taxonID	type	description	language	source
066EE960FFF08B2F0451E843FA8E0285.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 2.5 – 5.0 mm. General coloration blackish brown; scutum blackish with 1 + 1 silvery vittae joining (Figs. 1 F, G) or not (Figs. 1 H, I) to 1 + 1 anterior submedian, subtriangular or subquadrate spots, and bordered laterally and posteriorly by silver pruinose areas. Legs yellowish to grayish brown, with apices dark brown­black. Frons convergent below (Fig. 1 A), fronto­ocular triangle deep, about as long as wide (Fig. 1 B); maxillary palpus with sensory vesicle elongate, nearly 1 / 2 length of basal article (Fig. 2 B). Cibarium broadly U­shaped, with basal portion often thickened, medially cleft, and without strong teeth, although often with wrinkles or small serrations situated upon pair of sublateral, subovoidal prominences (Figs. 2 A, F, G). Basal sector of R bare. Sc with 6 – 18 setae ventrally. Hind basitarsus 5.7 – 6.0 times longer than broad (Fig. 1 C); claw with small, subbasal tooth (Figs. 1 D, E). Gonapophysis subtriangular, with blunt apex, gradually concave internal margins, surpassing posterior margin of sternite VIII (Fig. 2 C). Anal lobe subquadrate to subrectagular, sparsely haired, except for truncate distal margin (Fig. 2 D). Genital fork with stout, capitate rod and apically expanded tines bearing strong anteriorly directed apodemes (Figs. 5 E, H). Spermatheca ovoid, with internal spicules (Fig. 2 I). Male: Wing length, 2.6 – 5.0 mm. General coloration similar to female, differing as follows: Scutum generally velvety black with anterior 1 / 3 having whitish pruinosity (Fig. 3 A). Sc typically bare. Hind basitarsus (Fig. 3 B) 2.7 – 3.6 times longer than broad. Basistylus subquadrate, with small protuberance on external margin. Dististylus thin, elongate, 1 / 3 longer than basistylus, with small haired subbasal carina posteriorly, and one subapical spine (Figs. 3 C, F). Ventral plate subquadrate, with narrow median carina (Figs. 3 D, G). Endoparameres with broad base and numerous strong hooks (Fig. 3 E). Median sclerite subrectangular. Pupa: Cocoon slipper or shoe shaped, typically neatly and coarsely woven and with or without reinforced anterior margin; length at base ca. 3.5 – 4.5 mm (range = 2.4 – 7.0 mm) (Figs. 4 – 5). Gill inflated, gradually flattened, pseudosegmented (annulated), and lacking secondary branches (Figs. 4 – 5) to cylindrical, smooth, with having secondary branches (Fig. 6). Frontoclypeus gradually swollen basally (Figs. 3 H, I). Frontoclypeus and anterodorsum of thorax smooth or covered with abundant impressed (concave) platelets or rounded or pointed (elevated) granules. Frontoclypeus with 2 + 2 frontal and 1 + 1 facial setae. Thorax with 3 (4) + 3 (4) dorsocentral and 2 + 2 dorsolateral stout trichomes. Abdominal chaetotaxy as in Figure 7. Setae of abdominal tergite I relatively short, hairlike, with small platelets along anterior margin; setae of abdominal tergites II – VI short, slender. Tergites II – IV with 4 + 4 retrorse hooks, those of tergite II smaller; tergites V – VIII with minute spine combs. Tergite X with or without pair of terminal spines. Sternites IV – VII with small, wrinkled areas. Larva: Body length, 6.5 – 12.0 mm. Posterior portion of body typically dorsally flattened and gradually distended ventrally (Fig. 9 G); body without evident setae. Cervical sclerites free or adjoining posterior margin of postgena (Fig. 8 D). Antenna longer than labral fan stalk, with proximal article elongate and deeply incised, creating segmented appearance; medial article longer than basal and distal (Figs. 8 E, K). Cephalic apotome faintly darkened basally, typically lacking discernible headspots (Fig. 9 D). Labral fan with 39 – 54 primary rays. Mandible with strong lateral process, robust intermedial and internal teeth, and two narrow marginal teeth (Figs. 8 C – G). Postgenal cleft somewhat blunt to deeply incised apically (Figs. 8 A, H, I); hypostomal bridge generally shorter than hypostomal height, ratio of hypostoma: hypostomal bridge = 0.7 – 1.5: 1.0; anterior margin of hypostoma straight or curved (Figs. 8 B, J), with median tooth longer than corner teeth. Anal sclerite sometimes encircling posterior circlet. Posterior portion of abdomen often with accessory plates (Figs. 9 D, I, J). Rectal papillae of three major lobes, each with 15 – 78 secondary lobules. Posterior circlet with 102 – 400 rows of 16 – 27 hooks. Bionomics: Immature stages are typically found on stones or vegetation in torrenticolous streams between 10 – 21 ° C in temperature at altitudes between 1000 – 3000 m. Feeding habits of females are unknown.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF08B2F0451E843FA8E0285.taxon	discussion	Keys Female (S. nigricorne and S. temascalense, inseparable from several species) S. chiriquiense unknown.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF08B2F0451E843FA8E0285.taxon	discussion	Pupa	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF08B2F0451E843FA8E0285.taxon	discussion	Larva (mature). (S. nigricorne unknown)	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFA8B2D0451ED7BFC46060E.taxon	description	Figs. 4 A, B.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFA8B2D0451ED7BFC46060E.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.4 mm. General coloration blackish. Scutum velvety black, with 1 + 1 silvery vittae adjoining anterior subtriangular spots with whitish pruinose prescutellar area. Fronto­ocular triangle longer than broad. Cibarium broadly U­shaped, smooth, lacking ovoid sublateral prominences. Sc pilose, with 21 hairs. Hind basitarsus 6 times longer than broad; claw with subbasal tooth. Genitalia differing from S. capricorne as follows: sternite VIII with 17 – 19 trichomes per side, gonapophysis with internal border sclerotized along inner 1 / 2, cerci with distal margin straight, anal lobe well sclerotized with abundant hairs distally. Male: Wing length, 3.4 mm. Scutum velvety black. Sc with few hairs. Hind basitarsus 4.2 times longer than broad. Genitalia similar to that of S. capricorne, except ventral plate more elevated distally. Pupa: (Figs. 4 A, B). Cocoon shoe shaped, anterior margin reinforced, coarsely woven; basal length, 3.5 – 4.7 mm. Frontoclypeus and anterodorsum of thorax smooth, with few platelets; frontoclypeus with 2 small frontal and 1 large facial setae per side. Gill with two broad, curved, pseudoannulated (particularly laterally) branches whose apices meet along longitudinal midline forming ring; gill typically not extended beyond anterior margin of cocoon; dorsal branch, 0.9 mm, with small acute process distally; ventral branch, 1.0 mm. Abdominal tergite X without terminal spines. Larva (mature): Body length, 8 – 10 mm. General coloration gray. Cephalic apotome uniformly light brown, with gradually darkened median basally and small half anterior median and submedian spots. Labral fan with 52 – 54 rays. Hypostoma with straight anterior margin, 14 – 17 lateral setae per side, and 4 + 4 discal setae. Mandible with two rows of 7 – 8 internal teeth, 2 thin marginal teeth, and 1 large lateromandibular process. Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.5: 1.0 (proximal: medial: distal). Ratio of hypostoma / length of hypostomal bridge = 1: 1. Postgenal cleft dome­shaped, with narrow anteromedian incision. Cervical sclerites adjoining postgenae posteriorly. Lateral sclerite of prothoracic proleg with 46 – 52 teeth. Posterior circlet with ca. 150 rows of 24 – 27 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 12 – 15 lobules per lobe (total = 36 – 45); dorsal lobe larger than ventral ones.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFA8B2D0451ED7BFC46060E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: México: D. F., Desierto de Los Leones, 1 female pharate, 1 male pharate, 4 pupae, 1 larva on slides, 26 March 1948, A. Díaz Nájera (MLP), (leg. INDRE); same, 1 female (paratype), 5 March 1944, A. Martínez & A. Díaz (USNM).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFA8B2D0451ED7BFC46060E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Guatemala: Solalá, Totonicapan; México, D. F., México.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFA8B2D0451ED7BFC46060E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Simulium ayrozai is very similar structurally to S. microbranchium, especially in features of the pupal gill, but the latter species has the dorsal gill branch narrower and slightly longer than the ventral branch and a more strengthened anterior margin of the cocoon. Simulium ayrozai also differs from S. microbranchium by slight differences in the larva, such as more gray coloration (versus green), posterior circlet with hooklet rows (versus 194 – 206), and rectal papillae with lobules (versus 25).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF98B2C0451EE99FC9800E6.taxon	description	Figs. 5 A, B	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF98B2C0451EE99FC9800E6.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 2.9 – 3.1 mm. General coloration brown­blackish. Frons and clypeus light brown with silver pollinosity; scutum velvety brown­blackish, with 1 + 1 silvery submedian vittae not adjoining anteriorly with 1 + 1 subquadrangular silvery pruinose spots and posteriorly with whitish pruinose prescutellar area; lateral and anterolateral borders with silver bands; scutum pilosity dense, golden to silvery greenish. Pleurae light graybrown, with silver pollinosity. Legs yellowish brown, with apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsomeres dark brown. Wing veins pale brown. Abdomen brownish, with tergite II silvery; tergites VI – IX cereus. Cibarium concave medially, slightly indented. Sc pilose. Genitalia similar to those of S. capricorne. Male: Wing length, 3.0 – 3.1 mm. Scutum velvety black bordered by silvery band along periphery and with faint silvery pruinosity along anterior 1 / 4. Legs as in female, but apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsomeres black. Sc bare. Hind basitarsus 3.9 times longer than broad. Genitalia with basistylus having rounded internal protuberance; dististylus elongate, ratio of dististylus length / basistylus length = 2.1; ventral plate with small median carina similar to that of S. delatorrei; endoparameres with numerous, strong hooks. Pupa: (Figs. 5 A, B). Cocoon shoe shaped, with weak texture woven and reinforced anterior margin; length at base 3.8 mm, dorsal length 2.8 mm. Frontoclypeus smooth, lacking granules. Thorax with moderate number of granules. Gill strongly pseudoannulated, especially medial branch, comprised of 3 primary branches; medial branch largest (length, 1.4 – 1.5 mm), distally capitate, with small tubercles dorsally and apically; ventral branch medium­sized (length = 1.0 mm) compared to other branches, flattened, with peculiar longitudinal crest along internal margin; dorsal branch small, 1 / 5 or less length of other branches. Abdominal tergite X without terminal spines. Larva: Length (mature), 7.3 mm. General coloration gray to tan. Cephalic apotome with narrow dark median stripe basally. Labral fan with 46 – 54 primary rays. Antenna surpassing stalk of labral fan; ratio of antennal articles = 1.0: 1.5: 1.0 (proximal: medial: distal). Hypostoma with median and corner teeth longer than others, 14 – 15 lateral setae per side, and 3 + 3 discal setae. Postgenal cleft dome shaped, with narrow median anterior incision; ratio length of hypostoma / length of hypostomal bridge = 1.1: 1.0. Lateral plate of prothoracic proleg with 47 – 50 setae. Posterior circlet with 172 – 178 rows of 20 – 24 hooks. Rectal papillae with ca. 78 lobules, 22 on dorsal (central) lobe and 28 lobules on each lateral lobe. Anal sclerite simple.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF98B2C0451EE99FC9800E6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Guatemala: (Dalmat collection, USNM), El Quiché, Nebáj, río Micovez, male (allotype on slide) 1 pupa, 2 pupal exuviae, 15 November 1949, Ochoa & H. Dalmat; same, 1 male; 2 females (paratypes), 5 pupae, 16 November 1949 (Dalmat); 10 males, 15 November 1950, H. Dalmat; 1 male, 28 March 1951, H. Dalmat; 1 male (without abdomen), 30 August 1951, H. Dalmat; Huehuetenango, Cuilco, río Yulva, 2 pupal exuviae (paratypes), several larvae and pupae (paratypes), 29 February 1949.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF98B2C0451EE99FC9800E6.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Guatemala: El Quiché and Huehuetenango.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF98B2C0451EE99FC9800E6.taxon	description	Bionomics: This species occurs in medium­sized torrenticolous creeks on stones, leaves, and twigs.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF98B2C0451EE99FC9800E6.taxon	discussion	Discussion: This species resembles to S. dalmati based upon the pupal gill, but the gill of S. dalmati has a more uniform only slightly distally expanded dorsal branch and a longer ventral branch. The cocoon of the somewhat similar S. burchi is more shoe shaped and coarsely woven. Females of S. dalmati have the 1 + 1 silver anterior spots subtriangular in shape and adjoining vittae that extend further posteriorly. The original description of S. burchi states that the vittae join the anterior 1 + 1 subquadrangular spots, but in the two pinned paratypes from the USNM, the vittae do not fully adjoin them. Larvae of S. dalmati differ from S. burchi by their larger size, longer hypostomal bridge (index of 0.8), and smaller number of lobules on the rectal papillae.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF88B2A0451E931FB51016E.taxon	description	Fig. 4 C.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF88B2A0451E931FB51016E.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.4 – 3.8 mm. General coloration dark gray. Scutum blackish gray, clothed in silvery to greenish pilosity, with longitudinal submedial silvery vittae joining with 1 + 1 subtrapezoidal silvery anterior spots (changing to black with opposite light), lateral and posterior areas silvery gray pollinose; scutellum and metanotum brownish black; pleurae grayish pollinose. Abdomen grayish black, with lateral margin of tergite II and posterior 1 / 5 of tergites III – V silvery gray pollinose; tergites III – V blackish, subquadrate. Frons convergent below; fronto­ocular triangle about as broad as high. Sensory vesicle of palpus about 1 / 2 of basal article length, with abundant tubercles. Mandible with 12 – 27 teeth. Lacinia with 12 – 14 retrorse teeth. Basal portion of cibarium thick, smooth, medially concave, with 1 + 1 ovoid lateral prominences. Sc with 13 setae. Hind basitarsus 5.7 – 6.4 times longer than broad. Sternite VIII darkened medially, with about 14 – 20 hairs per side. Gonapophysis subtriangular, concave internally and blunt distally; cercus curved distally, anal lobe subrectangular, with relatively abundant hairs internally and transversal sulcus subbasally; genital fork with median stem capitate basally and with broad lateral arms bearing stout anteriorly directed apodemes; spermatheca ovoid, homogeneously sclerotized. Male: Wing length, 3.1 – 3.3 mm. Scutum black, with anterior 1 / 3 light grayish pollinose, separated by black area and surrounding 1 + 1 subtriangular silvery spots. Hind basitarsus 3.8 times longer than broad. Dististylus about 1.8 times basistylus length, with small internally directed basal process; basistylus elevated laterally; ventral plate with median carina; endoparamere with strong hooks. Pupa: Cocoon slipper shaped, closed anteriorly, coarsely woven, reinforced along anterior margin. Gill membranous with three pseudoannulated branches; medial branch largest, blunt apically, ventral branch directed anteriorly, roughly 1 / 2 width of medial branch and digitiform distally (Fig. 4 C); dorsal branch 1 / 4 length of other branches, curved posteromedially. Frontoclypeus and thorax with numerous small granules. Cephalic and thoracic trichomes simple, stout. Abdominal tergite X with terminal spines markedly reduced. Larva: Length (mature), 8.0 – 9.0 mm. Cephalic apotome without ornamentation, head ventrally darkened basomedially. Labral fan with 48 – 56 primary rays. Ratio of hypostoma length / length of hypostomal bridge = 1: 1. Hypostoma with anterior margin straight, median tooth longer than corner teeth, 11 – 15 lateral setae per side, and 2 – 4 discal setae. Postgenal cleft dome shaped, with anteromedian incision. Mandible with internal teeth arranged in 2 – 3 rows of 5 – 8 teeth, two thickened marginal teeth, and one large lateral mandibular process. Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.3 – 1.4: 1.0 – 1.2 (proximal: medial: distal); medial article with 3 – 4 subdivisions. Lateral sclerite of prothoracic proleg with 24 teeth. Anal sclerite with hairs among struts. Posterior circlet with 102 – 158 rows of 18 – 20 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 5 – 8 lobules per lobe (15 – 24 total), dorsal lobule of each lobe greatly enlarged.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF88B2A0451E931FB51016E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: (From USNM collection) Canada: British Columbia, Kamloops, 1 female (in slide), 2 females (paratypes), 29 May 1928 (Hearle); Kamloops, Cold Creek, 1 female pinned, 14 May 1930 (Hearle) (det as Simulium virgatum Coquillet, var. S. canadensis); idem 1 male (paratype), 12 June 1930. U. S. A.: Washington, Tapenish, 1 male (in slide), several larvae and pupae, 18 June 1941, Knipling & Bishop; Waterville, several larvae and pupae, 15 June 1941, Knipling & Bishop; Montana, 3 females, Ravalli Co.; South Dakota, Spearfish, 1 male (in slide), 28 July 1924; California, Alpine Co., Markleville, several pupae and larvae (1 larva in slide), 5 September 1938, Aitken & Cazier; Monterrey Co., Greenfield, several larvae and pupae, 25 February 1955, Hitchcock; Calaveras Co., Camp Wolfboro, Stanislaus R., 2 females (in slide), 18 females, 3 July 1940, Hardman; Fresno Co., 12 mi NE Academy, 1 female, February 1954, Bentenck; same 6 females pinned, 11 April 1954; same 21 females pinned, 6 November 1954; San Diego Co., Carrizo Creek, 1 male (in slide) 13 April 1948, Coleman; San Diego; 1 male pinned; Los Angeles Co., Los Angeles, 10 females pinned; same 1 male (in slide) 1952, Mc Clay; Tambark Flat, 1 female, 13 July 1952, Mc Clay; Tule, Tulare river, 1 female, 25 April 1951, Bohart; same 2 males, 20 June 1952, Mc Clay; Hamilton Springs, 2 females, 19 May 1940, Aitken; Nevada, Baker, 1 male pinned, 1 male (in slide), 29 September 1940, Tatcher; Clark Co., Lee Canyon, Mt. Charleston, several larvae, 20 May 1940, Bohart; same 1 male, 24 May 1940, Reeves Cazeer & Ting; Deer Creek, several larvae, 25 May 1940, Cazier; Arizona, Cochise Co., S. W. Res. Sta., 1 male (in slide), 22 May 1965; 1 male (in slide), 28 May 1965. New México, Catron Co., 5 mi E. Glenwood, 8 larvae (in slide), 24 June 1953, Wirth; Santa Clara Co., Hamilton Springs, 1 pupa (in slide), 19 May 1940, (Aitken). Plus material separated as S. canadense by Stone from California 25 females; Los Angeles Co., 27 females; Fresno Co., 1 male; San Diego Co., 1 male; Nevada; 3 females Montana. Also was revised material from: New México, Catron, Grant, Lincoln, Mescalero Otero; California, Del Norte, Humboldt, Los Angeles, Mangrosa, Monterrey, Riverside, Sacramento, Santa Clara, Tulare; Utah, Salt Lake; Texas, Kimble; Washington, Helens.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF88B2A0451E931FB51016E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Canada: British Columbia; U. S. A.: Washington, Oregon, Montana, South Dakota, California, Colorado, Arizona, New México. México: Distrito Federal, Durango, México, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF88B2A0451E931FB51016E.taxon	description	Bionomics: Larvae and pupae occur on vegetation in cool and clear flowing streams.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFF88B2A0451E931FB51016E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: This species is structurally similar to S. burchi and S. dalmati but the former species has a shoe­shaped cocoon and has a more strongly capitate, tubercled, medial gill branch; the latter species has both major gill branches multilobed apically.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFE8B280451E9B9FC860226.taxon	description	Figs. 1 A – C, 2 A – E, 3 B, H, 4 D, E, 8 A – C, 9 A.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFE8B280451E9B9FC860226.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 2.7 – 2.8 mm. General coloration brownish dark. Head blackish, eyes dark brown, frons and clypeus brown, with silver pruinosity; scape and pedicel light brown, flagellum dark­grayish brown, palpus and proboscis dark brown to blackish; palpus with long blackish hairs. Scutum dark brown to black, with faint grayish pollinosity, uniformly distributed recumbent hairs, and 1 + 1 anterior submedial, subtrapezoidal black spots not adjoined to 1 + 1 silvery vittae; prescutellar area and lateral borders of scutellum with abundant, long golden hairs, pleurae brown gray pollinose; metanotum brown, silver tomentose. Wing veins light brown. Legs light brown, with darkened apices on femur, tibiae and tarsomeres, tarsomeres of prothoracic leg black. Abdomen dark brown; tergites II – V with dark brown median spots, tergite II with 1 + 1 silvery spots. Frons convergent below, (Fig. 1 A); fronto­ocular triangle broader than high (Fig. 1 B). Basal portion of cibarium slightly wrinkled medially, with 1 + 1 submedian, subovoid prominences (Fig. 2 A). Mandible with 11 + 27 teeth. Lacinia with 13 + 17 retrorse teeth. Sensory vesicle of maxillary palpus slightly shorter than length of basal article (Fig. 2 B). Basal sector of R without hairs; Sc with about 15 hairs. Hind basitarsus 5.2 times longer than broad (Fig. 1 C). Sternite VIII well sclerotized, with ca. 14 hairs per side; gonapophysis with distal margin convex, apices directed medially (Fig. 2 C). Cercus flattened distally. Anal lobe subrectangular, with internal margin curved, with small, anterioly directed, digitiform process (Fig. 2 D); genital fork (Fig. 2 E) with long, distally capitate stem and lateral arms (tines) only moderately expanded apically. Male: Wing length, 2.6 – 2.8 mm. General coloration as in female but slightly darker. Scutum velvety black, anterior 1 / 4 with 1 + 1 broad silver pruinose spots, continuous with thin lateral silvery stripe that adjoins silver prescutellar area. Legs darkened, especially prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae and most of metathoracic leg. Abdomen dark brown, with 1 + 1 silvery spots on tergite II. Sc bare. Hind basitarsus wide, 3.0 – 3.2 times longer than broad (Fig. 3 B). Basistylus subquadrate, with posterior prominence. Dististylus elongate, about twice as long as basistylus, with internal row of setae basally, and stout subapical spur; ventral plate with sinuous posterior margin and short longitudinal median carina. Pupa: (Figs. 4 D, E). Cocoon slipper shaped, coarsely woven, reinforced along anterior margin; Length (basal), 3.5 – 4.3 mm; (dorsal), 3.3 – 4.1 mm. Frontoclypeus with 2 + 2 frontal and 1 + 1 facial simple trichomes, mostly smooth except for lateral and ventral margins having few apically rounded platelets (Fig. 3 H). Anterodorsum of thorax with sparse to abundant accuminate granules and 5 stout, simple trichomes per side. Gill with two main branches, dorsal anterior and ventral; branches thickened, subannulated, dorsoventrally flattened, strongly curved apically; dorsal anterior (medial) branch largest, with strongly down­turned apex; ventral branch curved along contour of cocoon dorsal posterior smallest, subannulated. Maximum branch length = 2.2 mm. Abdomen with spine combs on tergites VII and VIII; tergite X lacking terminal spines. Larva: Length, 7.3 – 7.7 mm. Coloration yellowish (in alcohol). Head light brown; cephalic apotome brownish and slightly darkened basally, without special ornamentation. Labral fan with 42 – 47 rays. Hypostoma with straight anterior margin, median tooth longer than corner teeth (Fig. 8 B), 8 – 10 lateral setae per side, and 1 + 1 to absent discal setae. Hypostomial bridge longer than hypostoma, ratio length of hypostoma / length of hypostomal bridge = 0.8 – 1. Postgenal cleft mild curved, without apical incision (Fig. 8 A). Antenna longer than stalk of labral fan; median article pseudosegmented. Ratio of articles = 1: 1.1 – 1.5: 1.0 – 1.4 (proximal: medial: distal). Mandible with two rows of 4 – 5 internal teeth, 2 marginal teeth, and one curved lateral mandibular process (Fig. 8 C). Lateral sclerite of prothoracic proleg with about 38 teeth arranged in 12 – 14 groups. Anal sclerite with scarce hairs, ventral struts relatively elongated (Fig. 9 A). Posterior circlet with 115 – 135 rows of 20 – 24 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, and 4 – 6 lobules per lobe.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFE8B280451E9B9FC860226.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: México: México, Río Frío 3000 m, 3 males, 22 larvae, (2 on slide), 4 pupae, 6 September 1969, P. & B. Wygodzinsky (AMNH). Guatemala: (Dalmat collection, USNM) Chimaltenango, Acatenango, río Laguneta, Fca. Tehuya, 1 pupa, 12 March 1948; 1 pupa 21 March 1948; 1 pupa, 2 April 1948; 3 females, 4 males, 26 November 1948; 1 female, 1 male, 2 pupae, 25 March 1949; 19 female, 5 males, 26 May 1949; río Costita, Fca. Providencia, 10 female, 2 males, pupae, 2 April 1949; río Chajillá, Nejapa, pupae, 30 September 1948; río Positos, Quisaché, 6 pupae, 8 November 1948; 2 females, 1 male, 18 November 1948; 1 female, 1 male, 7 December 1948; río Monjon, Fca. Sta. Margarita, 1 female, pupae, 21 December 1948; río San Diego, Fca. San Diego, 1 female, 4 males, pupae, 6 November 1948; río San Rafael, Fca. San Rafael, 1 female, pupae, 12 March 1949; río Cocoya, Fca. El Carmen, 1 male, 26 February 1949; río Chajillá, Fca. San Antonio, Nejapa, 1 female, 20 September 1948; Sololá, río Patanatic, Fca. Panajachel, 1 male.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFE8B280451E9B9FC860226.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México: Chiapas, D. F., Durango, México, Morelos, Oaxaca, Veracruz. Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, Chimaltenango, El Quiché, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Sacatepequez, Sololá, Totonicapan.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFE8B280451E9B9FC860226.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Based upon the original description of Simulium deleoni Vargas, 1945 and information in Vargas & Díaz Nájera (1957), we synonymize this name with S. capricorne De León. The peculiar pupa gill is the basis for this action. Material identified as S. capricorne by Vargas and Díaz Nájera (1957) probably correspond to S. ethelae Dalmat based upon illustrations of the pupal gill. The closest species to S. capricorne are S. estevezi, which can be differentiated by the absence of an anterior collar in the cocoon, presence of a process on the dorsal gill branch, and cibarium with thickened anterior margin, and S. burchi, which has a wide, anteriorly directed, apically blunt dorsal branch as opposed to the strongly downturned one in S. capricorne.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFC8B370451EA71FB6005FE.taxon	discussion	We were unable to examine topotypical material of this species. Based upon the original description, it could be considered conspecific with S. (Hearlea) ethelae Dalmat based upon structure of the pupal gill. Material from Costa Rica identified as S. chiriquiense by Vargas et al. is similar to that of S. (H.) capricorne, based upon illustrations of the pupa (Figs. 3, 4). Both adults cannot be reliably differentiated from those of other S. (Hearlea) species.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFFC8B370451EA71FB6005FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Panamá: Chiriqui, cerro Punta (Boquete); Costa Rica: San José.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE38B370451EE34FB26029E.taxon	discussion	(Description derived from Díaz Nájera & Vulcano, 1962).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE38B370451EE34FB26029E.taxon	description	Female: General coloration blackish. Scutum velvety blackish, with 1 + 1 silvery vittae not adjoining anteriorly with 1 + 1 submedian silvery triangular spots; lateral and posterior borders silvery pruinose. Abdomen brownish, with posterior margins of tergites yellowish. Basal portion of cibarium concave medially, without wrinkled margin and with thickened rim. Genitalia similar to those of S. capricorne. Male: Wing length, 5 mm. General coloration blackish. Scutum velvety black, bordered with whitish pruinose and clothed in golden pile. Scutellum brown, with light brown posterior margin. Abdominal tergites black, with yellowish hairs. Sc haired. Genitalia as in S. capricorne. Ventral plate with prominent median carina. Pupa: Length (basal), 7 mm; dorsal, 6 mm; gill, 3.5 mm. Cocoon shoe shaped, gradually elevated, closed basally on anterior 1 / 4, compactly woven, not reinforced along anterior margin. Thorax with 5 simple trichomes per side. Gill inflated, with 2 major branches; dorsal branch stout, subglobulose, tapered distally, sclerotized and wrinkled dorsally, ventral branch membranous and translucent ventrally, with subconical lateral prominence, and subannulations; ventrolateral branch small, thin, and curved medially. Larva: Length, 12 mm. Head brownish, body yellowish gray, without ventral papillae. Labral fan with 42 primary rays. Hypostoma with 15 – 17 lateral setae per side and 4 + 4 discal setae. Mandible with 6 – 7 internal and 2 marginal teeth. Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 2.2: 1.9 (proximal: medial: distal). Postgenal cleft subtriangular. Posterior circlet with 185 rows of ca. 16 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 20 – 23 lobules per lobe (60 – 66 total), the dorsal lobe largest.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE38B370451EE34FB26029E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México: México, 3000 m and D. F.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE38B370451EE34FB26029E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The peculiar gill, with its inflated dorsal and ventral branches membraneous and translucent ventrally, distinguishes this species from all others. Simulium juarezi has a somewhat similar gill, but only its medial branch is markedly inflated.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE28B360451ED01FD5A0359.taxon	description	Figs. 5 J – M	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE28B360451ED01FD5A0359.taxon	description	Female: (Derived from Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1948). Wing length, 3.5 mm. General coloration blackish, with golden pilosity. Scutum black with 1 + 1 silvery vittae, joining anteriorly with 1 + 1 silvery subtriangular spots. Legs yellowish, with apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsomeres black. Basal portion of cibarium smooth, with anterior margin thickened, gradually elevated sublaterally. Sc haired. Genitalia as in S. capricorne. Male: Wing length, 3 mm. Coloration similar to that of female. Scutum black, with grayish pruinosity on anterior 1 / 3 interrupted medially. Sc with scarce hairs. Hind basitarsus 3.6 times longer than wide Ventral plate with short, haired, median carina. Pupa: (Fig. 5 J). Cocoon slipper shaped, coarsely woven, anterior margin reinforced. Length (at base), 5 mm. Gill (Figs. 5 K – M) inflated, annulated, comprised of 3 branches; medial and ventral branches subequal in size; dorsal branch 0.4 mm, 1 / 4 or less length of other branches, directed posteromedially, accuminate apically (Fig. 5 K); medial branch 1.4 mm, subcylindrical, capitate, directed anterolaterally, with 3 – 4 small apical protuberances (Fig. 5 K); ventral branch 1.3 mm, laterally compressed, curved anteromedially, blunt apically, with one or more small apical protuberances (Fig. 5 L). Frontoclypeus and thorax with few, iregularly sized granules. Larva: Length, 9 mm. Coloration grayish green; cephalic apotome without headspots, slightly darkened mediobasally. Labral fan with 42 – 44 primary rays. Antenna as long as stalk of labral fan, median article with 2 whitish subannulations. Mandible with strong curvature on superíor side, with 6 internal and 2 marginal teeth, the last well developed. Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.3 – 1.4: 1.0 – 1.1 (proximal: medial: distal). Postgenal cleft gradually curved, with narrow apical incision. Hypostoma with anterior margin straight, 11 – 13 lateral setae per side, and 3 + 3 discal setae; median tooth longer than others; ratio of hypostoma / hypostomal bridge = 0.8. Posterior circlet with 144 rows of 21 – 23 hooks. Rectal papillae 18 – 24 lobules, consisting of large dorsal and 5 – 7 smaller ventral lobules per lobe.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE28B360451ED01FD5A0359.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: México, Veracruz, Cumbres de Alcutzingo, 1 pharate male, 1 larva (on slides), 2 pupae and 4 larvae, 31 August 1948, Cordova, (MLP) leg. INDRE.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE28B360451ED01FD5A0359.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México, Veracruz.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE28B360451ED01FD5A0359.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The female is very similar to S. delatorrei and S. larvispinosum. The pupa is structurally close to S. canadense and S. burchi, but S. canadense has a slipper­shaped cocoon and S. burchi has a more anterodorsally directed, more finely woven cocoon. The larva is similar to that of S. ethelae, but the latter has 36 – 39 lobules (versus 18 – 24) on the rectal papillae. The larva of S. delatorrei is also similar but has 114 rows of hooks (versus 144) on the posterior circlet and 7 – 9 (versus 11 – 13) lateral hypostomal setae per side. Female of S. contrerense is very close, but silvery vittae of scutum not adjoining anteriorly, and the pupa gill has only 2 branches.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE18B340451ED01FC31007E.taxon	description	Figs. 2 F, 3 C – E, I, 5 C – F	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE18B340451ED01FC31007E.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.1 mm. General coloration dark brown, clothed with yellow to greenish pile, very similar to S. capricorne; scutum with 1 + 1 submedian silvery vittae extending from subtriangular anterior silvery spots to silvery pollinose prescutellar area, changing from whitish silver to black depending upon lighting. Frons convergent below, fronto­ocular triangle about as high than wide. Basal portion of cibarium smooth, with thin anterior margin and small median concavity (Fig. 2 F). Sensory vesicle of maxillary palpus with abundant tubercles, ca. 1 / 2 of basal article length. Genitalia similar to those of S. capricorne. Male: Wing length, 3.0 mm. General coloration similar to that of female. Eyes dark brown; scutum dark brown, bordered by silver pruinosity with anterior and posterior areas wider than lateral areas, scutum with abundant closely appressed silvery pilosity; (in specimens without pilosity, manipulation of light source enables vittae to be seen on gray tomentous pruinosity); pleurae brown, with silver pollinosity. Legs brownish, with long yellowish brown hairs. Abdomen brown blackish, with 1 + 1 silver spots laterally on tergites VI – VIII. Hind basitarsus 3.3 times longer than broad. Pupa: (Figs. 5 C – F). Cocoon slipper shaped, closed anteriorly, neatly woven (no evident threads), reinforced on anterior border (Figs. 5 C, D). Length (basal) 3.2 – 3.3 mm; (dorsal) 2.5 – 2.8 mm. Frontoclypeus with abundant, small platelets laterally, continued medially by microscopic punctation, and 2 + 2 thin frontal and 1 + 1 stout, spine­like facial simple trichomes (Fig. 3 I). Thorax with abundant, minute, rounded granules dorsally becoming more conical along midline; 5 simple, spine­like trichomes per side. Gill 1.8 mm, comprised of three branches; filaments stout, gradually tapered, pseudoannulated; medial branch largest, subcylindrical, apically blunt, directed anteriorly, with noticeable ventrolateral protuberance submedially; ventral branch 1 / 2 width of medial branch, curved medially; dorsal branch smallest, directed posteromedially. Abdominal tergite X lacking terminal spines. Larva: (derived from Dalmat, 1955). Body length, 7 mm. General color gray, cephalic apotome darkened mediobasally. Labral fan with 39 – 40 primary rays. Postgenal cleft dome shaped, with deep anteromedian incision. Hypostoma with anterior margin straight and 7 – 9 lateral setae per side. Ratio of hypostoma / hypostomal bridge = 1.1. Mandible with 6 internal teeth arranged in 3 rows; 2 marginal teeth, second slightly longer than 1 / 2 length of first. Comb of prothoracic proleg lateral sclerite having 40 – 42 teeth. Posterior circlet with 114 rows of 19 – 22 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 24 – 25 lobules per lobe (72 – 75 total).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE18B340451ED01FC31007E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Guatemala: (Dalmat collection USNM) Totonicapan, río Samalá, 2 pupae (paratypes), 1 pupal exuvia (paratype), 8 April 1948; 1 pupa (paratype), 1 pupal exuvia (paratype), 5 October 1948; 2 pupal exuviae (paratypes), 5 March 1949; 1 male (allotype), 1 female (paratype), 15 March 1949; 1 male (paratype), 6 April 1949; 1 male (paratype), 13 April 1949; 1 female (paratype), 15 April 1949; 1 male (paratype), 6 October 1949; 2 females (paratypes), 6 October 1949; Chimaltenango, Acatenango, Aldea Los Pajales, río Cipres, 2 females (paratypes), 13 April 1949; 1 male, 3 females, 26 July 1949; 2 female, 9 August 1949; 2 females, 1 male, 18 August 1949; río Cocoyá, Fca. El Carmen, 5 females, 3 male, 1 April 1950; El Quiché: Chichicatenango, río El Molino, Fca. El Tesoro, 1 pupal exuvia (paratype), 13 December 1948; Sololá, Panajachel, río Catarata, 1 pupa (paratype, brocken), 9 October 1947; 1 male (paratype), 10 December 1947; río Sololá, 1 male (paratype), 6 April 1948; San Marcos, río Guatayil, Aldea El Chamaco, 1 pupa (paratype), 14 December 1947; río Samalá, 1 female (paratype), 19 March 1949; 1 female (paratype), 4 pupae, 11 October 1947; 1 pupa (paratype), 8 September 1948; Guatemala, (III) unknown locality 1 female pharate, 1 male, 7 pupae.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE18B340451ED01FC31007E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Guatemala: Chimaltenango, El Quiché, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Quezaltenango, Totonicapan, San Marcos, Sololá. México: Chiapas.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE18B340451ED01FC31007E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The closest species is S. estevezi but differences in the pupa and larva permit their separation. An illustration of a larva identified as S. estevezi from Mexico (Díaz & Vulcano 1962) shows rectal papillae with only 5 lobules per lobe, differing considerably from Guatemalan populations (24 – 25 lobules per lobe).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE08B330451E8A9FABE00E6.taxon	description	Figs. 5 G – I	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE08B330451E8A9FABE00E6.taxon	discussion	(Diagnosis of adults derived from Vargas, 1945 and Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1957).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE08B330451E8A9FABE00E6.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 2.5 mm. Scutum blackish, with 1 + 1 silvery vittae adjoined with anterior subtriangular silvery spots. Cibarium without ovoid sublateral prominences. Genitalia similar to those of S. capricorne. Male: Wing length, 2.7 mm. Genitalia as in S. capricorne. Ventral plate with haired median carina. Pupa: (Figs. 5 G – I). Length (basal), 3.6 mm; (dorsal), 2.8 mm. Cocoon shoe shaped, neatly woven (no threads evident), with anterior margin weakly reinforced. Frontoclypeus and anterodorsum of thorax with abundant platelets and granules, respectively. Gill with 3 accuminate, pseudoannulated branches; medial branch largest, subcylindrical, directed anteroventrally, with median internally directed protuberance, and sharply upturned accuminate apex; ventral branch laterally flattened, curved ventromedially; dorsal branch 1 / 3 or less length of other branches, directed posteromedially (Figs. 5 G – I). Larva: Length, 8 mm. General coloration grayish. Cephalic apotome uniformly yellowish colored, or with slightly darkened spots forming a cross. Antenna extended beyond apex of labral fan stalk. Ratio of articles = 1: 1.3 – 1.4: 1.1 – 1.2 (proximal: medial: distal); medial article appearing as 3 pseudosegments. Mandible with two rows of 7 internal teeth and 2 internal teeth, the anterior internal tooth one larger than posterior one. Labral fan with 44 – 50 primary rays. Postgenal cleft gradually narrowed apically, with small anteromedian incision. Hypostoma with anterior margin straight. Ratio of hypostoma / hypostomal bridge = 0.9. Hypostoma with 8 lateral setae per side and 2 + 2 discal setae. Lateral plate of prothoracic proleg sclerite with ca. 40 teeth. Posterior circlet with 98 – 104 rows of 18 – 19 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 8 – 10 lobules per lobe (24 – 30 total).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE08B330451E8A9FABE00E6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: México: Veracruz, Tequiza, 1 larva (on slide) and 4 larvae, 5 August 1948, Reyes & Cordova (MLP); Oaxaca, San Felipe del Agua, 3 pupae, 1 pupa (in slide), 6 January 1955, Bautista (MLP); no locality 1 pupa, 14 December 1943, Martinez (USNM).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE08B330451E8A9FABE00E6.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México: Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Veracruz.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE08B330451E8A9FABE00E6.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Superficially, the female of S. estevezi is very similar to those of S. ayrozai, S. dalmati and S. ethelae. The pupa of these latter species, however, is quite distinct. The pupa of S. estevezi is closest to that of S. delatorrei, but has a thicker, more apically blunt medial gill branch having a smaller medioventral process and a more anterodorsally directed cocoon. The larva of S. estevezi is closest to S. delatorrei, but the latter species has a posterior circlet with 114 rows of hooks (versus 98 – 104), rectal papillae with 24 – 25 lobules per lobe (versus 8 – 10), and a significantly shorter postgenal cleft.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE78B320451E93CFE4900E6.taxon	description	Figs. 4 F – I	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE78B320451E93CFE4900E6.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.6 mm. Scutum velvety black with 1 + 1 anterior silvery vittae adjoining 1 + 1 anterior silver pruinose subtriangular spots and light grayish prescutellar area. Basal portion of cibarium smooth, concave medially, with thickened margin bearing 1 + 1 lateral subovoidal prominences. Hind basitarsus 4.7 times longer than broad. Genitalia as in S. capricorne. Male: Wing length, 3.4 mm. Coloration of scutum velvety blackish with a silvery pruinose spot on the anterior fourth area; abdominal ornamentation and genitalia morphology similar to that of other S. (Hearlea), with ventral plate subovoidal with median carina. Hind basitarsus 3.3 times longer than broad. Pupa: length (basal), 2.4 mm. Cocoon slipper shaped, closed anteriorly, neatly woven (no threads evident), with reinforced anterior margin. Gill with two, subequally sized, wrinkled, curved, gradually flattened, annulated, accuminate branches lacking granules or spicules (Figs. 4 F – I); dorsal branch slightly longer than ventral branch, with apex gradually curved ventrally. Thorax with sparse accuminate granules; frontoclypeus mostly smooth, with rounded granules only along margins. Larva: Length, 7 mm. General coloration grayish. Cephalic apotome with only small spots on mid­line and submedian area. Labral fan with 36 – 40 primary rays. Mandible with 5 or 6 internal teeth and 2 thin marginal teeth. Hypostoma with 12 – 16 lateral setae per side. Postgenal cleft narrow distally, deeply incised; ratio of hypostoma / hypostomal bridge = 0.9. Lateral sclerite of prothoracic proleg with 36 – 42 teeth. Rectal papillae with 36 – 39 lobules, 12 – 13 lobules per lobe. Posterior circlet with 150 – 170 rows of 18 – 20 hooks.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE78B320451E93CFE4900E6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Guatemala: (Dalmat collection USNM) Sololá, Panajachel, 1 pupa, 18 December 1949; río Patanatic, 1 pupa (paratype, only cocoon), 16 March 1949; near Los Encuentros, río Los Arcos, 1 female, 3 pupae (paratypes), 4 November 1948; 1 pupa (paratype), 13 December 1948; Mixco, río Campamento, Catarata, R 1, between km 24 and 25, 7 females, 6 males, 1 pupa (paratype), 1 pupa, 9 December 1949.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE78B320451E93CFE4900E6.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Guatemala: Chimaltenango, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Quezaltenango, Solalá; México, Chiapas.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE78B320451E93CFE4900E6.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The closest species morphologically is S. capricorne, but the apex of the dorsal gill branch in the latter species is considerably downturned. The female differs in that the scutal vittae do not adjoin the anterior subtrapezoidal spots. Simulium chiriquiense (not figured) has an accuminate dorsal gill branch, but differs having frontoclypeus with numerous platelets.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE68B310451E931FB7100DE.taxon	description	Figs. 1 F, G, 3 A, 5 N, O.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE68B310451E931FB7100DE.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.3 – 3.8 mm. General coloration blackish brown. Head brown, with frons and clypeus gray pollinose. Scape and pedicel light brown; flagellum dark brown. Palpus and haustellum dark brown. Scutum brown, with grayish pruinosity and yellowish – green to brown decumbent hairs varying in coloration with light position. Scutum with 1 + 1 submedian vittae that are silvery white with posterior lighting and blackish with anterior lighting, extending from 1 + 1 subquadrate anterior spots to prescutellar area; median blackish stripe about 3 times wider than silvery submedian stripes (Figs. 1 F, G); humeral spots light gray pollinose as are narrow lateral borders and prescutellar area. Legs yellowish brown, with apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsomeres dark brown – black. Basal portion of cibarium smooth, with thickened rim, and 1 + 1 subovoidal sublateral prominences. Abdomen dark brown. Genitalia as in S. capricorne. Male: Wing length, 3.2 – 3.6 mm. General coloration as in female but more darkened. Scutum velvety blackish, with anterior third grayish pollinose and separated medially by blackish area (Fig. 3 A). Legs mostly brownish dark, with closely appressed yellowish brown short hairs and blackish long hairs. Hind basitarsus 4 times longer than broad. Genitalia as in S. capricorne. Pupa: Cocoon slipper shaped, closed anteroventrally, neatly woven, with reinforced anterior margin and frequently covered by sand particles. Length: basal, 3.4 – 4.0 mm; dorsal, 3.2 – 3.5 mm. Frontoclypeus and anterodorsum of thorax with abundant, rounded, variably sized granules. Gill with three semi­membranous branches; medial branch largest, strongly clavate, with numerous tubercles dorsally and annulations basally; ventral branch laterally flattened, subannulated, directed medially; dorsal branch slowly accuminate, subannulated, slightly shorter than ventral branch, directed medially. (Figs. 5 N, O). Larva: (Diagnosis derived from Díaz Nájera & Vulcano, 1962). Length, 7.5 mm. General coloration greenish dorsally and yellowish ventroapically. Cephalic apotome darkened basally and medially. Labral fan with 50 primary rays. Hypostoma with 8 – 10 lateral setae per side. Postgenal cleft dome shaped, narrowed distally. Posterior circlet with ca. 145 rows of 17 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 5 – 7 lobules per lobe (15 – 21 total), median anterior diverticle larger than others.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE68B310451E931FB7100DE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: México: México, Río Frío 3000 m, 1 female, 1 male reared, 1 pupa, 6 September 1969, P. & B. Wygodzinsky (AMNH).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE68B310451E931FB7100DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México: México, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Chiapas and Michoacán.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE68B310451E931FB7100DE.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The peculiar expanded, dorsally globulose medial gill branch is diagnostic for this species. The closest species with inflated gill branches is S. contrerense.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE58B300451E954FBFC021E.taxon	description	Figs. 1 H – I, 4 J – K	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE58B300451E954FBFC021E.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.4 mm. Front and clypeus brownish­gray silvery pollinose. Thorax brownish black. Scutum brownish dark, with silver submedian vittae not adjoining anterior 1 + 1 silvery subtrapezoidal spots, but adjoining silvery pollinose prescutellar area; area between these spots black, although changing light position changes this silver color to black (Figs. 1 H – I). Scutum with golden, closely adpressed pilosity. Shape and proportion of palpus sensory vesicle as in S. capricorne. Cibarium with median portion concave, hyaline, with serrated margins. Sc haired. Length / width ratio of hind basitarsus = 5.2. Genitalia structurally similar to S. capricorne. Male: Wing length, 3.4 mm. Scutum velvety black with whitish pruinosity anteriorly and bordered with narrow silvery band on periphery. Scutum pilosity golden. Sc haired. Genitalia typical for subgenus; ventral plate with small median crest. Dististylus length ca. 2 X that of basistylus height at site of insertion; basistylus height at external margin 1 / 3 longer than at internal margin. Pupa: Cocoon weakly shoe shaped, closed and slightly enlarged anterobasally, with reinforced margin (Fig. 4 J). Length (basal), 3.5 mm. Base of frontoclypeus and anterodorsum of thorax with few platelets. Gill comprised of 2 laterally flattened, dorsally pseudosegmented, accuminate branches (Fig. 4 K); dorsal branch (length = 1.6 mm) directed anteriorly, forming ca. 90 ° angle with gill base; ventral branch 0.9 mm, directed only slightly medially. Larva: (Diagnosis derived from Dalmat, 1951). Body length, 7.7 mm. General coloration gray. Cephalic apotome concolorous, with small black spots along midline and submedian anterior area. Labral fan with 56 or 57 primary rays. Hypostoma with median tooth and corner teeth longer than other teeth. Postgenal cleft curved with narrow anteromedian incision. Lateral sclerite of thoracic proleg with 37 – 39 teeth. Posterior circlet with 194 – 206 rows of hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with ca. 25 lobules per lobe (75 total). Anal sclerite simple, lacking scales.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE58B300451E954FBFC021E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Guatemala: (Dalmat collection USNM) Totonicapán, Totonicapán río Samalá, 1 male allotype (in slide and its pupal exuvia), 8 pupal exuviae (paratypes), and 28 pupae, (mostly exuviae from material reared by Dalmat), 11 December 1947, Ochoa & Dalmat; El Quiché, Nebáj, río Micovez, 2 pupae, 10 December 1948; 2 males, 2 pupal exuviae, 15 November 1949; 10 females, 4 males, 6 pupal exuviae, 15 November 1950; 1 female, 28 March 1951; 6 females, 4 males, 6 pupal exuviae, 30 August 1951; 6 females, 10 males, 15 pupal exuviae, 30 September 1951; Huehuetenango, between Quetzaltenango and Huehuetenango, río Pajonal, 1 female, 3 pupae, 15 December 1948; Sololá, Panajachel, Catarata El Puente, 1 pupa, 16 March 1949; 1 female, 1 male, 1 December 1949; río Los Arcos near Los Encuentros, 1 pharate female, 1 pupal exuvia, 9 November 1948.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE58B300451E954FBFC021E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Guatemala: Totonicapán, El Quiché, Sololá, Huehuetenango, Quetzaltenango.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE58B300451E954FBFC021E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: This species is very similar to S. ayrozai, which differs by its gill branches being largely or entirely concealed by the anterior margin of the cocoon.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE48B3F0451EA63FC9C0006.taxon	description	Figs. 4 L – N.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE48B3F0451EA63FC9C0006.taxon	discussion	(Diagnosis of female and male derived from Dalmat, 1955).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE48B3F0451EA63FC9C0006.taxon	description	Female: General coloration unknown. Cibarium with a definite indentation along internal margin. Cerci about 2 times wider than high with curved border, anal lobe with abundant hairs distally; genital fork with median rod thin, elongate. Male: General coloration unknown. Basistylus with strong prominence basally along internal border; ventral plate with small median carina. Pupa: (Figs. 4 L – N). Cocoon shoe shaped, with reinforced anterior margin; length (basal), 2.9 mm; maximum, 3.6 mm. Frontoclypeus with few platelets. Thorax with numerous granules. Gill extended well beyond anterior margin of cocoon, comprised of 2 subannulated, laterally compressed branches; dorsal branch with distal 3 / 4 darkened, distended and blunt apically; ventral branch elongate, curved, distally tapered, with small distally digitiform projection. Abdominal tergite X lacking terminal spines. Larva: unknown.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE48B3F0451EA63FC9C0006.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Guatemala: (Dalmat collection, USNM) Chimaltenango, Acatenango, río Laguneta, Fca. Tehuyá, 1 pupa (paratype), 29 March 1949, Luch; 1 pupa (paratype, cocoon only), 26 February 1949; 1 pupa (paratype), 25 September 1949.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE48B3F0451EA63FC9C0006.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Guatemala: Chimaltenango.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE48B3F0451EA63FC9C0006.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The presence of two annulate gill branches places S. ayrozai, S. ethelae and S. microbranchium close to S. nigricorne, but the short, wide, distally darkened dorsal branch permits their separation. In two paratype pupae, the darkened apex gill dorsal branch mentioned by Dalmat was not observed.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEB8B3E0451E8CBFC2301BE.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.7 – 3.9 mm. Coloration blackish brown grayish with vittae not joining to 1 + 1 anterior subquadrate silvery spots, pilosity adpressed, abundant, tin colored; pleurae light grayish, silvery pollinose; legs yellowish greyish with concolorous hairs, with apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsomeres blackish. Cibarium smooth, concave medially, with 1 + 1 sublateral ovoidal prominences. Sc haired. Hind basitarsus 4.8 times longer than broad. Genitalia similar to those of S. larvispinosum. Male: Wing length, 3.2 – 3.6 mm. Scutum velvety black, sometimes with light area on anterior 1 / 5, clothed with abundant tin to golden pilosity. Legs generally darkened. Hind basitarsus 2.8 times longer than broad. Genitalia similar to those of S. larvispinosum. Basistylus scarcely elevated laterally; ventral plate with large median carina. Pupa: Cocoon slipper shaped, reinforced along anterior margin. Length (basal), 3 mm. Thorax with numerous granules. Gill rigid, similar to that of S. larvispinosum, except main medial branch thicker, more blunt apically, with shorter secondary branches and ventral branch more strongly curved. Larva: Length, 7.8 mm. General coloration light grayish brown. Cephalic apotome slightly darkened along midline basally. Labral fan with 42 – 44 primary rays. Mandible with preapical teeth well developed, 5 – 6 internal teeth arranged in two rows; marginal teeth with 2 denticles well developed and one accesory at half of internal teeth position. Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.6 – 1.8: 1.1 – 1.2 (proximal, medial, and distal). Hypostoma with prominent median tooth and 11 – 15 lateral setae per side. Postgenal cleft dome shaped, without deep anteromedian incision. Lateral sclerite of prothoracic proleg with 24 teeth. Anal sclerite with ventral struts encircling posterior circlet. Posterior portion of abdomen with dorsolateral 2 + 2 subconical, heavily sclerotized plates covered by accuminate tubercles and few spines. Posterior circlet with 190 – 200 rows of 25 – 27 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 8 – 11 lobules per lobe (24 – 33).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEB8B3E0451E8CBFC2301BE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Guatemala: (Dalmat collection, USNM) Sololá: río Catarata, Sta Alicia, Atitlan, Fca. Monte de Oro, 1 male (in slide), 24 March 1951, H. Dalmat; 11 female, 6 male, 29 March 1951; 4 female, 1 male, 15 June 1951; Panajachel, río Catarata, 1 female, 4 male, 2 February 1948, H. Dalmat; 1 female, 8 February 1948; 1 female (in slide), 7 August 1949; 7 females, 7 males, 11 August 1951; río Catarata, campamento A n ° 1, 1 female, 9 February 1949, H. Dalmat; campamento R. IV n ° 1, F. D. R. Km 24 – 25, 1 male, 9 December 1949, H Dalmat; Chimaltenango, Pochuta, río Chorrera, Fca. La Torre, 1 female, 18 March 1948, H. Dalmat; río Cocoya, Fca. El Carmen, 1 female, 19 May 1950, H. Dalmat; without locality N ° 331 – 24, 6 larvae (1 slide).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEB8B3E0451E8CBFC2301BE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México: Chiapas, Oaxaca and Veracruz; Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Guatemala, Quezaltenango, Sololá, Suchitepequez.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEB8B3E0451E8CBFC2301BE.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The form of the pupal gill and absence of 1 + 1 ventrolateral papillae on the eighth segment of the larva is shared with S. larvispinosum, but the latter has 1 + 1 accessory ventrolateral accessory plates on the anal sclerite.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEA8B3C0451E9F4FBD40586.taxon	description	Figs. 1 D, 6 F, G, 8 D – G, 9 D – F.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEA8B3C0451E9F4FBD40586.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.2 mm. Coloration blackish. Head dark brown, with frons and clypeus silvery pollinose. Scutum velvety black with 1 + 1 silvery vittae adjoined with submedian anterior subtriangular silvery spots; laterally bordered by narrow whitish gray pruinose band adjoining whitish prescutellar area. Abdomen blackish. Fronto­ocular triangle about as long as wide; cibarium with basal portion as in S. larvispinosum, with hyaline internal margin and 1 + 1 small rounded submedian processes. Sc bare. Genitalia typical for subgenus, with cercus rectangular, flattened distally, anal lobe with a transversal tegumentary fold and very haired apically; gonapophysis subtriangular, with blunt apex similar to that of S. larvispinosum. Male: Wing length, 3.0 mm. Scutum velvety black with anterior 1 / 3 pruinose, continued by narrow band bordering laterally and meeting with whitish gray pruinose prescutellar area. Abdomen blackish. Sc bare. Genitalia similar to those of S. larvispinosum, except ventral plate more elevated medially. Pupa: Length: basal, 2.4 – 2.7 mm; dorsal, 1.5 – 1.7 mm. Cocoon slipper shaped, open anteriorly, thickly woven, with narrow, ragged rim along anterior margin. Clypeus and thoracic dorsum with few to abundant, small, accuminate platelets and simple, stout, trichomes. Gill similar to that of S. larvispinosum, but with large apical lobe of medial branch narrower and dorsal branch more elongate, basally sclerotized, and apically curved; in dorsal view, submedial accuminate branches of major (medial) branch splayed laterally (Figs. 6 F, G). Abdominal tergite X lacking terminal spines. Larva: Length, 6.5 – 7.0 mm. General coloration light yellowish gray. Cephalic apotome uniformly colored, slightly darkened basally (Fig. 8 D). Labral fan with 50 – 52 primary rays. Antenna longer than stalk of labral fan; ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.4: 0.7 (proximal: medial: distal); medial article pseudosegmented (Figure 8 E). Mandible with outer margin strong curved (Fig. 8 F); internal teeth arrangeded in two rows of 4 teeth, with first and second teeth very curved, 2 marginal teeth, and one robust and long lateral tooth, 1 / 3 of which surpasses inner margin of mandible (Fig. 8 G). Hypostoma with anterior margin as in S. larvispinosum, with prominent median tooth and intermediate teeth longer than corner teeth; 14 – 21 lateral setae per side. Postgenal cleft deep, without anterior accuminate incision; ratio of hypostoma / hypostomal bridge = 0.9 – 1.1. Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.3 – 1.6: 0.9 (proximal: medial: distal). Prothoracic proleg lateral sclerite comb with 47 – 55 teeth. Abdominal segment VIII with 1 + 1 ventrolateral, apically sclerotized papillae (Figs. 9 D, F [vp]). Anal sclerite with ventral struts projected distally encircling posterior circlet, bordered laterally by heavily sclerotized, spinous accessory plates composed of the following: 2 + 2 conical dorsolateral projections [dd]; 1 + 1 flattened, expanded, ventrolateral plates with accuminate projections (Fig. 9 D [vl]), abundant accuminate tubercles, and sparse minute trichomes; and 1 + 1 dorsolateral, irregularly bordered, elongate plates positioned diagonally to lateral lobes of rectal papillae (Figs. 9 E [df]). Posterior circlet with 272 – 282 rows of 30 – 35 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 6 – 10 lobules per lobe (18 – 30 total).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEA8B3C0451E9F4FBD40586.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Mexico: Paratypes Chiapas, Mariscal, 1 female, 1 male, III­ 1946, col. A. Díaz Nájera (INDRE). Guatemala: Sololá, Atitlán, río Catarata, Sta. Alicia, Fca. Monte de Oro, several larvae and 1 pupa, 24 March 1951 (USNM); río Santa Anita, Fca. Monte de Oro, abundant larvae, 22 February 1945 (AMNH); XXII, without locality 32 larvae, 3 pupae; another lot: 6 pupae; another lot: 10 larvae, (AMNH).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEA8B3C0451E9F4FBD40586.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México, Chiapas and Veracruz; Guatemala, Sololá.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEA8B3C0451E9F4FBD40586.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Simulium (Hearlea) gorirossiae, S. larvispinosum, S. menchacai, S. carolinae, S. johnson, and S. temascalense are very similar but can be distinguished by subtle differences in the pupal gill and accessory plates of the larval anal sclerite.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE88B3B0451EE1CFE94065E.taxon	description	Figs. 6 H, I.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE88B3B0451EE1CFE94065E.taxon	discussion	(Diagnosis of adults based on description from Vargas & Díaz Nájera 1957, and that of larva from Díaz Nájera & Vulcano 1962)	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE88B3B0451EE1CFE94065E.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.1 mm. General coloration blackish. Scutum black with 2 submedian silvery vittae not adjoining 1 + 1 anterior subtriangular silvery spots. Anterior portion of cibarium with thickened anterior margin, medially concave. Sc with 4 – 6 hairs. Genitalia similar to those of S. larvispinosum. Male: Wing length, 3.1 mm. Coloration blackish, scutum velvety black whitish on anterior border. Abdominal tergites blackish. Genitalia as in S. larvispinosum. Pupa: Length: basal, 3.1 mm; dorsal, 2.9 mm. Cocoon slipper shaped. Gill membranous, with general shape similar to that of S. larvispinosum but secondary branches shorter and ventral branch more strongly curved; accessory branches accuminate, with well sclerotized spine­like apices (Figs. 6 H – I). Frontoclypeus smooth. Anterodorsum of thorax with abundant small platelets medially and few granules laterally. Posterodorsum of thorax with sparse, small, accuminate granules. Larva: Length, 8.5 mm. Coloration gray. Cephalic apotome uniformly pigmented, with small thin darkened area mediobasally. Labral fan with 54 – 56 primary rays. Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.4: 1.0 (proximal: medial: distal). Mandible with preapical teeth robust, internal teeth in two rows of 5; 2 large marginal teeth and 3; lateral mandibular process long and curved. Hypostoma with anterior margin straight and 10 – 12 lateral setae per side; ratio of hypostoma / hypostomal bridge = 0.7. Postgenal cleft dome shaped; abdominal segment VIII without sublateral papillae. Posterior circlet with 242 rows of 26 – 30 hooks. Anal sclerite with ventral struts encircling posterior circlet; 2 + 2 dorsolateral accesory plates with subconical processes, and 1 + 1 wide lateroventral plates bearing 4 – 5 short lateral processes. Segment VIII without ventrolateral papillae. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 7 lobules per lobe (21 total), the dorsalmost ones largest.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE88B3B0451EE1CFE94065E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: México: Veracruz, Cascada de Teocelo, 2 pupae (on slide), May 1946, Parra (MLP).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE88B3B0451EE1CFE94065E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México, Oaxaca and Veracruz.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFE88B3B0451EE1CFE94065E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Simulium gorirossiae is very similar to S. johnsoni but the pupa gill of the former has the anterodorsal lobe of the median branch thinner and more accuminate distally (actually with terminal spine) and the ventral branch is only slightly curved medially. The larva of S. johnsoni differs from that of S. gorirossiae by having longer projections on the accessory ventrolateral plate and ventrolateral papillae on segment VIII. Simulium temascalense has a very similar pupal gill to S. gorirossiae but its large anterodorsal lobe of the median branch is spinulate apically, and its larva has ventrolateral papillae on segment VIII and shorter lateral projections of the accessory ventrolateral plates. The pupal gill of S. larvispinosum has larger secondary branches and a more curved ventral branch, and its larva has 1 + 1 dorsolateral accessory rectangular plates anterior to the rectal papillae.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEF8B390451EED4FCC405AE.taxon	description	Figs. 1 E, 2 G – I, 3 F, G, 6 A – E, 8 H, 9 G – I.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEF8B390451EED4FCC405AE.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.4 mm. General coloration dark brown. Head blackish, frons brownish silvery pollinose; scutum velvety brown blackish bordered by narrow silver pruinose band, with 1 + 1 narrow (about 1 / 4 width of median black stripe) silvery vittae, not reaching to 1 + 1 anterior subtriangular silvery spots and adjoining posterior silvery prescutellar area. Front sides convergent below; fronto­ocular triangle about as long as wide. Cibarium with thickened, medially concave anterior margin bearing 1 + 1 short, smooth submedian processes (Fig. 2 G). Sc with 8 – 13 hairs. Mandible with 10 + 25 serrations. Lacinia with 13 – 14 retrorse teeth. Claw with sub­basal tooth (Fig. 1 E); length / width ratio of hind basitarsus = 4.6 – 4.7. Sternite VIII with 14 – 16 hairs per side; genital fork and spermatheca as in Figures 2 H – I, respectively; cercus subrectangular; anal lobe with longitudinal fold, and thickly haired distally. Male: Wing length, 3.4 mm. Scutum velvety black, bordered by silvery pruinosity as are the humeral angles. Scutellum black. Abdomen blackish. Sc bare. Hind basitarsus 3.5 – 3.6 times longer than broad. Basistylus subquadrate, 1 / 2 of dististylus length; dististylus with abundant pilosity mediobasally, and subterminal accuminate spine (Fig. 3 F). Endoparameres with strong hooks; median sclerite wide basally; ventral plate subovoidal, without evident median carina (Fig. 3 G). Pupa: Length: basal, 3.4 mm. Cocoon slipper shaped, compactly woven (threads not evident); anterior margin slightly reinforced. Frontoclypeus protruded basally, without platelets but with impression of minute, very abundant granules; 1 + 1 facial and 2 + 2 frontal single, stout trichomes; thorax with sparse, small, accuminate platelets posteriorly and impression of platelets on remainder of integument and 5 stout, single, spine­like trichomes per side. Gill rigid, granulose, cylindrical shaped, with two primary branches: dorsal branch smallest, reduced to accuminate, digitiform process; medial branch largest, directed anterodorsally and somewhat medially, with one large somewhat inflated main branch having 3 groups of short, stout, accuminate subbasal accessory branches; two most prominent subbasal branches directed anterolaterally and anteromedially, the former bifurcate and latter trifurcate; least prominent accessory branch directed anterolaterally, distally subdivided (Figs. 6 A – E); ventral branch small, curved, directed anteromedially; all gill branches, other than large inflated branch of median trunk, with spinulate, sclerotized apices. Abdominal tergite X with / without terminal spines. Larva: Length, 8 mm. Color yellowish to light brown (in alcohol). General aspect as Fig. 9 G. Cephalic apotome without discernible headspots, homogeneous except for narrow darkened basal stripe; cervical sclerites elongated, adjoining basal margin of apotome; ratio hypostoma / hypostomal bridge = 1.2 – 1.5. Labral fan with 43 – 48 primary rays. Hypostoma with median tooth stout, surpassing height of other teeth; corner teeth shorter than intermediate teeth; 12 – 17 lateral setae per side, without discal setae, and with few lateral serrations. Postgenal cleft dome shaped, with deep, anteromedian incision (Fig. 8 H). Antenna surpassing apex of labral fan stalk. Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.4 – 1.5: 0.9 (proximal: medial: distal). Mandible with 4 – 5 internal teeth; 2 marginal teeth, second tooth 1 / 2 length of anterior tooth. Lateral sclerite of thoracic proleg with 45 – 50 teeth. Anal sclerite with ventral struts encircling posterior circlet. Accessory plates in the form of 2 + 2 apical, subconical, heavily sclerotized dorsolateral plates (Figs. 9 H – I, [dd]), 1 + 1 ventrolateral, subconical, subannulate, plates with indentations along external border (Fig. 9 I [vl]), and 1 + 1 dorsolateral, subrectangular, flattened plates anterior to rectal papillae (Figs. 9 H – I [df]). Segment VIII lacking ventrolateral papillae. Posterior circlet with ca. 152 rows of 23 – 26 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 6 – 8 lobules per lobe (18 – 24 total).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEF8B390451EED4FCC405AE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Guatemala: (Dalmat collection USNM), Chimaltenango, Acatenango, Río Monjón, Fca. Sta. Margarita, 1 female, 8 March 1948; río La Torre, Fca. La Torre, 1 female, 17 August 1948; Finca Barretal, camino a San Vicente Pacapli, 8 pupae, 1 larva, 18 April 1945; Sololá, Atitlan, río Catarata, Sta. Alicia, 5 females, 1 male, abundant larvae, 24 March 1951, H. Dalmat; same locality, abundant larvae, 22 February 1945; (AMNH), same locality, abundant larvae, 22 February 1945, (AMNH); Río Santa Anita, Finca Monte de Oro, 950 m: 67 pupae, abundant eggs (AMNH). Seven vials of Guatemalan material from AMNH lacked locality information have only an internal collection number of XXII. Seven such vials included the following specimens: 60 larvae, 36 pupae; 25 larvae, 16 pupae; 36 larvae, 5 pupae; 26 larvae, 5 pupae; 36 larvae; 48 larvae, 56 larvae; 77 larvae.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEF8B390451EED4FCC405AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Guatemala: Chimaltenango, Sololá, Suchitepequez; México: Chiapas.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEF8B390451EED4FCC405AE.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Simulium (Hearlea) johnsoni Vargas & Díaz Nájera is very similar to S. larvispinosum, but the pupal gills of these two species exhibit slight differences as was explained in that species. Adults of S. carolinae do not differ superficially. The closest species based upon the pupa gill is S. gorirossiae, but these species exhibit differences in the larval accessory plates, with the ventrolateral plate more subquadrate and having long, accuminated projections and the dorsolateral flattened plates being positioned diagonally at sides of rectal papillae in S. gorirossiae. Simulium gorirossiae also differs in that it has sclerotized ventrolateral papillae on eighth sternite.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFED8B380451EDF9FD810666.taxon	description	Figs. 6 J, K	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFED8B380451EDF9FD810666.taxon	description	Female: Wing length, 3.5 mm. General coloration blackish. Thorax blackish brown; scutum with abundant appressed silvery pilosity that somewhat obscures submedian silvery stripes; vittae not adjoining 1 + 1 anterior subtrapezoidal silvery spots; scutellum brownish, metanotum and pleurae blackish; legs yellowish brown. Abdomen mostly brownish, with tergites II – IV pale. Fronto­ocular triangle about as long as high. Metathoracic basitarsus 0.5 – 1.1 times longer than broad. Cibarium wrinkled, with anterior margin thickened, translucent, medially concave, without lateral subovoidal prominences; Sc with 15 – 17 setae. Genitalia as in S. larvispinosum. Male: Wing length, 3.0 mm. Coloration blackish; scutum velvety black with anterior area whitish. Sc with 2 – 3 trichomes. Hind basitarsus 3.0 – 3.1 times longer than broad. Genitalia similar to those of S. larvispinosum. Pupa: Length: basal, 3.5 mm; dorsal, 3.0 mm. Cocoon slipper shaped, loosely woven, closed basally, with reinforced anterior margin coarse and slightly projected dorsolaterally. Gill well sclerotized, cylindrical, comprised of 9 – 10 terminal branches; 3 primary gill branches: dorsal one short, oriented posteriorly, and curved with rounded apex; median branch short, with 3 secondary branches of approximately equal length; dorsal secondary branch bifurcated basally, median secondary branch subdivided apically into 3 branches, third secondary branch also with 3 subdivided branches, although on different plane; primary ventral branch curved and longer than other three main branches (Figs. 6 J – K). Secondary branches are apically accuminated. Frontoclypeus smooth, with robust spiniform setae, frontal ones divergent and superíor ones very long. Thorax with abundant, small, rounded granules. Larva: (Diagnosis derived from Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1957 and also from Díaz Nájera & Vulcano, 1962). Length (mature), 7.5 – 8.0 mm. Coloration dark greenish. Cephalic apotome homogeneously pigmented, without discernible headspots. Labral fan with 50 – 55 primary rays. Hypostoma with anterior margin curved and 15 – 17 lateral setae per side. Postgenal cleft dome shaped, with anteromedian incision. Anal sclerite, accesory plates and ventrolateral papillae similar to those of S. gorirossiae, but with ventrolateral plates having shorter, more anteriorly directed accuminate projections. Posterior circlet with ca. 310 rows of hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 6 – 12 lobules per lobe (18 – 36 total).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFED8B380451EDF9FD810666.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: México: Oaxaca, Cerro San Felipe del Agua, 2 pharate female and 1 pharate male (on slide), 3 pupae, 13 May 1962, Reyes & Vulcano (MLP) leg. INDRE.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFED8B380451EDF9FD810666.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México: Oaxaca.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFED8B380451EDF9FD810666.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The larva is very close to those of S. gorirossiae and temascalense, based upon similar anal sclerite and accessory plates morphology, and presence of ventrolateral papillae on the larva. However, the peculiar form and disposition of the pupal gill branches permits their separation.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEC8B070451EEB1FAB60576.taxon	description	Figs. 8 I – L, 9 B, C. Larva: Length (mature), 7.0 – 8.5 mm. Coloration light brown yellowish (in alcohol). Cephalic apotome light brown, darkened basally, with darkened median longitudinal stripe on basal one­third and 1 + 1 small submedian spots near midline. Labral fan with 44 – 48 primary rays. Medial antennal article with 4 pseudoannulations (Fig. 8 K). Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.6: 1.0 (proximal: medial: distal). Postgenal cleft subtriangular, without anteromedian incision (Fig. 8 I). Ratio of hypostoma / hypostomal bridge = 1.2. Hypostoma with median tooth longer than others; 11 – 12 lateral and 2 discal setae per side. Mandible with internal teeth arranged in 3 – 4 rows of 6 – 8 teeth; 2 marginal teeth, second one very small (Fig. 8 L); lateral process elongated, stout, and curved. Lateral sclerite of thoracic proleg with 42 – 46 teeth. Anal sclerite with ventral struts heavily sclerotized, relatively short, not encircling posterior circlet although enclosing approximately 1 / 3 of it; accessory plates comprised of 1 + 1 well sclerotized, dorsolateral conical plates covered with small setae (Figs. 9 B, C [ds]). Segment VIII lacking ventrolateral papillae. Posterior circlet with 398 – 400 rows of 42 – 48 hooks. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 6 – 7 lobules per lobe (18 – 21 total), the median lobe largest.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEC8B070451EEB1FAB60576.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Guatemala: Solala, Atitlan, Santa Alicia, Finca Monte de Oro, río Catarata, (12 K, 36 B), Holotype larva and Paratype 1 larva, 24 March 1951, H. Dalmat (AMNH); same locality, 6 larvae, 22 February 1945, (AMNH); unknown locality XXII, 3 lots: (5 larvae), (1 larva), (7 larvae, 2 larvae on slides) (AMNH); XVII, 2 lots (2 larvae in slide) (MLP).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFEC8B070451EEB1FAB60576.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Larval morphology permits differentiation of S. paracarolinae from all other known species. The presence of accessory plates on the anal sclerite and a curved anterior hypostomal margin place this species into the S. carolinae group, for which the larva is known for all species. Although the larva cannot be completely ruled out from being the unknown larva of S. nigricorne, pupal morphology suggests the latter species corresponds to a group having different larval characters, such as absence of accessory plates on the distal abdomen, straight anterior hypostomal margin, distinct mandible morphology, and postgenal cleft. The closest species is S. carolinae, but its anal sclerite ventral struts completely encircle the posterior circlet and has 2 + 2 dorsolateral accessory plates.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFD38B070451EDA1FEC10311.taxon	description	Fig. 9 J.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFD38B070451EDA1FEC10311.taxon	discussion	(Diagnosis of female, and pupa derived from Díaz Nájera & Vulcano, 1962).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFD38B070451EDA1FEC10311.taxon	description	Female: General coloration blackish. Scutum brown with 1 + 1 thin silvery vittae not adjoining anterior 1 + 1 subtriangular silvery spots. Pleurae black pollinose. Femora and tibiae yellowish, with black apices. Meso­ and metathoracic coxae, trochanter, tarsomeres I – II, and apex of tarsomere III black. Cibarium with smooth, thickened, medially concave anterior margin. Genitalia as in S. larvispinosum. Male: unknown. Pupa: Cocoon (at base), 3 mm. Frontoclypeus and anterodorsum of thorax without platelets. Gill with general facies of S. carolinae, with dorsal branch elongate, relatively thin, with accuminate, spinulate apex, and seven small subbasal branches and a more distal one that is curved and directed posteroventrally; apex of branches spinulate. Larva: Length (mature), 8 mm. Coloration dark greenish; head yellowish, cephalic apotome without noticeable headspots. Labral fan with 50 primary rays. Mandible with strong preapical tooth, two rows of internal teeth, and 2 large marginal teeth; lateromandibular process long and curved. Ratio of antennal articles = 1: 1.6: 1.2 (proximal: medial: distal). Comb of thoracic proleg sclerite with 38 – 39 teeth arranged in 10 groups. Hypostoma with anterior margin curved, median tooth longer than other teeth, and 15 lateral setae per side; ratio of hypostoma / hypostomal bridge = 0.8; postgenal cleft mildly curved apically, without accuminate anteromedian incision. Sternite VIII with 1 + 1 sublateral, sclerotized papillae. Posterior circlet with 242 rows of 26 – 30 hooks. Posterior portion of abdomen with 2 + 2 dorsolateral accuminate posteriorly directed processes, 1 + 1 wide ventrolateral positioned processes having small lateral projections (Fig. 9 J [dd and vl]); 1 + 1 dorsolateral flattened plates and 1 + 1 ventrolateral papillae; ventral struts of anal sclerite encircling posterior circlet. Rectal papillae trilobed, with 7 – 9 lobules per lobe (21 – 27 total).	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFD38B070451EDA1FEC10311.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: México, Oaxaca, San Felipe del Agua, 1 larva, October 1948, Cordova (MLP) leg. INDRE.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFD38B070451EDA1FEC10311.taxon	distribution	Distribution: México: Michoacan, Oaxaca	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
066EE960FFD38B070451EDA1FEC10311.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Simulium johnsoni and S. larvispinosum have very similar pupal gills, but their larvae lack ventrolateral papillae on segment VIII and their females have a darker scutum.	en	Coscarón, S., Esquivel, D. R. Miranda, Moulton, J. K., Arias, C. L. Coscarón-, Bernal, S. Ibañez (2004): Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios, & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa 396: 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1
