Daniels leg.; QM • 1 ex.; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.88333/lat -27.433332)">Mt Nebo Road</a>, powerline; 27°26′ S, 152°53′ E; 250 m a.s.l.; 23–26 Oct. 2004; G.B. Monteith leg.; QM.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>SHAPE AND SIZE. Body elongate oval (Fig. 3A–B), length 5.2–9.3 mm in both sexes, width 0.40–0.42 × length; very flat in lateral view (Fig. 4A–B).</p> <p>COLOUR AND VESTITURE. Body and legs shiny black, semilustrous; body, femora and tibiae sparsely covered with very short pale setae, setae on tibiae slightly longer than on body and femora; funicles, clubs and tarsi densely covered with yellowish setae, longer than short pale setae on body, femora and tibiae.</p> <p>ROSTRUM. Moderately long, ca 1.1–1.2× as long as pronotum in both sexes, robust, faintly evenly curved ventrad, dorsoventrally flattened, slightly broadened apically in dorsal view, coarsely punctate dorsally, punctures very fine in distal half, proximal half with paired dorsomedian and dorsolateral carinae, the latter lower than the former.</p> <p>EYES. Subcircular in outline, slightly convex but not protruding (Fig. 4A–B).</p> <p>ANTENNAE. Inserted at about distal third of rostrum in both sexes (Fig. 4A–B); scapes not reaching eye; funicles with segment 1 ca 1.5–1.6×, 1.7–3.2 ×, 2.0–3.2 ×, 2.0–2.7×, 1.7–2.0 × and 1.2–1.5 × as long as segments 2 to 7, respectively; clubs stout, fused with segment 7 of funicle, ca 1.7–1.9 × as long as wide, densely and finely pubescent (Fig. 5A).</p> <p>PRONOTUM. Roundly trapezoidal, apex ca 0.6 × as broad as base; anterior margin slightly emarginate medially, posterior margin protruding medially, forming obtuse median lobe, sides weakly arcuate; disc nearly flat; surface densely and coarsely punctate, with elongate longitudinal impunctate region medially, punctures separate but confluent and vague laterally; prosternum with oval longitudinal impunctate depressed region medially (Fig. 6A).</p> <p>SCUTELLAR SHIELD. Roundly pentagonal to subcircular.</p> <p>ELYTRA. Ca 3.0× as long as pronotum, jointly ca 0.5–0.6× as broad as long, distinctly broader than base of pronotum; humeri broadly rounded, slightly protruding; surface nearly flat, shallowly and coarsely punctate in rows, forming shallowly depressed striae.</p> <p>LEGS. Femora distinctly sulcate beneath, ventrally with subapical tooth (Fig. 6C); tibiae with arcuate premucro smaller than uncus (Fig. 6E); tarsi with claws free, divergent (Fig. 6G).</p> <p>TERMINALIA. Tergite VIII of female subtrapezoidal (Fig. 7A), ca 1.6–1.8 × as long as wide; sternite VIII of male broadly crescentic, sclerotised, apical margin rounded to truncate, basal margin strongly sclerotised (Fig. 7E); spiculum gastrale widely concave apically, base weakly sclerotised (Fig. 7G). Tegmen with complete, oval ring, manubrium slender, distinctly shorter than parameroid lobes (Fig. 7I); penis elongate (ca 1.9–2.0 × as long as wide), sides straight, parallel or merely slightly diverging apicad, dorsum flat, laterally distinctly sclerotised, medially broadly grooved, apical margin subtruncate (Fig. 8A–C); endophallus with apical sclerite varying from slightly sinuate, emarginate to protuberant (Fig. 9A–C). Gonocoxites narrow, elongate, apically bluntly rounded (Fig. 10A), ca 3.7–5.7 × as long as wide, proximal gonocoxite ca 1.0–1.4 × as long as distal gonocoxite; gonostyli cylindrical; bursa copulatrix without bands of spicules; spermatheca thick, right-angled, gland thick, swollen, narrowing apicad (Fig. 10C).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>This species is disjunctly distributed in coastal regions from northern Queensland to central New South Wales (Sydney) and in southeastern South Australia and southwestern Western Australia (Fig. 12). Based on our survey of museum collections, the Queensland population of Paratranes monopticus is the largest and eastern Australia appears to be the main distribution range of this species.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Paratranes monopticus has been reported occurring at the base of flower stalks and leaves and amongst young leaves of Xanthorrhoea (Froggatt 1896, 1907; Mulder 1964; Hawkeswood 1985). Mulder (1964) indicated that the species can attack the green leaves of grasstrees at the base, and the presence of a brownish, mucous secretion at the leaf bases may be linked with the occurrence of this species, although the larvae have apparently not yet been found. According to label data, specimens can be attracted by mercury-vapour lamps, but this does not necessarily indicate a nocturnal behaviour and may just relate to specimens disturbed from grasstrees growing near the lights, as happens with Tranes weevils and cycads. Based on records by Hawkeswood (1985) and label data, P monopticus is associated with at least three species of grasstrees (X. australis R.Br., X. johnsonii A.T.Lee and X. preissii Endl.), but it probably occurs on others as well and is likely not host-specific.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The taxonomy and nomenclature of P. monopticus is complicated, because the type series of the synonymic name xanthorrhoeae comprises two different species and its author (Lea 1898) did not validly (in the description) designate a primary type, so that all specimens of the type series are syntypes. Lea also did not specify the number of specimens on which he based the description of xanthorrhoeae, but he cited the specimens as having been collected at seven localities, as “ Hab.— Darling Ranges, Mt. Barker, Bridgetown, Swan River, W.A.; Galston, Gosford, Sydney, N.S.W.”. There are seven specimens from these locations in Lea’s collection (in SAMA) and the ANIC (see Material examined), but there are two from Sydney and none from Bridgetown, and only the three specimens from WA (Darling Ranges, Mt Barker and Swan River) are labelled as ‘Co-types’ by Lea. A further specimen in his collection is labelled “xanthorrheae [sic] / Lea TYPE / Pinjarrah” and also carries a large label with Lea’s handwriting “ Tranes / xanthorrhoeae / W Australia ” and “TYPE” in red lettering along its right side, as is typical of specimens that Lea regarded as the primary types of his species names. However, as Pinjarra is not mentioned as a locality in the description of Tranes xanthorrhoeae, it appears that Lea may not have had this specimen when he described the species and it cannot therefore be regarded as belonging to the type series and be treated or designated as the name-bearing type of Tranes xanthorrhoeae.</p> <p>In his description of the species, Lea (1898) noted that some of his specimens were larger and wider (especially the elytra), had a longer and thinner rostrum, the glabrous region on the prosternum wider and less noticeable and, most notable, edentate femora, and he regarded these specimens as representing the female of his new species. Zimmerman later recognised that these so-called females actually represent a different species, and he noted this on a copy of Lea’s description (kept among his notes on the Tranes group in the ANIC), and later he even regarded these specimens as representing a new genus “allied to Paratranes ” (Zimmerman 1994). On his copies of the descriptions of Tranes monopticus and T. xanthorrhoeae he further wrote that he had borrowed the type specimen of monopticus from Pascoe’s collection in the Natural History Museum in London in 1988 and, comparing it with the “male” types of Lea’s xanthorrhoeae (in particular the specimen from Pinjarra, which he accepted as the “ holotype ”), he concluded that the types of monopticus and xanthorrhoeae represent the same species. According to his notes, the synonymy of these two names had in fact earlier been suggested to him by John Balfour- Brown (of the Natural History Museum, London) — although a specimen so labelled by Balfour-Brown, from the Stirling Range in WA, is in fact P. zimmermani sp. nov. (see there). Zimmerman did not, however, effect this synonymy in his description of Paratranes (Zimmerman 1994), and it was only published much later by Pullen et al. (2014) (although it was actually not possible to synonymise the names without designating a lectotype for xanthorrhoeae and fixing the name to one of the two species represented in Lea’s type series).</p> <p>From our thorough examination of all available material of Paratranes, including of the male genitalia of many specimens, we conclude that the type series of xanthorrhoeae indeed comprises two distinct species, as Zimmerman had recognised, and furthermore that the syntypes from the Darling Range in WA and Galston in NSW represent P. monopticus (as determined by comparison with the holotype of monopticus (Fig. 11A) and specimens “c.w.t.” (compared with the type) of monopticus by Zimmerman) and that those from Mt Barker, Swan River, Gosford and Sydney belong to a different species. In order to fix the name xanthorrhoeae to one of these two species, we here designate the male syntype from the Darling Range (Fig. 11B), which agrees well with Lea’s description, as the lectotype of xanthorrhoeae and the other six specimens of the type series as paralectotypes. This lectotype designation and comparison of the lectotype with the holotype of monopticus enable us to validate the synonymy of monopticus and xanthorrhoeae published by Pullen et al. (2014) and to describe the other species as new, here named P. zimmermani sp. nov. The paralectotypes of xanthorrhoeae from Mt Barker, Swan River, Gosford and Sydney are further designated as paratypes of P. zimmermani sp. nov. Specimens of P. monopticus from Western Australia and South Australia differ slightly from those from Queensland (the type locality) and New South Wales by having the apical margin of the genital sclerite of the endophallus medially not straight (Fig. 9A) but slightly emarginate (WA) or lobed (SA) (Fig. 9B–C). Based on the records available to us, the WA and SA populations also appear to be geographically separated from those in eastern Australia, but in the absence of significant morphological differences we interpret all populations to represent a single, somewhat variable species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/311F2D1BFFCAFF910B7D53EAFD539EE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hsiao, Yun;Oberprieler, Rolf G.	Hsiao, Yun, Oberprieler, Rolf G. (2021): A review of Paratranes Zimmerman, 1994, Xanthorrhoea-associated weevils of the Tranes group (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Molytinae), with description of a new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 117-141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1493
311F2D1BFFC1FF8A0B1850FBFDC09C5C.text	311F2D1BFFC1FF8A0B1850FBFDC09C5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratranes zimmermani Hsiao & Oberprieler 2021	<div><p>Paratranes zimmermani sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 25298AC5-CC8A-4E10-8DA1-D5137DCE0776</p> <p>Figs 3C–D, 4C–D, 5B, 6B, D, F, H, 7C–D, F, H, J, 8D–F, 9D–F, 10B, D, 12</p> <p>Tranes xanthorrhoeae auct. – misidentification.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The species is readily distinguishable from P. monopticus, as given in the diagnosis of the latter above.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The specific epithet is dedicated to the late Dr Elwood Curtin Zimmerman, former weevil taxonomist at the ANIC who is renowned for his invaluable works on Australian weevils and who was the first to recognise the distinctiveness of this species among the type series of Tranes xanthorrhoeae.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype AUSTRALIA • ♂; “Kalbarri, W.A. / Sept. 1968 / G. Hill // C.G.L. Gooding / Collection / donated to / A.N.I.C. 1975 // HOLOTYPE / Paratranes zimmermani / Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler 2021”; ANIC.</p> <p>Paratypes (all labelled “PARATYPE / Paratranes zimmermani / Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler 2021”) AUSTRALIA • 2 exx.; “New / Holland”; NHMUK • 1 ex.; “ Australia // Sharp Coll. / B.M. 1948- 336.”; NHMUK • 1 ♀, 1 ex.; “ Australia / RMY’69 // E.Y. Western Coll. / B.M. 1924–176.”; NHMUK. – Western Australia • 1 ex.; “30890 // De / Boulay // Nov Holl / Occid. // Fry Coll. / 1905-100.”; NHMUK • 1 ex.; “De / Boulay // Nov Holl / Occid. // Fry Coll. / 1905-100.”; NHMUK • 1 ex.; “n.w. australia // 699 / m // NW aust. // Sharp Coll. / 1905-313.”; NHMUK • 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; ANIC • 2 ♂♂; “ K. G. Sound ”; ANIC • 1 ♂; “ Kaiarena / W.A. HJC [H.J. Carter]”; ANIC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Wembley Park / WA”; ANIC • 1 ex.; “Swan R. / W. Australia / J. Clark // G.A.K. Marshall / Coll. / B.M. 1950-255.”; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ Denmark / W.A. (DuB[oulay])”; ANIC • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Pinjarra, W.A. / E. Goerling ”; ANIC • 1 ex.; “5192 / Melville Park, / W.A. / H. M. Giles. / 6.11.03 // G.A.K. Marshall / Coll. / B.M. 1950-255. // Tranes / sp. not in BM. / Det G.A.K. Marshall”; NHMUK • 1 ♂; “F. H. Uther Baker / Stirling Ra. WA / 21.3.49 // F.H. UTHER BAKER / BEQUEST / 1992 // Tranes / monopticus Pasc. / J. Balfcur-Browne [sic] det. / Comp.type. // These three doubtfully Tranes / monopticus – check o. descr. / Not xanthorrhoeae – / det. F. H. Uther Baker / Femora edentate not T. roei // NOT / T. m.”; ANIC • 1 ♀; “F.H. Uther Baker / Jandakot / Western Australia / 17.IX.65 // F.H. UTHER BAKER / BEQUEST / 1992”; ANIC • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “ 3 mi. W. of Augusta, / WA. 34.19S 115.10E / 14.xi.69 Xanthorrhoea / inflorescences / E.B. Britton ”; ANIC • 1 ex.; “WEST. AUST. / MADDINGTON / 10-XII-69 // ex collection / A. Walford-Huggins // Coll. / A. WRIGHT / 5133 // E. Gowing-Scopes / collection / BMNH (E) 2005–4 // Tranes / monopticus Pasc / E. Gowing-Scopes. det. / 1989”; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ Collie – WA, / 27 October 1985 / Xanthorrhoea sp. / R. Patterson I918”; ANIC • 1 ♂; “ Collie – WA, / 27 October 1985 / Xanthorrhoea sp. / R. Patterson I924”; ANIC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ AUSTRALIA, WA / Gnangara Pine / Plantation 30 km / NE of Perth, / 31.43S 116.17E / 09.x.1986 / G. Tribe // feeding on / flower stalk of / Xanthorrhoea / preissii // Tranes sp. (nov). / unnamed in BM (9) / R. Oberprieler 1988”; ANIC • 1 ♀: “[front] ROWLEY ROAD, / PEEL ESTATE, PERTH, / W.A. IN 32°11’S 115°55’E / 24 SEPT. 1995 / M. PETERSON // [back] ON GREEN CAUDEX / OF REGENERATING / XANTHORRHOEA / PREISSII IN BURNT / AREA OF SWAMP / 1440 – 15:40 HRS”; ANIC • 2 ♀♀; “ 34°24.257’S 119°15.085’E / WA: Bremer Bay, W. of. / 23 Oct 2003, S. Neser / adults – flowers of Xanthorrhoea ”; ANIC • 1 ♀; “[front] 32°12’09.4”S / 115°52’29.7”E / 8 OCTOBER 2008 / M. PETERSON // [back] ON TOP OF FLOWERING / TIP OF GREEN NON- / FLOWERING CAUDEX / OF XANTHORRHOEA / PREISSII AT 1132 HRS / 106 M ABOVE GROUND”; ANIC • 1 ♀; “[front] 32°12’11.6”S / 115°52’35.0”E / 8 OCTOBER 2008 / M. PETERSON // [back] SPECIMEN 3.1m (1200 HR) / above GROUND NR / GROWING TIP OF / FLOWER SPIKE ON / XANTHORRHOEA PREISSII ”; ANIC • 1 ♂; “ xanthorrhoeae / Lea Swan R. // Co-type // PARALECTOTYPE / Tranes xanthorrhoeae Lea, 1898 / des. Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler 2020 ”; SAMA • 1 ♀; “Mt. Barker / W.A., Lea // ♀ // Co-type // Tranes I 10413 / xanthorrhoeae Lea / W. Australia. Cotype // NOT / xanthorrhoeae / Det. E.C. Zimmerman // PARALECTOTYPE / Tranes xanthorrhoeae Lea, 1898 / des. Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler 2020 ”; SAMA • 1 ex.; “UQIC Reg. / #77514 // Tranes / xanthorrhoea [sic] / NWA Lea”; UQIC • 1 ex.; “WA: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.8094&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.3769" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.8094/lat -31.3769)">Yeal Nat Res</a> / -31.3769 115.8094 / Banksia and heath / 9 Oct 2020 / J &amp; F Hort 12044”; ANIC • 1 ex.; “WA: Wandoo NP / -32.0662 116.5309 / Diverse heath / 10 Oct 2020 / J &amp; F Hort 11902”; ANIC • 1 ex.; same data except “J &amp; F Hort 11903”; ANIC • 1 ex.; same data except “J &amp; F Hort 12075”; ANIC • 1 ex.; same data except “J &amp; F Hort 12076”; ANIC • 1 ex.; same data except “J &amp; F Hort 12077”; ANIC. – New South Wales • 1 ex.; “ Pascoe / Coll. / 93–60. // Lurnea / nsw”; NHMUK • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “N.S.W.”; ANIC • 1 ♀; “ Sydney ”; ANIC • 1 ♀; “Hawkesbury R. / N. S. Wales // E. W. Ferguson / Collection”; ANIC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “HEATHCOTE, N.S.W. // 27 TH OCTOBER, 1950 / I. BALDERSON // F.H. UTHER BAKER / BEQUEST / 1992”; ANIC • 1 ♂; “ xanthorrhoeae / Lea Gosford // Elston has / from Q. // Tranes / xanthorrhoeae Lea / N. S. Wales // New genus / new species / Det. E.C. Zimmerman // PARALECTOTYPE / Tranes xanthorrhoeae Lea, 1898 / des. Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler 2020 ”; ANIC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “Sydney / Brown // Griffith Collection / Id. By A. M. Lea // Tranes / xanthorrhoeae / Lea N.S.W. 851 // Ditto / N. S. Wales // PARALECTOTYPE / Tranes xanthorrhoeae Lea, 1898 / des. Hsiao &amp; Oberprieler 2020 ”; SAMA.</p> <p>Type locality</p> <p>Kalbarri, Western Australia, Australia.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>SHAPE AND SIZE. Body elongate oval (Fig. 3C–D), length 7.3–10.1 mm in both sexes, width 0.46–0.48× length, very flat in lateral view (Fig. 4C–D).</p> <p>COLOUR AND VESTITURE. Body and legs shiny black, semilustrous; body, femora and tibiae sparsely covered with very short pale setae, setae on tibiae slightly longer than on body and femora; funicles, clubs and tarsi densely covered with pale to yellowish setae, longer than short pale setae on body, femora and tibiae.</p> <p>ROSTRUM. Moderately long, ca 1.3–1.4 × as long as pronotum in both sexes, robust, slightly curved ventrad, dorsoventrally flattened, slightly broadened apically in dorsal view, coarsely punctate dorsally, punctures very fine in distal half, proximal half with paired dorsomedian and dorsolateral carinae, the latter lower than the former.</p> <p>EYES. Subcircular in outline, slightly convex but not protruding (Fig. 4C–D).</p> <p>ANTENNAE. Inserted at about distal third of rostrum in both sexes (Fig. 4C–D); scapes not reaching eye; funicles with segment 1 ca 0.8–1.1 ×, 1.5–2.4 ×, 1.5–2.1 ×, 1.5–2.1 ×, 1.4–1.7 × and 1.3–1.7 × as long as segments 2 to 7, respectively; clubs stout, fused with segment 7 of funicle, ca 1.6 × as long as wide, densely and finely pubescent (Fig. 5B).</p> <p>PRONOTUM. Roundly trapezoidal, apex ca 0.6× as wide as base; anterior margin slightly emarginate medially, posterior margin protruding medially, forming obtuse median lobe, sides distinctly arcuate; disc nearly flat; surface densely and coarsely punctate, with elongate longitudinal impunctate region medially, punctures separate but confluent and vague laterally; prosternum with slightly depressed, subrounded region sparsely punctate medially (Fig. 6B).</p> <p>SCUTELLAR SHIELD. Roundly pentagonal to subcircular.</p> <p>ELYTRA. Ca 2.7–3.0× as long as pronotum, jointly ca 0.6–0.7× as broad as long, distinctly broader than base of pronotum; humeri broadly rounded, slightly protruding; surface nearly flat, shallowly and coarsely punctate in rows, forming shallowly depressed striae.</p> <p>LEGS. Femora distinctly sulcate beneath, without ventral tooth (Fig. 6D); tibiae with arcuate premucro smaller than uncus (Fig. 6F); tarsi with claws free, divergent (Fig. 6H).</p> <p>TERMINALIA. Tergite VIII of female subtrapezoidal (Fig. 7C), ca 0.9–1.1 × as long as wide; sternite VIII of male broadly crescentic, sclerotised, apical margin rounded to truncate, basal margin strongly sclerotised (Fig. 7F); spiculum gastrale widely concave apically, base weakly sclerotised (Fig. 7H). Tegmen with complete, subcircular ring, manubrium slender, distinctly shorter than parameroid lobes (Fig. 7J); penis thick (ca 1.4–1.6× as long as wide), sides straight, parallel or merely slightly narrowing apicad, dorsum flat, laterally distinctly sclerotised, medially broadly grooved, apical margin subtruncate, medially slightly emarginate (Fig. 8D–F); endophallus with apical sclerite slightly protuberant (Fig. 9D). Gonocoxites thick, short, apically bluntly rounded (Fig. 10B), ca 1.5–2.0× as long as wide, proximal gonocoxite ca</p> <p>0.8–1.1× as long as distal gonocoxite; gonostyli cylindrical, setose apically; bursa copulatrix without bands of spicules; spermatheca thick, right-angled, gland thick, swollen, narrowing apicad (Fig. 10D).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Based on the records we have seen, this species has two disjunct populations, one in coastal regions around central New South Wales (Sydney) and another in southwestern Western Australia (Fig. 12). Most of our examined specimens were collected in Western Australia, indicating that the species is mainly distributed there.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Like P. monopticus, this species appears to be associated with grasstrees, having been taken from the flower stalks and green caudex of regenerating plants in a burnt area of swamp during the daytime. Adults have also been observed feeding on flower stalks of grasstrees (Fig. 13). They are cautious and quickly dropped to the ground when disturbed (J. and F. Hort, pers. obs.). The only host recorded for this species (on labels) is Xanthorrhoea preissii in Western Australia, but specimens from New South Wales imply that the species is associated with other Xanthorrhoea species in the east, such as X. australis and X. johnsonii.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The assessment of the taxonomic status of this species varied between being considered conspecific with (females of) P. monopticus by Lea (1898) (as Tranes xanthorrhoeae) and as representing a different genus “allied to Paratranes ” by Zimmerman (1994). While its status as a species distinct from P. monopticus is clear from several morphological differences (in particular in the male genitalia), we do not regard these differences as significant enough to treat it as a genus distinct from Paratranes, especially in comparison with the differences between the other genera of the Tranes group. Zimmerman (1994) did not seem convinced of a separate generic status for it either, because he did not name such a genus in his key to the genera of the Tranes group, as he did with Paratranes and other new genera.</p> <p>Specimens of P. zimmermani sp. nov. in New South Wales differ slightly from those at the type locality in Western Australia (Kalbarri) in their male genitalia, by having a wider and shallower apical opening of the median dorsal groove of the penis (Fig. 9E–F), but such a wide and shallow opening also occurs in specimens of populations further south in Western Australia (e.g., Collie), and in the absence of other morphological differences we regard this difference as intraspecific variation rather than signifying different species. However, the apparent widely disjunct distribution of P. zimmermani sp. nov. between south-eastern and south-western Australia is remarkable in view of the much wider and likely continuous range of P. monopticus (see Fig. 12).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/311F2D1BFFC1FF8A0B1850FBFDC09C5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hsiao, Yun;Oberprieler, Rolf G.	Hsiao, Yun, Oberprieler, Rolf G. (2021): A review of Paratranes Zimmerman, 1994, Xanthorrhoea-associated weevils of the Tranes group (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Molytinae), with description of a new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1): 117-141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1493
