taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F387EAFFC6FA3AFCECF928FBAE6CB0.taxon	description	Figs. 1, 10	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFC6FA3AFCECF928FBAE6CB0.taxon	discussion	Remarks: all specimens recorded herein were collected under different conditions, but always associated to human environments: inside inhabited houses (two specimens from Riohacha and those from Santa Marta and Nazareth), walking on the streets at night (two specimens from Riohacha), and under rock in a sandy beach (one specimen from Riohacha). These Colombian specimens of C. margaritatus match in all diagnostic features the samples studied from other localities throughout Central America and Greater Antilles, with the single exception of the base color of the body and appendages, which is light yellowish with a more contrasting dark pattern. The precise geographical distribution of this species in Colombia is currently unknown. Previously published records must be considered as unreliable, because at least in some cases it has been confused with C. gracilis, as is evident from those papers, which have been supplemented with photographs (i. e., Gómez & Otero, 2007: 56; fig. 4 a). These misidentifications could explain why some authors have recorded supposed hybridization between these two species (Lourenço, 1991 b) or even doubted about their taxonomic validity (Lourenço, 1997); otherwise, both species are not even closely related and belong to different species-groups (R. Teruel, unpublished data).	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFC7FA3CFCD3F92CFB036E11.taxon	description	Figs. 2, 11, Tab. 1	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFC7FA3CFCD3F92CFB036E11.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (emended): species of moderately small size (males 38 – 40 mm, female 43 – 55 mm) for the genus. Body pale yellow to light orange brown, with metasomal segment V moderately infuscate and a diffuse pattern of gray spots over carapace and tergites (confluent and darker in earlier juveniles); metasoma ventrally with all carinae infuscate and a thin, dark line between the ventrosubmedian carinae. Pedipalp chelae robust in both sexes, more conspicuously in males; fingers without basal lobe / notch combination, but with subtle scallop in adult males; fingers with eight principal rows of granules, flanked by a few supernumerary granules. Sternite III and pectines with stridulatory apparatus greatly reduced; sternite V without smooth patch. Metasoma distally incrassate on both sexes, much more conspicuously in males; telson vesicle small, subaculear tubercle vestigial, blunt and far removed from the base of aculeus. Pectinal tooth count 22 – 25 (mode 24) in males, 19 – 23 (mode 21) in females. New Records: COLOMBIA: La Guajira Department, Palomino, at Magdalena border, September 2008, leg. C. A. Roncallo, 1 ♀ (Sco- 0419); Ranchería El Pasito, 3 km northeast of Riohacha, 5 December 2008, leg. J. Zubiria, 1 ♀ (Sco- 0415), Riohacha downtown, 27 September 2008, leg. J. Brito; 1 juvenile (Sco- 0417), Riohacha, Colegio Sagrado Corazón, km 1 Maicao road, 16 July 2008, leg. C. A. Roncallo, 2 juveniles (Sco- 0394); Riohacha, 7 km beyond Colegio Sagrado Corazón, path to Rancherías river, 11 February 2009, leg. C. A. Roncallo, 1 juvenile (Sco- 0416); Riohacha, Colegio James Dobson, km 5.4 Maicao road, August 2009, leg. C. A. Roncallo, 1 juvenile (Sco- 0418); Ranchería Irrujunai, km 12 El Pájaro path, on Maicao road, 2 January 2008, leg. C. A. Roncallo, 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, 1 juvenile (Sco- 0393). VENEZUELA: Zulia State, Mara Municipality, Cuatro Bocas, La Sierrita, June 1998, 1 ♂ (Sco- 0328).	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFC7FA3CFCD3F92CFB036E11.taxon	discussion	Remarks: all specimens recorded herein were obtained under different conditions, but always in arid to desert areas, just as for the types (Teruel & Roncallo, 2008 a). The individuals from Irrujunai were all found packed together inside a tree hole, and the one from Rancherías river was found under a rock in a secondary dry forest, syntopically with Tarsoporosus macuira Teruel et Roncallo 2007. The remaining specimens were all captured in places associated with human environments: inside crevices of benches and walls in schoolyards (three specimens from Riohacha), and inside inhabited houses (one each from El Pasito and Riohacha), syntopically with Centruroides margaritatus and T. macuira. The additional specimens now available allow to assess intraspecific variability in R. caribensis, and to update its diagnosis. For example, the specimens from Irrujunai are basically light orange-brown with the dark pattern less marked, and thus, the scorpions look essentially ferrugineus to unaided eye. Also, one female from Irrujunai is smaller (43 mm), and the ones from Palomino and El Pasito are larger (52 and 55 mm, respectively) than those of the type series (48 – 50 mm). On the other hand, the undetermined male from Zulia associated by Teruel & Roncallo (2008 a: 8) to R. caribensis was re-examined and compared to the additional samples, and it was confirmed to belong to this species (see above, in New Records).	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFC1FA33FC35FBCDFE816F8C.taxon	description	Figs. 3 – 7, 12 Tityus tayrona Lourenço, 1991 a: 275, 279 – 281, figs. 3 – 4, tabs. 1 – 2; Rojas-Runjaic & Armas, 2002: 63; Botero-Trujillo & Fagua, 2007: 129 – 130, 132 – 133, figs. 11 – 15.	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFC1FA33FC35FBCDFE816F8C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (emended): species of small size (males 33 – 41 mm, females 35 – 38 mm) for the genus. Body light yellowish brown, very densely spotted with light to medium brown, tergites with three very irregular dark stripes (better defined in females and juveniles); metasomal segments I – V similarly colored (i. e., V not conspicuously darkened), telson dark reddish brown; pedipalp fingers densely spotted, in adult males with basal portion subtly infuscate. Pedipalp chela and metasomal segment V inflate and moderately globular in larger males. Sternite V with a smooth whitish patch in both sexes: always small and flat in the adults (smaller in females), but expanded and bulky in juvenile males. Dorsolateral carinae of metasomal segments II – IV with distal tooth not conspicuously enlarged. Telson vesicle feebly granulose; subaculear tubercle large and rhomboidal, with two large dorsal granules. Pedipalp fixed finger with 13 – 14 principal rows of granules, movable finger with 14 – 15; basal lobe / notch combination vestigial in males, absent in females. Pectinal tooth count 16 – 19 in males, 14 – 18 in females; basal middle lamella not dilated. New Records: COLOMBIA: Bolívar Department, Turbaco, Urbanización La Granja, 31 December 2008, leg. C. A. Roncallo, R. Roncallo & J. A. Vargas, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Sco- 0413); Turbaco Botanical Garden, 7 October 2008, leg. C. A. Roncallo & R. Roncallo, 1 juvenile (Sco- 0414).	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFC1FA33FC35FBCDFE816F8C.taxon	discussion	Remarks: the adult specimens were collected among rocks and rotten logs during a night search with UV light (02: 30 hrs), in an area which had been cleared for building purposes at an altitude of 100 m a. s. l. The juvenile was found among bracts of Heliconia flowers. In a previous paper, Teruel & García (2008 b: 10 – 12) commented on the deep taxonomic problems of the Colombian members of the “ Tityus clathratus ” speciesgroup, and made a special reference to inadequate or unreliable diagnoses of most species, including T. tayrona and T. erikae. Additional specimens studied herein allow updating and correcting the diagnosis of the former according to the current taxonomy of this group. It is worth to note here that the presence of a smooth patch in sternite V is now confirmed for both sexes of T. tayrona, as previously suggested by Teruel & García (2008: 12). This patch is small and flat in the adult male (Fig. 4 d), and even less conspicuous in adult female (Fig. 6 d); thus, it is obvious that it was simply overlooked by these authors in their specimens; this is even demonstrated in the paper by Botero-Trujillo & Fagua (2007), where this patch is explicitly stated to be absent in text page 133, but is in turn clearly shown in the figures 13 and 15 of the same paper. On the other hand, Tityus erikae was described by Lourenço (1999) on the basis of a single juvenile male, and it was originally separated from T. tayrona on the basis of only three supposedly diagnostic characters: “ ... a more intense and darker pigmentation generally, a greater distance between median eyes, [...] and the presence of a smooth and shining expanded zone on the posterior region of sternite V ... ” (Lourenço, 1999: 2; italics herein added). Juvenile Tityus have no taxonomic value at all, because they lack secondary sexual dimorphism which is critical to diagnose closely related species, and this fact alone renders both Lourenço’s diagnosis and selection of the holotype of T. erikae useless. Apart from this, the first two characters used by Lourenço are largely known to vary from juvenile through adult instars in all species of Tityus and thus cannot be used as diagnostic, so we are only left with character 3 to separate T. erikae from T. tayrona. The examination of the additional specimens of T. tayrona herein recorded (which are all clearly conspecific) confirmed that the smooth patch of sternite V is also present in T. tayrona, and that it is ontogenetically variable: in males it is expanded and bulky in the juvenile instars (see our Fig. 7 c, which shows a patch identical to that depicted in Lourenço [1999: fig. 6] for the holotype of T. erikae), and it becomes much smaller and flat in the adult instar (see our Figs. 4 d and 6 d). Apart from this, the juvenile male T. tayrona studied herein matches every point of the original description and figures of T. erikae exactly and the distribution of both taxa is also coincident, demonstrating that the holotype of the latter is merely a juvenile T. tayrona. Thus, the following synonymy is herein established: Tityus tayrona Lourenço, 1991 = Tityus erikae Lourenço, 1999, new synonym. On the other hand, some wrong information that has been published on T. tayrona needs to be corrected. First, Rojas-Runjaic & Armas (2002: 63) stated that “ ... male [...] has metasoma with the fifth segment [...] blackish ... ” (original text in Spanish, translation and italics added), but this is incorrect according to the original description (Lourenço, 1991 a: 280 – 281, figs. 3 – 4), additional illustrated papers (Lourenço, 1997: 66, figs. 3 – 4; Botero-Trujillo & Fagua, 2007: 132 – 133, figs. 12 – 15), and our specimens (Figs. 3 a – b, 4 f). Second, Botero-Trujillo & Fagua (2007: 133) stated that “ ... this species is characterized by the presence of 14 – 17 pectinal teeth ... ”, but this only applies to females as given in the original description by Lourenço (1991 a: 281; tab. 2), which also gives a range of 16 – 19 for males; our specimens confirm Lourenço's original data, and also allow to know that females may present up to 18 pectinal teeth.	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFCEFA37FF51F9DEFD656F6B.taxon	description	Figs. 8 – 9, 13; Tab. 2	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFCEFA37FF51F9DEFD656F6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (emended): species of medium size (males 40 – 41 mm, female 39 mm) for the genus. Body yellowish to dark brown, with pedipalps and metasoma distally darker; chelicerae, carapace and tergites densely but diffusely patterned with dark brown to blackish reticulations; legs immaculate, conspicuously paler than the body; pedipalps and metasoma with carinae and fingers darkened. Carapace and tergites smooth, with coriaceous to finely granulose areas symmetrically scattered. Metasoma with intercarinal tegument smooth and totally devoid of granulation on segments I – IV. Pedipalp chela robust, strongly carinated and covered by granulose reticulations on dorsoexternal surfaces. Pectinal tooth count 12 – 14 in males, 11 – 12 in females. Modal tarsal spine formula 4 / 5: 5 / 5: 6 / 6: 6 / 6. Adult Female: the specimen examined herein differs from the holotype in the following characters: (1) genital operculum completely fused by a membranous connection (Fig. 9 e); (2) genital papillae absent (Fig. 9 e); (3) pectines comparatively smaller, with 12 / 11 teeth (Fig. 9 e); (4) pedipalp chela less incrassate, with fingers longer and more slender (Figs. 9 c – d, Tab. 2); (5) metasomal segments shorter but wider (Figs. 8 a – b, 9 f – g, Tab. 2); (6) mesosoma wider and with convex sides (Figs. 8 a – b, Tab. 2); (7) overall size slightly smaller (Tab. 2); (8) color pattern somewhat darker (Figs. 8 – 9). New Record: COLOMBIA: La Guajira Department, Riohacha, 7 km beyond Colegio Sagrado Corazón, path to Rancherías river, 11 February 2009, leg. C. A. Roncallo, 1 ♀ (Sco- 0412).	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
03F387EAFFCEFA37FF51F9DEFD656F6B.taxon	discussion	Remarks: this species was described only from two adult males captured in the Colombian side of La Guajira Peninsula, but the authors hypothesized that this species was likely present also in neighboring Venezuela (Teruel & Roncallo, 2007). This prediction was soon confirmed by Rojas-Runjaic & Becerra (2008), who recorded this scorpion from a small island in the Maracaibo Gulf (Isla de Toas, Zulia Department).	en	Teruel, Rolando, Roncallo, César A. (2010): Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 105 (105): 1-15, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2010.vol2010.iss105.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2010/iss105/1/
