identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039D8783FF85E11851F53CBD3B40ED35.text	039D8783FF85E11851F53CBD3B40ED35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium redimitum Borge 1899	<div><p>Cosmarium redimitum Borge (1899: 18)</p> <p>Cosmarium redimitum was described by Borge (1899) based on material associated with Utricularia L. collected in Guyana. It is an endemic species from South America (Förster 1982, Coesel 1996), with records until present for Guiana (Borge 1899), Venezuela (Salazar &amp; Guarrera 2000), French Guiana (Thérézien 1985, Oliveira 2000), Colombia (Coesel 1992, Duque et al. 2013), Argentina (Couté &amp; Tell 1981), and Brazil (Borge 1925, Grönblad 1945, Förster 1964, 1969, Thomasson 1971, Sophia &amp; Dias 1996, Bicudo et al. 2019, Saturtino et al. 2020). Thus, it has a known distribution between the 10th parallel north and 30th parallel south. This southern limit corresponds to the Corrientes region, Argentina, which according to Tell (1980) is the distribution limit for many tropical desmid species from American continent.</p> <p>That species is characterized by having elongate cells, subcircular semicells with apices slightly truncate, cell wall with intumescences distributed all over the sides, surrounded by several punctae, and with a noteworthy apical crown of tubercles (ca. 6-7 in frontal view, and ca. 13 in apical view).</p> <p>Nevertheless, there are different interpretations of some morphological features of this species, which naturally depends on the authors’ point of view and the tools used by them. For example, originally, Borge (1899) reported the presence of scrobicles on the face of semicells, surrounded by punctations. Such observation has been reported also by Förster (1982: Pl. 28, fig. 3), and Bicudo et al. (2019: 204, fig. 158). In LM, in fact those structures resemble somewhat large scrobicles. However, under SEM analyses, those “scrobicles” actually are intumescences similar to plates, which are approximately hexagonal and surrounded by punctations (Figs. 1-2), as represented by Couté &amp; Tell (1981: 91, Pl. XV, figs. 3- 4), and Duque et al. (2013, Appendix 1, Fig. C). There are some other interesting SEM photos provided by Oliveira (2000) based on material collected in French Guiana (228: figs. 38-39, not figs. 33-34). These photos presented by the last author are quite similar to that taxon illustrated by Borge (1899: Fig 18a) with a conspicuous crown of tubercles on the apical margin, but as revealed through SEM, there are no scrobicles on the cell wall. In apical view, the tubercles represented in Fig. 39 (Oliveira 2000) also are rather similar to that illustrated by Borge (1899: fig 18c) because of the ellipsoid outline of those structures.</p> <p>Analyzing all records of Cosmarium redimitum from South America, we have noticed that actually there are two morphotypes of this species, and they do not appear to be a polymorphism of the same taxon, as there are no reports of cells with intermediate characteristics of both morphotypes.</p> <p>The first morphotype corresponds that originally described by Borge (1899) from Guyana, C. redmitum var. redimitum, with a remarkable apical crown of tubercles, well visible on the apical margin, but with no scrobicles on the cell wall. Among the analyzed records, some that correspond to this morphotype are reported by Thérézien (1985) and Oliveira (2000) to French Guiana, Coesel (1992) to Colombia, Grönblad (1945), Förster (1969), Thomasson (1971), Pereira (2011), Sophia &amp; Dias (1996), Bicudo et al. (2019) and Saturtino et al. (2020) to Brazil. On the other hand, the second morphotype has scrobicles between the tubercles in the apical crown (Couté &amp; Tell 1981, Salazar &amp; Guarrera 2000, Duque et al. 2013). In addition, those tubercles are most flattened than in the first morphotype, almost on the same level as other intumescences, and generally, in a number of 14-15.</p> <p>Thus, we consider those differences sufficient to propose the second morphotype as a new variety of Cosmarium redimitum, as the first morphotype comprises the nominate variety.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D8783FF85E11851F53CBD3B40ED35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto;Oliveira, Ivania Batista De;Moura, Carlos Wallace Do Nascimento	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto, Oliveira, Ivania Batista De, Moura, Carlos Wallace Do Nascimento (2021): Taxonomic updates and a new variety of Cosmarium redimitum from South America. Phytotaxa 514 (1): 77-84, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.514.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.514.1.5
039D8783FF86E11C51F53EA338E6E9F9.text	039D8783FF86E11C51F53EA338E6E9F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium redimitum var. acroscrobiculatum G. J. P. Ramos, I. B. Oliveira & C. W. N. Moura 2021	<div><p>Cosmarium redimitum Borge var. acroscrobiculatum G.J.P.Ramos, I.B.Oliveira &amp; C.W.N.Moura, var. nov. (Figs 1–2)</p> <p>Diagnosis —It differs from the nominate variety by having scrobicles between tubercles from the apical crown. Those tubercles are most flattened than those in the nominate variety, almost on the same level as hexagonal intumescences from the face of the cell wall, in a number of 14-15 generally. Tubercles of the apical margin are rounded or generally elongated. Zygospores are globose-ellipsoid. Cell dimensions: length 60–75 μm, breadth 35–45 μm, breadth of isthmus 10–15 μm. Zygospore dimension: 60 μm diameter.</p> <p>Holotype — Material numbered (HUEFS 244149!) [pro parte] deposited at Herbarium of State University of Feira de Santana, Brazil. Population partially illustrated here in LM (Fig. 1) and SEM (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Paratype —Material numbered (HUEFS 155610) [pro parte] deposited at Herbarium of State University of Feira de Santana, Brazil.</p> <p>Etymology: acro - = top, - scrobiculatum = scrobicles; referring to the scrobicles between apical tubercles. Material examined — BRAZIL. Bahia State, Piatã, Barragem da Fazenda Dragão, 13°05’48” S, 41°51’02”W, 14 July 2017, G.J.P.Ramos et al. s/n. (HUEFS 244149); Mata de São João, Imbassaí River, 12º26’24”S, 37º57’01.5”W, 11 January 2009, I.B.Oliveira &amp; C.W.N. Moura. s/n. (HUEFS 155610), Olho d’água, 12º17’42,8”S, 37º51’25,2”W, 14 March 2009, I.B. Oliveira &amp; C.W.N. Moura s/n. (HUEFS 155704); Entre Rios, Subaúma river, 12º 03’32.5”S, 37º44’45,4”W, 15 February 2009, I.B.Oliveira &amp; C.W.N. Moura s/n. (HUEFS 155636), Lagoon-road, 12º12’58,6”S, 37º47’50,9”W, 26 July 2009, I.B.Oliveira &amp; J. T. Farias s/n. (HUEFS 155756); Esplanada, Subaúma lagoon, 12º12’58,4”S, 37º47’51,6”W, 4 February 2009, I.B.Oliveira &amp; C.W.N. Moura s/n. (HUEFS 155612), Lagoon -Km 96, 11º53’03,8”S, 37º38’58,6”W, 26 July 2009, I.B.Oliveira &amp; J.T.Farias s/n. (HUEFS 155742); Conde, Barra do Itariri river, 11º57’45,3”S, 37º40’12,6”W, 28 February 2009, I.B.Oliveira &amp; C.W.N. Moura s/n. (HUEFS 155648), Baixios, Lagoa Azul, 12º06’33,4”S, 37º42’05,3”W, 14 March 2009, I.B.Oliveira &amp; C.W.N. Moura s/n. (HUEFS 155692), Sítio do Conde-Poças, 11º49’32,5”S, 37º33’08,6”W, 2 August 2009, I.B.Oliveira &amp; C.W.N. Moura s/n. (HUEFS 155815).</p> <p>Note —We have found a bunch of specimens of C. redimitum var. acroscrobiculatum in some areas of the Bahia State, especially at a dam (Fazenda Dragão dam) from Piatã, Chapada Diamantina region. In a sample from there (HUEFS 244149), an ellipsoid-subglobose zygospore of C. redimitum var. acroscrobiculatum was found, representing the first record of this structure to the species. Cells dividing were rather common in that sample too. Abiotic water parameters that were mensurated in the sample were water temperature (21ºC), pH (7.8), conductivity (10 μS. cm-1), dissolved oxygen (9.2 mg.L- 1).</p> <p>We have noticed minor morphological variations of specimens from Bahia, such as apical margin which could be somewhat truncate (most common) or slightly rounded, and the tubercles from apical crown, which could be rounded or elongated (most common).</p> <p>Among the South America records of C. redimitum, those considered representatives of C. redimitum var. acroscrobiculatum are: Couté &amp; Tell (1981: 91, Pl. XV, figs. 3- 4) from Argentina, Duque et al. (2013, Appendix 1, Fig. C) from Colombia, Salazar &amp; Guarrera (2000, Fig. 48) from Venezuela. Taxon illustrated by Förster (1964: Pl. 45, Fig. 8) from Conceição, Goyaz, Brazil (currently, Tocantins State), although it is not possible to see the scrobicles, it is rather similar to those found in Bahia, with apical crown flattened, almost like papillae.</p> <p>Borge (1925) also reported the occurrence of C. redimitum in Brazil (Sepotuba River, State of Mato Grosso). However, he did not provide any figure neither information on cell wall, as he has not seen empty cells. Therefore, it was not possible to restudy this taxon to consider whether it is from the typical variety or var. acroscrobiculatum.</p> <p>Current status of all records of Cosmarium redimitum and their distribution in South America have been updated as represented in Fig. 3 and Table 1.</p> <p>Cosmarium pseudoredimitum Coesel &amp; Van Geest (2017:340) is another interesting species, known also from the Tropical region (Zambia, Africa) and rather similar to C. redimitum. However, C. pseudoredimitum differs from the latter by having no apical crown of tubercles, semicells are broadly elliptic in apical view, and the cell wall is covered with large pore fields that are arranged in hexagons, whereas C. redimitum has circular outline in apical view, and the cell wall is ornamented with punctations surrounding the intumescences. In addition, C. redimitum has one pyrenoid by chloroplast (Grönblad 1945, Förster 1969), whereas C. pseudoredimitum has two pyrenoids (Coesel &amp; van Geest 2017).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D8783FF86E11C51F53EA338E6E9F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto;Oliveira, Ivania Batista De;Moura, Carlos Wallace Do Nascimento	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto, Oliveira, Ivania Batista De, Moura, Carlos Wallace Do Nascimento (2021): Taxonomic updates and a new variety of Cosmarium redimitum from South America. Phytotaxa 514 (1): 77-84, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.514.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.514.1.5
