taxonID	type	description	language	source
DA5F87F24670FFCDFC47FA08FAC3F957.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony encrusting. Zooids with lateral wall raised as mural rim. Frontal shield cryptocyst, granular, minutely perforate, with pair of opesiules near orifice. Oral spines present or absent. Ovicell present, partly immersed, closed by operculum. Avicularia interzooidal, distal to autozooid, or absent. Basal pore chambers present.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24670FFCDFC47FA08FAC3F957.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Flustra coriacea Esper in Johnston, 1847. For nomenclatural discussion, see Harmer (1926: 307).	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24670FFC9FC5AF893FBD6FE22.taxon	description	(Figs 2 – 3)	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24670FFC9FC5AF893FBD6FE22.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NMNS PA 16827 (five fragments, one colony), Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Nishiyatsu, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Paratypes: NMNS PA 16828 (on razor clam shell), Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Nishiyatsu, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; NMNS PA 16829 (eight fragments), Station 1748, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2. Other material examined: NMNS PA 16830 (two fragments), and SGBC- 0371 (nine fragments), Yabu Formation, Pleistocene, Neriki, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; NMNS PA 16831 (on mollusc shell), Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Oi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; NMNS PA 16832 (on barnacle plate), Shimoda, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan; SGBC- 0403 (not coated with metal), Station 1746, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2; SGBC- 0404 (on large gastropod, not coated with metal), Ohara, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; SGBC- 0406 (three fragments), Yabu Formation, Pleistocene, Semata, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; SGBC- 0408 (not coated with metal), Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Kawazai, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; SGBC- 0409 (not coated with metal), Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Nagara Dam, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. See Table 1 for coordinates and depths of cruise samples.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24670FFC9FC5AF893FBD6FE22.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Zooids with small zone of proximal gymnocyst, salient knobs beside proximolateral corners of orifice, and elliptical or circular opesiules. Orifice dimorphic, larger in ovicellate zooids. Spines and avicularia lacking. Ovicell distally granulate, with smooth proximal area; sometimes almost entirely smooth, with large umbo.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24670FFC9FC5AF893FBD6FE22.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the Japanese bryozoologist Dr Shizuo Mawatari, who reported and illustrated this species from the Kii Peninsula (Mawatari 1952).	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24670FFC9FC5AF893FBD6FE22.taxon	description	Measurements (in milimetres). NMNS PA 16827, 16828, 16829, 16830, 16831, 16832, and SGBC- 0371. Autozooids (n = 475, 27): ZL, 0.30 – 0.86 (0.574 ± 0.100); ZW, 0.23 – 0.72 (0.437 ± 0.071); OrL, 0.04 – 0.11 (0.067 ± 0.010); OrW, 0.09 – 0.17 (0.126 ± 0.015). Ovicellate zooids (n = 43, 16): ZL, 0.51 – 0.81 (0.661 ± 0.075); ZW, 0.35 – 0.62 (0.457 ± 0.061); OrL, 0.06 – 0.11 (0.087 ± 0.012); OrW, 0.12 – 0.19 (0.150 ± 0.015). Ovicells (n = 47, 4): OvL, 0.21 – 0.33 (0.275 ± 0.032); OvW, 0.23 – 0.38 (0.314 ± 0.031). Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial sheet; maximum observed size in largest dimension 7.9 mm (NMNS PA 16831). Zooids elliptical to subhexagonal, irregular in outline (Fig. 2 A); zooidal size also much variable, smaller in zone of changing growth direction (NMNS PA 16831, 16832) except for astogenetic change zone (NMNS PA 16828). Frontal shield slightly convex, with granular surface, surrounded by mural rim; frontal pores small, scattered, generally with radiating spicules (Fig. 3 A). Paired smooth, elliptical knobs situated beside proximolateral corners of orifice, up to about 0.13 mm high (Fig. 2 D). Opesiules small, elliptical or circular, generally situated at each distolateral corner of sunken cryptocystal area. Orifice semielliptical, wider than long, dimorphic, larger and more semicircular in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 2 A). Oral spines lacking. Surface of operculum granular, rimmed distally (Fig. 3 A). Ovicell raised, oπen with large umbo, initially with granular cryptocystal texture except in smooth, thickened, chevron-shaped or semilunar proximal area; with age, sometimes covered almost entirely by smooth calcification, being continuous with proximal gymnocyst of next zooid (Fig. 2 A – D). Avicularia lacking. Two basal pore chambers in each distolateral wall and one in transverse wall, each leading to several septula. Ancestrula (Fig. 3 B) like autozooids but smaller (0.30 × 0.31 mm), wider than long, budding one zooid distally and two distolaterally, surrounded by total of seven zooids. Reparative intramural buds inside damaged or degenerated zooids occurred in all of measured specimens except NMNS PA 16828, with frequency of 9.3 % repaired zooids among all zooids measured.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24670FFC9FC5AF893FBD6FE22.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species occurs subtidally off the Kii, Izu, and Boso Peninsulas along the Pacific coast of Japan. Kataoka (1960) and Mawatari (1963) also reported Micropora coriacea from the Japan Sea, and so M. mawatarii may be more widely distributed, if these authors’ determinations are correct. Recent specimens from the continental shelf in this study ranged in depth from 65 m (NMNS PA 16829, Station 1748) to 154 m (SGBC- 0403, Station 1746), although the latter specimen was poorly preserved and may have been transported. The geological range of this species is Pleistocene to Recent. Hayami (1970, 1975, 1976) reported M. coriacea from Miocene and Pliocene marine deposits in northern Japan, but only described and illustrated material from the Miocene Kaigarabashi Sandstone in Hokkaido (Hayami 1970). Although Hayami’s species is similar to M. mawatarii, the identity of her material remains unclear, as she did not mention orifice dimorphism or illustrate the ovicells (Hayami 1970: 324, pl. 36, fig. 19). The orifice measurements (L = 0.12 mm, W = 0.20 mm) in her specimens are larger than those of M. mawatarii.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24670FFC9FC5AF893FBD6FE22.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles European Micropora coriacea in lacking avicularia, and in having latero-oral knobs and umbonate ovicells (Hayward and Ryland 1998: figs 98, 99 C and D), and was previously identified as such by Japanese researchers. However, Micropora mawatarii differs from M. coriacea in having zooids typically with a zone of smooth proximal gymnocyst, marked dimorphism in orifice size and shape between ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, and more widely separated frontal pores; and in occasionally lacking an umbo on the ovicell. The ancestrula of M. mawatarii also appears to differ from that of M. coriacea; Waters (1925: pl. XXI, fig. 3) illustrated an ancestrula (or first-generation periancestrular zooid) for the latter from Hastings, England, that is unlike later autozooids and instead has a large opesial opening without opesiules. Among the species of Micropora from the Pacific and adjoining seas (Table 2), Micropora rimulata Canu and Bassler, 1929 and Micropora plana sp. nov. (both described herein) resemble M. mawatarii in having dimorphic orifices and a triangular or chevron-shaped proximal area on the ovicell, but M. rimulata differs in having avicularia. Differences from M. plana are given in the Remarks for that species. Micropora selknami Moyano, 1994 from the Strait of Magellan has similarly well-developed latero-oral knobs and a triangular proximal area on the umbonate ovicell, but it bears avicularia (Moyano 1994 a).	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24674FFC8FC72FE59FB46FDC4.taxon	description	(Fig. 4) Micropora coriacea (not of Esper in Johnston, 1847): Arakawa 1999: 56 (in part). Miropora sp.: Arakawa 2014: 22, fig. 4 D.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24674FFC8FC72FE59FB46FDC4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NMNS PA 16833 (seven fragments), Station 1739, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2. Paratype: NMNS PA 16834 (on siltstone, not coated with metal), Station 1733, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2. Other material examined: NMNS PA 16835 (on bioclast), and 16836 (on mollusc shell), Station 1734, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2; NMNS PA 16837 (on pebble), Station 1683, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2. See Table 1 for coordinates and depths of cruise samples.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24674FFC8FC72FE59FB46FDC4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Frontal shield nearly flat, finely granulated, with minute pores. Mural rim low and narrow. Small laterooral knobs present. Orifice dimorphic. Spines and avicularia lacking. Ovicell with granular surface and thickened proximal margin, sometimes bearing small umbo.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24674FFC8FC72FE59FB46FDC4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name comes from the Latin planus (flat), referring to the flattened cryptocyst and low mural rim.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24674FFC8FC72FE59FB46FDC4.taxon	description	Measurements (in milimetres). NMNS PA 16833, 16835, and 16837. Autozooids (n = 149, 9): ZL, 0.41 – 1.04 (0.693 ± 0.099); ZW, 0.35 – 1.05 (0.563 ± 0.093); OrL, 0.05 – 0.12 (0.086 ± 0.013); OrW, 0.12 – 0.24 (0.164 ± 0.016). Ovicellate zooids (n = 38, 9): ZL, 0.56 – 0.98 (0.716 ± 0.081); ZW, 0.48 – 0.86 (0.580 ± 0.079); OrL, 0.07 – 0.14 (0.104 ± 0.014); OrW, 0.12 – 0.25 (0.185 ± 0.020). Ovicells (n = 38, 3): OvL, 0.23 – 0.45 (0.288 ± 0.040); OvW, 0.29 – 0.53 (0.355 ± 0.054). Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, forming lobate sheet; maximum observed size in largest dimension 7.3 mm (NMNS PA 16835). Zooids roughly subhexagonal to elliptical in outline. Frontal shield cryptocystal, nearly flat, with finely granulated surface, perforated by minute pores, surrounded by relatively low and narrow mural rim (Fig. 4 A). Proximal gymnocyst lacking. Laterooral knobs small. Opesiules small, elongate. Orifice dimorphic; autozooidal orifice wider than long, broadly D-shaped; orifice of ovicellate zooids larger, semicircular. Surface of operculum granular, rimmed distally (Fig. 4 D). Oral spines lacking. Ovicell globose, raised; surface granular like frontal shield, sometimes surrounded by slightly raised margin and suture line; proximal margin thickened, chevron-shaped, oπen with small, rounded-conical umbo at apex (Fig. 4 A – C). Avicularia lacking. Two basal pore chambers in each distolateral wall; pair of widely spaced smaller pore chambers in transverse wall.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24674FFC8FC72FE59FB46FDC4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species was found from the continental shelf east of the Boso Peninsula at depths from 125 to 196 m, and the Danjo Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan (Arakawa 2014).	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24674FFC8FC72FE59FB46FDC4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Micropora plana resembles M. mawatarii in showing dimorphism of the orifice and in lacking avicularia. However, this species differs from the latter in the following characters: zooids are larger (average length 0.693 mm, average width 0.563 mm) than those of M. mawatarii (average length 0.574 mm, average width 0.437 mm); the frontal shield is flatter, with smaller pores and finer granulation; the mural rim is lower and thinner; both latero-oral knobs and an umbo on the ovicell are less pronounced; a suture line is sometimes evident around the ovicell; and there are two pore chambers in the distal transverse wall. Among the species of Micropora in the Pacific Ocean and adjoining seas (Table 2), Micropora inexpectata Moyano, 2002 from Chile is similar to M. plana in having a flattened and finely granulated frontal shield with small pores, and ovicells with a raised rim and suture line, but it differs in having avicularia (Moyano 2002). Micropora santacruzana Soule, Soule, and Chaney, 1995 from California also has an ovicell surrounded by a marginal rim, but it has avicularia and large frontal pores (Soule et al. 1995).	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24675FFC6FC12FDFEFECDFA90.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NMNS PA 16838 (on mollusc shell), Station 1734, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2; NMNS PA 16839 (on rhodolith), Ogasawara, Station 37, Hakuho- Maru cruise KH 80 - 3; NMNS PA 16840 (on mollusc shell), Awa-Kominato, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; NMNS PA 16841 (on mollusc shell), Aburatsubo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan; SGBC- 0405 (on mollusc shell), Merahama, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. See Table 1 for coordinates and depths of cruise samples.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24675FFC6FC12FDFEFECDFA90.taxon	description	Measurements (in milimetres). NMNS PA 16838, 16839, 16840, and 16841. Autozooids (n = 122, 4): ZL, 0.37 – 0.82 (0.570 ± 0.092); ZW, 0.28 – 0.66 (0.427 ± 0.064); OrL, 0.05 – 0.09 (0.067 ± 0.008); OrW, 0.08 – 0.18 (0.133 ± 0.015). Ovicellate zooids (n = 13, 1): ZL, 0.51 – 0.79 (0.621 ± 0.076); ZW, 0.34 – 0.53 (0.441 ± 0.062); OrL, 0.08 – 0.12 (0.096 ± 0.013); OrW, 0.13 – 0.18 (0.158 ± 0.014). Ovicells (n = 13, 1): OvL, 0.18 – 0.31 (0.252 ± 0.042); OvW, 0.25 – 0.33 (0.285 ± 0.030). Avicularia (n = 15, 4): AvL, 0.10 – 0.16 (0.125 ± 0.016); AvW, 0.05 – 0.09 (0.069 ± 0.013). Description. Colony encrusting, forming unilaminar sheet; maximum observed size in largest dimension 7.5 mm (NMNS PA 16838). Zooid subhexagonal to elliptical, but irregular in outline. Frontal shield flattened or slightly convex, with granular surface, surrounded by mural rim; frontal pores somewhat unevenly distributed (Fig. 5 A). Proximal gymnocyst generally lacking. Latero-oral knobs not well developed. Opesiule elliptical or circular, rarely with exposed inner layer. Orifice semicircular, wider than long, dimorphic, larger in ovicellate zooids than in non-ovicellate zooids. Oral spines lacking. Ovicell initially distinct, with finely granulated surface like frontal shield of zooid; proximal margin thickened, chevron-shaped, smooth, with tubercle at apex (Fig. 5 B), becoming smooth by secondary calcification (Fig. 5 A); central umbo sometimes present (Fig. 5 C). Avicularium distal to orifice of non-ovicellate zooids, directed proximolaterally, mandible portion subtriangular, pivot bar complete (Fig. 5 D).	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24675FFC6FC12FDFEFECDFA90.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species has been reported from the Philippines, Hawaii, and Japan. My material was collected on the seashore and the continental shelf (155 m in depth) around the Boso Peninsula, and the continental slope of Ogasawara at a depth of 222 – 300 m. Kataoka (1961: 234, pl. XXXVII, fig. 12) reported this species from the Pleistocene Ryukyu Limestone, but his identification seems doubtful, because the orifice width is larger than 0.20 mm and the ovicells and the avicularium are small for the large orifice.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24675FFC6FC12FDFEFECDFA90.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species fits the diagnosis of Micropora rimulata from the Philippines, especially in relatively salient frontal pores; dimorphism of the orifice, which is large in ovicellate zooids; a proximal band fringing the ovicell; and the proximolaterally directed avicularium. Zooids in my specimens are somewhat smaller in average length and narrower in average width than in the Philippine material of Canu and Bassler (1929), and the orifice is somewhat smaller in average length and width than in the Hawaiian material of Dick et al. (2006). Ovicells are present in only one colony (NMNS PA 16838). They are finely granulated like the frontal wall of zooids and have a chevron-shaped thickening of the proximal margin (Fig. 5 B), similar to specimens from the Philippines and Hawaii. However, the surface texture varies depending on the degree of secondary calcification, and some ovicells are obscured by secondary calcification. Sometimes no tubercle is evident (Fig. 5 A), or a blunt umbo develops (Fig. 5 C). There is distinct variation in the avicularia in my material. In specimens from the continental shelf of the Boso Peninsula and the coast of Awa-Kominato, the avicularium has a nearly symmetrical rostrum (Fig. 5 A, D, G), whereas the rostrum is asymmetrical in the specimens from Ogasawara and Aburatsubo (Fig. 5 E, F). The former are more similar to Philippine material, the latter more similar to Hawaiian material. This character varied even within colonies, however, and the angle between the rostrum and the proximal border of orifice (or the straight line joining the distal margins of paired opesiules in the cryptocyst) ranged from 12 ° to 44 ° in NMNS PA 16838.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467BFFC6FE8EFAAAFBEAFCC8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony erect, jointed, attached by kenozooidal rootlets. Zooids with lateral walls raised as mural rim. Frontal shield cryptocystal, minutely perforate, with pair of completely occluded opesiules near the orifice. Oral spines and ovicells lacking. Avicularia interzooidal, distal to orifice, with complete pivot bar. Uniporous septula present.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467BFFC6FE8EFAAAFBEAFCC8.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Cellularia articulata Fabricius, 1821.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467BFFC6FE8EFAAAFBEAFCC8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Levinsen (1909) established Microporina for two species, Cellularia articulata Fabricius, 1821 and Steganoporella elongata Hincks, 1880, with the former selected as the type species. However, C. articulata grows as an erect colony with internodes whereas S. elongata apparently forms an encrusting sheet (see also Waters 1889). Sakakura (1936), Silén (1942) and Cheetham (1966) considered Microporina to include both erect and encrusting species, aπer Levinsen (1909). Other authors (e. g., Osburn 1950; Kluge 1962) considered Microporina to be restricted to species with erect, jointed colonies, as in the type species, and I concur with this view. Microporina articulata (Fabricius, 1821) and M. okadai Silén, 1942 have been reported from northern Japan and neighbouring areas (Okada 1921, 1933; Sakakura 1936; Silén 1942; Mawatari 1956; Androsova 1958; Kluge 1962; Hayami 1973; Arakawa 1984, 1999; Rho and Seo 1985, 1990; Seo 1996; Grischenko 2013). The fossil record of the type species can be traced back to the Miocene in northern Japan (Hayami 1970, 1975, 1976; Nishizawa and Sakagami 1986), although these records need careful reexamination. Recently, Gontar (1993 b) described a new species, Microporina ivanovi Gontar, 1993 from the Kuril Islands, but because the colony is not jointed and has ovicells, M. ivanovi may belong in some other genus. Sakakura (1936) concluded that Microporina japonica Canu and Bassler, 1929 from the Tsugaru Strait is synonymous with M. articulata, but this may be incorrect, as discussed below. He also proposed a subspecies, Microporina articulata notoensis Sakakura, 1936 based on Miocene fossil material from the Noto Peninsula. This form should probably be raised to species rank, because it has multiple opesiules, although no specimens of this bryozoan have been reported since Sakakura (1936).	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467BFFC2FCE9FCE2FD1EFEA0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NMNS PA 16842 (eight internodes, A – H), 16844, and 18156 (inner surface of frontal shield), Station 1700, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2; NMNS PA 16843 (four internodes, A – D), 18152, and 18153, Station 1709, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2; SGBC- 0389 (four internodes, A – D), Station 1739, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2; SGBC- 0391, Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Jizodo, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; SGBC- 0392, Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Nanamagari, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; SGBC- 0393, Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Ichinosawa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; SGBC- 0411 (not coated with metal), Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Atebi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. See Table 1 for coordinates and depths of cruise samples.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467BFFC2FCE9FCE2FD1EFEA0.taxon	description	Measurements (in milimetres). NMNS PA 16842, 16843, 16844, 18152, and SGBC- 0389. Autozooids (n = 183, 14): ZL, 0.62 – 1.18 (0.821 ± 0.094); ZW, 0.25 – 0.44 (0.338 ± 0.035); OrL, 0.08 – 0.14 (0.107 ± 0.014); OrW, 0.13 – 0.25 (0.201 ± 0.019). Avicularia (n = 76, 14): AvL, 0.16 – 0.25 (0.210 ± 0.020); AvW, 0.13 – 0.24 (0.180 ± 0.019). Description. Colony erect, consisting of internodes increasing in width distally. Minimum internode size 2.0 mm long by 0.82 mm in diameter (NMNS PA 16842 A: Fig. 6 A); maximum size about 7.0 mm long (NMNS PA 16844: Fig. 6 D) and about 1.5 mm in diameter (NMNS PA 16843 C). Internodes generally circular in transverse section, composed of 8 to 12 columns of zooids; proximal ends of internodes occupied by kenozooids, and mural rim sometimes projected proximally (Figs 6 A, 7 D). Zooids elongate, sides nearly parallel, or wide in middle, sometimes tapering proximally. Frontal shield cryptocystal, flat, coarsely granulate, with many conspicuous, evenly distributed pores, surrounded by thick, rounded mural rim. Mural rim salient, finely granulated, and thickened with secondary calcification (Figs 7 A – D, 8 A). Opesiules originally large, elliptical or rounded triangular, completely occluded by smooth calcification with vein-like sculpturing (Fig. 8 A – C). Orifice semielliptical, with proximal border straight or broadly concave. Oral spines lacking. Ovicells absent. Avicularium distal to orifice, oval in outline, longer than wide, directed proximally; rostrum triangular, with complete, M-shaped pivot bar, becoming round with increasing calcification and post-mortem abrasion (Fig. 7 A – D). Secondary calcificaion sometimes covering zooidal orifice or postmandibular part of avicularium with granulated layer.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467BFFC2FCE9FCE2FD1EFEA0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The known distribution of this species is the Tsugaru Strait [“ Sea of Japan ” in Canu and Bassler (1929)] and the continental shelf east of the Boso Peninsula at depths of 57 to 150 m. Because Sakakura (1936: pl. 15 (5), fig. 1) illustrated Microporina articulata from the Tsugaru Strait as having only a semicircular orifice, M. japonica may overlap in distribution with that species. In fact, M. articulata from Korea also has a semicircular orifice with a straight proximal border (Rho and Seo 1990). Among Japanese fossils recorded as M. articulata, the Pleistocene specimen from Niigata illustrated by Nishizawa (1987) matches M. japonica in all respects. Neogene specimens from Hokkaido and the Noto Peninsula, described by Hayami (1970) and Nishizawa and Sakagami (1986), also have salient opesiules, but their other features need to be reexamined in detail.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467BFFC2FCE9FCE2FD1EFEA0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Microporina japonica shows large variations in the shape of the orifice, the proximal border of which can be nearly straight or broadly concave, and the opesiules are large. Canu and Bassler (1929) originally described this species from the Tsugaru Strait, Japan, on the basis of its having smaller zooids than Microporina articulata, but did not mention any other differences between the two. Sakakura (1936) considered M. japonica to be a junior synonym of M. articulata, because zooidal size varies among Japanese specimens. In my study, maximum zooid length was 1.18 mm (NMNS PA 16842 D), which is within the size range of North American specimens of M. articulata, based on the figures of Robertson (1905: pl. XIV, fig. 86) and Powell (1968: pl. II, fig. c), and maximum width was 0.44 mm (NMNS PA 16843 C), which is larger than the width indicated for M. articulata by Osburn (1950: 106). Sakakura’s (1936) discussion was correct on this point. However, M. articulata differs from M. japonica in the shape of the orifice. In M. articulata it is consistently semicircular, with a straight proximal border (Busk 1855; Smitt 1868; Robertson 1905; Osburn 1950; Kluge 1962; Powell 1968). In my material, the orifice is semielliptical, with a proximal border ranging from straight to broadly concave. This variation is evident even within a single internode. Orifice size also varies in M. japonica, but it is larger than in Alaskan specimens of M. articulata (Robertson 1905). Sakakura (1936) likewise observed orifice variation in his material, but concluded it fell within the range of variation in M. articulata. His fossil material, however, appears to have included two or more distinct species having differently shaped internodes, zooids, orifices, and avicularia. Microporina japonica has conspicuous cryptocystal opesiules, as illustrated by Canu and Bassler (1929). The opesiules are elliptical in M. japonica, compared to slit-like in M. articulata. In my specimens, the layer occluding the opesiules has a vein-like structure, but whether this is diagnostic for M. japonica is not clear. The avicularia in M. japonica are more or less elongate. The illustrations of Canu and Bassler (1929) show very long avicularia, with a maximum length / width ratio of about 1.6: 1; this ratio also reaches about 1.4: 1 in my material. Some of the numerous specimens identified as M. articulata from northern seas also have elongate avicularia (Busk 1855; Smitt 1868; Powell 1968). At present, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions about the differences in avicularia among Microporina species, and a more precise comparison based on a larger number of samples will be necessary.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467FFFC1FC50FF55FE56F83B.taxon	description	(Figs 9, 13 C)	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467FFFC1FC50FF55FE56F83B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NMNS PA 18154 (two internodes, A, B and additional fragments, C), and 18160 (inner surface of frontal shield), and SGBC- 0412 (two internodes, A, B), Station 1709, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2; NMNS PA 18155, Station 1711, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2. See Table 1 for coordinates and depths of cruise samples.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467FFFC1FC50FF55FE56F83B.taxon	description	Measurements (in milimetres). NMNS PA 18154, 18155, and SGBC- 0412. Autozooids (n = 23, 6): ZL, 0.67 – 1.28 (0.957 ± 0.146); ZW, 0.23 – 0.45 (0.326 ± 0.052); OrL, 0.07 – 0.14 (0.108 ± 0.015); OrW, 0.12 – 0.22 (0.176 ± 0.024). Avicularia (n = 14, 6): AvL, 0.08 – 0.12 (0.102 ± 0.013); AvW, 0.08 – 0.12 (0.103 ± 0.011). Description. Colony erect, consisting of slender internodes; only one unbroken internode (NMNS PA 18155) observed, 2.9 mm long by 0.74 mm in diameter; fragmented internodes ranging from 0.54 mm to 0.74 mm in diameter. Internodes nearly rhomboidal in section, composed of 5 to 6 columns of zooids (Fig. 9 A, C, E); proximal and distal ends of internodes occupied by small kenozooids. Zooids elongate; nearly rectangular, or hexagonal, and tapering proximally. Frontal shield cryptocystal, flat, but somewhat inflated in proximal part of internodes, coarsely granulated, perforated by many pores with inner spicules, and surrounded by finely granulate mural rim reaching sides of orifice distally (Fig. 9 B, D). Opesiules elliptical, longer than wide, completely occluded by somewhat uneven calcification. Orifice elliptical or semielliptical, proximal border straight or broadly concave. Oral spines lacking. Ovicells absent. Avicularium distal to orifice, small, directed proximally, circular or oval in outline.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467FFFC1FC50FF55FE56F83B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The known distribution is Sagami Sea, north off Hachijo-jima, and the continental shelf east of the Boso Peninsula. Gontar (1993 a) listed this species from the Kuril Islands. Specimens from Sagami Sea came from depths of roughly 285 m (156 fms: Okada 1921), 450 – 600 m (Silén 1942), and 124 – 126 m (Hirose 2010). The specimen from Hachijo-jima came from depth of 160 – 190 m (Grischenko and Mawatari 2006; Hirose 2010). My material was collected at depths of 144 m (Station 1709) and 125 m (Station 1711).	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467FFFC1FC50FF55FE56F83B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is characterized by slender internodes and small avicularia. The frontal shield is rather thin. All avicularia in my specimens were poorly preserved, but according to Okada (1921) and Silén (1942), the mandible is triangular and points proximally. Okada (1921) illustrated a narrow but complete pivot bar. Grischenko (2013) recorded this species from the continental slope of the Japan Sea, but the identity of his specimen with M. okadai needs to be confirmed because he described the colony as “ unjointed ” and did not illustrate a triangular avicularian mandible.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467CFFDFFC50FF55FDD2F957.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial. Zooids elongate, with lateral wall raised as mural rim. Frontal shield cryptocystal, granular, minutely perforate, with pair of large opesiules near orifice and small additional opesiules along lateral and proximal margins. Opesiules occluded, with somewhat large marginal hole closed by cribriform covering with radial or reticulate slits and pores. Orifice semicircular, without oral spines. Ovicell absent. Avicularium present, distal to the orifice, with complete pivot bar. Uniporous or pauciporous septula present; basal pore chambers absent.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467CFFDFFC50FF55FDD2F957.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Verminaria areolae Sakakura, 1935.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467CFFDFFC50FF55FDD2F957.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic name comes from addition of the Greek meta to the name Micropora, referring to its zooidal characteristics beyond the diagnosis of Micropora in spite of the gross similarity.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F2467CFFDFFC50FF55FDD2F957.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Verminaria areolae was subsequently placed in the genus Microporina by Sakakura (1936) but it differs from Microporina in the presence of radially arranged or cribriform openings on the thin layer occluding the opesiules. Colony form and zooidal characteristics of Verminaria areolae are more similar to those in some species of Micropora from the Pacific and adjoining seas than Microporina. For example, Micropora finisterrae Moyano, 1994 resembles in having multiple opesiules and paired tubercles near the orifice of proximal zooid (Moyano 1994 b), and Micropora angusta MacGillivray, 1887 in having elongate zooids and an obliquely directed avicularium distal to the orifice (d’Hondt 1986; Ryland and Hayward 1992). Despite these similarities, V. areolae — the absence of ovicells, an avicularium distal to the orifice, opesiules occluded by calcification, and septula in the vertical walls — are common to the genus Microporina, as Sakakura (1936) discussed. In this study, I found the difference in the occlusion of opesiules between Microporina and Verminaria areolae. Levinsen (1909: 162) proposed the genus Microporina on the basis of the calcification filling the opesiules, noting that the opesiule were “ sometimes ” filled up. However, this occlusion is fundamentally not secondary calcification, but an exposed inner layer of the frontal shield, as shown above in the description of the two Microporina species. Such occluded opesiules are also observed in V. areolae, but they have radial or reticulate slits and pores (Fig. 10 C, D). In the case of zooids which the cryptocystal frontal shield has ceased growing (NMNS PA 16848), the circular boundaries of opesiules are distinct, and their position corresponds to the hole with radial or cribrate openings in V. areolae (Fig. 11 D). The cribrate openings are also observed in the frontal pores of V. areolae (Fig. 10 C, 13 A). The two Microporina species described above also have cribrate frontal pores, but they are evidently not marginal (Fig. 13 B, C); therefore, the hole occluded by cribrate calcification in the multiple opesiules of V. areolae can be expressed with marginal pores. The presence of marginal pores and the formation of opesiules reflecting their position are important difference between V. areolae and Microporina. This distinction has led to my conclusion that V. areolae cannot be considered as a species of Microporina that forms sheet-like colonies.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24662FFDDFF68F893FC24F957.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NMNS PA 16846 (two fragments, A, B), and SGBC- 0105, Station 1748, Hakurei-Maru cruise GH 80 - 2; NMNS PA 16845 (two colonies, A, B, the latter with ancestrula, on mollusc shell), 16847 (on mullusc shell), 16848 (on mullusc shell), 18158 (inner surface of frontal shield) and 18159, and SGBC- 0002 (on mullusc shell), - 0407 (on mullusc shell, not coated with metal), Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Nishiyatsu, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; NMNS PA 16849 and SGBC- 0370 (on mullusc shell), Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Oi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; NMNS PA 18157 (lateral and basal walls), Yabu Formation, Pleistocene, Neriki, Chiba Prefecture, Japan; SGBC- 0410 (on mollusc shell, not coated with metal), Jizodo Formation, Pleistocene, Nagara Dam, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. See Table 1 for coordinates and depths of cruise samples.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24662FFDDFF68F893FC24F957.taxon	description	Measurements (in milimetres). NMNS PA 16845, 16846, 16847, and 16848; SGBC- 0002, - 0105, - 0370 and - 0398. Autozooids (n = 515, 10): ZL, 0.49 – 1.49 (0.780 ± 0.124); ZW, 0.25 – 0.79 (0.396 ± 0.0073; OrL, 0.06 – 0.12 (0.082 ± 0.010); OrW, 0.11 – 0.22 (0.162 ± 0.020). Avicularia (n = 184, 10): AvL, 0.07 – 0.18 (0.124 ± 0.018); AvW, 0.05 – 0.12 (0.075 ± 0.012). Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, oπen becoming multilaminar; maximum size in largest dimension estimated to be more than 20 mm (SGBC- 0407). Zooids irregularly hexagonal or rectangular. Frontal shield cryptocystal, flattened, finely granulated, with scattered frontal pores, surrounded by raised rim (Fig. 10 A); frontal pores occluded, with three or more slit-like openings each (Fig. 10 C). Six to nine pairs of circular opesiules present, closed by thin internal layer with radially arranged slits, or cribriform; distalmost pair generally larger than the others (Fig. 10 A, C, D). Orifice semicircular, without oral spines. Operculum smooth (Fig. 10 B). Paired tubercles lateral to orifice, derived from proximal gymnocyst of next-distal zooids (Fig. 11 A – D). Avicularium, when present, situated distal to orifice, interzooidal, directed distolaterally, with complete pivot bar; rostrum acute to frontal plane, mandibular opening semicircular to rounded triangular (Fig. 11 A, B). Ancestrula similar to later zooids; rhomboidal or hexagonal, with one pair of large, irregularly shaped opesiules and a few additional smaller ones; ancestrula budding three daughter zooids, one distally and two distolaterally (Fig. 12 A, B). Zooids interconnected by six or more basal uniporous septula in each lateral wall (Fig. 12 C) and several basal septula (some of them pauciporous) in transverse wall (Fig. 12 D). Ovicells absent.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24662FFDDFF68F893FC24F957.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sagami and Tokyo Bays (Sakakura 1935; Silén 1942; Nishizawa 1997; Hirose 2010) and the continental shelf east of the Boso Peninsula (station 1748, Hakurei- Maru cruise GH 80 - 2). The recorded depth range is from 65 m (station 1748, this study) to more than 100 m (Silén 1942). Fossils of this species have been collected from Miocene to Pliocene deposits in Hokkaido, Miyagi, and Ishikawa Prefectures (Hayami 1970, 1976; Nishizawa and Sakagami 1986), and from Pleistocene deposits in Chiba Prefecture (Sakakura 1935; Arakawa 1995; Nishizawa 1997). It is one of the predominant species among cheilostome bryozoans in the Pleistocene Jizodo Formation (Arakawa 1995).	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
DA5F87F24662FFDDFF68F893FC24F957.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Silén (1942) advanced Sakakura’s (1936) discussion and concluded that Verminaria areolae is synonymous with Microporina elongata (Hincks, 1880) from southern Africa. However, Silén’s conclusion is incorrect, as it was based on Waters’ (1889) misinterpretation that Micropora variperforata is synonymous with M. elongata. Those two species are distinct, as Brown (1952: 128) discussed in detail. The opesiules of M. elongata are occluded with calcification lacking any small openings (Hincks 1880: pl. XVI, fig. 4). On the other hand, Silén (1942) correctly described that the tubercles lateral to the orifice in this species are derived from the next-distal zooids. Similar structures are evident in Verminaria oblonga (Busk, 1859), Calpensia rebeshovensis Zágoršek, 2010 and Micropora finisterrae, although the tubercles in these species are situated distal to the orifice of the proximal zooid (Bishop 1987; Zágoršek 2010; Moyano 1994 b). The occurrence of such tubercles thus seems to be polyphyletic.	en	Arakawa, Shinji (2016): Taxonomy of Some Microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21 (1): 9-30, DOI: 10.12782/sd.21.1.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437393
