taxonID	type	description	language	source
F74CBC70FFA72F3E9DD3FC35FC2EF03D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Mixotrephes (Pictotrephes) pictus sp. nov., by present designation.	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFA72F3E9DD3FC35FC2EF03D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body shape, lateral cephalonotal carina, size of cephalonotum, length of rostrum, general shape of right paramere, and structures of first valvulae of ovipositor as typical for the genus Mixotrephes. Ground colour chiefly blackish; with some yellow marks (Figs. 1 – 6). Cephalonotum (posteriorly) and mesoscutellum coarsely sculptured with minute tubercles (in addition to punctures). Mesoscutellum wide, with conspicuously convex sides (Fig. 9). Midventral abdominal carinae on sterna 2 – 6. Process of pygophore low and round. Aedeagus simple, unmodified, evenly tapered towards round apex. Subgenital plate of female unmodified, broad, posteriorly widely rounded.	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFA72F3E9DD3FC35FC2EF03D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Compound from ‘ pictus ’, referring to the type species, and ‘ trephes ’, meaning inhabitant, the most frequent ending of generic epithets in Helotrephidae. Gender: masculine. Comparative notes and discussion. The new subgenus is erected for the single species M. (P.) pictus sp. nov. Mixotrephes pictus does not fit well in any generic taxon of Limnotrephini. Its provisional placement in Mixotrephes is based on overall similarities, such as the body shape, coloration, median length of cephalonotum not exceeding half the length of the body, lateral cephalonotal carina arrow-wise penetrating onto the ocular area, lateral pronotal plate without insinuation at the meeting point with genal plate, triangular propleural plate with acuminate apex, short labium reaching between fore coxae, type of pygophore with spur-like process in males, and shape of the 1 st valvulae in females. But it cannot be placed in any of the subgenera, Mixotrephes s. str. and Thermotrephes, because of differences in some characters diagnostic for them (see Tab. 1). A study of Limnotrephini phylogeny is still not available. However, by comparison of several characters, Pictotrephes seems to take a very basal position in Mixotrephes, if not in the entire tribe Limnotrephini (see also below). The supposedly plesiomorphic characters of Pictotrephes, that support its basal position, at the same time distinguish it from one or both congeneric subgenera: weakly modified midsternal thoracic carina; simple aedeagus (phallosoma) without apical modification; simple, almost unmodified subgenital plate of the female; and first valvulae of ovipositor with dense cluster of apical bristles (compare Fig. 16 and Fig. 8 in PAPÁČEK & ZETTEL (2008: 89 )). Two plesiomorphic characters of Pictotrephes are worth to be discussed: (i) Medial carinae of abdominal sterna, formed by separated lamellae with posteroventral tips, are located on sterna 2 – 6 in both sexes (but only minute in male). Extension to sternum 6 is a synplesiomorphy with Pleidae (Pleoidea) (see also discussion on this character by PAPÁČEK & ZETTEL (2006: 29, 30 )). However, the simple reduction of carinae on sterna 5 and 6 (in varying extent) is probably not a synapomorphy of all other Limnotrephini genera (see similar convergencies in Helotrephini). (ii) The process on the male’s pygophore (= ‘ spur-like process’ in other Limnotrephini) is weakly developed as compared to other genera (see also discussion in PAPÁČEK et al. (1989: 120, 121 )). Also here, we can see only gradual differences. A few characteristics of Pictotrephes subgen. nov. are unique within Limnotrephini and appear strongly derived: The relatively wide and convex mesoscutellum (compare Figs. 9 and 10) and the tuberculate sculpture of cephalonotum and mesoscutellum. Both are considered to be autapomorphies. Accumulation of plesiomorphic characters of Pictotrephes subgen. nov. showing its possible basal position in the whole genus or in the tribe Limnotrephini respectively, and its provisional placing in Mixotrephes based on overall similarities (cluster – or combination of characters respectively), can suggest that present genus Mixotrephes is paraphyletic.	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFA32F3C9D6AFDFAFBB1F1FC.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 6, 9, 11 – 16)	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFA32F3C9D6AFDFAFBB1F1FC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: J (brachypterous, based on structures of forewing), ‘ LAOS, CHAMPASAK prov. / Bolavens Plateau / ca. 1 km S Ban Lak 40 [vill.] / TAD YUEANG waterfall, 900 - 970 m / 15 ° 10.8 ’ N, 106 ° 08.3 ’ E / Jiří Hájek leg. 28. iv. 2010 ’ (NMPC). PARATYPES: 4 ♀♀ (brachypterous, based on structures of forewing), same labels as holotype (3 ♀♀ in NMPC, 1 ♀ in NHMW).	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFA32F3C9D6AFDFAFBB1F1FC.taxon	description	Description. Size: Body length of male 1.30 mm, of females 1.26 – 1.38 mm. Maximum body width (= pronotum width) of male 0.89 mm, of females 0.88 – 0.94 mm. Eye index (= minimum eye distance: maximum eye width) of male 2.8, of females 2.7 – 2.9. Colour (Figs. 1 – 6): Dorsum chiefly blackish. Male (Figs. 1 – 3) cephalonotum with pair of yellow spots near posterolateral margin and with narrow yellow lateral margins; distal margin on hemielytron yellowish, almost transparent. Female (e. g., Figs. 4 – 6) cephalonotum, mesoscutellum and hemielytra with several yellow marks of varying shape and extension. Venter of head and thorax mostly yellowish brown, of abdomen dark brown. Legs dark yellow. Structural characteristics of brachypterous morph: Head part of cephalonotum with sparse, small punctures, shiny, only at sides weakly tuberculate. Pronotal part of cephalonotum and mesoscutellum tuberculate, each tubercle sloping posteriorly, i. e. posterior slope steeper. Hemielytron with very large, deep punctures; most anterior part with a few small, intermittent tubercles. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 9) wide with conspicuously convex lateral margins. Rostrum short, almost reaching level of posteroventral corner of prosternal carina; segment 4 ca. 1.5 times as long as segment 3. Forewing without claval and embolar sutures. Hindwings micropterous (examined only in one species). Midventral carinae weakly modified: Prosternal carina with almost rectangular posteroventral corner; mesosternal carina short and acute; metasternal carina with straight ventral outline, posteroventral corner weakly elevated; carinae of abdominal sterna 2 – 3 pointed, of abdominal sterna 4 – 6 present as low tubercles, on sternum 6 only in anterior part (in male less distinct than in female). Terminalia of male (Figs. 11 – 14): Abdominal sternum 8 (Fig. 14) slightly asymmetrical, round, longer than wide, processing more caudally on the right side. Pygophore with low, rounded process. Aedeagus simple, phallosoma (Fig. 11) straight, pin-shaped, slightly flattened, with tapered, bluntly rounded, unmodified apex; somewhat longer than both parameres. Left paramere (Fig. 12) slightly longer that right one; basally robust with wide, round posterior lamella, distally hook-shaped with very conspicuous dense and long setae. Right paramere (Fig. 13) nearly upright, apically antero-posteriorly flattened, spoon shaped; only with few minute setae on posterior surface. Terminalia of female (Figs. 15, 16): Subgenital plate (= abdominal sternum 7; Fig. 15) unmodified, with broad posterior lobe and only slightly concave lateral margins (this concavity only discernable under high magnification). Proximal part of this plate brown, middle and posterior area dark brown, posteromedial lobe with beige-brown, round spot at hind margin. First valvulae (Fig. 16) of the Mixotrephes type, with cluster of robust, peg-shaped, both short and long, thick setae (macrotrichia) on apical lobe, and with numerous microtrichia scattered on well pigmented area proximally to this cluster (microtricha and differences in macrotrichia are visible only under high magnification of about 400 × on microslide). Comparative notes. Mixotrephes (Pictotrephes) pictus sp. nov. differs from all congeners by coarse sculpture of cephalonotum, mesoscutellum and hemielytra, wide mesoscutellum, ventral medial carina on abdominal sternum 6 that is absent in other Mixotrephes species, unmodified aedeagus, hook-shaped, densely hirsute apex of the left paramere, and unmodified subgenital plate of female (for comparison with characters of congeners see Tab. 1).	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFA32F3C9D6AFDFAFBB1F1FC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet pictus means painted and refers to the spotted pattern of the female’s hemielytra; adjective. Habitat (Figs 7, 8). This species was sampled in minute puddles on rock surface in the ‘ spray zone’ of a waterfall. Small water beetles Microdytes sp. (Dytiscidae) and Laccobius (Glyptolaccobius) sp. (Hydrophilidae) (Jiří Hájek, pers. comm.) were also present in the collected samples. It is assumed that this species is part of a complex zoocoenose inhabiting petrolimnic to hygropetric zones of banks along fast streams with rapids and waterfalls.	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFA32F3C9D6AFDFAFBB1F1FC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the type locality in the Bolaven Plateau, southern Laos.	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFAE2F339CFCFF18FC01F704.taxon	description	PAPÁČEK et al. (1989: 112 – 114, 119 – 120) and PAPÁČEK & ZETTEL (2006: 29; 2008: 88) described and discussed differences among the hind wing macro-, brachy-, and micropterous morph of Mixotrephes species. However, below presented new sample of M. punctatus from India contained hindwing micropterous specimens whose habitus somewhat differs from the situations known from until recently collected material of micropterous pteromorph of this species.	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFAE2F339CFCFF18FC01F704.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 5 JJ 2 ♀♀ (hindwing-micropterous), ‘ INDIA, MEGHALAYA STATE (10) / E Khasi Hills, 11 km SW Cherra- / punjee, Laitkynsew, 21 - 24. iv. / 2008, 25 ° 13 ’ N 91 ° 39 ’ E, 810 m / Fikáček, Podskalská, Šipek lgt. ’ // ‘ seepage: wet rocks with algae / blue algae / moss ca. 1.5 - 2 km / via rd. from “ Cherapunjee Holid. / Resort ” in direct. Cherapunjee, / exposed’ (NMPC). Notes on hindwing-polymorphism. Alcohol-stored specimens in this series are relatively pale – if compared with the type series – and with semi-transparent hemielytra. This makes the strong reduction of hindwings visible without preparation. PAPÁČEK & ZETTEL (2008) described the hindwing-brachypterous morph and the hind wings of three dissected specimens. In fact the type series includes also micropterous specimens with vestigial, unstructured hind wings. It seems that there is a slight difference in colour (micropterous specimens tend to be paler) and body shape (micropterous specimens tend to be more gracile). Notes on habitat. The original description (PAPÁČEK & ZETTEL 2008) of M. punctatus does not contain information on the species’ habitat. The new material of M. punctatus was sampled under semi-terrestrial, hygropetric conditions. The locality has been described in detail by FIKÁČEK & ŠÍPKOVÁ (2009: 34: Locality # 2 + Fig. 2): ‘ Samples were collected from a series of wet rocks on a steep slope along the road from Laitkynsew to Cherrapunjee, ca 1.5 – 2.0 km from the Cherrapunjee Holiday Resort. The rocks are extensively exposed and covered with various kinds of algae and blue algae, one species of the algae / blue algae seem to dominate on each part of the seepages, resulting in a patchy mosaic of mats with a different appearance; some parts are overgrown with moss’. This microhabitat harboured rich zoocenosis of various aquatic Coleoptera and Heteroptera (FIKÁČEK & ŠÍPKOVÁ 2009, GENTILI & FIKÁČEK 2009, SHORT 2009). ‘ Nanotrephes sp. ’ listed from this locality by FIKÁČEK & ŠÍPKOVÁ (2009) is actually M. punctatus. Their habitat conditions are probably the same or similar to the ones known for Mixotrephes (Thermotrephes) thermophilus (see e. g., PAPÁČEK & KOVAC (2001) and PAPÁČEK & ZETTEL (2006) for discussion) and Mixotrephes (Pictotrephes) pictus sp. nov.	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
F74CBC70FFAE2F339CFCFF18FC01F704.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The new material originates from the same area as the type series, i. e., the surrounding of Cherrapunjee in the Khasi Hills (PAPÁČEK & ZETTEL 2008).	en	Papáček, Miroslav, Zettel, Herbert (2011): A new subgenus and species of Mixotrephes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Laos and notes on Mixotrephes punctatus. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51 (2): 397-406, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5328257
