taxonID	type	description	language	source
217BCB0FF61AFFAAFE90A239D9DCFB5F.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 – 3)	en	Mothes, Beatriz, Santos, Cristina P., De Campos, Maurício A. (2004): Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zootaxa 443 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.639.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.639.1.1
217BCB0FF61AFFAAFE90A239D9DCFB5F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNRJ 7984, off coast Maranhão State, 01 ° 51 ’ 00 ” S – 43 ° 48 ’ 00 ” W, 35.5 m depth, coll. Fishing boat ‘ IV SUDENE’, 25 / ii / 1973. Sand substratum. Schizoholotype­slides. MCNPOR 1850. Comparative material. Timea sp. aff. unistellata (Topsent, 1892) — ZMAPOR 9198, Bonaire, West Indies (fragment deposited in MCNPOR 2644).	en	Mothes, Beatriz, Santos, Cristina P., De Campos, Maurício A. (2004): Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zootaxa 443 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.639.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.639.1.1
217BCB0FF61AFFAAFE90A239D9DCFB5F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Timea bioxyasterina sp. n. is set apart from the other Atlantic species by its two categories of oxyasters: one bigger with smooth rays and the other shorter with microspined rays.	en	Mothes, Beatriz, Santos, Cristina P., De Campos, Maurício A. (2004): Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zootaxa 443 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.639.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.639.1.1
217BCB0FF61AFFAAFE90A239D9DCFB5F.taxon	description	Description. The specimen is a 1 cm thick encrustation, approximately 10 cm 2 in surface area (Fig. 2 a), fixed on a stone fragment. Surface smooth. No orifices observed. Consistency not compressible. Light­brown colored in ethanol. Skeleton. The ectosome and the choanosome were not observed, because it’s a very thin fragment. Euasters in a random distribution, all over the sponge body. Ascending multispicular tracts of tylostyles occur, isolated and protruding through the surface (Fig. 2 b). Spicules. Tylostyle ­ (Fig. 3 a). Straight, some slightly curved shafts in the terminal half, blunt end; 304 ­ 579.5 ­ 769.5 m X 6.3 ­ 10.5 ­ 15 m (N = 25). The heads are spherical to ovoid, some bilobed; diameter 2.5 ­ 12.3 ­ 17.5 m (N = 25). Oxyaster I ­ 9 to 11 conical, smooth, straight rays, rare bifurcated, some slightly curved specially in the terminal half (Figs. 3 a, 3 b); 32 ­ 62 ­ 85.8 m diameter. Oxyaster II ­ 9 to 11, conical, microspined rays, mostly in the apical half (Figs. 3 b, 3 c, 3 d); 16.1 ­ 20.7 ­ 27.6 m in total diameter. Tylaster ­ 9 to 10 cylindrical rays with swollen extremities, microspined along the axis (Figs. 3 c, 3 d); 2.4 ­ 3.6 ­ 5 m in total diameter. TABLE I: Brazilian species of Timea.	en	Mothes, Beatriz, Santos, Cristina P., De Campos, Maurício A. (2004): Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zootaxa 443 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.639.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.639.1.1
217BCB0FF61AFFAAFE90A239D9DCFB5F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name refers to the presence of two categories of oxyasters.	en	Mothes, Beatriz, Santos, Cristina P., De Campos, Maurício A. (2004): Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zootaxa 443 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.639.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.639.1.1
217BCB0FF61AFFAAFE90A239D9DCFB5F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Four other species of Timea have been reported from the Brazilian coast (Table I). Timea authia De Laubenfels, 1930, originally recorded from California (U. S. A.) was subsequently cited by De Laubenfels (1956) for Ubatuba (São Paulo State, Brazil). It differs from the new species in having smooth to rugose tylasters, and a mix of tylostyles and styles, contrary to the new species' two categories of oxyasters and megascleres, which are always tylostyles. Timea stellifasciata Sarà & Siribelli, 1960, first described from the Gulf of Naples (Italy), was later identified by Boury­Esnault (1973; MNHN­ LBIM­NBE 959 examined) for the coast of the State of Alagoas (Brazil). It is distinguished from the new species through its microspined oxyasters associated to sphaeranthasters, a caltrop­like asters, and megascleres, which range from tylostyles, to subtylostyles or styles. Timea agnani Boury­Esnault, 1973 is best assigned to Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864) (Raspailiidae; UFRJPOR 3381, fragment from the holotype examined). Timea mixta (Topsent, 1896), described from the Mediterranean firstly (Holotype reexamined MNHN­LBIM­DT 2449), was reported by Hechtel (1976) from Recife (Pernambuco State, Brazil), and differs in having oxyasters next to strongylasters. Comparison with known Caribbean species — Timea perastra (De Laubenfels, 1936), Timea stellata (Bowerbank, 1866), Timea stelligera (Carter, 1882), Timea stenosclera Hechtel, 1969 and Timea unistellata (Topsent, 1892) differs by the presence of only one kind of microscleres. Timea parasitica (Higgin, 1877) and Timea hechteli Lehnert & Heimler, 2001 differ in having spherasters. Timea micraster Lehnert & Heimler, 2001 (Lehnert, pers. comm.) is best assigned to Diplastrella (Spirastrellidae). The new species approaches T. mixta (sensu Wiedenmayer, 1977), which also possesses oxyasters, although in a single size category. Further distinction stems from the latter’s possession of strongylasters in addition.	en	Mothes, Beatriz, Santos, Cristina P., De Campos, Maurício A. (2004): Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zootaxa 443 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.639.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.639.1.1
217BCB0FF619FFADFE90A7A1DC51FD6F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Sponges form very thin crusts on shells or under rock. Tylostyles are arranged in tracts ending as bouquets at the sponge surface where they cause a hispid appearance. Additional tylostyles occur in criss­cross fashion between the tracts. Microscleres are euasters, which are dispersed throughout the tissue, denser at the substrate and toward the surface; and are forming an ectosomal crust (Rützler, 2002). Synonymy. Hymedesmia, in part, Bowerbank, 1866: 149; 1874 b: 71. Timea Gray, 1867 a: 544. Kotimea De Laubenfels, 1936 a: 147. Halicometes sensu De Laubenfels, 1950 a: 99. Not Halicometes Topsent, 1898: 112. Definition. These sponges are thin, colorful (mostly red) crusts with choanosomal tylostyles arranged in vague tracts, ectosomal tylostyles in bouquet arrangement. Euasters occur throughout the body and form a dense layer at the surface. Species are cryptic and are found in shaded habitats of warm­temperate to tropical shallow­water environments (Rützler, 2002).	en	Mothes, Beatriz, Santos, Cristina P., De Campos, Maurício A. (2004): Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zootaxa 443 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.639.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.639.1.1
217BCB0FF619FFADFE90A7A1DC51FD6F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Hymedesmia stellata Bowerbank, 1866 (by monotypy).	en	Mothes, Beatriz, Santos, Cristina P., De Campos, Maurício A. (2004): Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zootaxa 443 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.639.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.639.1.1
