taxonID	type	description	language	source
FA6887BEFF82AF6CFE46FE87608D3717.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: J, INDIA: KERALA: Wayanad, Vythiri Resort, near small stream, 1. – 19. ii. 2007, coll. M. E. Irwin (Malaise trap); deposited ZSI-WGRC (No: ZSI / WGRC / IR / IV / 4471).	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF82AF6CFE46FE87608D3717.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. A small Horaiella, total length 0.99. Palpus 3 - segmented; wing length less than 2 mm, radial fork arising basal to the apex of R 2 + 3, medial fork arising at level of R 2 + 3 apex; terminalia with gonostyli gradually curved at base and apex, 9 th tergum with lateral lobes digitiform, directed posterolaterally; cerci each with row of conical setae inserted posterodorsally, appearing pectinate.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF82AF6CFE46FE87608D3717.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 1 – 5): Measurements (n = 1): head height 0.26; head width (not measured); wing length 1.67; wing width 0.47; head with transverse row of ten elongate, rigid setae inserted anterodorsally; eyes rounded, dichoptic, widely separated; antenna with 17 articles; scape inconspicuous, about ½ the length of pedicel, slightly recessed within frons; pedicel globular; flagellomere one about 1.5 × as long as f 2; f 2 – 12 gradually decreasing in length, f 13 appearing swollen, wider than preceding flagellomeres, f 14 slightly longer than preceding flagellomere, apical flagellomere about 1 / 3 the length of preceding flagellomere; f 1 – 12 with a single digitiform ascoid inserted ventrally to ventrolaterally about ¼ the length from apex of f 1 and mid-length on f 2 – 12. Palpus with three segments; palp segment two with numerous hyaline sensilla inserted posteromedially; palp segment proportions 1 - 1 - 1.5. Thorax (Figs 1, 4). Wing with radial fork arising basal to the apex of R 2 + 3, medial fork arising at level of R 2 + 3 apex; branches of medial fork divergent in comparison to those of radial fork; Sc ending in R 1, R s with three branches, M with four branches. Foretibiae each with spur-like projection inserted posteroapically; spur-like projection with a row of four conspicuous setae and one smaller seta inserted distally on its medial surface. Terminalia (Fig. 5). unrotated, epandrium placed dorsally; epandrium with digitiform lobes posteriorly; lobes directed posterolaterally; gonostyli gradually curved at base and apex, sinuous in dorsal view, slightly longer than gonocoxites; cerci each with row of conical setae inserted posterodorsally, appearing pectinate, with one prominent clavate seta inserted dorsomedially; aedeagus bifurcate, branches divergent; parameres fleshy, bilobed posteriorly, encircling aedeagus.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF82AF6CFE46FE87608D3717.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin adjective pectinatus, meaning “ comblike, toothed ” in reference to the remarkable cerci of this species; both have a row of tooth-like setae arranged in the shape of a comb.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF82AF6CFE46FE87608D3717.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Recorded only from the type locality.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF82AF6CFE46FE87608D3717.taxon	discussion	Comments. It is generally not advisable to describe a species based on a single specimen. In doing so, there is a greater possibility that interspecific variation will be overlooked and / or morphology will be misinterpreted; however, in some cases there are valid reasons to take this chance. Horaiella is a taxon that is rarely collected and most species of this group are described from limited material. For H. pectinata sp. nov., the excellently preserved holotype presented a unique opportunity to adequately describe a species of this poorly known genus from a region where it was not previously known to occur. Given the unique morphology of the new species, it is impossible to confuse it with other described species. Nonetheless, collection of additional material will make it possible to understand the morphology in greater detail. Horaiella, and consequentially Horaiellinae, previously included four described species: H. prodigiosa Tonnoir, 1933 and H. consimilis Tonnoir, 1933 from West Bengal, H. kuatunensis Alexander, 1953 from southeastern China, and H. iota Curler, 2006 from central Thailand (CURLER et al. 2006). Horaiella pectinata sp. nov. increases the total number of described species to five. Based on the wing venation, three palp segments (as opposed to four in Himalayan and Chinese species), and the small body size (compared to Himalayan and Chinese species), H. pectinata is most similar to H. iota. Nonetheless, the aforementioned similarities are somewhat superficial given there are also marked differences in the genitalia of these two species. Most notably, H. iota does not have cerci developed for clasping, while H. pectinata does not have distinct parameres with the setose lobes found in all other described Horaiella. Lastly, the lack of torsion in the male genitalia of H. pectinata is a significant difference from the other described species. Horaiella remains restricted to the Oriental Region; however, the significant variations in morphology among known species of this group, as well as the relatively discontinuous distribution suggest that more species remain to be discovered. Indeed, more species need to be examined before it willbe possible to characterize the subfamily adequately and determine relationships within Horaiellinae.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF85AF6FFE09FF4F600C3320.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: J, INDIA: KERALA: Wayanad, Vythiri Resort, near small stream, 1. – 19. ii. 2007, coll. M. E. Irwin (Malaise trap); deposited ZSI-WGRC (No: ZSI / WGRC / IR / IV / 4472). PARATYPES: 1 J 9 ♀♀, same data as holotype (1 J and 1 ♀ deposited USNM, 8 ♀♀ deposited ZSI-WGRC).	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF85AF6FFE09FF4F600C3320.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Wing ovate, posterior margin slightly more convex than anterior, with patches of light infuscation apically on longitudinal veins; gonostyli bifurcate along apical 1 / 3, with ventral rami slightly longer than dorsal rami; epandrial claspers sinuous apically. Female. Wing similar to male, sexual dimorphism not pronounced; sternum 8 with prominent bulge medially, posterior emargination U-shaped.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF85AF6FFE09FF4F600C3320.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 6 – 8, 10 – 12). Measurements (n = 2): head width 0.42 mm (0.41 – 0.46), head height 0.50 mm (0.48 – 0.52), wing length 2.30 mm (2.20 – 2.40), wing width 1.05 mm (1.00 – 1.10), palp segment proportion: 1.00 - 2.67 - 2.67 - 3.34. Head: frontal setae alveoli patch trapezoidal, without posterior extension; antennae with 16 articles, with scape approximately 1.5 times longer than wide; flagellomeres nodiform, with nodes exerted slightly medially; ascoids with 2 – 3 digitiform branches, arranged in single row around each node. Wing: ovate, with posterior margin slightly more convex than anterior margin; medial fork incomplete in some specimens, basal to radial fork, both forks arising basal to apex of M 4. Terminalia: gonocoxites approximately three times longer than wide, with anterodorsal extensions touching medially; gonostyli globular at base, with apical 2 / 3 curved medially, constricted, apical 1 / 3 bifurcate; rami digitiform, with ventral ramus slightly longer than ventral ramus; parameral sheath tapered from base to apex, closely fitting shape of aedeagus; paramere visible as central acuminate sclerite, articulated with basal portion; basal portion of paramere obscured in holotype and paratype; distal part of aedeagus comprised of a single V-shaped sclerite in dorsal view, articulated with ejaculatory apodeme at apex; epandrium about 1.5 times as long as wide; epandrial claspers elongate, about 1.5 times the length of epandrium, with approximately 10 tenacula inserted dorsoapically; tenacula with apices frayed, not bifurcate. Female (Fig. 9). Wing: ovate, posterior margin slightly more convex than anterior, proportionally less convex than in male; M 2 complete at base. Terminalia: sternum 8 with prominent bulge medially; bulge covered externally by setae alveoli; posterior lobes of sternum 8 setose, tapered slightly, rounded apically in ventral view; deeply emarginated posteriorly; posterior emargination U-shaped.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF85AF6FFE09FF4F600C3320.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Jan Ježek, in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of Psychodidae.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF85AF6FFE09FF4F600C3320.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Recorded only from the type locality.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF85AF6FFE09FF4F600C3320.taxon	discussion	Comments. With the exception of Gondwanoscurus socotrensis Ježek & Tkoč, 2012, described from the northeastern part of the Afrotropical Region (Socotra Island), most species of this genus have been described from the central or eastern part of the Oriental Region including Thailand, Malaysia and northern Borneo (Malaysia, Sabah) (CURLER 2009). Gondwanoscurus jezeki sp. nov. represents the first record of this genus for India and the westernmost record in the Oriental Region. Similarities between G. socotrensis and G. jezeki are striking (e. g. infuscated wing membrane at the apices of longitudinal veins, paramere with conical distal appendage) and the two species are undoubtedly close relatives. Perhaps the most obvious difference between G. jezeki and other species of Gondwanoscurus is the shape of the epandrial claspers, being sinuous (most visible in lateral view). Gondwanoscurus jezeki also differs from G. socotrensis in that the male wing is not significantly broader in the male as in the latter species. Females of G. socotrensis and G. jezeki are also similar, differing only in the shape of sternum 8: the former has a posterior emargination V-shaped while that in the latter is U-shaped. Specimens of G. jezeki were fixed in a way that made maceration difficult and incomplete. Despite this circumstance, most characters were readily visible – including some structures (male genital tract) that are not often preserved when caustic reagents are used for maceration. Based on an examination of G. jezeki, it is desirable to see the entire male genital tract of other species in Psychodinae in order to determine whether there is any variation in these structures among genera.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF87AF6FFE8BFDCF600332B7.taxon	discussion	Comments. Gondwanoscurus arcuatus, described from Nepal, is a species of this genus previously overlooked by JEŽEK (2002) and CURLER (2009). Relatively few illustrations were given in the original description, making it difficult to compare with other Gondwanoscurus. Nonetheless, figures of the male genitalia provided by VAILLANT (1965) confirm at least that G. arcuatus is more similar to the species from western India and Socotra Island than to any other congeners. Overall, the male genitalia of G. arcuatus, G. jezeki and G. socotrensis are similar, with differences mainly in the length of structures (e. g. gonocoxites, rami of gonostyli, epandrial claspers).	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF87AF61FE12FC5962173200.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: J, INDIA: KERALA: Wayanad, Vythiri Resort, near small stream, 1. – 19. ii. 2007, coll. M. E. Irwin (Malaise trap); deposited ZSI-WGRC (No: ZSI / WGRC / IR / IV / 4473). PARATYPES: 2 JJ, same data as holotype; deposited ZSI-WGRC and USNM.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF87AF61FE12FC5962173200.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Ascoids appearing ribbed, with anterior and posterior margins scalloped (Fig. 15); gonostyli dorsoventrally compressed along apical half, each with prominent paired, spathiform setae inserted dorsally.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF87AF61FE12FC5962173200.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 13 – 16). Measurements (n = 3): head width 0.28 mm, head height 0.33 mm (0.32 – 0.36), wing length 1.63 mm (1.56 – 1.70), wing width 0.63 mm (0.60 – 0.66), palpomere proportion: 1.00 - 2.50 - 2.50 - 3.50. Eye bridge as in other Saximormia, with four facet rows touching at median; frontal setae alveoli patch quadrate, without median dorsal projection. Antennae: scape about as long as wide; flagellomeres nodiform, most with several basiconic sensilla inserted apically on node; ascoids present on f 1 – 14, appearing ribbed, with anterior and posterior margins scalloped reminiscent of a pleated lamp shade; f 14 with apical process digitiform, approximately as long as node. Wing with Sc connected apically to R 1, radial and medial fork arising basal to apex of M 4, medial fork incomplete, R 5 apex posterior to wing apex. Terminalia: hypandrium inconspicuous, band-like, without modification; gonocoxites flat at base, globular at apex, with bases fused dorsomedially; gonocoxal apodemes dorsoventrally compressed, plate-like, similar to ball and socket type (of Maruinini); gonostyli nearly three times as long as gonocoxites, dorsoventrally compressed along apical half, each with prominent paired, spathiform setae inserted dorsally; aedeagus clearly symmetrical, acuminate apically; parameres fused dorsally, encricling aedeagus, with a conical, moveable appendage dorsally; posterior appendage of paramere directed posterodorsally when at rest, directed anterodorsally when gonopods opened; epandrium hexagonal in dorsal view, about 1.5 times wider than long; hypoproct prominent, tongue-shaped, with dentation posteriorly; epandrial claspers tapered from base to apex, curved dorsally, each with seven tenacula inserted dorsoapically; tenacula frayed apically.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF87AF61FE12FC5962173200.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin gladiator, meaning “ swordsman ” in reference to the conspicuous, spathiform (sword-like) setae on the male gonostyli. Noun in apposition.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF87AF61FE12FC5962173200.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Recorded only from the type locality.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
FA6887BEFF87AF61FE12FC5962173200.taxon	discussion	Comments. Saximormia gladiator represents the first record of this genus for India, and the westernmost record for the Oriental Region. Only three species of Saximormia Ježek, 1984 have previously been described (JEŽEK 2010), and while their morphology is generally similar, S. gladiator is clearly unique due to the presence of prominent setae on the gonostyli. Few specimens of S. gladiator were available for study, and those that were did not slide mount in a way that was entirely conducive to studying genitalic morphology.	en	Curler, Gregory R., Priyadarsanan, Dharma Rajan, Atree (2015): Descriptions of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Western Ghats of India. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 55 (2): 473-483, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372805
