identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BE1706BE3BFFD014984164FD5CFD97.text	03BE1706BE3BFFD014984164FD5CFD97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydromanicus melli (Ulmer 1926)	<div><p>Hydromanicus melli (Ulmer 1926)</p> <p>(Figs 2a–2l)</p> <p>HEAD. Head quadrate, 2.1 mm long, 1.7 mm wide. In dorsal aspect (Fig. 2b), majority of head capsule chestnut brown, with each eye circled by creamy yellowish, round mark, posterior parietals light-colored. Muscle scars, mostly confined to posterior part of dorsum of head, darker or paler than background. Coronal suture curved posteriorly to left. Frontoclypeal apotome narrowed near tentorial pits, maximum width at extreme anterior end. Anterior margin of frontoclypeal apotome asymmetrical, deeply excised, each subanterolateral corner with one large emargination, left emargination wider and deeper than right one. Anterior margin of frontoclypeus lateral to right emargination tooth-like, being most-distal on anterior margin. Medium convexity of anterior margin between two large emarginations of frontoclypeus often crenulated, with series of small flanges (more or less truncate in some individuals). Left anterolateral corner of frontoclypeus with oblique, elevated ridge, extending from near left eye to approximately left third of anterior margin of frontoclypeus, aligned with convex slope of crenulated portion of anterior edge. Regions near tentorial pits slightly depressed. Secondary truncate-peg setae (Schefter &amp; Wiggins 1986) few, short to moderately long, black, stout, with blunt apices, all confined near anterior margins of frontoclypeus and parietals. Head generally glabrous-looking, with pale, minute, seta-less pits scattered over most of dorsum. Series of five larger, light-colored pits easily identifiable on parietal sclerite of each side, longitudinally arranged: only second pit from anterior end bearing setae (seta 17); last three pits (proprioceptors 19, 20 and 21) on posterior parietal tightly and evenly spaced. Two setae situated very closely next to each other at setal position 17 [chaetotaxy following Williams and Wiggins (1981); Schefter and Wiggins (1986); Wiggins (1996)], giving appearance of sharing single setal socket: one (17a) situated anterolaterally, long, thin, tapered, pale and transparent; second one (17b) situated posteromesally, less than 2/3 as long as other seta, blunt, yellowish and semitransparent.</p> <p>Stridulating files on ventral side of head rectangular in outline, with very long, straight longitudinal and narrowed transverse outlines (Fig. 2c). Stridulating file area lighter in color than remainder of head. Anterior ventral apotome not darker than remainder of head, generally triangular, with anterior margin slightly concave and both subanterolateral corners slightly angled. Posterior ventral apotome minute, triangular. Submentum trapezoidal, with concave anterior and convex posterior borders parallel.</p> <p>Upper blade of left mandible with two apical teeth dorsoventrally arranged, dorsal one small and blunt in some individuals. Lower blade of left mandible with one large apical tooth, its mesal edge with three large subapical teeth and one truncate basal tooth. Dorsum of left mandible with tuft of golden setae at midlength. Right mandible with one large apical tooth on each upper and lower blade, its mesal edge with three large teeth. Each mandible with series of stout setae on outer ridge, long slender setae tapered, golden and semitransparent, shorter acuminate-peg setae blunt and black.</p> <p>THORAX. Thoracic nota chestnut brown, covered with inconspicuous short, golden, tapered, transparent, secondary, acuminate-peg setae, pointing anterad. Thoracic nota generally glabrous, with shiny appearance under microscopic illumination. Pronotum subdivided longitudinally, uniformly brown, lacking marks. Small, pale pits observable in dorsal aspect, only most-mesal pit on each side with short, transparent, yellowish acuminate-peg seta. Unlike in larvae of known Chinese Hydropsyche s. l. species, thoracic seta 22 [chaetotaxy following Williams and Wiggins (1981); Schefter and Wiggins (1986); Wiggins (1996)] on each anterolateral corner of pronotum prominent in Hydromanicus larva, long and tapered, easily identifiable in dorsal aspect. Anterior border of pronotum bearing series of short, semitransparent, secondary, acuminate-peg setae; lateral and subposterior borders black; posterior edge crenulate. Sub-basal surface of pronotum slightly constricted in dorsal and lateral aspects.</p> <p>Transverse prosternal plate constricted in posterior third, anterior border and middle two thirds of posterior border black. Posterior prosternal sclerites with four small sclerites transversely arranged, mesal pair subrectangular, lateral pair somewhat parallelogram-shaped; mesal sclerites generally darker than lateral sclerites; anterior margin of each mesal sclerite darker than remainder of sclerite; anterolateral corner of each lateral sclerite slightly darker than remainder of sclerite (Fig. 2i).</p> <p>Mesonotum with diagonal groove extending halfway from each anterolateral corner toward posterior midline; small dark spots in irregular line anteromesal of groove; surface of mesonotum posterolateral of diagonal groove elevated. Posteromesal border of mesonotum with transverse black mark in middle half, wide and curved, with lateral angles bent posterolaterad. Anterior 1/3 of mesonotum with seven pale, seta-less pits, transversely arranged in semicircular arc.</p> <p>Metanotum yellowish brown, lighter than pro- and mesonota, less convex dorsoventrally than mesonotum. Metanotum with dark groove extending halfway from each anterolateral corner toward posterior midline; surface of metanotum posterolateral of diagonal groove elevated. Anterior 1/3 of metanotum with three pale, seta-less pits transversely arranged in semicircular arc. Posteromesal border of metanotum with narrow, black mark of irregular shape.</p> <p>Forelegs with foretrochantins forked, dorsal branch seta-less, ventral branch with stout, dark bristles basally; dorsal branch of each foretrochantin about one and half times as long as ventral branch, about half as wide basally as ventral branch in lateral aspect (Fig. 2e, right inset). Lateroventral surfaces of forecoxae covered by dense, short, golden secondary setae. Ventral edges of foretrochanters and forefemora with dense rows of long, stout, dark primary setae, three primary setae on venter of distal foretrochanter very long; ventral surfaces of foretrochanters and forefemora also with shorter, golden, semitransparent secondary setae; mesodorsal surface of each forefemur with prominent protuberance, presumably functioning as scraper for stridulating (Fig. 2e, left inset). Venter of each foretibia with row of four stout, short, tapered, golden setae. Foretarsal claws each with small, basal, golden bristle.</p> <p>Midlegs and hind legs (Fig. 2f) generally similar, covered by golden, semitransparent secondary setae. Secondary setae on lateroventral side of each hind coxa sparser than those on forecoxae. Ventrodistal edge of each hind coxa with long, stout, black setae. Ventrodistal edge of each hind trochanter with long, stout, brownish seta. Posterolateral side of each hind femur with irregular median line of brownish, short, conical spines; distal and proximal ends of posterolateral side of each hind tibia also with irregular median line of similar spines, and posterolateral side of each hind tarsus at midlength also with few similar but smaller conical spines.</p> <p>Mesosternum, metasternum, mesopleura, and metapleura covered by dense, short, black setae.</p> <p>Gills of all thoracic sterna each with single central stalk pointing posterad. Mesosterna with one pair of ventral gills (Fig. 2k). Metasterna with two pairs of ventral gills, mesal ones situated very close to each other.</p> <p>ABDOMEN. Abdomen greenish when alive. Dorsum of abdominal segments covered by two types of setae: short, thin, tapered, dark hair-like setae (clothing hairs), slightly curved at distal end, generally pointing posterad and close to body surface; and longer, blunt, thicker, erect or semi-erect scale hairs (Schefter &amp; Wiggins 1986). Lateral gills (pleural gills) simple, finger-like or conical: abdominal segment III with one, segments IV– VI with three, VII with two; no lateral gills on I, II, and VIII – IX (Table 2).</p> <p>1 Numbers in the table represent the number of gills present on one side of a particular body segment. Gill types: a = simple, finger-like gill; b = bifid-stemmed gill; c = single-stemmed gill.</p> <p>Abdominal ventral gills each with elongate central stalk (single-stalked gills, as in Fig. 2k or basally bifid elongate stalk (bifid gills, Fig. 2j), stalks constricted once or twice along length, appearing 2- or 3-segmented. Gill filaments arising laterally along entire length of stalk, but distal end of each stalk “segment” with somewhat more dense lateral filaments. Filaments of abdominal gills generally slender and long, giving ventral gills bushy appearance (Fig. 2a). Abdominal sternum I with one pair of basally bifid ventral gills (Fig. 2j); sterna II–VI each with two pairs of ventral gills: mesal pair each with single central stalk, slightly closer to mesal line and anterior of lateral pair; lateral pairs each with basally bifid central stalk. No ventral gills on sterna VII–IX.</p> <p>Sterna VIII and IX each with one pair of yellowish ventral plates. Plates of sternum VIII triangular, anterior part of each with yellowish brown, tapered, short acuminate-peg setae, posterior border bearing series of dark, long, tapered, stout spike-like setae. Plates IX subtriangular, with pattern of setation similar to plates VIII, except stripe on posterior half adjacent to mesal border seta-less (Fig. 2l).</p> <p>Anal prolegs long, lateral sclerites light-colored. Distal end of each proleg with tuft of long, dark, thick setae; these setal tufts not very dense, without fan-like appearance. Four pale anal gills often not everted, or only partially everted.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The larvae of a number of cryptic taxa within the H. melli Complex cannot currently be differentiated from one another based on morphology. The larval characteristics described here represent at least the larval forms of H. melli and the undescribed H. sp., while no larva of H. huapingensis has been sequenced and H. sp. has not yet been associated for lack of male specimens.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE1706BE3BFFD014984164FD5CFD97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Ao;Zhou, Xin	Zhang, Ao, Zhou, Xin (2021): The larvae of Chinese Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera), Part III: Hydromanicus melli Complex, H. canaliculatus, and H. umbonatus. Zootaxa 5026 (4): 527-540, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5026.4.4
03BE1706BE36FFD11498426DFADAFECF.text	03BE1706BE36FFD11498426DFADAFECF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydromanicus canaliculatus Li, Tian, & Dudgeon 1990	<div><p>Hydromanicus canaliculatus Li, Tian, &amp; Dudgeon 1990</p> <p>(Figs 3a–3d)</p> <p>The larva of H. canaliculatus is overall very similar to that of H. melli Complex. Therefore, larval descriptions and illustrations presented here are primarily focused on those that can be used to differentiate the species from the H. melli Complex. The diagnosis is summarized at the end of the description.</p> <p>HEAD. Head quadrate, 1.8 mm long, 1.5 mm wide (Figs. 3a, b). Majority of head capsule orange-brown, each eye circled by creamy yellowish round mark, posterior parietals light-colored.Anterior 1/6 of frontoclypeal apotome generally darker, flanges on middle of anterior margin of frontoclypeus being darkest. Region where frontoclypeal suture and coronal suture connected slightly dark. Tentorial pits dark, clearly visible. Muscle scars light-colored, bordered by dark pigmentation. Coronal suture curved posteriorly to left. Frontoclypeal apotome ogival, lateral sides narrowed near tentorial pits, maximum width at extreme distal end. Anterior margin of frontoclypeus asymmetrical, deeply excised, each subanterolateral corner with one large emargination, left emargination wider and deeper than right one. Anterior margin of frontoclypeus lateral to right emargination with few teeth. Medium convexity of anterior margin between two large emarginations often crenulate, with series of small flanges. Elevated ridge on left anterolateral corner of frontoclypeus and depressed regions near tentorial pits not conspicuous. Three transversely arranged brownish pits immediately posterior to dark anterior region of frontoclypeus. Two longitudinally arranged brownish pits situated mesal of each eye. Sockets of setae 17a and 17b clearly separated, with 17a situated anterolaterally to 17b. Seta 17b only slightly shorter than seta 17a. Seta 17a tapered, pale and transparent; seta 17b blunt, brownish, not transparent (Fig. 3a, inset). Three longitudinally arranged light pits on each posterior parietal.</p> <p>Stridulating files on ventral side of head rectangular, with long straight longitudinal outlines (Fig. 3b). Stridulating file area same color as remainder of head. Anterior ventral apotome subtriangular, with anterior margin slightly concave, generally darker than remainder of head. Posterior ventral apotome small, triangular, dark. Submentum trapezoidal, with concave anterior and convex posterior borders parallel.</p> <p>THORAX. Thoracic segments overall very similar to those of H. melli. Pronotum orange brown, similar to head. Meso-, and metanota yellowish brown. All thoracic nota with glabrous appearance. Foretrochantins forked, each with dorsal branch seta-less, ventral branch with black bristles; dorsal branch shorter or as long as ventral branch, about half as wide basally as ventral branch (Fig. 3d). Transverse prosternal plate constricted in posterior 1/3, anterior border and middle 2/3 of posterior border black. Posterior prosternal sclerites with mesal ones uniformly light-colored, bright yellowish; anterolateral corner of each lateral sclerite darkest part of all four sclerites, remainder of lateral sclerite same color as mesal sclerites. Seta 22 on each anterolateral corner of pronotum conspicuous, long, tapered, black. Lateral region of each thoracic notum with sparsely distributed dark setae, pointing cephalad, easily identifiable from background. Number and arrangement of thoracic ventral gills same as H. melli.</p> <p>ABDOMEN. Abdomen grayish brown when alive. Abdominal characteristics (Table 2) indistinguishable from those of H. melli Complex.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The larva of H. canaliculatus is very similar to those of the H. melli Complex. However, it can be differentiated from the latter based on the following diagnostic characters:</p> <p>The larva of H. canaliculatus is generally smaller than those of the H. melli Complex. The head and thorax are brownish orange, making it easily differentiable from the H. melli Complex when alive as well as preserved. The abdomen of H. canaliculatus appears grayish brown when alive while that of the H. melli Complex is often greenish. The muscle scars on the head in H. canaliculatus are more conspicuous on the light background. Setae 17a and 17b do not appear to share a setal socket as in the H. melli Complex. Seta 17b is brownish and not transparent in H. canaliculatus. The dorsal branches of the foretrochantins are as long as or shorter than the ventral branches. The anterolateral corner of each lateral posterior prosternal sclerite is the darkest part of the four sclerites.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE1706BE36FFD11498426DFADAFECF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Ao;Zhou, Xin	Zhang, Ao, Zhou, Xin (2021): The larvae of Chinese Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera), Part III: Hydromanicus melli Complex, H. canaliculatus, and H. umbonatus. Zootaxa 5026 (4): 527-540, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5026.4.4
03BE1706BE37FFD3149844E4FC48FC2B.text	03BE1706BE37FFD3149844E4FC48FC2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydromanicus umbonatus Li 1993	<div><p>Hydromanicus umbonatus Li 1993 (in Tian et al. 1993)</p> <p>(Figs 4a–4i)</p> <p>HEAD. Head quadrate, 1.4 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. Dorsum of head dark brown, each eye circled by pale mark, posterior parietals light-colored. No obvious mark on dorsum of head. Muscle scars light-colored, with dark borders, visible on posterior parietals and posterior half of frontoclypeal apotome. Frontoclypeus narrowed near tentorial pits. Anterior margin of frontoclypeus complete, symmetrical, cenulate, bordered by row of thick, blunt, yellowish, semitransparent, truncate-peg setae, pointing anterodorsad (Fig. 4c, anteroventral aspect). In dorsal aspect, anterior two-third of both parietals, anterior fifth and posterior fifth of frontoclypeus covered by dense, thick, blunt, black, secondary, truncate-peg setae, with scattered thin, tapered, dark, acuminate-peg setae, all pointing anterad or anterolaterad (Fig. 4a, inset of setae). Golden secondary setae situated inside pale marks around eyes. Posterior third of parietals (often retracted underneath pronotum) seta-less.</p> <p>Ventral side of head brown. Muscle scars visible on posterior half. Submentum trapezoidal, concave anterior and convex posterior borders parallel, each anterolateral corner bearing tuft of black bristles, each posterolateral corner with short diagonal stripe extending anteromesad, end of each stripe bearing two short, black, acuminate-peg setae (Fig. 4b). Anterior ventral apotome subtriangular, with round anterolateral angles. Posterior ventral apotome small, triangular, dark. Longitudinal outlines of stridulating files curved slightly laterad anteriorly. Secondary acuminatepeg setae on lateral side of each gena clearly visible in ventral aspect of head, longer setae thick, tapered, black; shorter setae tapered, dark (Fig. 4b, inset of setae).</p> <p>THORAX. Thoracic nota dark brown, densely covered with secondary setae. Anterior 3/4 of pronotum with blunt, thick, black, truncate-peg setae and scattered short, tapered, dark acuminate-peg setae. Posterior fourth of pronotum with only short, tapered, thin hairs. Middle half of anterior margin of pronotum lighter in color. In dorsal and lateral aspects, sub-basal surface of pronotum slightly constricted; lateral margins of pronotum each with broad black border; posterior border with light, transverse stripes immediately anterior and posterior of transverse black line. Seta 22 on each anterolateral corner of pronotum prominent, long, thick, black; pair of sa 2 setae about 3/5 distance from anterior margin.</p> <p>Mesonotum with similar coloration and setation as pronotum. Anterior margin of mesonotum with thin, black border bearing short, blunt, black, truncate-peg setae and scattered thin, curved, tapered, dark brown, acuminatepeg setae about twice as long, all pointing cephalad (Fig. 4d, inset of setae). Lateral border of each side black, bearing thick, truncate-peg setae; primary seta 5 (sa 3) above black border and about 1/3 distance from anterior margin. Posterior border of mesonotum with black mark in middle 3/5, wide and curved, with each lateral angle bent posterolaterad, continuing laterad as light-colored stripe. Posterior mesonotum with transverse row of four dark primary setae (sa 2). Diagonal groove extending from each anterolateral corner inconspicuous.</p> <p>Metanotum slightly lighter in color than meso- and pronota.Anterior margin with thin, black border, and setation similar to that of mesonotum. Lateral border of each side black, bearing thick, truncate-peg setae; primary seta 5 (sa 3) above black border and about 1/3 distance from anterior margin. Posterior border with small, black mark in middle fifth. Posterior metanotum with pair of dark primary setae (sa 2) about 4/5 distance from anterior margin. Diagonal groove extending from each anterolateral corner inconspicuous.</p> <p>Anterior border and 2/3 of posterior border of prosternal plate black; prosternal plate constricted at posterior third. Posterior prosternal sclerites with single sclerite on each side, subparallelogram-shaped, posterior border with triangular notch near posterolateral corner, acute anterolateral corner of each sclerite dark, remainder of posterior prosternal sclerite uniformly light brown.</p> <p>Foretrochantin of each side forked, dorsal branch seta-less, ventral branch bristly. Dorsal branch about same as long as ventral branch, slightly narrower basally. Dorsal branch straight, with acute, pigmented tip; ventral branch with blunt, round tip slightly curved anterodorsad (Figs 4g, 4h).</p> <p>Thoracic ventral gills similar to those of the H. melli Complex.</p> <p>ABDOMEN. Dorsa and pleura of abdominal segments covered with dense reddish brown hairs. Three types of secondary setae identifiable on dorsa of abdominal segments: (1) hair-like setae (hs): small, fine, with pointed tip; (2) club hair (ch): long, thick, with relatively blunt tip (Schuster &amp; Etnier 1978); (3) scale hair (sh): long, darker, with enlarged tip and truncate end (Fig. 4i). All secondary setae depressed dorsoventrally, hair-like setae and clubhairs lying close to body surface, scale hairs and primary setae (ps) erect, directed away from body surface.</p> <p>Abdominal gills (ventral and pleural gills, Table 2) and other abdominal characteristics similar to those of the H. melli Complex.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The larva of Hydromanicus umbonatus can be easily differentiated from H. canaliculatus and the H. melli Complex by the presence of densely distributed secondary setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and thoracic nota. Additionally, the anterior margin of the frontoclypeus in H. umbonatus is complete and symmetrical. Based on descriptions by Prommi &amp; Permkam (2015) and Genco et al. (2020), the larvae of H. inferior and H. calyx are very similar to that of H. umbonatus described here. The main difference between the two species appears to be the hair type found on abdominal segments: Those of H. umbonatus could be more morphologically diverse (Fig. 4i in this study), whereas H. inferior has only primary (ps) type setae (Fig. 58, Prommi &amp; Permkam 2015). However, these differences need to be confirmed by simultaneous comparison.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE1706BE37FFD3149844E4FC48FC2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Ao;Zhou, Xin	Zhang, Ao, Zhou, Xin (2021): The larvae of Chinese Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera), Part III: Hydromanicus melli Complex, H. canaliculatus, and H. umbonatus. Zootaxa 5026 (4): 527-540, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5026.4.4
