identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B92D6A760E442F5E4E27C30616A81D6B.text	B92D6A760E442F5E4E27C30616A81D6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesobuthus gibbosus (Brulle 1832)	<div><p>Mesobuthus gibbosus (Brullé, 1832)</p> <p>Figs. 2–15</p> <p>Material examined. BULGARIA: Pirin Mountains; under stones in open areas, 1,200-1,300 m asl, July 1972 (coll. Gallia), 1 juvenile ♀ (IES).</p> <p>Morphology. Body light yellowish orange, prosoma densely spotted with blackish brown coloration (mainly over all carinae and furrows), tergites with five blackish longitudinal stripes, legs almost entirely dark to blackish brown, chelicerae, pedipalps and metasoma with some small blackish spots. Carapace with central median and posterior median carinae joined, forming a continuous linear series of granules to posterior margin; anterior margin with 12 short, stout setae. Tergites with three strong longitudinal carinae moderately projecting beyond posterior margin, but not as spiniform processes. Metasomal segments I–IV with 10 carinae, ventrolateral carinae of segment V with posterior granules conspicuously enlarged and lobated. Chelicerae ventrally with two well-pigmented denticles in both fingers. Pedipalps with trichobothrial pattern A-β, fixed finger of chela with trichobothrium db basal to est; fingers with 12 principal rows of granules; tip of movable finger with four accessory granules just proximal to terminal denticle. Legs III–IV with a strong tibial spur; tarsi and basitarsi of all legs with two submedian rows of short, spiniform setae. Pectinal tooth count 24–22.</p> <p>Comments. The Bulgarian specimen is a small juvenile less than 35 mm long, possibly a third or fourth instar. Its color pattern is identical to other examined specimens of the same species from Lesvos Island (Aegean Sea, Greece) and Kirklareli (European Turkey), all in RTO collection, and its pectinal tooth count is diagnostic for females (Crucitti &amp; Marini, 1987; Crucitti &amp; Cicuzza, 2000). The structure of the prosomal carinae in this specimen does not match the definition of the genus Mesobuthus Vachon, 1950 as given by Sissom (1990), but it is otherwise typical for M. gibbosus (R. Teruel, unpublished data).</p> <p>This represents the first precise record of M. gibbosus from Bulgaria. Its occurrence here is not surprising, as the altitude and habitat where it was collected are typical of this species (Crucitti &amp; Marini, 1987; Crucitti &amp; Cicuzza, 2000), and it is known to occur at the same latitude in neighboring Macedonia (Kovařík, 1998, 1999) and European Turkey (R. Teruel, unpublished data). It is very possible M. gibbosus could reach Pirin Mountains directly from the south via the Struma or Mesta river basins, These two biogeographic routes are common avenues of penetration of sub-Mediterranean elements into Bulgaria (Fet, 2000). The similar dispersal strategy was mentioned for two other species of the same genus, M. caucasicus (Nordmann, 1840) and M. eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) in the Caucasus (Birula, 1917). Such a dispersal could be a recent postglacial event, or alternatively could happen during the Pleistocene interglacial periods.</p> <p>The species M. gibbosus was described from the Peloponnesus, Greece; is found in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Turkey (both European and Asian). Its formerly reported (Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 177) populations from Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, and Syria belong to different species: M. cyprius Gantenbein &amp; Kropf, 2000 on Cyprus (Gantenbein et al. 2000b) and M. nigrocinctus Ehrenberg, 1828 in Israel, Lebanon, and Syria (Fet et al., 2000). The genus Mesobuthus has an Asian center of diversity, and most likely the Asian origin, and M. gibbosus is its westernmost species (Gantenbein et al., 2003).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B92D6A760E442F5E4E27C30616A81D6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Teruel, Rolando;Fet, Victor;de Armas, Luis F.	Teruel, Rolando, Fet, Victor, de Armas, Luis F. (2004): A note on the scorpions from the Pirin Mountains, south- western Bulgaria (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius 14 (14): 1-11, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2004.vol2004.iss14.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2004/iss14/1/
B92D6A760E412F5E4E26C1CE10A61D29.text	B92D6A760E412F5E4E26C1CE10A61D29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euscorpius hadzii Caporiacco 1950	<div><p>Euscorpius hadzii Caporiacco, 1950</p> <p>Material examined. BULGARIA: Pirin Mountains, western part (Sandanski District), above village Ilindentsi near entrance of Sharaliiskata Peshtera cave, 1,600 m asl, 3 May 1999 (coll. B. Petrov), 1 ♂ (VF).</p> <p>Comments. For detailed description and discussion of this species see Fet &amp; Soleglad (2002: 24–30) who elevated E. hadzii to species level, redescribed it, and designated a neotype from Albania (Prokletije Mts.). Further statistical analysis of morphology of this species in Bulgaria is provided by Fet &amp; Soleglad (in press). The species is found in Albania, Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Serbia &amp; Montenegro, and Macedonia. In Bulgaria, E. hadzii is common in the southwest (along valleys of Struma and Mesta to the Rila Mountains), as far toward northwest as Kyustendil area (Osogovska Planina Mts.), with single records from Western Rhodopes (Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2002; Fet &amp; Soleglad, in press). E. hadzii evidently used the same route for dispersal into Bulgaria as mentioned above for M. gibbosus (Struma and Mesta valleys). The sole record from Pirin is undoubtedly due to poor representation of this area in collections. The high altitude at which E. hadzii is found in Pirin matches its record in Albania (Boga, Maya Tchardakut) at the 1,400 – 1,600 m (Fet, 2000, as “Group B, Subgroup B2”).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B92D6A760E412F5E4E26C1CE10A61D29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Teruel, Rolando;Fet, Victor;de Armas, Luis F.	Teruel, Rolando, Fet, Victor, de Armas, Luis F. (2004): A note on the scorpions from the Pirin Mountains, south- western Bulgaria (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius 14 (14): 1-11, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2004.vol2004.iss14.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2004/iss14/1/
B92D6A760E412F504C86C1A216471CBB.text	B92D6A760E412F504C86C1A216471CBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euscorpius carpathicus (Linnaeus 1767) Thorell 1876	<div><p>Euscorpius sp. 1 (“ carpathicus complex ”)</p> <p>Figs. 16–17, Table 1</p> <p>Material examined. BULGARIA: Pirin Mountains; under stones in open areas, 1,200–1,300 m asl, July 1972 (coll. Gallia), 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, 1 juvenile ♂ (IES). Pirin Mountains, southern part, 900 m asl, 14 April 1996 (coll. B. Petrov), 1 ♀ (VF). Pirin Mountains, northern part, Pirin National Park, ca. 9 km south of Bansko; under stones, 1,200 m asl, 9 May 1990 (coll. P. Ganev), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (RTO).</p> <p>Morphology. A medium-sized scorpion (adults 30– 35 mm long). Body orange brown, with subtle infuscation on the anterior half of prosoma; pedipalps reddish with all carinae blackish and fingertips yellowish; legs, venter and telson yellowish brown. Metasoma moderately slender and with strongly reduced carination, particularly in females; segments I–IV with dorsolateral carinae very weak, finely but irregularly granulose, all other carinae smooth and obsolete to absent; segment V with ventromedian and ventrolateral carinae very weak and irregularly granulose; telson vesicle conspicuously enlarged in adult males, oval slender in females. Cutting edges of pedipalp fingers with a very strong basal scallop in adult males, contiguous in females; movable finger with a well developed median lobe in adults of both sexes, but much stronger in males. Modal trichobothrial pattern of patella: eb = 4, eba = 4, esb = 2, em = 4, est = 4, et = 5, v = 7. Pectinal tooth count 8– 8 in males, 7– 7 in females.</p> <p>Comments. The trichobothrial counts of pedipalp patella among the nine examined specimens were as follows (in parenthesis, number of scored pedipalps): external: eb = 3 (1), 4 (17), eba = 4 (18), esb = 2 (18), em = 4 (18), est = 4 (18), et = 5 (17) and 6 (1), v = 6 (5), 7 (13). Patellar trichobothrial series eba, esb, em, and est showed fixed counts. The value for et series was predominantly 5, which is the lowest recorded number for the “ carpathicus complex”. The ventral series, as is usual in the “ carpathicus complex”, showed the highest variation with individual counts as follows: v = 7–7 (5 specimens), v = 7–6 (2), v = 6–7 (1) and v = 6–6 (1). There are some minor differences in configurations of some trichobothrial external series (Fig. 4), but this is a common trend among species of Euscorpius (see Scherabon, 1987; Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2002; Gantenbein et al., 2003; Kovařík &amp; Fet, 2003).</p> <p>Traditionally treated as one species widespread in Europe (from Baleares to Crimea; Caporiacco, 1950; Ćurčič, 1972; Valle, 1975; see Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000 for the detailed if convoluted taxonomic history), “ E. carpathicus complex” is a complicated group of species currently under revision using both morphological and molecular techniques (Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2002; Fet et al., 2003b; Gantenbein et al., 2001, 2002). Currently, seven species are recognized in this complex, with E. carpathicus (L., 1767) sensu stricto restricted to southwestern Romania (Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2002). Within Bulgaria, populations of this complex are widespread both in the northern and southern parts of the country, with a considerable morphological variation (Fet, 2000) For the large portion of the complex range in the Balkans, however, the taxonomy is not defined or is defined only partially. Further investigation of “ carpathicus complex” from Bulgaria (Fet &amp; Soleglad, in press) as well as Greece and other Balkan areas (Fet &amp; Soleglad, in progress) will shed more light at the species structure of this complex. The Pirin specimens fall into the area of the Balkans for which taxonomic identity and geographic patterns of taxa and their populations are not yet determined. It is likely that a number of new species will be described in future to accommodate a considerable diversity of this complex in the Balkans.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B92D6A760E412F504C86C1A216471CBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Teruel, Rolando;Fet, Victor;de Armas, Luis F.	Teruel, Rolando, Fet, Victor, de Armas, Luis F. (2004): A note on the scorpions from the Pirin Mountains, south- western Bulgaria (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius 14 (14): 1-11, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2004.vol2004.iss14.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2004/iss14/1/
B92D6A760E4F2F524E06C37215C01CFF.text	B92D6A760E4F2F524E06C37215C01CFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euscorpius mingrelicus (Kessler 1874) Thorell 1876	<div><p>Euscorpius sp. 2 (“ mingrelicus complex”)</p> <p>Figs. 18–19, Table 1</p> <p>Material examined. BULGARIA: Pirin Mountains, under stones in open areas, 1,200–1,300 m asl, July 1972 (coll. Gallia), 1 subadult ♂ (IES).</p> <p>Morphology. Small scorpion (subadult male about 23 mm long, adults probably under 30 mm). Body light orange brown, with prosoma, tergites, metasoma and legs strongly marbled with dark brown; pedipalps reddish with carinae conspicuously darker; chelicerae, legs and telson yellowish. Metasoma short, slender and cylindrical in shape, with all carinae obsolete to absent; telson vesicle moderately enlarged. Trichobothrial patellar pattern: eb = 4, eba = 4, esb = 2, em = 3, est = 3–4, et = 4, v = 6; fixed finger et -est / est -dsb ratio = 2.17. Pectinal tooth count 7–7.</p> <p>Comments. Even though the studied specimen is not an adult, it clearly shows all characters defining the “ mingrelicus complex” of the subgenus Alpiscorpius (obsolescence of metasomal carination, et -est / est -dsb ratio ≥ 1.5), which otherwise are not age correlated. This represents the first record of this species complex and subgenus from Bulgaria. Its presence in this country is not surprising, however, as members of this complex are widely distributed over the western Balkan Peninsula (Fet, 2000; Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000).</p> <p>Fet (1993) reviewed all known distribution and taxonomic composition of the species (sensu lato) Euscorpius mingrelicus (Kessler, 1874) which was originally described from Georgia (Caucasus) but later redefined (Bonacina, 1980) as a part of the former species Euscorpius germanus (C. L. Koch, 1837). The latter species is in fact limited to the Alpine zone of Europe (Gantenbein et al., 2000a). Traditionally treated as one species widespread from the Alps to Caucasus (Bonacina, 1980; see Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000 for the taxonomic history), “ E. mingrelicus complex” is currently under revision using both morphological and molecular techniques (Fet, 2000; Gantenbein et al., 2000a; Sherabon et al., 2000; Fet et al., 2003; etc.). Currently, three species are recognized in this complex, with E. mingrelicus (Kessler, 1874) sensu stricto ranging from Bosnia to Caucasus (Fet, 1993; Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000); however, this division is clearly not satisfactory. Fet (2000) described E. beroni from the high mountains of Albania (Prokletije), and Scherabon et al. (2000) demonstrated a separate status of E. gamma Caporiacco from the northeastern part of the geographic range of this complex (northeastern Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, and Austria). For ecology and distribution of E. gamma in Slovenia and Austria, see also Scherabon (1987), Fet et al. (2001), and Komposch et al. (2001). Together with “ germanus complex”, the “ mingrelicus complex” comprises the subgenus Alpiscorpius Gantenbein et al., 1999.</p> <p>For the large part of the “ mingrelicus complex”, the taxonomy is not defined or is defined partially. There are formally seven valid subspecies of E. mingrelicus from Balkans to Anatolia (Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000), and status of these forms is still unclear. The high genetic diversity of populations within Turkey (Fet et al., 2003a) indicates a possibility of cryptic species as recently discovered in the related Alpine “ germanus complex” (Gantenbein et al., 2000a). Further investigation of the “ mingrelicus complex” from the Balkans and Anatolia will be needed to establish into the species structure of this complex. The Pirin specimen falls into the range of “ mingrelicus complex” for which taxonomic identity of populations is not yet determined. It is an important biogeographic find—the first specimen of this complex from Bulgaria, and most likely a glacial relict.</p> <p>General Remarks</p> <p>Even though the examined material is scarce (only 12 specimens), it demonstrates a rather high species diversity (four species) for a single locality in the Pirin Mountains of Bulgaria. While it is not unusual to find two or three different species of Euscorpius sympatrically in Europe (Fet, 2000; Fet &amp; Braunwalder, 2000), their precise cohabitation depends on ecological heterogeneity of the area, and the Alpine-like Pirin massif in southwestern Bulgaria indeed provides such diversity of habitats. In addition, Mesobuthus gibbosus record from Pirin represents the most peripheral record of this species in the northern part of its geographic range. Combination of Mesobuthus and Euscorpius scorpion faunal elements is a typical Aegean-Anatolian feature, as representatives of these two genera are very common and sympatric all over Greece and Turkey, including most islands of the Aegean Sea.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B92D6A760E4F2F524E06C37215C01CFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Teruel, Rolando;Fet, Victor;de Armas, Luis F.	Teruel, Rolando, Fet, Victor, de Armas, Luis F. (2004): A note on the scorpions from the Pirin Mountains, south- western Bulgaria (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius 14 (14): 1-11, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2004.vol2004.iss14.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2004/iss14/1/
