identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DB5AFC3EC7265729C37AE3D1FC6FF9C7.text	DB5AFC3EC7265729C37AE3D1FC6FF9C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus Schonherr 1826	<div><p>Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1823</p> <p>Type Species. Rhynchaenus plagiatus (Fabricius) (Schönherr 1823: c.1136).</p> <p>In the last revision of the genus Laemosaccus from North America, Champion (1903) treated two species that occur in the USA and 13 other species that occur in Mexico and Central America. Wibmer and O’ Brien (1986) list nearly 30 additional species from South America, and I have seen many other undescribed species from Mexico and Central America. After study of personal collections and a survey of specimens in collections, American Laemosaccus north of Mexico appear to represent 12 species, 10 of which are undescribed. These can be classified into two groups that do not appear to be closely related: the L. nephele group, containing most species, which are typically black with larger or smaller orange or red humeral or posthumeral elytral spots and whose woody hosts are usually oaks or mesquite and other legumes; and the L. texanus group with two all-black species whose hosts are in perennial Malvaceae, including Gossypium L. The latter group appears to be richer in Mexico and Central America and extends into South America. Additional groups of Laemosaccus occur in Mexico and Central and South America, and the morphological diversity among these may warrant the recognition of additional genera. Although few species have been reared, larvae of most species are probably borers in woody branches of relatively small diameter (e.g., L. nephele) or in the stems of perennial herbs (e.g., L. texanus).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC7265729C37AE3D1FC6FF9C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC726572AC34FE758FBBCFA9E.text	DB5AFC3EC726572AC34FE758FBBCFA9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus nephele (Herbst)	<div><p>The L. nephele group</p> <p>Of the 11 species in the L. nephele group that occur in the USA, nine are entirely southwestern and a 10 th occurs there; eight of them also occur in Mexico. Of the nine, seven are associated with oaks as adults, and the other two were reared from mesquite and other legumes. Geographically, Arizona has the richest fauna, with seven species. Texas has five species, including the primarily eastern L. nephele. Three southwestern locations have been relatively well collected: in southeastern Arizona, Madera Canyon in the Santa Rita Mountains and Cave Creek Canyon in the Chiricahua Mountains; in Texas, the Davis Mountains. The larger number in the Chiricahua Mountains is probably an artifact of less intensive collecting elsewhere. All of the new species from Arizona and one from Texas are found in the Madrean Archipelago “sky islands” along the Mexican border (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrean_ Sky_Islands); all but two of them have also been collected in Mexico, but these two can be expected to occur in Mexico.</p> <p>Champion (1903) noted that in Mexico and Central America L. nephele (Champion’ s “ L. plagiatus ”) was “not uncommon...varying much in size...and in the extent of the rufous or ferruginous humeral patch...[and]...sculpture of the prothorax.” He concluded that “The various forms occur in the same localities, and they cannot be separated.” They can be separated, but not always easily. Of the 11 species in the USA, eight have also been collected in Mexico, but not L. nephele. There are numbers of additional species that have not been collected north of Mexico, and I have seen Laemosaccus specimens with red posthumeral patches from as far south as western Panama, although not commonly south of Honduras. Perhaps because many Laemosaccus are associated with oaks, the separation of all of the Mexican and Central American species may be a very difficult task if this genus is as complex as the leaf-mining genera of beetles I have studied that use oaks as larval hosts (Curculionidae: Tachygonus Schönherr (Hespenheide 1992); Buprestidae, Brachys Dejean (Hespenheide 2015 and unpublished data)).</p> <p>Diagnostic Characters of the Laemosaccus nephele Group</p> <p>Although species of the L. nephele group resemble each other closely, the resemblance is superficial and differences are subtle, as is often true in mimicry complexes (see discussion below). In addition to size, the following characters vary in consistent ways among species:</p> <p>Coloration. Although the basic pattern is black with red humeral spots, the size, shape, and placement of the spots varies within and among species.</p> <p>Setation. Species of the L. nephele group tend to be more or less densely setose ventrally glabrous or inconspicuously setose dorsally, but there are subtle differences. Some species have the base of the rostrum or the anterior margin of the pronotum setose, whereas those in the L. texanus group are nearly glabrous throughout. A postscutellar spot of setae may occur in species throughout the genus. The pygidium and propygidium (see below) may have distinctive kinds and patterns of setae.</p> <p>Sculpture. The sculpture of the pronotum varies from finely to coarsely punctate to rugose among species, and the punctures may be confluent. Elytral intervals 3 and 5 are distinctly toothed in some species. The sculpture of the rostrum separates species and sexes. The profemora have a tooth, which differs in size among species.</p> <p>Male Genitalia. The aedeagus is usually distinctive among species. Species differ in the nature of the aedeagal apex (obtuse, acute, or truncate), lateral profile (straight or arcuate and/or apically deflexed), and presence or absence of dark internal structures. In addition, the shape of the parameres (Lyal 2014; dorsal processes of the tegminal ring in Thompson 1988; or epimeres of the phallobase in Burke 1959) differs among species.</p> <p>Sexual Dimorphism. Male Laemosaccus have been characterized as having the pygidium transversely “divided” into a dorsal “propygidium” (Champion 1903) and a ventral pygidium; females have an undivided pygidium. Laemosaccus species have the usual situation in weevils in which for females the pygidium is abdominal tergite 7, whereas in males the pygidium is not “divided,” rather, abdominal tergites 7 (“propygidium”) and 8 (“pygidium”) are both visible. Here I use tergite 7 and tergite 8 to avoid confusion and false homology. Laemosaccus is dimorphic in other secondary sexual characters. In males of some species, the metasternum and first two abdominal sternites are either more glabrous or more setose, or excavated, or emarginate on the posterior margin. Sexual dimorphism of the rostrum is usual: the male rostrum usually shorter, stouter, and more strongly sculptured with punctures or rugosity, whereas the female rostrum is often longer, narrower, and more or less polished, but species differ in the nature and extent of such differences.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC726572AC34FE758FBBCFA9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC725572EC281E4A3FBAFFD79.text	DB5AFC3EC725572EC281E4A3FBAFFD79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus nephele (Herbst 1797)	<div><p>Laemosaccus nephele (Herbst, 1797)</p> <p>(Figs. 1–3)</p> <p>Curculio nephele Herbst 1797: 54, Tab. XCIX, fig. 4D.</p> <p>Curculio plagiatus Fabricius 1798: 170.</p> <p>Laemosaccus plagiatus (Fabricius): Schönherr 1823: c.1136.</p> <p>Rhynchaenus plagiatus (Fabricius): Schönherr 1823: c.1136.</p> <p>Laemosaccus nephele (Herbst): O’ Brien and Wibmer 1982: 6.</p> <p>Redescription. Male. Length 3.3 mm, width 1.5 mm (Figs. 1, 2). Robust, subcylindrical in cross section, slightly obovate, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with large red-orange spot on anterior 3/4 and from lateral margins nearly to suture and broadly rounded behind; pronotum and elytra glabrous, thorax and abdomen ventrally with punctures each with a silvery seta, head with inconspicuous setae on rostrum, denser and conspicuous behind lower 3/4 of eyes, setae more slender and semi-erect on basal half of femora, hair-like and erect on tergite 8; tergite 7 with small, scale-like setae on basal margin, otherwise glabrous. Head hemispherical, 0.55 mm wide; rostrum rounded-terete, coarsely punctate, 0.5 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum gibbous, convex at base, constricted before anterior margin, 1.1 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, broadest at basal third with lateral margins very shallowly arcuate, slightly convex in lateral view, coarsely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded and separate, with distinct medial carina on basal 3/4. Elytra distinctly wider than pronotum at base, 2.0 mm long, 1.5 mm maximum width, striae subequal to intervals, coarsely punctate, intervals carinate, interval 3 weakly toothed on middle third, interval 5 weakly toothed on apical half. Abdominal ventrite 1 very slightly concave along midline, with setae less conspicuous. Profemora with broad, abruptly acute ventral tooth beyond middle. Genitalia as in Fig. 3; aedeagus 0.80 mm long.</p> <p>Female. As male but rostrum subcylindrical, polished, very finely, inconspicuously punctate; tergite 7 weakly convex, coarsely punctate, glabrous except at basal margin.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. North America: [“Amer. bor.”] “35504// Nephele n./ Curc. Neph. Ht./ Rhynch. plagiatus Thb. ?” (male, lectotype, ZMHB). “ plagiatus F./Amer. bor.”//“35504/ Hist. Coll.”(female, paralectotype of Curculio nephele Herbst, ZMHB); “Amer. bor.” (BMNH); “North America ” [Pascoe Coll.] (BMNH). Canada: Ontario: Essex Co., Wheatley, 07.1967, K. Stephen (ASUHIC). USA: “Carolina” (Lectotype and 2 paralectotypes of Curculio plagiatus Fabricius, ZMUC); “Caroline//Fig. Gen. Ins.” (USNM); “S[outhern] I [llinois?]” [Sharpe Coll.] (BMNH); Mch, 1881,” from gall of C. cornigera (BYU). Alabama: [Dallas Co.], Hazen, on Quercus [Merriam], 30.04, 2.05.1923, [L. B. Woodruff] (AMNH), 19.04.1923, [L. B. Woodruff], Quercus digitata (AMNH), 12.04.1921, beating oak [L. B. Woodruff] (AMNH); [Jefferson Co.], “B’[irming]ham” [419A], 29.05.1955, [H. G. Steeves] (FMNH); [Madison Co.], 5 mi. NW Huntsville, 15.05.1959, D. G. Kissinger Acc. No. 437, Q. falcata leaf (CSCA); [Mobile Co.], Mobile, 9.05.1906, Boving (CHAH), 20- 21.04.1957, H. &amp; A. Howden (CMNC); [Tuscaloosa Co.], Tuscaloosa, 3.07.1953, L. Franklin (CHAH). Arkansas: ‘south west Ark,” no date, G. Palm (AMNH); Cross Co., Village Creek State Park, 23.07.1976, L. Lowman (UAAM). Connecticut: [Litchfield Co.], Litchfield, 14.05.[?], [L. B. Woodruff] (AMNH). District of Columbia: Washington, 14.06.--, [C. Fuchs] (CASC). Florida: “Florida,” W. H. Ashmead (INHS), “Fla,” no date, [Holland Coll’ n] (CMPI), C. W. Leng (BYU); Enterprise, no date (LEMQ); Alachua Co., 24.03.1923, Alexander-Walker (UMMZ); Gainesville, 10.02.1923 (UMMZ), 12.04.1922, G. B. Merrill (AMNH), 13.05.1925, G. B. Merrill (FSCA), 20.04.1928, G. B. Merrill, oak (FSCA), 15.04.1957, G. B. Merrill, Quercus (FSCA), 24.04.20, P. W. Fattig (CASC); 2 mi. W Archer, 25.03.1953, B. K. Dozier, sweeping oak (FSCA), 4 mi. WArcher, 25.03.1953, H. F. Howden (CMNC); Bay Co., Lynn Haven, 19.05.23, [Andrews] (UMMZ); [DuVal Co.], Jacksonville, no date, R. M. Brattain (AMNH); Indian Riv. Co., 5 mi. S Vero Beach, 27.03.1976, C. W. O’ Brien, on Quercus (ASUHIC); Lake Co., Forest Hills, 5.04.1994, F. W. Skillman Jr., in swimming pool (ASUHIC); Leon Co., Tallahassee, 3, 5.05.1977, G. B. Marshall (ASUHIC), G. J. Wibmer, em. 15.04.2001, reared ex girdled hickory branch (ASUHIC), G. J. Wibmer, emerged 15.07, 19.08.2009, on hickory branch girdled by Oncideres, fell 10.2008 (ASUHIC); Liberty Co., Torreya St. Pk., 19- 23.04.1984 (ASUHIC); [Marion Co.], Ocala, 22.03.1922, F. W. Walker (UMMZ); [Pinellas Co.], Dunedin, 10.04.1921, W. S. B. (BYU); Polk Co., Lake Marion Creek Rd., Magnolia St, Em 04.2000, R. Morris, ex dead Quercus laevis branches (CMNC), Em. 1- 10.03.2000, R. Morris, ex: Quercus (RFMC), Em. 04.2000, R. Morris, Ex. Fire killed Quercus virginiana (RFMC); Santa Rosa Co., Blackwater R. at Riley Landing, 3 mi. W Holt, 2.06.1973, J. N. &amp; E. C. Reynolds (ASUHIC); [Taylor Co.], Steinhatchee R., V, C. W. Leng (BYU); [Volusia Co.], Enterprise, C. W. Leng (BYU). Georgia: Georgia, Morrison (ZMHB), “Ga,” no date (MCZ); Barrow Co., Winder, emerged 21.02.1975, R. Turnbow (FSCA); [Bibb Co.], 5 mi. SE Mallin, 1- 10.06.1964, L. Camdre, light trap (ASUHIC); [Chatham Co.], Tybee Is, 06.1924, H. A. Wenzel (OSU), Savannah, Sommer (ZMHB); [Clark Co.], Athens, 18.05.1947, C. W. Fisher (TAMU); DeKalb Co., 03.06.1972 (TAMU); Hancock Co., 4.1 mi. S Sparta, 11.05.1976, R. Turnbow (FSCA); Johnson Co., 1 mi. E Kite, 11.05, 22.06.1976, R. Turnbow, on Quercus laevis Walter (ASUHIC); Richmond Co., Ft. Gordon, 18.05.1958, R. R. Snelling (LACM); Tattnall Co., 2 mi. E 147, along Ohoopee Riv., em. 15.02.1999, R. Morris, ex. Quercus sp. (RFMC), 3 mi. E 147, Ohoopee River, Em. 03-04.1998, R. Morris, Ex Quercus sp. Limbs (RFMC); Upson Co., Sprewell Bluff area, 23- 24.05.1987, R. Morris (RFMC). Illinois: [Kane/McHenry Co.], Algonquin, Nason (INHS); [Pulaski Co.] Karnak, 23.06.1932, Ross, Dozier, Park, on Taxodium sp. (INHS). Indiana: Marion Co., 27.06.1929, W. S. B. (BYU); Tippecanoe Co., 4.07.1962, N. M. Downie (FMNH). Louisiana: Natchitoches Par., Kisatchie Nat. Forl, Red Bluff Campgd., 17.05.1984, E. G. Riley (ASUHIC); Rapides Par., Boyce, 29.04.1982, E. G. Riley (ASUHIC); Winn Parish, S of Hwy 1232 ca. 2 mi. NE Calvin, 08.05.1987, C. B. &amp; J. E. Barr (EMEC). Maryland: [Baltimore Co.], Granite, 8.03.1963, E. J. Ford Jr (NCSU), Lutherville, 03.07.1949, A. E. Thompson (CMNC), Sparrows Pt., 6.07.1931, J. W. Green (CASC); Frederick Co., Frederick Mun.For., 12.09.1990, M. J. Rothschild (CHAH); Wicomico Co., Pittsville, 31.05.1994, M. J. Rothschild (FSCA); Salisbury, 27.05, 1.06.1991, M. J. Rothschild (FSCA), Salisbury, Naylor Mill Park, 28.05.1995, M. J. Rothschild (NCSU); Worcester Co., Shad Landing St. Pk., 18.05.1985, C. L. Staines, Jr. (CHAH), Ocean City, 01.07.1958 (EMEC, UCDC). Massachusetts: “Mass,” no date, F. Knab (BMNH); [Barnstable Co.], Woods Hole, no date, 21.07.1898 (AMNH), Harwichport, 07.1933, L. Lacey (BYU); [Bristol Co.], Fall River, 9.06.1913, N.S. Easton (UMMZ). Michigan: [Washtenaw Co.], Whitmore Lk., 29.07.1956, G. H. Nelson, beating oak (AMNH), 7.07.1956, G. H. Nelson, Quercus velutina (AMNH). Mississippi: Attala Co., Natchez Trace, mi. 153.8, 32°57’19”N 89°36’46”W, 26.06.2007, T. L. Schiefer, beating fallen Quercus nigra (MEM); [Forrest/Lamar Co.], Hattiesburg, 1940, S. S. Easter (MEM); [George Co.], Lucedale, 13.05.1929, H. Dietrich (CASC); Jefferson Davis Co., 04.1970, on boll weevilsaturn yellow sticky trap 643 (MEM); [Lafayette Co.], Oxford, 2.05.1949, H. V. Weems, Jr., on Quercus (FSCA); Lowndes Co., Columbus 33°29’42”N 88°26’36”W, 23.05.2008, T. L. Schiefer, beating cut trees and shrubs (MEM); Neshoba Co., Philadelphia, 32°48’06”N 89°06’28”W, 18.05.2011, T. L. Schiefer, beating recently fallen trees (MEM); Noxabee Co., 10.8 mi. ESE Macon, 8.05.1974, W. H. Cross, in Leggett trap 2181 (MEM), Noxabee N.W. Refuge, 33°16’58”N 88°46’42”W, 214.05.2009, T. L. Schiefer, On fallen Quercus nigra (MEM); Oktibbeha Co., Starkville, T18N, R14E, Sec 12N 16.06.1992, T. L. Schiefer, beating Quercus sp. (MEM), Starkville, 33°27’41”N 88°51’28”W, 6.05.1997, T. L. Schiefer, beating recently cut trees (MEM), Starkville, 33°27’13”N 88°48’04”W, 15.05.2000, T. L. Schiefer, beating Quercus nigra (MEM), 6 mi. SW Starkville, 5.05.1986, R. L. &amp; B. B. Brown, Malaise trap in mixes pine-hardwood forest (MEM), 3 mi. W Adaton, 33°29’00”N 88°58’13”W, 30.05.1996, T. L. Schiefer, beating trees and shrubs (MEM), 1 mi. NE Sessums, 33°25’32”N 88°42’09”W, 13.06.2013, T. L. Schiefer, beating recently cut trees (MEM), “A &amp; M College,” 13.07.1927, J. M. Langston, oak LS27-16e (MEM), State College, Shipp (NCSU); Rankin Co., 9.5 mi. NNE Brandon, 7.06.1973, W. H. Cross, in Leggett trap 1203 (MEM); Tishomingo Co., Tishomingo St. Park, 34°37’13”N 88°11’50”W, 26.05.2010, J. Lewis, J. McGown. beating in hardwood forest (MEM); Winston Co., Tombigbee Nat. Forest, 33°12’49”N 89°05’28”W, 9.07.1999, T. L. Schiefer, beating cut trees (MEM). Missouri: Wayne Co., 3.5 mi. N Wappapello on Rt. Z, 11.06.1975, E. G. Riley (ASUHIC). New Jersey: “ New Jersey,” no date, [Van Dyke Coll] (CASC), “N.J.,” no date (LACM), F. A. Sheriff (CASC); Anglesea, 12.07.---, [E. L. Dickerson] (AMNH), 05.1930, H. W. Wenzel (OSU); Bonhamton, 26.08.1909, [L. B. Woodruff] (AMNH); Da Costa, “6-14,” “6-15” (OSU), “6-15,” H. A. Wenzel (OSU), no date (CMPI); Mt. Misery, 23.06.1940, R.G. Casselberry (AMNH); Palisades, [“Bred”?], C. W. Leng collection (BYU); [Atlantic Co.], Ocean City, 19.06.1937, R. G. Casselberry (AMNH); [Bergen Co.], Fort Lee District, no date (AMNH); [Burlington Co.] Medford, 03, 25.06.1939, E. J. F. Marx (AMNH), Atsion, 3.07.47, J. W. Green (WFBM); 5 mi. SE Browns Mill, em 5.196-, H. A. Hespenheide, rear ex chestnut oak (CHAH); [Cape May Co.] Wildwood, “7-1-0,” [Andrews] (UMMZ); [Essex Co.], Newark, no date (AMNH); [Hudson Co.], Nutley, 27.06.---, [E. L. Dickerson] (AMNH); [Middlesex Co.] Rahway, 2.08.---, [J. A. Grossbeck] (AMNH); [Monmouth Co.], Freehold, 19.07.1926, J. W. Green (CASC), 19.07.1926, [L.S. Slevin Coll] (CASC); Ocean Co., E. Plains, 15.06.1929 (AMNH); Lakehurst, 18.06.1917, beating oak, 21.06.1922, [L. B. Woodruff] (AMNH), 07.07.---, [E. L. Dickerson] (AMNH), 28.06.---, H. B. Weiss (AMNH), 4, 5.07.1909 (AMNH). New York: Long I., 1.07.1906, [L. B. Woodruff] (AMNH), New Lots., L. I., 24.06.1891, J. L. Z. (AMNH); [Bronx Co.], Bronx, 03.1895, C. W. Leng (1, BYU); [Erie Co.], Buffalo, no date (MCZ, SEMC, ZMHB), C.W. Leng collection (BYU, on card with the following species); [Kings Co.], Flatbush, 28.07.1893, J. L. Zabriskie (AMNH), Lott Wood, Flatbush, L. I., 6.07, 11.08.1893, J. L. Zabriskie (AMNH); [Nassau Co.], Long Island, Long Beach, no date, [B. Malkin] (FMNH); [Suffolk Co.], Cold Spring Harbor, 25.07.1932, [C. H. Curran] (AMNH); Yaphank, L.I., 8.07.1916, [L. B. Woodruff] beating scrub oaks (AMNH). North Carolina: [Blanden Co.], White Lake, 14.05.1952, D. M. Weisman (NCSU); [Buncombe Co.], Black Mt., --.07.1900 (AMNH), Black Mts, 9.06.1912, Beutenmuller (CASC); Catawba Co., Hog Hill, 27.07- 7.08.1976, R. Turnbow, bl trap (ASUHIC); Columbus Co., 01.05.1952, A. T. Howden, oak leaves (AMNH, CMNC, FMNH); Cleveland Co., 20.05.1972, J. S. Ashe, on foliage (TAMU); [Cumberland Co.], Vander, 19.05.1959, W. M. Kulash (NCSU); [Graham Co.], Joanna Bald, 2.09.1959, F. W. Mead (NCSU); Halifax Co., 21.05.1979, J. R. Brown, in boll weevil pheromone trap (UAAM); Hoke Co., McCain Tract, 28.05.1993, R.L. Binn (NCSU); Mecklenburg Co.,Cornelius, 06.2007, M. Heuther (CMNC); [Moore Co.], Aberdeen, 10, 11, 22.05.1922, R. W. Leiby (NCSU); Southern Pines, 16.05.1952 – oak, 3.05.1952, H. &amp; A. Howden (CMNC), 15.06.55, R. E. Woodruff (FSCA), 10.05.1905, 14.05.1910, A. H. Manee (NCSU), 17.05.1953, H. &amp; A. Howden (NCSU); Northhampton Co., 21.05.1979, J. R. Brown, in boll weevil pheromone trap (UAAM); [Pitt Co.], Falkland, 8.06.1960, W. M. Kulash (NCSU); [Sampson Co.], Garland, 14.05.1952, W. J. Gehweiler (NCSU); Vance Co., Hwy 1, 1.6 km N of Kittrell, 22.051995, L. L. Deitz (NCSU); [Wake Co.], Raleigh, 11.05.1952, 21, 27.05, 27.06.1959, D. M. Wiseman (ASUHIC, NCSU), 11.06.1972, H. A. Hespenheide (CHAH), D. L. Wray (NCSU), 4.06.1975, D. L. Stephan, on foliage of red oak (NCSU), 10.05.52, B. K. Dozier, oak (FSCA). Ohio: “Ohio,” C. W. Leng (BYU); Delaware Co., 21.06.1950, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (OSU); Hocking Co., 20.06.--, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (OSU). Oklahoma: Latimer Co., --.06.1985, --.06.1992, K. Stephan (FSCA), --.05.1982, --.06.1983, --.06.1987, K. Stephan (TAMU); Red Oak, 14.05.1978, K. Stephan (ASUHIC). Pennsylvania: “Pa,” no date (OSU); “Penn/hickory,” --.04.— (MCZ); Phila Neck, 06.1919, H. A. Wenzel, H. W. Wenzel (OSU); [Allegheny Co.], Allegheny, no date (CMPI), West View, [22].06.29 (CMPI); [Berks Co.], Wyomissing, 4.07.1938, R. P. Seibert (AMNH); [Centre Co.], Mt. Alto, 07.1932, J. N. Knull (BYU); [Delaware Co.], Darby, “vii-4,” H. W. Wenzel (OSU); [Monroe Co.], Effort, 20.07.1932, J. W. Green (UCDC). Rhode Island: [Kent Co.], Warwick, no date, E. E. Calder (UMMZ); [Providence Co.], Providence, 11.07.1915, J. V. Nyler, on shrub oak (UMMZ). South Carolina: “S.C.,” no date (MCZ), [C. W. Leng collection] (BYU); Aiken Co., Aiken St. Pk., 31.05.1969, W. H. Tyson (ASUHIC); Aiken, 31.05.1957, H. F. Howden (CMNC); [Beaufort Co.], Beaufort, “29.4,” [Van Dyke Coll] (CASC); [Cherokee Co.], Kings Mt. St. Pk., 21.05.1972, L. L. Lampert, weed (FSCA); Colleton Co., ca 20 km S Ruffin, 24.05.1979, R. S. Peigler (TAMU); [Greenville Co.] Greenville, 28.05.1913, J. E. Smith, 9193W Hopk. US, reared, Hicoria (USNM); Sumpter Co., 30.05.1978, R. M. Brattain (AMNH); York Co., nr Kings Mt, Kings Mt St Pk, 20.05.1972, J. F. Cornell (NCSU). Tennessee: Hardeman Co: Bolivar, 27.12.1974, R. D. Ward (CMNC). Texas: “Texas,” no date, [Shoemaker] (USNM), “Texas,” no date, [Belfrage] (BMNH), “Tex,” no date, (USNM); no date, Horn Coll 8711 (MCZ), no date, [C. W. Leng collection] (BYU), no date, [L. B. Woodruff] (AMNH); Dallas (ZMHB); Brazos Co., College Station, 1.04.1963, W. L. Sterling (TAMU), 11.04.1976, J. A. Jackman (TAMU), 09.04.1974, W. E. Clark (TAMU), 29.04.1980, C. W. Agnew (TAMU), 8.04.1969, V. V. Board (TAMU), 4.05.1963, S. G. Wellso (TAMU), 28.05.1964, S. G. Wellso, Quercus stellata (TAMU), 20.04.1964, S. G. Wellso, emerged from Quercus stellata (TAMU), 21.04, 2.05.1943, 31, 2.05.1944, H. J. Reinhard (TAMU), 30.03.1934, T. Mcgregor (TAMU); Bryan, 1- 2.05.1971, H. R. Burke, mod. Malaise trap (TAMU); Brooks Co., Vic, Rachal, Rt.281, 14.04.2009, J. &amp; M. Heuther (CMNC); Burleson Co., Big Creek Park, Lake Somerville, 16.03.1971, V. Board &amp; W. Clark (ASUHIC); Colorado Co., 7.04.1922, Mrs. G. Wiley (BYU), 10, 14, 15, 17.04, 16.05.1922, Mrs. G. Wiley (SEMC); [Comal Co.], New Braunfels, C. Schaeffer, (BYU); Dallas Co., 10 mi. S Seagoville, 5.05.1962, W. D. Edmonds (TAMU), Dallas, 25.04.1907, Schwarz &amp; Pratt (USNM); Gillespie Co., 5.06.1954, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (OSU); Jackson Co., 4 mi. NE Ganado, 14.04.1984, M. Rice (WFBM); Jewett, 23.05.1951, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (OSU); Karnes Co., vic of Ecleto, Metz Ranch, 14.05.2000, Morris/Wappes (CMNC); Leon Co., 2 mi. N Flynn, 2.05.1994, Godwin &amp; Stockwell (STRI); Nacogd[oches] Co., Nacogdoches, 19, 25.04.1965, M. Haladay, cherrybark oak (TAMU), 25.04, 2.05.1965, G. C. Gaumer, cherrybark red oak (TAMU), 15.04.1965, W. T. Williams, red oak (TAMU), 24.04.1971, W. D. Shepard, on oak leaf (TAMU); Victoria Co., Hwy 59 Rest Stop, NE of Victoria, 2.05.1989, A. J. Gilbert (CSCA); Wood Co., 13 M N Mineola; 6.05.1994, H. P. Stockwell, post oak savanna-sand dunes (STRI). Virginia: “Va,” [C. W. Leng collection] (BYU); Boykins, 10.06.[18]95 (BMNH); [Accomack Co.], Assateague, 24.06.1980, E. J. Ford, Jr. (CHAH); [Albemarle Co.], Cobham, C. Schaeffer, (BYU); Hampton, 1.07.1944, N. M. Downie (FMNH); Montg [omery] Co., Radford, 3.07.1969, J. B. Karren (ASUHIC). Wisconsin: “Wis,” C. Schaeffer, (BYU).</p> <p>Hosts. This species has been reared from hickory, Carya sp. (Juglandaceae), in Florida from branches girdled by Oncideres Lepeletier and Audinet- Serville (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and in South Carolina (“ Hicoria ”). The more usual hosts are oaks: in Florida, from limbs of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae) limbs; in Texas, from post oak, Quercus stellata Wangenh.; in Florida, from turkey oak, Quercus laevis Walt. and fire-killed Quercus virginiana Mill.; and in New Jersey, from chestnut oak, Quercus prinus L. Adult hosts that have been recorded frequently include unspecified oaks, Quercus spp., and hickory, Carya sp., in Pennsylvania; more specifically, cherrybark oak, Quercus pagoda Raf., in Texas; black oak, Quercus velutina Lam., in Michigan; Q. laevis in Georgia; and southern red oak, Quercus digitata Sudworth (= Quercus falcata Michx.), in Alabama, as well as on Taxodium sp. (Cupressaceae) in Florida. Some published records (e.g., Ferro et al. 2009) may refer to the next species.</p> <p>Discussion. Curculio nephele was described by Herbst in 1797 from North America but until recently (O’ Brien and Wibmer 1982) it was known under the name of Laemosaccus plagiatus, which is the type of Laemosaccus. Schönherr (1826) considered Curculio [“ Rhynchaenus ”] plagiatus and C. nephele conspecific. I examined the types of Herbst’ s C. nephele and Fabricius’ C. plagiatus, confirmed that they represent the same species, and identified this species as the true L. nephele. Both names were represented by short series of specimens, and lectotypes were designated as follows: The lectotype of Curculio nephele Herbst bears the labels “Amer. bor.”/35504// Nephele n./ Curc. Neph. Ht./ Rhynch. plagiatus Thb. ?” and “ Lectotype / Curculio nephele Herbst /Hespenheide” (ZMHB); the lectotype of Curculio plagiatus Fabricius bears the labels “Carolina// Curculio plagiatus Fabricius ” and “ Lectotype / Curculio plagiatus Fabricius /Hespenheide” (ZMUC).</p> <p>Study of Laemosaccus occurring in eastern North American has, however, revealed two common, largely sympatric, and widely distributed species, L. nephele and the following, both of which have been reared from species of oaks and hickories, in some cases from the same lot of branches. Moreover, to date, all black North and Central American Laemosaccus with a red post-humeral spot on the elytra have been placed under the name L. plagiatus (Champion 1903; Anderson 2002), but, as reported here, this is a complex of at least 13 species in the USA and Baja California, and there are many more undescribed species in Mexico and Central America as far south as Panama. Thus, no previously published records under the name L. nephele or L. plagiatus refer to this (or the next) species with certainty. No specimens of this species have been seen from Mexico and Central America, so that all specimens cited by Champion from there (1903) refer to the undescribed species. Although reported as a diet item for the crested flycatcher and eastern wood pewee (Beal 1912), these records may truly be for the following new species. I have elsewhere proposed that Laemosaccus with this color pattern are part of a large mimicry complex whose models are chrysomelids in the subfamily Clytrinae (Hespenheide 1996) and that the similarity among these species constitutes an example of “mimetic homoplasy” (Hespenheide 2005) rather than due to any close relationship. This will be further discussed below.</p> <p>Differences between this and the following species will be given under the latter, but L. nephele can be recognized by the humeral spots of orange that are large and reach the anterior and lateral margins of the elytra and the pronotal sculpture of rather large separated punctures. It is remarkable that two widely sympatric and commonly collected species, this one known since the 18 th century, have not been recognized before now. Geographic variation in the shape and size of the posthumeral red spot was studied in some detail in this and the following species but will be reported elsewhere. Males vary in size from 2.40 to 4.15 mm (mean = 3.20 mm, n = 128); females vary from 2.45 to 4.50 mm (mean = 3.45 mm, n =136).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC725572EC281E4A3FBAFFD79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC7215723C2BBE39BFDE1FEA2.text	DB5AFC3EC7215723C2BBE39BFDE1FEA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus obrieni Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus obrieni Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 753D474D-D2F4-4242-9402-BEB1B8407492 (Figs. 4–6)</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 2.70 mm long, width 1.20 mm wide (Figs. 4, 5). Robust, subcylindrical in cross section, slightly obovate, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with a large red-orange spot on anterior 3/4 just behind anterior margin and from third elytral interval from lateral margin to elytral interval 2 and broadly rounded behind; pronotum and elytra glabrous, thorax and abdomen ventrally and bases of femora with punctures each with a silvery seta, head with inconspicuous setae on sides of rostrum between eyes and antennal insertions and behind eyes, setae inconspicuous, hairlike, and semi-erect on tergite 8; tergite 7 glabrous. Head hemispherical, 0.60 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, flattened on apical half and laterally weakly carinate above antennal insertions, finely punctate, 0.45 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum weakly convex at base in cross section and lateral view, less so in cross section, constricted before anterior margin, 0.90 mm long, 1.05 mm wide, broadest at basal third, with lateral margins very shallowly arcuate, more strongly so behind, finely, evenly punctate, punctures longitudinally confluent, with distinct medial carina on basal 2/3. Elytra not distinctly wider than pronotum at base, widening slightly to apical 3/4, then broadly rounded, 1.70 mm long, 1.20 mm maximum width, elytral striae subequal to intervals, striae coarsely punctate, intervals angularly rounded to carinate, interval 3 very weakly denticulate on middle third, interval 5 weakly toothed on apical half. Abdominal ventrite 1 very slightly concave along midline, with margin weakly emarginate at middle, abdominal ventrite 5 slightly shorter than ventrites 3+4 at middle and at sides. Profemora with strong, acute ventral tooth beyond middle. Genitalia as in Fig 6; aedeagus 0.80 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but rostrum forming obtuse angle with plane of eyes, subcylindrical, polished, very finely, inconspicuously punctate, 0.60 mm long; tergite 7 weakly convex, coarsely punctate, glabrous except for inconspicuous short, hair-like, semi-erect setae at apex; body 3.20 mm long, 1.45 mm wide.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: New Jersey: [Essex Co.], “Upper” Montclair, 4.07.1923, A. Nicolay (USNM). Allotype: Same data as holotype (USNM). Paratypes: Canada: Ontario: Kent Co., Tilbury, --.06.1961, K. Stephan (1, FSCA). USA: (“Am. Bor.,” [Sharpe Coll.] (2, BMNH). Alabama: Madison Co., Huntsville, 5.06.1975, L. L. Lampert, weed (1, FSCA); [Talladega Co.] Horn Mt a Tower, 9 mi. SE Talladega, 17.07.1964, L. Camdre, light trap (1, ASUHIC); [Tuscaloosa Co.] Tuscaloosa, 18.07.1950, B. D. Valentine, light (1, CHAH). Arkansas: Bradley Co., 16.05.1965 (1, UAAM); Logan Co., Ozark Nat. For., Brown Springs on For. Serv. Rd. 1606, 23.05.1986, D. A. Pollock (1, CMNC), 10 mi. SE Paris, 7.05.1974, W. H. Cross, in Leggett trap 2129 (1, MEM), 9.6 mi. [S?] Paris, 30.04.1974, W. H. Cross, in Leggett trap 2102 (1, MEM); Polk Co., [?] 1971 (1, UAAM); Pope Co., 2 mi. E Russellville, 1.05.1974, W.H. Cross, in Leggett trap 2110 (1, MEM); Washington Co., 26.05.1973, R. Thompson (1, UAAM); Yell Co., 10 mi. NE Danville, 20.04.1974, W.H. Cross, in Leggett trap 2064 (1, MEM), 3 mi. W Havana, 22.04.1976, W. H. Cross, in In-field trap 3429 (1, MEM). Connecticut: Fairfield Co., New Canaan, 0 [?].06.1960, M. Statham (1, AMNH); [Litchfield Co.], Kent Falls, 20.06.1964, L. &amp; C. W. O’ Brien (1, ASUHIC); [Tolland Co.] Will’ gton Twp., E Willington, “spg”1974, H. A. Hespenheide, rear ex black bark oak, 4-8 mm diam (1, CHAH). District of Columbia: “D.C.” no date, Horn Coll (2, MCZ); Washington, no date, “18.6,” [Coll Hubbard &amp; Schwarz] (2, USNM). Florida: Leon Co., Tallahassee, G. J. Wibmer, em. 16.03.2001, reared ex girdled hickory branch (1, ASUHIC). Georgia: [Chatham Co.], Savannah, Sommer (2, ZMHB); Clarke Co., Whitehall Forest, 30.04.1975, R. Turnbow (1, FSCA); Jackson co., Attica Chr. Rd., 28.04.1986, J. McKinney (1, RFMC); Tattnall Co., 3 mi. E 147, Ohoopee River, Em. --.03-06.1998, R. Morris, Ex Quercus sp. Limbs (1, RFMC); Upson co., Sprewell Bluff area, 20- 21.04.1989, R. Morris (1, RFMC). Illinois: “ Southern Illinois,” 26.06.1888, H. Soltau (1, USNM), “S. Ill.,” 27.05.1889, H. Soltau (3, USNM), “S.I.,” C. W. Leng collection (3, BYU); [Union Co.], Alto Pass, 08.05.1917 (1, INHS); [Washington Co.] Dubois, 24.05.1917 (1, INHS). Indiana: Tippecanoe Co., 10, 18.07.1956, 17.07.1960, 18, 22.07.1961, 25.07, 02.08.1964, 10, 20.07.1965, 10, 16.07.1966 18.07.1970, 20.07.1971, N. M. Downie (7, FMNH; 1, STRI; 2, UAAM; 3, USNM;); 24.07.1960, 8, 13, 22, 24, 25.07, 04.08.1961, 17.07.1963, N. M. Downie, on Oak (3, LEMQ; 7, USNM); McCormick Woods, 10.08.1981, Wappes &amp; Downie (1, JEWC). Kansas: Cherokee Co., 2 mi. S Galena, 37°2.64’N 94°38.18’W, G. A. Salisbury, 13.05- 2.06.2005, ex canopy trap KAN1S05 086 (1, SEMC, SM0716889), 28.06- 13.07.2005, ex canopy trap KAN1S05 141 (1, SEMC, SM0716920); Douglas Co., 3.2 km N Bladwin, Breidenthal Reserve,, 38°48’14”N 95°1’00”W, 29.05.1996, J. S. Ashe and M. Panaras, ex flight intercept trap (1, SEMC, SM0694349). Maryland: [Baltimore Co.], Baltimore, 19.06, 22.07.1909, F. E. Blaisdell (2, CASC); [Calvert Co.], Plum Point, 21.06.1914, W. L. McAtee (1, USNM); Charles Co., White Plains, 23.06.1979, DRW, oaks (1, USNM); Prin. Georges Co., Bladensburg, 14, 17.1906.19, L. L. Buchanan, no date, reared (1, USNM), 18.06.1973, M. Druckenbrod 1.06.1973, M. Druckenbrod, flying, 25.05.1971, M. Druckenbrod, in twig (4, USNM); Beltsville, 20.1906.’2#, L. L. Buchanan (1, USNM); Greenbelt, Greenbelt Lk., 10.07.1952, G. H. Nelson (1, TAMU); P. G. Co., U. S. Agr. Res. C., 27.06.1954, H. L. Dozier, sweeping white oak (1, USNM); College Park, 17.05.1949, H. L. Dozier (1, USNM); St. Mary’ s [Co.], Mechanicsville, 21.05.1985, C. L. Staines, Jr. (1, CHAH). Massachusetts: “Mass.,” F. Knab (BMNH); [Bristol Co.] Fall River, 31.05.1911, N. S. Easton (1, UMMZ); [Hampshire Co.], Notch, Mt. Holyoke, 24.06.1898 (1, USNM); [Middlesex Co.] Sherborn, 16.06.1947 (1, UMMZ). Michigan: Livingston Co., E. S. George Reserve, 3.07.1950, K. Bohnsack 70 (1, UMMZ), Whitmore Lk., 29.07.1956, G. H. Nelson (1, EMEC; 1, UCDC), 30.06.1956, G. H. Nelson, Quercus velutina, 14.07.1956, G. H. Nelson, Quercus alba, 29.07.1956, G. H. Nelson, beating oak (4, AMNH); Muskegon Co., 05.07.1958, R. &amp; K. Dreisbach (1, UMMZ). Missouri: Gasconade Co., 1.7 mi. S Mt. Sterling, 10.06.1978, E. G. Riley (1, ASUHIC); Jasper Co., Wah-Sha-She Prairie, 9.05.1987, T. C. MacRae (1, SEMC); Lafayette Co., Concordia, 08.06.1964, L. &amp; C. W. O’ Brien (1, ASUHIC); Randolph Co., 1 mi. E Moberly, 9.05.1975, E.G. Riley (1, ASUHIC); [St. Louis Co.], St. Louis, no date (1, USNM); Taney Co., Hercules Glades nr tower, 5.05.1979, E. G. Riley (1, ASUHIC). New Jersey: “N.J.,” no date (2, USNM); “N.J.,” “7.4” (1, USNM); “ New Jersey,” no date, [Van Dyke Coll] (1, CASC); Da Costa, “6.15,” H. A. Wenzel (1, OSU); Eagle Rock, “7.8.96,” G. M. Greene (2, USNM); Greenwood Lake, 20.07.1924, A. Nicolay (1, USNM), [NJ?]: “Og. Park,” 10.06.1877 (1, USNM); [Bergen Co.], Hillsdale, 19, 26.06.1932, Quirsfeld (2, USNM), Palisades, 5.07.1927, [F. W. Nunnenmacher], [B. Malkin] (2, FMNH); Burl[ington] Co., 4 mi. NE Moorestown, 3.06.1967, H. A. Hespenheide (1, CHAH), 5 mi. ENE Moorestown, 30.05.1968, H. A. Hespenheide, at Quercus ilicifolia (1, CHAH), 5 mi. SE Browns Mill, em 5.05.1966, H. A. Hespenheide, rear ex chestnut oak (1, CHAH); Riverton, 13.05.1929, R. J. &amp; M. B. Sim (1, USNM); Camden Co., 19.10.1929, E. J. F. Marx (2, AMNH), Camden, 11.06.--, Wickham (1, USNM); Cumberland Co., Bridgeton, 1.06.1988, J. Huether (1, FSCA); [Essex Co.], same data as Holotype or 4.08.1923, 1.08.1925 (8, USNM); Newark, no date (3, AMNH), S. Orange, 16.06.1888 (2, USNM), 16.06.1889, (1, BMNH), C. W. Leng collection (1, BYU); Orange Mt., no date, E. A. Bischoff (3, USNM), Orange Mts. (1, BMNH), Montclair, 25.07, 21.08.1926, 20.06.1942, 14.07.1943, A. Nicolay (3, USNM), no date, Quirsfeld (4, CASC); [Hudson Co.], Nutley, 18.06.--, [E. L. Dickerson] (1, AMNH); [Middlesex Co.], Highlands, 29.06.1891, H. Soltau (2, USNM); [Monmouth Co.], Freehold, 19.07.1926, J. W. Green, 19.07.1026, collector? (2, CASC); [Ocean Co.], Lakehurst, 2.07.1912 (1, AMNH), Point Pleasant, 5.07.1924, 30.05.1927, A. Nicolay (2, USNM); [Union Co.], Rahway, 8.08.--, E.A. Bischoff (1, USNM). New York: “ New York,” no date, [Coll. Chittenden] (1, USNM); “N. Y.,” no date, [Coll. Chittenden] (3, USNM), “N. Y.” [C.W. Leng collection] (1, BYU); “N. Y.,” no date, O. Dietz (4, CASC); ”N.Y. city &amp; vcty.,” no date] (2, USNM); vicinity of N.Y., no date, [G.Palm] (1, AMNH); NYC, Van Cortland Park, 6.06.1939, [B. Malkin] (1, FMNH); ”L.I.,” no date, [Coll. Chittenden] (1, USNM), no date, [Coll. M. L. Linell] (1, USNM); Bear Mt., 4.07.1924, Quirsfeld (1, USNM); [“Ithaca?,”] C.W. Leng collection (1, BYU); [Erie Co.], Buffalo, 06.1886, 25.06.1900, E. P. VanDuzee (2, EMEC), no date, M. C. VanDuzee (1, CASC), [no date] (1, USNM), --.06.1886, [Wickham Coll.] (1, USNM), no date, C. W. Leng collection (1, BYU, with specimen of L. nephele); [Kings Co.]. Flatbush, 04.06.1894, J. L. Zabriskie (1, AMNH); [Nassau Co.]. Roslyn, L. I., 10.07.1930, J. N. Belkin (1, FSCA); [Niagara Co.], Niagara Falls, no date, M. C. VanDuzee (3, CASC); Ontario Co., vic Geneva, 31.03.1990, J. Huether (1, FSCA; 1, JEWC); [Orange Co.] West Point, 3, 8, 14.06.1911, 26.05.1914, W. Robinson (4, USNM), 30.05.1913, W. Robinson (1, USNM); [Richmond Co.], Stat. Isl., 6.06.1915, E. Shoemaker (1, USNM); [Suffolk Co.], Yaphank, L. I., 8.07.1916, [L. B. Woodruff] (1, AMNH), Huntington, L. I., 8, 14.06.1924, F. M. Schott (2, BYU); [Westchester Co.], New Rochelle, 03.08.1910 (1, AMNH). North Carolina: [Buncombe Co.], Graybeard, --.06.17 (1, AMNH), Black Mts, 9.06.1912, Beutenmuller (1, CASC); Catawba Co., Hog Hill, 27.07-07.08, 7- 15.08.1976, R. Turnbow, bl trap (1, FSCA; 1, ASUHIC); Cleveland Co., 20.05.1972, J. S. Ashe, on foliage (1, TAMU); Craven Co., New Bern, 25.04.1988, F. Beck, on rhododendron (1, NCSU); [Durham Co.], Durham, 20.12.1942, W. Haliburton, J. A. Beal 2327 reared, Host: Quercus phellos (1, USNM); Gaston Co., Crowder Mtn SP, 13.05.2009, J. &amp; M. Heuther (3, CMNC); [Haywood Co.], L[ake] Junaluska, 24.05.1954, H. V. Weems, Jr. (2, FSCA); Johnston Co., at Exp. Sta. 2 mi. W Clayton, 06.05. 1964, G.A. Matuza (12, ASUHIC; 1, MEM); Martin Co., Hwy- 64 at Williamston, 9.05.1996, L. L. Dietz, on Quercus alba (1, NCSU); Mecklenburg Co., 15.04.1982, T. Daggy, 71693-71708, 72377 (17, NCSU), 4.051982, T. Daggy, 71456 (1, NCSU), 27.03.1985, T. Daggy, 76744 (1, NCSU), Cornelius, 06.2007, M. Heuther (6, CMNC);; [Moore Co.], Southern Pines, 26.04.1910, A. H. Manee (1, NCSU); [Polk Co.], Tryon, no date, W. F. Fiske, Quercus, Hopk. U.S. 1571a (1, USNM); Rockingham Co., Reidsville, 7-21, 30.05.1973, J.S. Ashe (3, TAMU), 21.05.1978, J. S. Ashe, on oak (1, SEMC); [Surry Co.], Pilot Mt., “1.28”1947, W. Haliburton, 2716 host: Castanea dentata (1, USNM); Vance Co., SR1619 nr SR1538 @ old cemetary, 14.05.1996, R.L. Blinn, ex Quercus alba (1, NCSU); Wake Co., Raleigh, 4, 5.05.1962, D. M. Weisman (3, NCSU), 23.04.1953, H. &amp; A. Howden, oak (1, NCSU), 03, 10.05.1953, H. &amp; A. Howden, oak (3, CMNC), 26.04.1953, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, FMNH), 10.05.1952, B. K. Dozier, oak 23.05.1952, B. K. Dozier, sweeping oak (2, FSCA), 30.04.1991, M. J. Rothschild (1, FSCA), Schenck Forest, 23.04.1992, R. L. Blinn, on white oak Quercus alba (1, NCSU). Ohio: “Ohio,” [C.W. Leng collection] (1, BYU); Adams Co., 13.04.1954, R. W. Rings, Host: Peach (1, OSU); Fairfield Co., 15.08.---, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (2, OSU). Oklahoma: Creek Co., 6 mi. W Mannford, 13.05.1971, D. C. Arnold, blackjack oak (1, TAMU); Latimer Co., --.06.1983, --.06.1984, --.04, 05.1985, --.03, 04, 05.1986, --.04, --.05.1988, --.05.1992, --.05.1993, K. Stephan (35, FSCA; 12, ASUHIC; 23, TAMU; 2, WFBM), 5 mi. W Red Oak, 30.04.1977, K. Stephan (1, TAMU), 5 mi. W Red Oak, 9.04.1985, J. Pakuluk #258, beating (1, SEMC); LeFlore Co., Ouachita Natl. Forest, 3 km E jct hwy 1 &amp; 271, Panorama overlook, 10.05.1988, T. Spanton (2, CMNC); Osage Co., West Bartlesville, 5.05.1981, K. Burnham (1, BYU). Pennsylvania: “Penn/hickory twigs,” no date, (2, MCZ); “Penn,” no date (1, CASC), “Penn,” no date, C. V. Riley (1, USNM); Twin Lakes, 16.06.1907, A. Nicolay (1, USNM); All[eghen]y Co., no date (1, CMPI); Pittsburgh, 02, 04, 07.1906.---, [H. Klages] (4, CMPI); [Chester Co.], Downingstown, 22.06.1940, R. L. Casselberry (1, AMNH); [Berks Co.], Stony Creek Mills, 19.07.1950, D. G. Kissinger (1, CSCA); [Cumberland Co.], Shiremanstown, 12.06.1916 (1, USNM); Dauphin Co., Stoverdale, 6.06.1916 (1, USNM), 16.06.28, J. N. Knull (1, CASC), Linglestown, 22.05.1914, H. B. Kirk, A. D. Hopkins, reared, Hickory (1, USNM), 21.07.1914, A. D. Hopkins, reared, hickory (1, USNM); Franklin Co., 3 mi. W Roxbury, 17.06.1990, J. E. Wappes (1, JEWC); Mount Alto, 10.07.1932, J. G. Shanafelt (1, LACM), --.07.1932, J. N. Knull (1, UCDC); [Lackawanna Co.], Scranton, 02.06.1978, [Rosenberg Coll] (1, USNM); [Luzerne Co.], DuPont, 14- 16.08.1944, H. L. Townes (1, USNM); [Montgomery Co.], Glenside, 16.06.1907, [G. M. Greene] (1, USNM); [Monroe Co.], Effort, 20.07.32, J. W. Green (5, UCDC); Del. Water Gap, no date, 14.06.--, [Mrs. A. T. Slosson] (1, AMNH), Tannersville, 6.07.1948, J. W. Green (1, CHAH); [Northampton Co.], Wind Gap, 14.07.31, J. W. Green (3, UCDC), 28.06.1947, J. W. Green (2, CASC); [Philadelphia Co.], Frankford, “7/5,” [G. M. Greene coll] (1, USNM); [Westmoreland Co.], Jeannette, 02, 11, 12, 13, 15.06.---, [H. Klages] (7, CMPI); [York Co.], Hanover, 15.06.1930, Bridwell &amp; Barber (4, USNM). Tennessee: Coffee Co., AEDC, 13.08.1998, Oak Fog (1, ECUT). Texas: “Tex,” no date, [Horn Coll.] (2, MCZ); Bastrop Co., Bastrop St. Pk., 10.05.1992, E. G. Riley (1, ASUHIC); Bosque Co., 2 mi. W Iredell, 6.05.1970, J. C. Schaffner (1, TAMU); Brazos Co., College Station, 15.04.1963, S. G. Wellso, 3.04.1966, P. M. Wagner (2, TAMU); Brown Co., Camp Bowie Nat. Gd. 6.6 km SE Brownwood, N31.656° W99.949°, 24.03.2008 - 29.04.2008, J. C. Abbott, Malaise-A (1, TAMU); Burleson Co., Big Creek Park, Lake Somerville, 16.03.1971, V. Board &amp; W. Clark, taken on Quercus marilandica Muenchh. (1, ASUHIC); Comal Co., Bulverde, 20- 26.04.1994, J. E. Wappes (1, JEWC); Erath Co., Stephenville, 11.05.1982, C. W. Agnew (1, TAMU), 5 mi. W Stephenville, 21- 23.05.1980, P. T. Riherd (1, TAMU); Uvalde Co., Garner State Park, 26.05.1983, R. Anderson, sweeping oaks (1, CMNC). Virginia: Afton, no date, [Coll Hubbard &amp; Schwarz] (1, USNM); near Plummer’ s I, 11.06.1922, L. L. Buchanan (1, USNM); Willis Mt., 20.04.1922 (1, CASC); Fairfax Co., Alexandria, 31.05- 19.05.1991, B. Brown, oakmaple forest, malaise (1, ASUHIC); Falls Church, 28.07.1914, H. B. Kirk (1, USNM), Mt. Vernon, “18.6,” H. B. Kirk, F. C. Craighead, reared, Quercus; Hopk. U.S. 12637 (1, USNM), Vienna, no date, 2, 9.06.1921, E. A. Chapin (4, USNM); Clarke Co., Appalachian Trail, 12 km SE Berryville, 28.06.1987, W. E. Steiner &amp; J. M. Swearingen (1, USNM); [Lee Co.], Pennington Gap, “2.7,” [Coll Hubbard &amp; Schwarz] (1, USNM); Montgomery Co., Blacksburg, 26.06.1988, R. L. Blinn (1, NCSU); [Shenandoah Co.], New Market, 18.03.1950, D. G. Kissinger (1, CSCA). West Virginia: “W.Va.,” no date, Horn Coll (1 MCZ); Orkney Springs, 11.06.1946, G. H. Dieke, 462 (1, USNM); [Greenbriar Co.], W. Sulphur, 3.07.1912 W. Robinson (1, USNM); Pendleton Co., 5 mi. NW Ruddle, 30.07.1992, J. D. Hacker, Malaise trap (site 214) (1, CMNC).</p> <p>Other Specimens Examined. New Mexico: Lincoln Co., 1.5 mi. W Alto, 7400’, 24- 25.07.1982, R. Anderson (3, CMNC), 7400-7500’, 20.06.1982, G. A. P. Gibson (1, CMNC); Otero Co., Cloudcroft, 8600’, 24.07.1982, R. S. Anderson, beating Cercocarpus (1, CMNC), 10 mi. W Cloudcroft, 23.07.1989, R. Morris (1, RFMC). Texas: Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.25/lat 29.266666)">Lost Mine Trail</a>, 29° 16’N 103°15’W, 6000-6850’, 15.07.1982, R. S. Anderson (2, CMNC), Big Bend Nat. Pk., Boulder Mtn., W.S, 17.07.1984, R. L. Westcott (1, CMNC), BBNP, (lower) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.29639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.249166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.29639/lat 29.249166)">Emory Peak Trail</a>, ca. 7,050’, 29°14’57”N 103°17’47”W, 21.06.2004, E. G. Riley-51 (8, TAMU); BBNP, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.31694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.274721" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.31694/lat 29.274721)">Window Trail</a>, (upper), 29°16’29”N 103°19’01”W, 21.06.2004, E. G. &amp; C. M. Riley-03 (1, TAMU); Chisos Mts., Big Bend Natl. Park, 20.07.1968, W. H. Tyson, uvlts (1, ASUHIC); Chisos Mts., 19.07.--, J. W. Green (6, CASC), 17.07.1946, 8.07.1955, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (2, OSU); Big Bend, 3.07.1942, [Van Dyke Coll] (2, CASC); [Jeff Davis Co.], Davis Mts., 6.07.1936, 2.06.1937, 3.07.1955, J. N. Knull (4, OSU), 09.07, J. W. Green (1, CASC); 9 mi. S Ft. Davis, Hwy. 17, 29.06.1971, G. H. Nelson, on Quercus (1, ASUHIC). Mexico: Nuevo León: 5.3 mi. S La Escondida, 8.07.1986, Kovarik &amp; Schaffner (1, TAMU).</p> <p>Hosts. Laemosaccus obrieni has been reared from unidentified oaks in Connecticut and Virginia; from chestnut oak in New Jersey; from willow oak, Qurcus phellos L., in North Carolina; from American chestnut, Castanea dentata (Marsh.), in North Carolina; and from unidentified hickories (“ Hicoria ”) in Pennsylvania and Florida. Adult hosts that have been recorded include unspecified oaks as well as black oak, white oak, Quercus alba L., bear oak, Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh., blackjack oak, Quercus marilandica Muenchh., hickory, Cercocarpus sp. (Rosaceae).</p> <p>Etymology. This widespread and common species is named in honor of the late Charles W. O’ Brien whose extensive collections and publications on the Curculionidae (e.g., O’ Brien and Wibmer 1982; Wibmer and O’ Brien 1986) more than justify this nominal recognition.</p> <p>Discussion. As mentioned above, it is remarkable that the widespread and common L. obrieni and L. nephele have not been previously recognized as separate species. The major differences between them are given in the key. Laemosaccus obrieni is usually smaller in size, and the red posthumeral spots are smaller and do not reach the anterior or lateral margins of the elytra as they do in L. nephele. The pronotal punctures are finer and confluent on the anterior half in L. obrieni, whereas the punctures are coarser and separate in L. nephele. And the male genitalia are quite different (Fig. 3 vs. Fig. 6). Specimens from western Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico were excluded from the type series because they appear to represent an allopatric population that may or may not be conspecific. Laemosaccus obrieni varies somewhat geographically in the size of the red posthumeral patch, as does L. nephele. Males in the type series vary in size from 2.25 to 3.30 mm (mean = 2.79 mm, n = 118); females vary from 2.20 to 3.80 mm (mean = 2.91 mm, n =168).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC7215723C2BBE39BFDE1FEA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC72C5724C0B1E0B7FDD7F93B.text	DB5AFC3EC72C5724C0B1E0B7FDD7F93B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus andersoni Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus andersoni Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 076ABC07-A500-4138-BA00-2DD 19122783 F (Figs. 7, 8, 19)</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 3.6 mm, width 1.75 mm (Figs. 7, 8). Robust, subcylindrical in cross section, slightly obovate, abruptly rounded and nearly transverse behind, attenuate and narrowly rounded in front, black except each elytron with large, oval, red-orange spot on anterior 2/3 and just interior of lateral margins nearly to suture; pronotum and elytra glabrous, thorax and abdomen ventrally with punctures each with a silvery seta, nearly covering the ventral surface except for small area along posterior portion of metasternum along midline, setae semierect on abdominal ventrite 5, head with sparse, inconspicuous setae on sides of rostrum between eyes and antennal insertions and behind eyes, setae more slender and semi-erect on femora, long, hair-like, and semierect on tergite 8; tergite 7 with small, scale-like setae on basal margin, otherwise glabrous. Head hemispherical, 0.8 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, moderately coarsely punctate with distinct medial carina, 0.6 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum globose from above, nearly flat in lateral view, constricted before anterior margin, 1.25 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, broadest at basal third, lateral margins conspicuously arcuate, finely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded and separate on basal half, somewhat elongate and nearly confluent near midline on apical half, with distinct, fine medial carina on basal 3/4. Elytra distinctly wider than pronotum at base, 2.3 mm long, 1.75 mm maximum width, elytral striae narrower than intervals, striae distinctly, finely punctate, intervals raised and rounded, intervals 3 and 5 very weakly toothed. First abdominal ventrite very slightly concave along midline, with setae less conspicuous. Pygidium conspicuously convex (“domed”) at middle, postpygidium with broad, raised, polished prominence along basal half of midline. Profemora with very small, forward-directed, acute ventral tooth beyond middle. Genitalia as in Fig. 19; aedeagus 1.10 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but 3.45 mm long, 1.45 mm wide, rostrum subcylindrical, more finely punctate; abdominal ventrites broadly glabrous along postero-medial margins, ventrite 5 subequal to ventrite 4 at middle, expanded at sides and equal to ventrites 3 + 4; tergite 7 very strongly convex, granular, glabrous except with erect, hair-like setae at apical fifth.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mts., 2.5 mi. SW Portal, 5000’, 10.08.1983, R. S. Anderson (CMNC). Allotype: Same data as holotype (CMNC). Paratypes: USA: Arizona: Santa Rita Mts., 5 to 8000 ft, July, F. H. Snow (9, SEMC), 12.07.1950, P. P. Cook (1, SEMC). Cochise Co., 2.5-5 km W Portal, 1646 m, 23.07.1989, R. S. Anderson, 89-12 (2, CMNC); same data as holotype (3, CMNC); Chiricahua M., 15.06.1939, 24.07.1955, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (2, OSU); Chiricahua Mts., Horseshoe Can., 6000’, 4.07.1977, S. McCleve (1, TAMU); Chiricahua Mts., Rucker Cyn. Dam, 25.07.2005, C. W. O’ Brien (1, ASUHIC); Cave Ck. Canyon, 8.08.1974, A. J. Gilbert, H. E. Gilbert (1, ASUHIC); Cava [sic] Cr, 3.09.1943 (1, EMEC); Chiricahua Mountains, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.182&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.8745" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.182/lat 31.8745)">South Fork Cave Creek</a>, 31°52.47’N 109°10.92’W, 5440’, 23.07.2003, S. M. Clark (1, ASUHIC); Douglas, 7.08.1933, 1.08.1936, W. W. Jones (5, EMEC, USNM); Bisbee, Quarry Cyn., 5600’, 7-8- 1978 (1, SWRS); Huachuca Mts., Copper Canyon, 1737-1829m, 26.07.1989, R. S. Anderson, 89-23 (1, CMNC); Coconino Co., Oak Cr. Can., 21.07.50, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Oak Creek Cyn., Manzanita Camp, 30.07.1950, B. E. White (7, CASC); Gila Co., Sierra Ancha Mts., Workman Creek, 5.08.1977, S. McCleve (1, TAMU); Pima Co., Mt. Lemmon Hwy., mi. 1-17, 1.08.2000, J. Huether (1, CMNC); [Pinal Co.] Oracle, 7-7, Hubbard &amp; Schwarz (1, USNM); Santa Cruz Co., Pena Blanca, 14.07.2000, F. W. Skillman Jr. (2, ASUHIC). Mexico: Chihuahua: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.21667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.21667/lat 28.183332)">Basaseachi Falls</a>, 1950 m, 28°11’N 108°13’W, 5440’, 5.07.2006, D. Furth (3, CHAH); Coahuila: nr Jame, 33 mi. SE Saltillo, 7500’, 25.07.63, A. T. Howden (2, CMNC); Durango: 3 km W El Palmito, 2- 3.10.1976, E. Giesbert (1, EMEC); 25 km SW La Ciudad, 7300’, 22.06.1991, J. Rifkind, Pine / Oak (1, WFBM); 36 mi. W Cd. Durango, 9.06.1967, [A. R. Moldenke], on Ceanothus buxifolia (3. BMNH, CHAH, USNM). Estado de México: Santa Catarina del Monte ± 12 km (air) ESE Texcoco, 2800 m, 20.06.2000, R. L. Westcott, beating Quercus sp. (1, TAMU); Nuevo León: Chipinque Mesa, Zoo, 3700’, 21.06.1983, C. W. &amp; L. O’ Brien &amp; G. B. Marshall (1, ASUHIC).</p> <p>Host. Adults of L. andersoni have been collected on Quercus sp. and Ceanothus “ buxifolia ” [= Ceanothus buxifolius Willd. ex Schult. f., Rhamnaceae] in Mexico.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of Robert S. Anderson, the collector of the holotype and major collector and student of the Curculionidae (e.g., Anderson 1989, 2002).</p> <p>Discussion: This is one of the most distinctive of the L. nephele group of species in both the domed pygidium of both sexes and the form of the male genitalia. Some fresher specimens have a few postscutellar setae on the first elytral interval. Males vary in size from 2.85 to 4.10 mm (mean = 3.46 mm, n = 17); females vary from 3.10 to 4.40 mm (mean = 3.92 mm, n = 20).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC72C5724C0B1E0B7FDD7F93B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC72B5725C28CE735FB0BFAB4.text	DB5AFC3EC72B5725C28CE735FB0BFAB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus arizonensis Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus arizonensis Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C0F9822F-3C24-493E-A4F5-246EDB1F5CD3 (Figs. 9, 20)</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 2.9 mm, width 1.3 mm wide (Fig. 9). Robust, subcylindrical in cross section, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with large red-orange spot on anterior 3/4 from near lateral margins to anterior margin and suture and broadly rounded behind; pronotum, elytra, and propygidium glabrous; thorax and abdomen ventrally with punctures each with a silvery seta except in transverse oval glabrous area across midline of metasternum and anterior section of abdominal ventrite 1, head with few inconspicuous setae on rostrum above antennal insertions and behind eyes, setae more slender and semi-erect on basal half of femora, hair-like and semi-erect on ventral half of tergite 8 and in dense tufts on either side of the midline on abdominal ventrite 1. Head hemispherical, 0.7 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, densely, finely punctate, 0.4 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum gibbous, convex at base in lateral view, less convex in cross section, constricted before anterior margin, 0.95 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, broadest at middle, with lateral margins more rounded in front than behind, finely, evenly punctate, punctures longitundinally confluent, with fine medial carina on basal half. Elytra slightly wider than pronotum at base, 1.9 mm long, 1.3 mm maximum width, elytral striae subequal to intervals, striae moderately coarsely punctate, intervals rounded-angulate, interval 3 weakly toothed on middle third, interval 5 weakly toothed on apical half. Abdominal ventrite 5 half as long at middle as at lateral margins. Profemora with acute ventral tooth before middle. Genitalia as in Fig. 20; aedeagus 0.80 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but 2.75 mm long, 1.2 mm wide; rostrum forming conspicuous obtuse angle with front, subcylindrical, polished, very finely, sparsely, inconspicuously punctate, 0.4 mm long; area on either side of midline of posterior half of metasternum and abdominal ventrites 1 and 2 glabrous and more or less polished; tergite 7 convex, coarsely punctate, with semi-erect, hair-like setae on ventral fifth.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mountains, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.26667/lat 31.933332)">Onion Saddle</a>, 7600’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 22.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide, Quercus (USNM). Allotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., E. Turkey Creek, 6.5 mi. W Portal, 6400’, 31°54-55’N 109°15’W, 20.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide, oak (USNM). Paratypes: USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mts., 07.06.1908, V. Owen (1, LACM); Pinery Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., below <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.26667/lat 31.933332)">Onion Saddle</a>, 7200’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 25.06.1999, H. A. Hespenheide, on leaves of Quercus gambelli Nutt. (7, BMNH, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.166664/lat 31.883333)">Sunny Flat</a>, 5100’, 31°53’N 109°10’W, 23.06.1984, 23, 24, 26.05.1985, H. A. Hespenheide, on Quercus sp. (17, CHAH, TAMU), 30.05.1982, H.A. Hespenheide, Quercus (2, CHAH), 20.05.1985, H. A. Hespenheide (1, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., 5 mi. WSW Portal, 5900’, 31°54’N 109°13-14’W, 24.06.1999, H. A. Hespenheide (1, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.23333/lat 31.866667)">Herb Martyr Dam</a>, 5800’, 31°52’N 109°14’W, 30.05.1997, L. M. LaPierre (1, CHAH); Chiricahua Mts., E. Turkey Creek, 6.5 mi. W Portal, 6400’, 31°54-55’N 109°15’W, 16.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide (1, CHAH); Chiricahua Mountains, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.26667/lat 31.933332)">Onion Saddle</a>, 7600’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 21.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide (1, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., 2 mi. WSW Portal, no date (1, CHAH); Miller Can., Huachu [ca] Mts., 9, 10, 11, 12.07.1907, H. A. Kaeber (4, USNM); Copper Cyn., Huachuca Mts., 25.07.1984, W. F. Barr, Quercus (1, WFBM); [Pima Co.], Catalina Mts., Htchck. Hwy. mi. 10, 19.06.1958, C. O’ Brien (1, ASUHIC); Santa Cruz Co., Madera Canyon, Josephine Saddle Trail, 26.07.1989, R. Turnbow (1, CMNC), Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., 10- 15.07.1975, A. E. Lewis (1, ASUHIC), Madera Canyon, 28.07.1967, R. A. Tilden (1, ASUHIC); S. Rita Mts., 11.06, Hubbard &amp; Schwarz (1, USNM). Mexico: Oaxaca: Hwy 175, 22 mi. NE Oaxaca,7900’, 26.08.1982, C. &amp; L. O’ Brien &amp; G. Wibmer (1, ASUHIC).</p> <p>Hosts. Adults have been collected on Quercus gambelli Nutt. and on undetermined oaks.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named for the state in which it was first collected.</p> <p>Discussion. Males of L. arizonensis are easily recognizable by the external secondary sexual character of the two tufts of semi-erect setae on the first abdominal ventrite. Females have a short, polished, peg-like rostrum at an angle with the frons, large posthumeral orange spots and medially glabrous first abdominal ventrite. Although widely disjunct, the specimen from Oaxaca shares this character and the equally distinctive genitalia. This is one of the smallest Laemosaccus in the L. nephele group of species; males vary in length from 2.20 to 2.90 mm (mean = 2.60 mm, n = 26); females vary from 2.45 to 3.10 mm (mean = 2.73 mm, n = 13).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC72B5725C28CE735FB0BFAB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC72A5727C2AAE448FB89FB31.text	DB5AFC3EC72A5727C2AAE448FB89FB31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus bimaculatus Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus bimaculatus Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9D7CF6AF-B97C-4EB9-AF4B-B938661A91E2 (Figs. 10, 21)</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 3.3 mm, width 1.5 mm (Fig. 10). Robust, subcylindrical in cross section, slightly obovate, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with large red-orange spot on anterior 3/4 from lateral margins nearly to suture and broadly rounded behind; pronotum and elytra glabrous, thorax and abdomen ventrally with punctures each with a silvery seta, head with inconspicuous setae on rostrum, denser and conspicuous behind lower 3/4 of eyes, setae more slender and semi-erect on basal half of femora, hair-like and erect on tergite 8; tergite 7 with small, scale-like setae on basal margin, otherwise glabrous. Head hemispherical, 0.55 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, coarsely punctate, 0.5 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum gibbous, convex at base, constricted before anterior margin, 1.1 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, broadest at basal third, with lateral margins very shallowly arcuate, slightly convex in lateral view, coarsely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded and separate, with distinct medial carina on basal 3/4. Elytra distinctly wider than pronotum at base, 2.0 mm long, 1.5 mm maximum width, elytral striae subequal to intervals, striae coarsely punctate, intervals carinate, interval 3 weakly toothed on middle third, interval 5 weakly toothed on apical half. First abdominal ventrite very slightly concave along midline with setae less conspicuous. Profemora with broad, abruptly acute ventral tooth beyond middle. Genitalia as in Fig. 21; aedeagus 1.00 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but rostrum subcylindrical, polished, very finely, inconspicuously punctate; tergite 7 weakly convex, coarsely punctate, glabrous except at basal margin.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., Pinery Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., below <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.26667/lat 31.933332)">Onion Saddle</a>, 7200’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 25.06.1999, H. A. Hespenheide, on leaves of Quercus gambelli Nutt. (USNM). Allotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mts., E. Turkey Creek, 6.5 mi. W Portal, 6400’, 31°54-55’N 109°15’W, 14.07.1981, W. P. Weaver, Jr., oak (USNM). Paratypes: USA: Arizona: Box Cyn., Santa Rita Mts., 2.06.1968 (1, ASUHIC); Sta Rita Mts, 17.07.1932, R. H. Beamer (1, SEMC); Cochise Co., Canelo Hills, Parker Cyn., 30.07.1979, R. L. Westcott (1, WFBM); Chiricahua, 20.06.?, H. S. Barber (1, USNM); Chiricahua Mts., 17.06.1908, V. Owen (2, LACM), 01.07.1908, V. W. Owen (1, CASC); 1908, [E. S. Ross] (1, CASC); Chiricahua M., 24.07.1955, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Chiric. Mts., “24.6,” “1.7” (2, USNM); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., 6 mi. WSW Portal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.23333/lat 31.883333)">Greenhouse Tr</a>, 6000’, 31°53’N 109°14’W, 26.06.1984, H. A. Hespenheide (1, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.23333/lat 31.866667)">Herb Martyr Dam</a>, 5800’, 31°52’N 109°14’W, 23.05.1997, H.A. Hespenheide, Quercus emoryi (1, CHAH); Chiricahua Mts., Herb Martyr Dam, 03.06.1989, W. F. Barr, on oak (1, WFBM); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.166664/lat 31.883333)">Sunny Flat</a>, 5100’, 31°53’N 109°10’W, 22.05.1981, 28.05, 01.06.1982, 22, 23, 26.05.1985, H.A. Hespenheide, on Quercus (7, BMNH, CHAH), 27.05.1997, H. A. Hespenheide, Quercus emoryi (1, CHAH), 22.05.1995, L. M. LaPierre (1, CHAH), 27.05.1997, H. A. Hespenheide, Quercus emoryi (1, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., 5 mi. WSW Portal, 5900’, 31°54’N 109°13- 14’W, 24.06.1999, H. A. Hespenheide (1, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., 6 mi. WSW Portal, 6500’, 31°54’N 109°14-15’W, 25.05.1997, H. A. Hespenheide, Quercus arizonicus (1, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.25/lat 31.916666)">Chiricahua Mts.</a>, 6 mi. W Portal, 6700’, 31°55’N 109°15’W, 28.06.2001, H. A. Hespenheide, on Quercus hypoleucoides (1, CHAH); same data as Holotype (6, BMNH &lt;CHAH), same data as Holotype but 26.06.2001, 30, 31.05.2009 (4, CHAH, TAMU), same data as Holotype but 26.06.2001, Quercus arizonicus (1, CHAH); Chiricahua Mountains, Onion Saddle, 25.07.1987, W. F. Barr, beating Quercus (1, WFBM), 04.06.1989, W. F. Barr, on Quercus (1, WFBM), 11.06.1991, W. F. Barr, on oak (1, WFBM); Chiricahua Mts., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.26667/lat 31.933332)">Onion Saddle</a>, 7600’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 26.06.2001, H. A. Hespenheide, on Quercus hypoleucoides (1, CHAH); Huach Mts., C. Schaeffer (4, BYU), Carr Cyn., Huachua [sic] Mts., 07.07.1930, J. O. Martin (1, CASC); Miller Can, Huachu. Mts., 20.06, 15, 20, 29.07.1907, H. A. Kaeber (6, USNM); Huachuca Mts., 21.7, 24.08.[19]05, Shoemaker (2, USNM), 10.08.1905 (1, CASC), 29.06.1984, W. B. Warner (1, FMNH); Huachuca M., 20.07.1937, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU), 18.08.1936, J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Carr Cyn., Huachuca Mts., 24- 25.07.1982, N. M. Downie (1, FMNH), 07.1905, C. W. Leng (1, BYU); Copper Cn., Huachuca Mts., 5.07.1977, S. McCleve (1, TAMU); Palmerlee, 30.6, 1, 10, 21.1907, H. A. Wenzel (10, USNM, OSU), C. Schaeffer (1, BYU); [Coconino Co.], Oak Creek Canon, 6000 ft., Aug. F. H. Snow (1, USNM), Oak Cr. Can., 1.08.1938, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Williams, 24.7, Barber &amp; Schwarz (1, USNM); Gila Co., Globe, Lwr. Six Shooter Cyn., 24.06.1985, W. F. Barr (1, WFBM); Gila Co., Pinal Mts., Lwr. Ice House Cyn., 24.06.1985, W. F. Barr, Quercus (1, WFBM), 5 mi. SW Globe, 3.07.1941, B. E. White (1, CASC); [Maricopa Co.], Phoenix, C. Palm (1, AMNH); Wickenburg, 20.08.38, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Mohave Co., Hualpai Mts., 5500-7000ft., ca. 10 mi. SE Kingman, 9.06.1958, J. M. Burns, S. N. Burns (1, EMEC); Pima Co., Organpipe Cactus National Monument, 10 mi. on Ajo Mountain Drive, 2400 ft., [no date], L. Bezark, K. Kitayama, J. Cope, R. Morrison, ex: Encelia sp. (1, EMEC); Santa Cruz Co., Madera Cn., 5500’, 13, 14.06.1961, C. D. Johnson (1, TAMU), Sta. Rita Mts., Hopkins Rd., km 11, 3.06.2006, N. Franz, C. W. O’ Brien, on mistletoe on oak (1, ASUHIC); Patagonia Mts., 15.07.52, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Yavapai Co., Prescott, 15.06.1947, B. E. White, on oak (3, CASC), 25.07.1950, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU), “19.6,” Barber &amp; Schwarz (1, USNM), 28.06, 01.07.19, E. Schiffel (2, CASC), Prescott N.F., 20.07.1937, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Hwy. 69, 3.9 mi. S jct. Hwy. 169, 4.06.1995, W. B. Warner, oak scrub (1, ASUHIC). Colorado: Gunnison Co., Black Canon, 30.0741, H. S. Barber (2, USNM); Montezuma Co., 26.07.38, D.J.&amp;J.N. Knull (1, OSU). New Mexico: “N. M.” (1, MCZ); Sierra Blanca Mt., 7.1963, Dr. Lenczy (1, USNM); Porvenir, A. Fenyes (1, CASC); Grant Co., Silver City, 07.1973, Dr. Lenczy (1, USNM), Pinos Altos, ca.7000’, 8/ 10.07.2002, J. &amp; A. Rifkind, P. Gum (1, WFBM); [Grant/Sierra Cos.], nr. Kingston, Mimbres Mts., Emory Pass, 8,178 ft, 19.06.1948, H. S. Barber (1, USNM); Lincoln Co., 2.7 mi. N Alto, 7200’, 19.06.1982, G. A. P. Gibson, sweeping oak (1, CMNC); Ruidosa, 31.07.1983, W. F. Barr (1, WFBM); Otero Co., Cloudcroft, Wickham (1, USNM), “6/11/02,” Knaus (1, ASUHIC), 12.07.1984, W. F. Barr, Quercus (1, CMNC; 1, WFBM), 10.06.1902, L. S. Slavin (3, CASC); 3 km W Cloudcroft, 2400 m, 24.08.1992, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, CMNC); 15.2 mi. E Cloudcroft, James Canyon Cpgd., 6800’, 24.07.1982, R. S. Anderson, sweeping oak-locust (1, CMNC); [Sandoval Co.], Jemez Mts., 3.07, J. Woodgate (2, CASC); [San Miguel Co.], Las Vegas HS, 3, 9, 12.8, Barber &amp; Schwarz (3, USNM); Santa Fe Co., Canada de los <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-105.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -105.85/lat 35.6)">Alamos</a>, 8 mi. SSE Santa Fe, 2360 m, 35°36’N 105°51’W, 23.06.2000, H. A. Hespenheide, Quercus (1, CHAH). Texas: Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Lost Mine Trail, 5600-6850’, 15.07.1982, G. A. P. Gibson (2, CMNC); BBNP, (lower) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.29639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.249166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.29639/lat 29.249166)">Emory Peak Trail</a>, ca. 7,050’, 29°14’57”N 103°17’47”W, 21.06.2004, E. G. Riley-51 (5, TAMU); BBNP, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.310005&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.241388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.310005/lat 29.241388)">Laguna Meadow-Colima Trails</a>, 6,500 7,000’, 29°14’29”N 103°18’36”W, 2.08.2003, E. G. Riley (13) (1, TAMU); BBNP, (lower) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.297775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.258888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.297775/lat 29.258888)">Pinnacles Trail</a>, ca. 5,900’, 29°15’32”N 103°17’52”W, 21.06.2004, E. G. Riley-48 (1, TAMU); Panther Pass, Big Bend N. P., 19.07.1984, W. F. Barr, on Quercus (1, WFBM); Big Bend State Park, 12.07.1941, B. E. White (1, CASC); Chisos Mts., 18.07, J. W. Green (2, CASC), 8.07.1955, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Culberson Co., Pine Springs, 12.06.1971, C. O’ Brien. night, Quercus (1, ASUHIC); Jeff Davis Co., 18 mi. W Ft. Davis, 8.07.1961, R. L. Westcott, hostplant: Quercus (2, ASUHIC); Davis Mts., 3 mi. SE Ft. Davis, 25.06.1964, E. M. Fisher (1, CHAH); Jeff Davis Co., 20.06.1952, 6.07.1953, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (5, OSU); Davis Mts., 2.07.1940, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (3, OSU), 09.07, J. W. Green (1, CASC); Davis Mt., 11.07.1958, W. F. Barr (5, CMNC, TAMU, WFBM); Madera Cyn., Davis M., 11.06.1968, R. &amp; L. Hamilton (2, CHAH); Davis Mts., nr. Sawtooth Mt., 10.07.1970, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, ASUHIC); 1 mi. E McDonald Observ., 04.07.1987, R. Morris (1, CMNC); 16 mi. W Ft. Davis, 7.07.1961, R. L. Westcott (2, LACM); 18 mi. W Ft. Davis, 8.07.1961, R. L. Westcott (4, LACM, UCDC). Mexico: Chihuahua: Canon Prieto nr. Primavera, 6500-6800 ft., 2.07.1947, Cazier, D. Rockefeller Exp. (1, AMNH). Durango: 5 mi. NE Donato Guerro, 6100’, G. Brothers, on Acacia (1, ASUHIC), 9 mi. W Durango, 9.06.1967, [A. Moldenke], on Quercus undulata (1, USNM).</p> <p>Hosts. Adults have been collected on leaves of Q. gambelli, Quercus emoryi Torr., Quercus arizonica Sarg., Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus, Quercus undulata Torr., and undetermined species of oaks as well as on Encelia sp. (Asteraceae), on mistletoe on oak, and a dubious record on Acacia sp. (Fabaceae).</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named for the two red-orange elytral spots characteristic of the L. nephele group of species.</p> <p>Discussion. I originally had thought that specimens listed here might represent two different species, but lack of consistent differences and similarity of male genitalia led my conclusion that they represent a single, widely distributed, morphologically variable species. Laemosaccus bimaculatus is a medium to large species with large, red posthumeral spots that usually touch the anterior margins of the elytra on elytral intervals 3–6 (infrequently 2–6 or 4–6) and extend beyond the middle. The pronotum can be very gibbous and is finely punctate. The male metasternum may be uniformly and densely setose, or sparsely setose in a postero-medial area with longer, semierect, slender setae. Some specimens have a narrow line of setae on the basal half of the inner margins of the eyes. Males vary in size from 2.85 to 5.20 mm (mean = 3.76 mm, n = 61); females vary from 2.90 to 5.80 mm (mean = 4.05 mm, n = 79).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC72A5727C2AAE448FB89FB31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC728573AC2C9E5C3FCE9F938.text	DB5AFC3EC728573AC2C9E5C3FCE9F938.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus burkei Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus burkei Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 17742284-EF40-4803-97B3-84DCA1707746 (Figs. 11, 12, 22)</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 3.45 mm, width 1.70 mm (Figs. 11, 12).</p> <p>Very robust, subcylindrical in cross section, slightly obovate, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with large red-orange spot on anterior 2/3 from lateral margins to 1 st elytral interval and obliquely rounded behind; pronotum and elytra glabrous, except narrow band of setae across anterior pronotal margin and a few small setae on 1 st elytral interval behind scutellum; thorax and abdomen ventrally, basal half of metafemora, and basal third of mesofemora with punctures each with large silvery seta effectively obscuring surface, head with conspicuous setae between and behind eyes and on base of rostrum above antennal insertions, setae sparser and more slender on tibiae, hair-like and semi-erect on tergite 8; tergite 7 with small, scale-like setae on basal margin, otherwise glabrous. Head hemispherical, 0.70 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, punctate, with medial polished area between antennal insertions, 0.50 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum globose, convex at base in cross section and lateral view, conspicuously constricted before anterior margin, 1.25 mm long, 1.40 mm wide, broadest beyond basal third, with lateral margins regularly rounded, coarsely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded and separate, with distinct medial carina. Elytra distinctly wider than pronotum at base, 2.15 mm long, 1.70 mm maximum width, elytral striae much narrower than intervals, inconspicuously punctate, intervals angulate to subcarinate, interval 3 very weakly toothed on middle third, interval 5 very weakly toothed on apical half. Abdominal ventrite 1 very slightly depressed and weakly emarginate along midline, with less conspicuous setae; abdominal ventrite 5 subequal in length to ventrite 4 at middle, equal to ventrites 3+ 4 at dorsal margin. Profemora with short, broad, abruptly acute ventral tooth beyond middle. Genitalia as in Fig. 22; aedeagus 0.90 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but 4.20 mm long, 2.15 mm wide. rostrum subcylindrical, polished, very finely, inconspicuously punctate, 0.70 mm long; tergite 7 convex, coarsely punctate, glabrous except with small scale-like setae on basal margin and hair-like and semi-erect setae at apical margin.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Texas: Brazos Co., College Station, 08.04.1964, S. G. Wellso, emerged from limb of Prosopis glandulosa (TAMU). Allotype: Same data as holotype, but 14.04.1964, emerged from mesquite (TAMU). Paratypes: USA: Texas: “Tex” (3, USNM); “Tex, Collection F. H. Chittenden” (1, USNM); “ Tex, Bolter Collection ” (6, INHS), [C. W. Leng collection] (2, BYU); Corpus Christi Lk., 17, 28.03.1952, 22.03.1954, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (7, OSU); Lower Rio Grande Valley, 12.08.1975, G. V. Manley, emerged ebony (3, TAMU); Mount, [C.W. Leng collection] (1, BYU); San Diego, “27.4” (1, USNM), “23.4,” E.A. Schwarz (2, USNM), “29.4,” Hubbard &amp; Schwarz (1, USNM); “ Site 55,” 10 km E Riviera, 15.05.1985, C. Scholtz, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, CMNC); Welder Wildlife Refuge, 17 km NE Sinton, 17- 25.05.1985, H. &amp; A. Howden, C. Scholtz (2, CMNC); Bexar Co., SW San Antonio, 4.05.1988, W. F. Barr, beating Prosopis (1, WFBM); Brazos Co., College Station, 11.07.1974, D. Radicke (1, TAMU), 14, 28.04, 4, 9.05.1964, S. G. Wellso (6, BMNH, TAMU), same data as Holotype, but 4.05.1964 (3, TAMU), 4.06.1971, W. E. Clark (1, BYU); Brewster Co., Chisos Mts., Big Bend State Pk. 12-16.07.41, R. E. White (1, CASC); Chisos Mts., Big Bend, 4,5.07.42 (2, CASC); Chisos Basin, Big Bend, 16.07.56, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, CMNC); Big Bend Pk., Basin Campground, 2.07.1978, J. E. Wappes (1, TAMU); Marathon, 1.06.08, Mitchell and Cushman (1, USNM); 1 mi. S Alpine, 7.06.1972, W. E. Clark (1, TAMU); 5 mi. S Marathon, 2.07.1978, R. Turnbow (1, FSCA). Burnet Co., 5 mi. SE Inks Lake, 04.1988, J. Jackman &amp; S. G. Wellso, emerged from redbud (1, TAMU); Cameron Co., 4.04.1950, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Brownsville, 25.05, 1, 8.06.1934, 08.05.1935, J. N. Knull (17, OSU), 25.06.1930, J.O. Martin (1, CASC), “ June ” (1, SEMC), 17.06.1971, G. H. Nelson, on Prosopis chilensis (1, ASUHIC); Brownsville, Los Borregos, 23, 24.05, 06.06.[19] 04, H. S. Barber (3, USNM); Esperanza Rch., Brownsville, VI, C. Schaeffer (1, BYU); 4-6 mi. W Boca Chica, 17, 18.10.1985, J. E. Wappes (1, JEWC); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.35454&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.22375" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.35454/lat 26.22375)">Laguna Atascosa</a> NWR (site 1), 26.22375°N, 97.35454°W, 26.03- 8.04.2009, E. Riley-672, dense coastal brush, FIT-elevated (1, TAMU-ENTO X0592539), (site 2), 26.21784°N, 97.35614°W, 2.04.2009, E. Riley-743, beating, savanna with native grasses (1, TAMU-ENTO X0833341); Southmost, 27.03.1951, R.S. Beamer (1, SEMC); Dimmit Co., Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, 16-18.041993, A.M. Hook (1, TAMU); Duval Co., 1 mi. E Freer, 4.04.1980, J. E. Wappes (1, JEWC), 14 mi. S Feer, 14.04.2000, R. Morris (1, RFMC); Gillespie Co., 14.06.1934, 2.05.1935, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (3, USU); Goliad Co., 12 mi. W Kenedy, 12.05.1978, N. M. Downie (1, FMNH); Hidalgo Co., 20.03.1952, 26.03.1953, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (2, OSU); Bentsen-Rio Grande St. Pk., 1954, H. F. Howden, reared from mesquite 30.03.1955 (1, CMNC), emerged 27, 29- 31.12.1975, R. Turnbow, ex Prosopsis [sic] sp. (3, FSCA, ASUHIC); Bentsen St. Pk., no date, 05, 06.1978, J. E. Wappes, R[eare]d Cedar-Elm (8, FSCA, ASUHIC, JEWC, TAMU), 21- 24.04.1965, A. E. Lewis (1, ASUHIC); Bentsen-Rio Grande Vlly. St. Pk., 21- 24.04.1970, A. E. Lewis (1, ASUHIC), 07.04.1991, T. Carlow &amp; E. Riley (2, TAMU); Anzalduas Co. Pk., 17.10.1989, N. M. Downie (2, FSCA); 1 mi. S Pharr, 7.05.1989, E. G. Riley (2, TAMU), 15.04.1979, J. E. Wappes (2, ASUHIC, JEWC); Santa Ana Nat’ l Wildlife Refuge, 6.04.1980, N. M. Downie (1, FMNH), 6.04.1980, J. E. Wappes (1, TAMU); 1.8 mi. E jct 281 on Hwy 186, 6.04.1991, T. Carlow &amp; E. Riley (3, TAMU); Delta Lake, 27- 28.03.1986, E. G. Riley (2, TAMU); 4 mi. W Mission, 16.04.1974, G. H. Nelson, mesquite (1, AMNH); S.W. Hidalgo Co., 13.10.1946, G. B. Vogt, Prosopis juliflora Swartz DeCandolle (1, USNM); Santa Ana NWR (site 1), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.15215&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.06058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.15215/lat 26.06058)">Jaguarundi Trail</a>, 26.06058°N, 98.15215°W, 9.03- 5.04.2009, E. Riley-765, FIT-ground (1, TAMU- ENTO X0812079); LRGVNWR [Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge], Loma Unit, Massey Way (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.25343&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.96012" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.25343/lat 25.96012)">Rd.</a>), 25.96012°N, 97.25343°W, 5- 6.04.2009, E. Riley-1031 (1, TAMU-ENTO X0833876); Jeff Davis Co., 12.07.1952, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); 166 I mi. S 118, 5.07.1978, J. E. Wappes (1, TAMU); Davis Mts., 14.06.35, J. N. Knull (1, OSU), 18.07.1947, W. F. Barr (1, WFBM); Davis Mountains State Pk. Scenic overlook, 5100’, 17- 18.07.1982, R. S. Anderson (1, CMNC); Limpia Canyon, Davis Mts., 17- 20.06.1961, R. L. Westcott (1, ASUHIC); 21 mi. W Fort Davis, 18.06.1968, S. M. Hogue, R. L. Penrose (1, WFBM); Davis Mountains State Park, campground Port Davis, Hwy 118, elevation, 24.05.1992, C. R. Nelson #5817, J. Gelhaus #540, D. Koenig (1, ASUHIC); Jim Hogg Co., 10 mi. S Hebronville, 10.10.1987, N. M. Downie (1, FMNH). Kenedy Co., 2.7 mi. S Sarita, 15.04.1991, T. Carlow &amp; E. Riley (1, TAMU); McMullen C o., WMA on rt.3445 Choke Canyon vic., 15.04.2000, Morris / Wappes (1, CMNC; 1, RFMC), 8 mi. SW of Whitsett on Farm Market Road 99, 30.03.1986, S. J. Hanselmann (1, SEMC); Presidio Co., Las Cuevas @ Big Bend State Natural Area, 1190 m, N29.84957 W104.1047, 24.05.2005, A. D. Smith (1, ASUHIC); Refugio Co., 8 mi. S Woodsboro, 11.04.1972, W. E. Clark (1, TAMU); San Patricio Co., 6 mi. NE Sinton, 8.04.1971, W. E. Clark (1, TAMU), Welder Wildlife Refuge, 17 km NE Sinton, 17- 25.05.1985, H. &amp; A. Howden, C. Scholtz (1, CMNC); Starr Co., 25.05.1951, 20.03.1952, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (4, OSU), K 6.04.1947, G. B. Vogt, beating flwrs and foliage Prosopis juliflora Swartz DeCandolle (1, USNM); Falcon St. Pk., 6- 7.04.1991, T. Carlow &amp; E. Riley, beating Prosopis glandulosa (5, TAMU); 2 mi. W Rio Grande City, 26.03.1986, W. F. Barr (1, WFBM); Rio Grande City, 8.04.1991, W. F. Chamberlain (1, TAMU); Real Co., 5 mi. E Camp Wood, wood coll’ d 2.07.1971, emerged 30.01.1972, G. H. Nelson, 1” limbs, emerged ex Cercis reniformis (1, ASUHIC); Terrell Co., Independence Creek Preserve, 10.04.1999, C. P. Beacom and Bio 208 class (1, BYU); Uvalde Co., Jct. Hwy. 1051 &amp; US83, 3.05.1996, W. F. Chamberlain (1, TAMU); 40- 50 km N Uvalde, 26- 31.05.1985, H. &amp; A. Howden, C. Scholtz (1, CMNC); Val Verde Co., Sycamore Ck, 12 mi. E Del Rio, 6.05.1988, W. F. Barr, beating Prosopis (2, CMNC, WFBM); Devils R @ Dolan Falls, N29.885 W100.994, 18- 21.05.2003, J. C. Abbot #1051 &amp; Field Ent. Class (1, ASUHIC), Langtry, 4.11, 1982, J. Huber 7 A. Gonzalez (1, CMNC); Webb Co., Laredo, 20.03.1993, M. J. Rothschild (1, CHAH).</p> <p>Other Specimens Examined. USA: Arizona: “Ariz,” Horn Coll. H8711 (1, MCZ); Cochise Co., Douglas, 2.08.1959 (1, LACM), Mule Mts., Gold Gulch, 4900’, 7-6-1978 (1, SWRS), Gleeson, 8.08.1988, T. C. MacRae (1, SEMC), San Bernardino Rch., 10- 11.06.1968, Menke &amp; Flint (1, USNM); Guadeloupe Can., 27.06, 13.08.1977, S. McCleve, ex Celtis (2, TAMU), 14.08.1997, F. W. Skillman Jr. (2, ASUHIC); Pima Co., Elkhorn Ranch, E slope of N end Baboquivari Mts., 28.07.1952, H. B. Leech, J. W. Green (1, CASC); Sabino Cyn., Sta. Catalina Mts., 4.09.1965, C. W. O’ Brien, ex mesquite twigs (1, ASUHIC); [Pinal Co.], 14 mi. E Oracle, 27.07.1924, J. O. Martin (1, CASC); Santa Cruz Co., Yanks’ Spring, Sycamore Cn., Tumacacori Mts., 3.08.1952, H. B. Leech, J.W. Green (1, CASC), Jct. Santa Cruz Rv. &amp; Santa Gertrudes Rd., 23.07.2005, J. Huether (1, BYU). Mexico: Chiapas: 3 km S La Trinitaria, coll. 10.199-, F. T. Hovore, rear ex Acacia sp. girdled by Oncideres (1, CHAH); 26 mi. W Comitan, 4.07.1991, R. Jones &amp; C. Mayorga (1, TAMU), 2 mi. NW Pueblo Nuevo, LLU Biol. Sta., 16.07.1965, G. H. Nelson, on Acacia pennatula (S.&amp;C.) Benth. (1, ASUHIC); Pq. Nac. Sumidero, Coyota Mirador, 1700 m, 21.06.1989, H. Howden (1, CMNC); Municipio Comitan, 18 mi. NW Comitan, 21.06.1965, D. Breedlove (1, CASC); Chincultik, 29.08.1982, Clark &amp; Cave (1, ASUHIC). Coahuila: 20 mi. SE Saltillo, Rt. 015, 6000’, 20- 21.06.1971, H. F. Howden (2, CMNC), nr. Jame, 33 mi. SE Saltillo, 7500’, 18.07.1963, A. T. Howden (1, CMNC). Durango: Durango, Wickham (1, USNM); 9 mi. W Durango, 9.06.1967, 1607-CL, B(1) on Quercus undulata (1, USNM). Estado de México: Real de Arriba, Temescaltepec, 6-7000 ft, 9.07.1933, H. E. Hinton, R. L. Usinger (1, BMNH); 3 mi. N Valle de Bravo, 28.06.1965, G. H. Nelson (1, ASUHIC). Guerrero: 9.3 km NW Chilpancingo, on rd to Chichihualco, 1555m, 15.07.1992, R. L. Westcott (1, CMNC), Chichihualco Rd 9.3 km NW Chilpancingo, 1595m, 15.07.1992, C. L. Bellamy (2, ASUHIC); 6 mi. E Tixtla, 16.07.1984, Schaffner, Woolley, Carrol, Friedlander (1, TAMU), 6 mi. E Tixtla de Guerrero, 16.07.1984, Carroll, Schaffner, Friedlander (1, TAMU). Hidalgo: 9 mi. N Zimapan, 1.10.1965, D. G. Kissinger (1, USNM); 20 mi. S Zimapan, 07.1954, D. G. Kissinger (3, USNM; 1, CSCA); 11 mi. N Zimapan, 5500’, 25.06.1971, L. B. O’ Brien, on mesquite (Texas Tech U. mesquite project) (1, ASUHIC); Hwy 85, 12 mi. S Zimapan, 6750’, 26.07.1982, C. W. &amp; L. O’ Brien &amp; G. Wibmer (1, ASUHIC); Hwy 105, 14 mi. S Metzquititlan, 5800’, 30.07.1982, C. W. &amp; L. O’ Brien &amp; G. Wibmer (ASUHIC). Nuevo Leon: 79 mi. SW Linares, Hwy 57, 6700’, 22.06.1971, Ward &amp; Brothers (Texas Tech U. mesquite project), on Prosopis laevigata (1, USNM), 22, 23.06.1971, C. O’ Brien &amp; Marshall (Texas Tech U. mesquite project), on Prosopis laevigata (3, USNM, ASUHIC); Huasteca Cyn., 17.06.1982, R. S. Miller (1, ASUHIC); 2.4 mi. S La Escondida, 4.07.1974, Clark, Murray, Ashe, Schaffner (1, TAMU). Jalisco: Jacotepec, 16.06.1967, [A. Moldenke] 1738CL, ex Prosopis (1, CHAH), 20 mi. SW Encarnacion de Diaz, 2000 m, 9.07.1982, R. S. Miller (3, ASUHIC), 30 mi. W Tizapan, 30.06.1955, D. Giuliani (1, CASC), Lagos de, 22.06.1956, R. P. Allen (1, CASC). Michoacán: 10 mi. S Uruapan, 6.071985, Woolley &amp; Zolnerowich 85/032 (1, TAMU). Oaxaca: 2.8 mi. E Matatlan, 24.07.1974, Clark, Murray, Ashe, Schaffner (2, TAMU); 16.1 mi. NW Totolapan, 21.07.1974, Clark, Murray, Ashe, Schaffner (2, TAMU); 10 mi. N Miltepec, 15- 16.07.1974, Clark, Murray, Hart, Schaffner (2, TAMU), 26.07.1974, Clark, Murray, Ashe, Schaffner (1, TAMU); Tamazulapan, 25.07.1974, W. F. Chamberlain (1, TAMU); 1.1 mi. W El Tule, 5400 ft, 17.07.1987, Kovarik, Schaffner (1, TAMU); 7 mi. N Huajuapan de Leon, 1.07.1982, M. A. Ivie (1, CHAH); 5 km N Oaxaca, 1700m, 14.07.1979, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, CMNC); 9 mi. NE Mitla, 20.07.1985, Jones, Schaffner (1, TAMU); 13- 14 km E Mitla, 2100m, 5.08.1986, H. &amp; A. Howden (5, CMNC), 8.08.1986, H. &amp; A. Howden, beating Acacia spp. (4, CMNC), 11.08.1986, H. &amp; A. Howden, beating Acacia spp. (2, CMNC); 7 km NNW Diaz Ordaz, 2200m, N17°00’ W96°26 11.07.1992, C. L. Bellamy (2, ASUHIC); 11.5 km NW Huitzo, Hwy 190, 2005m, 9.07.1992, C. L. Bellamy (1, ASUHIC); 19 mi. NW Totolapan, 28.07.1963 (1, ASUHIC); Hwy 175 @ KM 109- 112 S Oaxaca City, 27.07.2005, J. Rifkind (2, CSCA). Puebla: 6 mi. SW Tehuacan, 8- 10.07.1973, Mastro &amp; Schaffner (1, TAMU). Queretaro: Hwy 57D, 1 mi. E Queretaro, 6700’, 28.07.1982, C. W. &amp; L. O’ Brien &amp; Wibmer (1, ASUHIC). Quintana Roo: 20 km N Felipe Carillo Puerto, 12- 14.06.1983, E. Riley (1, ASUHIC). San Luis Potos´ı: 11.6 km E San Luis Potosi, 1945m, 3.07.1987, R. Anderson, Acacia -cactus scrub, 87-1 (1, CMNC); Km. 710, Hwy 57 N San Luis Potosi, 11.07.1969, Ward, Tenorio &amp; Bennet, Host: Prosopis (1, ASUHIC); 73 km N San Luis Potosi (on #57), 1585m, 2.06.1987, R. Anderson, R. Turnbow (1,CMNC); Matehuala, 3, 4.07.1971, B. K. Dozier (3, FSCA, ASUHIC), 27.07.1974, W. F. Chamberlain, Prosopis (1, TAMU); 7 mi. E Cd. del Maiz, 4500’, 19.06.1983, C. W. &amp; L. O’ Brien &amp; G.B. Marshall (1, ASUHIC); 0.5 mi. S San Lorenzo, 5.07.1974, Clark, Murray, Ashe, Schaffner (1, TAMU); 33.8 km N Entronque El Huizache, 2.06.1987, R. Anderson, mesquite chaparral (4, CMNC, TAMU); 1 mi. SE La Calzada on #80, 3900’, 8.06.1983, R. Anderson, mesquite (3, CMNC); 45.5 km NE Villa Hidalgo, 5200’, 2.06.1987, R. Turnbow (2, CMNC); microwave tower 12 km W Rio Verde, 16.07.1982, R. Turnbow (1, TAMU); 18 mi. NW San Luis Potosi, 30.06.1971, Ward &amp; Brothers (Texas Tech U. mesquite project), on Prosopis laevigata (1, USNM). Sinaloa: 5 mi. N Mazatlan, 10.08.1965, G. H. Nelson, on dead limbs (1, ASUHIC). [Sonora:], Guaymas, 9.04.1921, E. P. VanDuzee (1, CASC). Tamaulipas: Abasolo, 17.05.1952, M. Cazier, W. Gertsch, R. Schrammel (1, AMNH); Hwy. 101,19 mi. NE Tula, 6200’, 23.07.1982, C. W. &amp; L. O’ Brien &amp; G. Wibmer (2, ASUHIC), Tampico, 26.03.1951 (1, SEMC). Zacatecas: 39.7 km S Juchipala, 1524 m, 6.08.1988, R. S. Anderson 88-26, Acacia thorn scrub (1, CMNC), 31 mi. SE Guadelupe, 7200’, 30.06.1971, L. O’ Brien &amp; Marshall, on Acacia, prob. farnesiana (1, ASUHIC).</p> <p>Hosts. This commonly collected species is associated with a variety of legumes (sensu lato), most frequently with mesquite (Prosopis spp., Fabaceae). It has the largest range of larval hosts and has been reared several times from mesquite, and specifically from Prosopis glandulosa Torr., “ebony” (Pithecellobium flexicaule (Benth.) = Ebenopsis ebano (Berland.) Barneby &amp; J. W.Grimes, Fabaceae), redbud (Cercis reniformis Engl., Fabaceae, cedar-elm (Ulmus crassifolia Nutt., Ulmaceae), and Acacia sp. girdled by Oncideres sp. Adults have been taken on Prosopis laevigata (Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) M.C. Johnst., Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz, Prosopis juliflora Swartz DeCandolle, Acacia spp., Acacia prob. farnesiana, Acacia pennatula (S. &amp; C.) Benth., Celtis sp. (Cannabaceae), and Q. undulata.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of Horace R. Burke of Texas A&amp;M University and his studies of anthonomine weevils (e.g., Burke 1959), as well as for his and his students’ extensive collections of weevils, including Laemosaccus.</p> <p>Discussion. Laemosaccus burkei is the frequently collected southwestern and Mexican member of the L. nephele group with dense white setae ventrally, on the frons and rostrum, and on the anterior pronotal collar that is usually associated with mesquite and other woody legumes. The specimens from western Arizona, Sonora, Durango, and other Mexican states differ from the Texas material in being smaller, somewhat more slender, and having the pronotum more coarsely punctate. Moreover, there seems to be a gap in the distributions, at least of the collections. I had originally thought they might represent a separate species, but the similarity of hosts and male genitalia recommend their treatment as conspecific at this time, although further study is warranted. Males vary in size from 2.50 to 4.20 mm (mean = 3.41 mm, n = 119); females vary from 2.80 to 4.80 mm (mean = 3.73 mm, n = 76).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC728573AC2C9E5C3FCE9F938	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC734573EC0B9E1F3FE28FD9C.text	DB5AFC3EC734573EC0B9E1F3FE28FD9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus clytrinoides Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus clytrinoides Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4CE73F2F-92B8-4C30-8603-C0E39211364F (Figs. 13, 23)</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 2.65 mm, width 1.25 mm (Fig. 13). Robust, subcylindrical in cross section, slightly obovate, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with oval red-orange spot slightly longer than half length of elytra beginning at humerus, from near lateral margin to obliquely posteriorly to 1 st elytral interval, and broadly rounded behind; pronotum and elytra glabrous; thorax and abdomen ventrally with punctures each with a small silvery seta, head with few setae behind eyes and inconspicuous hair-like setae on sides of rostrum distal to antennal insertions, setae inconspicuous on legs, hair-like and semi-erect on tergite 8; tergite 7 with small, scale-like setae on basal margin, otherwise glabrous. Head hemispherical, 0.65 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, slightly humped at base in lateral view, finely punctate except for narrow raised area along midline at middle, 0.45 mm long; antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum gibbous, weakly convex in cross section at base, more strongly so in lateral view, anterior 2/3 strongly declivous, weakly constricted before anterior margin, 0.9 mm long, 1.05 mm wide, broadest at basal third, with lateral margins regularly rounded, coarsely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded and separate, without obvious medial carina. Elytra slightly wider than pronotum at base, broadest at apical 3/4, 1.75 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, elytral striae narrower than intervals, striae finely punctate, intervals rounded-angulate, interval 3 weakly toothed on middle third, interval 5 very weakly toothed on apical half. Abdominal ventrite 1 very slightly depressed in small triangle along midline at posterior margin, with less conspicuous setae. Profemora with very small, acute ventral tooth beyond middle. Genitalia as in Fig. 23; aedeagus 0.65 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. Length 2.65 mm, width 1.25 mm, as male but rostrum forming a slight angle with plane of fronst, very stout and subcylindrical, somewhat flattened dorsoventrally, finely to moderately punctate, with narrow, raised, polished area along midline on basal 2/3; abdominal ventrite 1 medially convex, sparsely setose and somewhat shiny in broad area on either side of midline; tergite 7 weakly convex, coarsely punctate, glabrous except with small, scale-like setae on basal margin at basal margin, hair-like and semi-erect on apical fourth.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mts., E Turkey Creek, 6.5 mi. W Portal, 6400’, 31°54-55’N 109°15’W, 16.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide, on Quercus sp. (USNM). Allotype: Same data as holotype, but 11.07.1981, Quercus (USNM). Paratypes: USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Chiricahua M., 29.07.1955, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); same data as holotype, but 17.07.1981, Quercus (1, CHAH), 20.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide, oak (1, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., 6 mi. W Portal, 6700’, 31°55’N 109°15’W, 11, 20.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide, Quercus (4, BMNH, CHAH); Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., Herb Martyr Dam, 5800’, 31°52’N 109°14’W, 25.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide, oak (1, CHAH); Chiricahua Mountains, Onion Saddle, 7600’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 22.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide, Quercus (1, CHAH), 26.06.2001, H. A. Hespenheide, on Quercus hypoleucoides (1, CHAH); Portal, 17.06.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden, beat oak (3, CMNC); S. W. Res. Sta., Portal, 24.06.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden, beating oak (4, CMNC), 04.07.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden, oak (4, CMNC); Chiricahua Mountains, 2.0 mi. W Portal, 5000’, 27.07.1982, R. S. Anderson (1, CMNC); near Portal, 28.07- 07.08.1966, K. Stephan (1, FSCA); Chiricahua Mts., 9 mi. above Portal, 22.07.1975, G. H. Nelson, on Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus (1, ASUHIC); Chir. Mts., Pridham Cn, 05.07.1976, McCleve &amp; Daneker (2, TAMU); Chir. Mts., W Turkey Ck, 05.07.1976, McCleve &amp; Topham (1, TAMU); Mile High Preserve, Ramsey Cyn, 12 km S Sierra Vista, 1700 m, 25.06- 6.07.1986, B. V. Brown, Malaise, oak/juniper ripar. for. (1, CMNC); Pelencillo Mtns., 33 mi. E Douglas, 17.07.1973, S. McCleve, at light (1, TAMU) Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon Mts., 22.06.[1958], C. W. &amp; L. O’ Brien, on oak (1, ASUHIC); Sunnyside, 17.08.1940, B. E. White (1, CASC); Huachuca Mts., 1-4 km S Sunnyside Canyon, 1676m, 27.07.1989, R. S. Anderson, on Phoradendron coryae Trel. on Quercus sp., 89-28 (2, CMNC); Huachuca Mts., vic Ramsey Vista cpgrds., 29.08.2000, J. Huether (1, CMNC); S end Huachuca Mtns., Copper Cyn., 5.08.1990, W. F. Barr, beating Quercus (1, WFBM); Huachuca Mts., Copper Cyn., 12.08.1989, W. F. Barr, on oak (1, WFBM); Huachuca Mts., 20.07.1936, J. N. Knull (1, OSU), 19.08.1950, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU), 18.07.1938, D. W. Gralk (1, SEMC); Bear Creek, Montezuma Pass, Huachuca Mts., 6.07.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, CMNC); Graham Co., Galiuro Mts., High Cr., 1660 m, [--].07.1978, S. McCleve (1, TAMU); Pima Co., 4 mi. S Arivaca, Fraguita Wash, 10.07.1977, S. McCleve, at lite (1, TAMU); Santa Cruz Co., Santa Rita Mts., 13.08.1935, F. H. Parker (1, CASC), 11.07.1949, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Santa Rita Mts., Madera Cyn., 25.06.1968, C. W. O’ Brien (1, ASUHIC), 11.07.1977, A. E. Lewis (2, ASUHIC); Madera Canyon, Bog Spring Camp, 4.08.1950, B. E. White (1, CASC); Madera Canyon, 1- 2.08.1988 (1, CHAH), 8.08.1970, A. J. Gilbert (1, ASUHIC); 7 mi. SW Canelo, 10.09.1965, L. &amp; C. W. O’ Brien (1, ASUHIC); Sycamore Cyn. crest, 5700’, 29.08.1997, Wappes &amp; Turnbow (1, JEWC); Pajarito Mts., Pena Blanca Cyn., 13.07.1970, K. Stephan (1, FSCA); Patagonia Mts., Duquesne Rd. Summit, 31.07.2005, C.W. O’ Brien, beaten oak &amp; juniper (1, ASUHIC). Mexico: Sonora: Sierra de Ajos, Cyn. de Evans, 15.07.1970, V. Roth (1, FSCA); 5 mi. S Cananea, 1.08.1970, V. Roth (1, ASUHIC); Sierra Huachinera, 32–34 km NE Nacori Chico, 1950 m, 06– 7.08.1982, Mex.Exped. 1982, G. E. &amp; K. E. Ball &amp; S. McCleve, 82-10 (1, CMNC).</p> <p>Hosts. Adults have been collected on Q. hypoleucoides and undetermined oaks, and on Phoradendron coryae Trel. (Santalaceae) on Quercus sp.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named for its resemblance to clytrine chrysomelids (see discussion of mimicry below).</p> <p>Discussion. Laemosaccus clytrinoides is a small species similar to L. arizonensis but with a rostrum in both sexes that is sculptured and broader than deep, broadening toward the apex with a medial impunctate area, and a distinctive aedeagus. Males vary in length from 2.40 to 3.40 mm (mean = 2.84 mm, n = 33); females from 2.25 to 3.70 mm (mean = 2.93 mm, n = 25).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC734573EC0B9E1F3FE28FD9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC731573FC09CE390FBAFFF08.text	DB5AFC3EC731573FC09CE390FBAFFF08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus howdenae Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus howdenae Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5ED47458-36C3-4C09-89E2-60324B061867 (Figs. 14, 24)</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 5.4 mm, width 2.2 mm (Fig. 14). Robust, subcylindrical in cross section, slightly wider behind than in front, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with large red-orange spot on anterior 3/5, from near lateral margin to 3 rd elytral interval, broader in anterior half, narrowing behind; pronotum and elytra distinctly setose, less conspicuously on pronotal disc; thorax and abdomen ventrally nearly covered with broad, silvery setae, head and rostrum with conspicuous setae, denser between and behind eyes, setae more slender and semi-erect on basal half of femora, tergite 8 and tergite 7 with conspicuous setae, hair-like and semierect on apical half of tergite 8. Head hemispherical, nearly invisible from above, 1.2 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, punctate, dorsally on apical half shallowly depressed with a fine medial carina, 0.8 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum moderately convex in lateral view, somewhat flattened at base, 2.0 mm long, 1.95 mm wide, broadest at basal half and with lateral margins nearly parallel, abruptly rounded behind, more gradually so in front, constricted before anterior margin, finely, evenly punctate, punctures somewhat elongated and confluent near midline, with indistinct medial carina on basal half. Elytra slightly wider than pronotum at base, 3.2 mm long, 2.2 mm maximum width, elytral intervals wider than inconspicuously punctate striae, intervals rounded, interval 3 weakly toothed on middle third3, interval 5 very weakly toothed on apical fourth. Profemora with broadly acute ventral tooth beyond middle. Genitalia as in Fig. 24; aedeagus 1.25 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but rostrum 1.1 mm long, more cylindrical, with medial carina on middle third; tergite 7 very weakly convex, coarsely punctate, conspicuously setose, setae hair-like and semi-erect just at apex; 5.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., Portal, 17.06.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden, beating oak (CMNC). Allotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., S.W. Res. Sta., Portal, 24.06.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden, beating oak (CMNC). Paratypes: USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mountains, Onion Saddle, 02, 03.07.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden (4, CMNC), Onion Saddle, 21.07.1981, 2280 m, 30.07.1992, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, CMNC), 7600’, 2.08.1995, J. &amp; D. Pakaluk (2, CMNC), 18.08.1988, W. F. Barr, beating Quercus (1, WFBM), 7.08.1989, W.F. Barr, on oak (1, WFBM), 19.08.2008, C. W. O’ Brien (1, ASUHIC), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.26667/lat 31.933332)">Onion Saddle</a>, 7600’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 12.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide, oak (1, CHAH), 26, 28.06.2001, H. A. Hespenheide, on Quercus hypoleucoides (14, AMNH, BMNH, CHAH); Chir. Mts., Onion Saddle, 7400’, 03.07.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden (2, CMNC); Chiricahua Mts., The Saddle, 24.07.1966 (1, SWRS); Chiricahua Mts., Onion Saddle Back, 21.08.1940, J. J. DuBois (2, ASUHIC, EMEC), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.263336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.935" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.263336/lat 31.935)">Onion Saddle</a>, elev. 7570 ft., 31°56.1’N, 109°15.8’W, 23.07.2003, S. M. Clark (4, BYU); S. W. Res. Sta., Portal, 23.06.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, CMNC), 4.07.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden, oak (1, CMNC), S.W.R. S., 5 mi. W Portal, 5400 ft., 08.1956, A. Archer (1, AMNH); Pinery Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., below <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.26667/lat 31.933332)">Onion Saddle</a>, 7200’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 25.06.1999, 26.06.2001, H. A. Hespenheide, on Quercus hypoleucoides (13, BMNH, CHAH, TAMU), 26.06.2001, Quercus arizonicus (1, CHAH); Chir. Mts., Pinery Can., 6600’ 22.06.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden (2, CMNC); Chiricahua Mts., Pinery Ca., 11.07.1958, C. W. O’ Brien (1, ASUHIC); Barefoot Park, 8500 ft, 06.08.1927, J.A. Kusche, ex ginseng flowers (1, CASC); Cave Creek, 6000’, 31.08.1974, F. T. Hovore (1, FSCA); Cave Ck. Cyn., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.25/lat 31.916666)">Chiricahua Mts.</a>, 6 mi. W Portal, 6700’, 31°55’N 109°15’W, 11.07.1981, W. P. Weaver, Jr., Quercus (1, CHAH), Turkey Creek 4 mi. NW Southwestern Rsch. Sta., 25.07.1989, Andrews &amp; Eichlin, sweeping Quercus (1, CSCA); Rustler Park, 8500 ft, 12.07.1957, F. X. Williams (1, CASC); Rustler’ s Camp, 20.08.1940, J. J. DuBois (1, ASUHIC); same data as holotype (1, CMNC); Chiricahua M., 14.07.1936, J. N. Knull (2, OSU), 26.07.1937, 15.06.1939, 28.08.1940, 27.06,1949, 19.07, 02, 12.08.1952, 20, 22.07.1953, 24.07.1955, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (26, OSU), 30.07.1959, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, CHAH), 7.08.1941, R. H. Beamer (1, SEMC), 14.07.1938, L. W. Hepner (1, SEMC); Douglas, 24.07.1938, W. W. Jones (1, EMEC); Palmerlee, 07.27, H. A. Wenzel (1, OSU); 8.1 mi. SE Sunnyside, 11.08.1977, G. C. Duffy (1, LACM); Huachuca Mtns, Carr Canyon, 14.07.1982, J. E. Wappes (1, ASUHIC); Huachuca M., 20.07.1937, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Huachuca Mts., 20.07.1936, J. N. Knull (1, OSU), July 1905, C. W. Leng (1, BYU), 18.07.1938, R. H. Beamer (1, SEMC); Miller Can, Huachu. Mts, 21.07.1907, H. A. Kaeber (2, USNM); Montezuma Pass, Huachuca Mts., 6.07.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden (2, CMNC), Copper Cyn., 2 mi. W Montezuma Pass, 6000’, 9.09.1965, C. W. O’ Brien, on Quercus (1, ASUHIC); Sunglow, 15.06.42, A. W. Ford (1, ASUHIC); Pima Co., Rosemont, 14.07.42, C. W. Sones (1, LACM); Santa Rita Mt., 05.1976, Dr. Lenczy, reared from sotol (1, USNM); Sta Rita Mts, Upper Madera Cyn, 1650 m., 4.08.2005, S. Kazantsev (1, ASUHIC), Green Valley, 05.1973, Dr. Lenczy (1, USNM); 7 r.s. mi. up Kitt Peak rd., 14.08.1976, J. M. Cicero (1, FSCA); Santa Cruz Co., Santa Rita Mountains, Upper Madera Canyon, 5500’, 5.08.1982, R. S. Anderson, on Quercus hypoleucoides (2, CMNC); Madera Canyon, Bog Spring Camp, 4.08.1950, B. E. White (3, CASC); Santa Rita Mts., Madera Cyn., 26.07.1970, K. Stephan (1, ASUHIC); Madera Cn., 06.1973, Dr. Lenczy (1, USNM); Madera Cyn., 4880 ft., 08, 18.07.1963, V. L. Vesterby (2, UCDC); Madera Canyon, 24- 31.07.1977, W. H. Tyson, collected at black light (1, ASUHIC), 7- 11.07.1977, A. E. Lewis (1, ASUHIC), Madera Canyon, 30.07.1947 (1, EMEC); Santa Rita M., 11.07.1949, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU), Ruby Rd. @ Sycamore Cyn., 8.08.2009, F. E. Skillman Jr., MV &amp; UV light (1, ASUHIC); Tumacacori Mts. 07.08.1950, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU), Pena Blanca Cyn., 22.07.2006, C.W. O’ Brien, UV &amp; MV light (3, ASUHIC). Mexico: Durango: 3 mi. W El Salto, 9000’, 22.07.1964, J. A. Chemsak (1, EMEC).</p> <p>Hosts. One older specimen from the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona is labeled as having been reared from sotol (Dasylirion wheeleri S. Watson ex Rothr., Asparagaceae), but this record is questionable and should be verified. Many adults are labeled as having been collected on oaks, many specifically on Q. hypoleucoides and one on Q. arizonica.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of Anne T. Howden, whose studies of the southwestern species in the weevil genus Pandeleteius Schönherr (Howden 1959), many of which also occur on oaks, recommend this recognition.</p> <p>Discussion. This is the largest and most distinctive species of Laemosaccus in the L. nephele group of species, uniquely being setose throughout, even dorsally, producing an overall greyish appearance, and on the rostrum. The female rostrum is unusual in being about 1.5X times as long as that of the male. Males vary in length from 3.90 to 5.80 mm (mean = 4.95 mm, n = 42); females vary from 4.70 to 6.50 mm (mean = 5.79 mm, n = 50).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC731573FC09CE390FBAFFF08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC7305731C2ABE02CFE6BFE19.text	DB5AFC3EC7305731C2ABE02CFE6BFE19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus browerorum Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus browerorum Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B133EFA0-EBF9-441D-972E-211719F01736 (Fig. 25)</p> <p>Description: Holotype Male. Length 2.35 mm, width 1.10 mm. Very robust, subcylindrical in cross section, broadly rounded behind, narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with broadly oval, red posthumeral spot on elytral intervals 2–9, about 0.75 mm long and not close to base, appearing trapezoidal from above; head, pronotum, elytra, and propygidium glabrous, thorax and abdomen ventrally and metafemora with punctures each with a small, inconspicuous, silvery seta, setae less dense and more slender on legs, longer, hair-like, semierect and transversely oriented on tergite 8. Head hemispherical, 0.50 mm wide, rostrum roundedterete, punctate, matte, 0.35 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum weakly convex in cross section at base, very strongly constricted before anterior margin, abruptly gibbous posteriorad, 0.90 mm long, 1.00 mm wide, broadest anterior to middle, with lateral margins very shallowly arcuate on basal half, more strongly so in front, and convex in lateral view, coarsely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded and separate at base, becoming reticulate and somewhat confluent longitudinally on apical half, indistinct medial carina on basal half. Elytra wider than pronotum at base, sides nearly parallel, 1.45 mm long, 1.10 mm maximum width, elytral striae subequal in width to intervals, striae very coarsely rounded-punctate, intervals rounded, interval 3 very weakly toothed on middle third, interval 5 weakly toothed on apical half. Profemora with acute ventral tooth at middle, mesofemora with small ventral tooth, abdominal ventrite 5 0.5–1.0X length of ventrite 4 at middle. Genitalia as in Fig. 25; aedeagus 0.60 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but rostrum subcylindrical, polished, very finely, inconspicuously punctate, glabrous, forming nearly 45° angle with plane of eyes, antennae inserted at basal third; tergite 7 convex, coarsely punctate, glabrous; 3.20 mm long, 1.60 mm wide.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Arizona: Pima Co., Madera Cn, 7.1973, Dr. Lenczy (USNM). Allotype: Arizona: Santa Cruz Co., Santa Rita Mts., Madera Canyon, 9.08.2001, J. &amp; A. Rifkind, C. Bellamy, oak/juniper zone (WFBM).</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of the late Lincoln Brower and Jane Van Zandt Brower, whose studies on the effectiveness of Müllerian mimicry in monarch butterflies are classics.</p> <p>Discussion. Laemosaccus browerorum is known only from the types from extreme southern Arizona. Ventrally, it is the least conspicuously setose of all species treated here. This small species is superficially similar to the following species in having the relatively small, red posthumeral spot placed farther posteriorly from the anterior margin of the elytra, but is distinctive in having a very strong pronotal collar, large punctures in the elytral striae, and an aedeagus in the males similar to that of L. clytrinoides, but even more acuminate.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC7305731C2ABE02CFE6BFE19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC73E5732C0D8E33CFDC6FD63.text	DB5AFC3EC73E5732C0D8E33CFDC6FD63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus rileyi Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus rileyi Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4595970B-4343-4687-B778-7143B66E4165 (Figs. 15, 26)</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 2.25 mm, width 1.05 mm (Fig. 15). Subcylindrical in cross section, regularly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with large, oval, red-orange posthumeral spot from 3 rd interval from lateral margin to 2 nd interval from suture; head, pronotum, elytra, and propygidium glabrous, thorax and abdomen ventrally with punctures each with a small, relatively inconspicuous, silvery seta, setae inconspicuous on legs, hair-like and semi-erect on tergite 8. Head hemispherical, 0.50 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, punctate, with short, shiny, medial groove, 0.35 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum globose, convex at base, slightly constricted before anterior margin, 0.7 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, broadest at basal third, with lateral margins very arcuately rounded, coarsely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded and separate, with fine medial carina for entire length. Elytra distinctly wider than pronotum at base, margins parallel, 1.4 mm long, 1.05 mm maximum width, elytral striae much narrower than intervals, striae finely punctate, intervals angulate-carinate, interval 3 weakly toothed on middle third. Abdominal ventrite 1 with setae hair-like and less conspicuous at midline; ventrite 5 twice as long at lateral margins than at middle. Profemora with strong, acute ventral tooth beyond middle, meso- and metafemora with small tubercles at same position. Genitalia as in Fig. 26; aedeagus 0.70 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but 2.55 mm long, 1.25 mm wide; setae beneath more conspicuous, except nearly glabrous at middle of abdominal ventrite 1; rostrum subcylindrical, polished, very finely, inconspicuously punctate, 0.45 mm long; tergite 7 weakly convex, coarsely punctate, glabrous.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Texas: Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, (middle) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.29889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.25361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.29889/lat 29.25361)">Pinnacles Trail</a>, ca. 6400’, 29°15’13”N 103°17’56”W, 21.06.2004, E. G. Riley-49 (TAMU). Allotype: Texas: Brewster Co., BBNP, (lower) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.297775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.258888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.297775/lat 29.258888)">Pinnacles Trail</a>, ca. 5,900’, 29°15’32”N 103°17’52”W, 21.06.2004, E. G. Riley-48 (TAMU). Paratypes: USA: Texas: Barrel R [an] ch., 25.07.43, H. P. Smith (1, LACM); Brewster Co., Alpine, 11.07.1938, R. H. Beamer (1, SEMC), Chisos Mts., 19.07, J. W. Green (2, CASC), 17.07.1946, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Chisos M., sweeping on road to Basin, 10.06.1968 (1, CHAH); Big Bend National Park, Maple Canyon, 5200’, 29.06.1982, R. S. Anderson (1, CMNC); Big Bend National Park, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.25/lat 29.266666)">Lost Mine Trail</a>, 6000–6850’, 29°16’N 103°15’W, 29.06.1982, 9.07.1982, R. S. Anderson (2, CMNC); BBNP, Laguna Meadow- <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.310005&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.241388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.310005/lat 29.241388)">Colima Trails</a>, 6500–7000’, 29°14’29”N 103°18’36”W, 2.08.2003, E. G. Riley (13) (5, TAMU); same data as holotype, (2, TAMU); BBNP, (upper) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.297775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.251667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.297775/lat 29.251667)">Pinnacles Trail</a>, ca. 6900’, 29°15’06”N 103°17’52”W, 21.06.2004, E. G. Riley-50 (1, TAMU); same data as allotype (1, TAMU); BBNP, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.31694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.274721" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.31694/lat 29.274721)">Window Trail</a>, (upper), 29°16’29”N 103°19’01”W, 21.06.2004, E. G. &amp; C. M. Riley- 03 (1, TAMU); Culberson Co., Pine Springs, 12- 15.07.1928, W. Benedict (1, SEMC), 12.06.1971, C. O’ Brien, night, Quercus (1, ASUHIC); Jeff Davis Co., 4, 6.07.1953, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (2, OSU); 5 mi. N Ft. Davis, 14.07.1956, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, CMNC); Davis Mts., 2.06.1951, 3.07.1955, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU), 25.06.1959, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, CHAH), 11.07.1958, W. F. Barr (1, WFBM), 1.07.1977, E. Giesbert (1, EMEC); Madera Cyn., Davis Mts., 11.07.1958, W. F. Barr, at light (1, CMNC), Davis Mts Resort, 28.06/ 2.07.1986, Heffern, Heuther &amp; Androw (1, SEMC).</p> <p>Other Specimens Examined. USA: Arizona: “Arizona,” Kunze (1, FMNH), Morrison (1, USNM); [Coconino Co.], Williams, 29.07, Wickham (1, USNM), 30.06, 16, 19, 20.07, Barber &amp; Schwarz Coll. (6, USNM); Flagstaff, 1.08.1933, J. D. Beamer (1, SEMC), 21.08.1929, W. Lynn (1, SEMC). New Mexico: Lincoln Co., 2.7 mi. N Alto, 7200’, 19.06.1982, G. A. P. Gibson, sweeping oak (2, CMNC); [Otero Co.], 2 mi. S Cloudcroft, 5.06.1969 (2, BYU); Sandoval Co., C. C. Hoff, B-486 (1, AMNH); Santa Fe Co., Ca ~nada de los <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-105.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -105.85/lat 35.6)">Alamos</a>, 8 mi. SSE Santa Fe, 2360m, 35°36’N 105°51’W, 23.vi.2000, H. A. Hespenheide, on Quercus gambelli (2, BMNH, CHAH). Mexico: San Luis Potos´ı: 32 mi. E San Luis Potos´ı, 26.07.1970, Murray, Phelps, Hart, Schaffner (1, TAMU).</p> <p>Hosts. Adults in Texas and New Mexico were collected on Q. gambelli and other oaks.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of the collector of the types and many other specimens of Laemosaccus, Edward G. Riley, retired, of Texas A&amp;M University.</p> <p>Discussion. This is the smallest species of Laemosaccus and is most similar to L. obrieni. Laemosaccus rileyi has the posthumeral spot placed farther posteriorad, is proportionately shorter in habitus and the male rostrum, usually has a small postscutellar patch of setae, and different male genitalia. Only collections from Texas are included in the type series, but although the specimens from Texas and Arizona are widely separated, collections from New Mexico suggest it is more widely distributed in northern and eastern Arizona and western New Mexico, areas that are poorly collected to date. A specimen from Arizona is illustrated on Bug- Guide (bugguide.net/node/view/1471142bgimage; also images 1471143 and 1471144). Males from the type series in western Texas vary in length from 2.20 to 2.70 mm (mean = 2.42 mm, n = 18); females from 2.05 to 3.30 mm (mean = 2.70 mm, n = 18).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC73E5732C0D8E33CFDC6FD63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC73D5733C0D0E3F6FDE8FEA2.text	DB5AFC3EC73D5733C0D0E3F6FDE8FEA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus vaurieae Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus vaurieae Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 21BD3B2B555D-4F41-A6B0-2ECB0F1EF237 (Figs. 16, 27)</p> <p>Description: Holotype Male. Length 5.15 mm, width 2.25 mm (Fig. 16). Robust, subcylindrical from above and in cross section, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with large, oval, red-orange spot half elytral length from posterior edge of humerus and just above lateral margins to elytral interval 3; pronotum and elytra glabrous, except for pronotal collar, thorax and abdomen ventrally with punctures each with a silvery seta, setae nearly obscuring surface, head with inconspicuous setae on sides of rostrum between eyes and antennal insertions and behind eyes, setae sparser on metafemora, more slender and erect on basal half of femora, tibiae and profemora inconspicuously setose, setae dense, hair-like, and erect on tergite 8; tergite 7 with small, scale-like setae on basal margin, otherwise appressed and hairlike. Head hemispherical, 1.20 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, finely punctate 0.90 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum globose, relatively flattened in cross section and in lateral view, moderately rounded at lateral and anterior margins, conspicuously constricted before anterior margin, 1.70 mm long, 1.95 mm wide, broadest just before middle, with lateral margins more strongly rounded in front than behind, finely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded longitudinally, confluent on apical half, with indistinct medial carina on basal third. Elytra slightly wider than pronotum at base, 3.30 mm long, 2.25 mm maximum width near apical 3/4, elytral striae much narrower than intervals, striae finely punctate, intervals rounded-angulate, interval 3 strongly toothed on middle third, interval 5 strongly toothed on apical half. Abdominal ventrite 1 slightly concave along midline, with dense, short, semi-erect setae. Profemora with strong, nearly perpendicular, acute ventral tooth beyond middle; meso- and metafemora each with small tooth. Genitalia as in Fig. 27; aedeagus 1.60 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but 4.95 mm long, 2.10 mm wide, rostrum subcylindrical, shiny, finely punctate, 1.4 mm long; pygidium weakly convex, coarsely punctate, setae inconspicuous, hair-like and appressed on tergite 7, semi-erect and denser only at apex.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., Pinery Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., below <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.26667/lat 31.933332)">Onion Saddle</a>, 7200’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 25.06.1999, H. A. Hespenheide, on leaves of Quercus gambelli Nutt. (USNM). Allotype: Arizona: Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mountains, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.26667/lat 31.933332)">Onion Saddle</a>, 7600’, 31°56’N 109°16’W, 22.07.1981, H. A. Hespenheide, Quercus (USNM). Paratypes: USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Chiricahua M., 15.06.1939, D. J. &amp; J. N. Knull (1, OSU); Chiricahua Mts., 6000’, 29.06.1958, C. W. O’ Brien (3, ASUHIC); Chiricahua Mts., Salsbury Trail, 6.06.1978 (1, SWRS); Chiricahua Mts., Price Cyn., 11.07.1968, V. D. Roth (1, SWRS); same data as Holotype (5, BMNH, CHAH); Chiricahua Mtns., Rustler Park, 27.07.1987, W. F. Barr, beating Quercus (1, WFBM), Rustler’ s Park, 27.07.1987, G. H. Nelson, on Pinus chihuahuana (1, ASUHIC); Chiricahua Mts., Pinery Canyon, 24.07.1999, F. W. Skillman Jr. (3, ASUHIC); [Coconino Co.], Williams, “19.9,” Barber &amp; Schwarz (1, USNM); [Gila Co.?], Base Pinal Mts., 4000’, 07, D. K. Duncan, Parker (1, CASC); Graham Co., Graham Mts., 8000’, 1.08.1957, C. W. O’ Brien (1, ASUHIC); [Maricopa Co.], Phoenix, C. Palm (1, AMNH); Yavapai Co., Mingus Mt., 28.06.1966, R. L. Westcott (1, WFBM); 6 mi S Prescott, 29.06.1964, G. H. Nelson (6, FSCA). New Mexico: Grant Co., Mimbres Mts., Gila Natl. For., 1.06.1971, R. W. Hamilton, T. J. Pilat &amp; D. J. Witt (1, CHAH); [Grant/ Sierra Co.], nr. Kingston, Mimbres Mts., Emory Pass, 8,178 ft, 19.06.1948, H. S. Barber (1, USNM).</p> <p>Hosts. Adults have been collecteld on Q. gambelli and undetermined oaks, and on Pinus chihuahuana Engelm. (= Pinus leiophylla Scheide &amp; Dieppe var. chihuahuana (Engelm.) E. Murray (Pinaceae).</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of the late Patricia Vaurie of the American Museum of Natural History, a Coleopterist who included weevils among her studies (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Patricia_Vaurie).</p> <p>Discussion. With L. howdenae, L. vaurieae is one of the largest species in the L. nephele group. Males vary in length from 3.90 to 5.20 mm (mean = 4.58 mm, n = 14); females vary from 4.35 to 6.15 mm (mean = 4.98 mm, n = 15). The rostrum of both sexes is unusually long for the genus, those of females being about one-fifth longer than that of males. Unlike L. howdenae, L. vaurieae is glabrous dorsally, has strong teeth on elytral intervals 3 and 5, and males have unusually robust genitalia.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC73D5733C0D0E3F6FDE8FEA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC73C5734C0EAE0B7FBB4FE19.text	DB5AFC3EC73C5734C0EAE0B7FBB4FE19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus westcotti Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus westcotti Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DE786D75-EEE1-4E8D-886A-3AD731D3708E (Figs. 17, 28)</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 3.20 mm, width 1.50 mm (Fig. 17). Very robust, subcylindrical in cross section, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with very small, oval, red posthumeral spot on elytral intervals 6 and 7, about 0.25 mm long; pronotum and elytra glabrous, thorax and abdomen ventrally and metafemora with punctures each with a silvery seta, setae obscuring or nearly obscuring surface except sparser on pronotum, head with conspicuous setae between and around eyes and on rostrum above antennal insertions, setae less dense and more slender on frons and middle legs and metatibiae, hair-like, inconspicuous and semierect on tergite 8, otherwise glabrous. Head hemispherical, 0.80 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, shiny, apically finely punctate, 0.40 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum gibbous, slightly convex in cross section, constricted at base and before anterior margin, 1.10 mm long, 1.35 mm wide, broadest at basal third, with lateral margins very shallowly arcuate, more so in front than behind, slightly convex in lateral view, coarsely, evenly reticulate-punctate, punctures rounded and separate at base, becoming somewhat confluent longitudinally on apical half near midline, with indistinct medial carina. Elytra slightly wider than pronotum at base, sides nearly parallel, 2.10 mm long, 1.50 mm maximum width, elytral striae narrower than intervals, striae finely punctate, intervals carinate, interval 3 very weakly toothed on middle third, interval 5 weakly toothed on apical half. Profemora with broad, abruptly acute ventral tooth beyond middle, metafemora flattened in cross section, widest at middle. Abdominal ventrite 1 very slightly concave along midline; abdominal ventrite 5 0.5X length of ventrite 4 at middle, equal to length of ventrites 3 + 4 at lateral margin. Genitalia as in Fig. 28; aedeagus 0.80 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but rostrum subcylindrical, polished, very finely, inconspicuously punctate, glabrous, forming obtuse angle with plane of eyes, antennae inserted near base; fronst with line of setae in front and behind eyes, broken above; tergite 7 convex, coarsely punctate, glabrous; 3.55 mm long, 1.65 mm wide.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Mexico: Baja California Sur, 6.5 mi. S, 1 mi. E El Pescadero, 20/ 21.07.1977, Dozier &amp; Westcott (ASUHIC). Allotype: Same data as holotype (ASUHIC). Paratypes: Mexico: Baja California: 2 mi. N Cabo Pulmo, 14.08.1955, J. P.Figg-Hoblyn (1, CASC); 25 mi. E El Rosario, 25.06.1980, D. S. Verity (1, CHAH); Agua Verde, 26.05.1921, E. P. Van Duzee (1, CASC); Buena Vista, 13.09.1988, E. G. Riley (1, TAMU); L. Cal., Chapala Dry Lake, 21.06.38 (1, CASC); L. Cal., Mesquital, 28.07.1938, Michelbacher &amp; Ross (1, CASC); L. Cal., San Domingo, 19.07.38, Michelbacher &amp; Ross (6, CASC); L. Cal., 15 mi. N El Refugio, 4.07.1938, Michelbacher &amp; Ross (1, CASC); L. Cal., 10 mi. S Punta Prieta, 21.06.1938, Michelbacher &amp; Ross (5, CASC); L. Cal., 15 mi. N San Ignacio, 26.07.1938, Michelbacher &amp; Ross (4, CASC); L. Cal., 45 mi. N San Ignacio, 27.07.1938, Michelbacher &amp; Ross (1, CASC); Coronados I., Gulf Calif, 18.05.1921, J. C. Chamberlin (1, CASC); Marquer Bay, Carmen Isd., Gulf Calif, 23.05.1921, E. P. Van Duzee (1, CASC); El Taste, Low, Cal., [coll of Chas Schaeffer] (2, BYU), Low. Cal., Santa Rosa, C. Schaeffer (1, BYU), Ramal al Sta. Rosalillito, 3.5 km W Carr. 1, 90 m, 20.06.1993, R. L. Westcott (1, CMNC); 10 km S Valle de Trinidad, 02.07.1981, W. F. Barr, on Prosopis (1, WFBM); Bah´ıa de los Angeles, 2.05.1968, R. P. Papp (1, CASC). Baja California Sur: Los Barriles, 27.09.1978, D. E. Foster (2, CMNC, WFBM); 8.7 km SE San Antonio, 12.08.1980, W. F. Barr (1, CMNC); 20–28 km W Ramal a los Naranjos, 28.08.1994, R. Turnbow (1, CMNC); 1 km W El Centenario, 23.09.1978, D. E. Foster, beating Prosopis (1, CMNC), W. F. Barr, mesquite (1, WFBM); 2 km S Mulegé, 10.08.1992, H. &amp; A. Howden (3, CMNC); 4 km S Mulegé, 15.08.1992, H. &amp; A. Howden (2, CMNC); 5 km S Mulegé, 9.08.1992, H. &amp; A. Howden (1, CMNC); 4 mi. S LA Paz, 14.09.1978, D. R. Whitehead (2, USNM); La Paz, 13.09.1978, D. R. Whitehead (1, USNM), 22.09.1978, W. F. Barr, on mesquite (1, WFBM); San Pedro, 23.04.1977, W. F. Barr (1, WFBM); Las Cuevas, 27.09.1978, D. E. Foster (1, WFBM); Las Barracas, ca. 30 km E Santiago, 20/ 25.05.1983, P. DeBach, Malaise trap (1, EMEC); 7 mi. SE Guerrero Negro, 08.04.1976, Doyen &amp; Rude, Prosopis juliflora (1, EMEC); 25 mi. N Todos Santos, 28.06.1978, W. F. Chamberlain (1, TAMU); 9.6 mi. W Hwy. 1 on Ramal Sn Antonio de la Sierra, 19.09.1988, E. G. Riley (1, TAMU); 15.4 mi. W Hwy. 1 on Ramal San Antonio de la Sierra, 19.09.1988, E. G. Riley (1, TAMU); same data as Holotype (23, BMNH, CHAH, ASUHIC); 1 mi. N, 8 mi. W San Jose del Cabo, 430 m, 19/ 20.07.1977, Dozier &amp; Westcott (3, ASUHIC); 12.4 km S La Burrera, 21.07.1977, Dozier &amp; Westcott (2, ASUHIC); 20 km S Punta Prieta, 25/ 26.07.1977, Dozier &amp; Westcott, beating mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa var torreyana (1, ASUHIC); Isla San José, 19.04.1972, L. Cheng (1, CASC); 11.8 mi. N El Triunfo on Hwy. 1, 08.09.1988, E. G. Riley (1, TAMU), 5.4 mi. S Todos Santos, 28.09.1981, D. Faulkner &amp; F. Andrews (1, CSCA), 36.6 mi. NE Todos Santos, 10.10.1983, Faulkner &amp; Andrews (1, CSCA), Santa Inez Dam, 8 m. i NE Todos Santos, 9.10.1983, F. Andrews &amp; D. Faulkner (1, CSCA), 26 mi. W Ejido Vizcaino, 19.04.1987, A. Gilbert &amp; F. Andrews, on Prosopis juliflora (1, CSCA), 26 mi. W Ejido Vizcaino, 19.04.1987, A. Gilbert &amp; F. Andrews (1, CSCA), 17.5 mi. W Ejido Vizcaino, 19.04.1987, F. Andrews &amp; A. Gilbert (1, CSCA), 16.1 mi. S San Antonio on Hwy 1, 8.09.1988, A. J. Gilbert (1, CSCA), 12.2 mi. SE San Perdito near Rancho Saucito, 8.10.1981, F. Andrews &amp; D. Faulkner (1, CSCA), 9.0 mi. E Highway 19 nr. El Mezquitillo, 1300‘, 6.09.1990, F. Andrews, T. Eichlin &amp; A. Gilbert (2, CSCA), 12.5 mi. E Highway 19 nr. La Calera, 1500’, 6.09.1990, F. Andrews, T. Eichlin &amp; A. Gilbert (1, CSCA), 12 mi. S Ciudad Constitucion, 26.09.1981, F. Andrews &amp; D. Faulkner (1, CSCA), Mocorito, 13.09.1988, A. J. Gilbert (1, CSCA), Los Barrilles, 5- 6.05.1979, J. Slansky, Malaise Trap 10AM-5PM (1, CSCA), Los Barrilles, 29- 30.04.1979, M. Wasbauer, Malaise Trap 8AM-6PM (1, CSCA), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.87675&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.958267" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.87675/lat 22.958267)">Rancho Lagunillas</a>, 1118’, 22°57.496N / 109°52.605W, 15.09.2003, F. G. Andrews (1, CSCA), 0.5 mi. E La Candelaria, 1000’, 4.09.1990, F. Andrews, T. Eichlin &amp; A. Gilbert, host plant press (9, CSCA), 2 mi. E La Candelaria, 1000’, 4.09.1990, F. Andrews, T. Eichlin &amp; A. Gilbert (9, CSCA), 2.5 km W Hwy 1 on road to Punta Conejo, 475 ft GPS, N24°10’09” W110°57’27 ”, 15.09.2006, C. L. Bellamy CLB971 (1, CSCA).</p> <p>Hosts. This species has been collected on mesquite, including P. glandulosa var torreyana (L. Benson) M. C. Johnston and P. juliflora.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of one of the collectors of the type, Richard L. Westcott of Salem, Oregon, who has extended our knowledge of the entomofauna of Baja California, especially of Buprestidae, by both collections and publications (Westcott 1998, 2001; Hespenheide et al. 2011).</p> <p>Discussion. The two species of Laemosaccus on the Baja California Peninsula are interesting in two ways. First, they are isolated from the nearest Laemosaccus populations in southern Arizona and Sonora (including L. burkei, which also uses mesquite as a host), with no collections known to me from southern California. Secondly, this and the next species have the smallest posthumeral red spots of any of the species treated here that are not in the L. texanus group, and some specimens lack them altogether. It is possible that the clytrines or other models do not occur on the peninsula, so that large red spots do not decrease protection by mimicry but increase it by conspicuousness. In addition to using the same hosts, L. westcotti is similar to L. burkei in having dense, bright white setae ventrally and on the front between the eyes but differs from that species in the reduced size of the red elytral spots and in the male genitalia. The relationships of this and the following species may be with those of mainland Mexico. Males vary in size from 2.25 to 3.80 mm (mean = 2.95 mm, n = 54); females from 2.50 to 4.25 mm (mean = 3.35 mm, n = 30).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC73C5734C0EAE0B7FBB4FE19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC73B5735C296E33CFE6BFC96.text	DB5AFC3EC73B5735C296E33CFE6BFC96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus peninsularis Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus peninsularis Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 47106C54-07A3-4C54-8CCF-7B61090EE0C (Fig. 29)</p> <p>Description, Holotype Male. Length 3.00 mm, width 1.35 mm. Very robust, subcylindrical in cross section, broadly rounded behind, more narrowly so in front, black except each elytron with small, rectangular, red posthumeral spot on elytral intervals 4–6, about 0.50 mm long; pronotum and elytra glabrous, thorax and abdomen ventrally and metafemora with punctures each with a silvery seta, setae nearly obscuring surface on metasternum, metepimera, and abdominal ventrite 1, sparser on proepimera and abdominal ventrites 2–5, head with setae on rostrum between base of eyes and antennal insertions, setae less dense and more slender on legs, hair-like, long, and transversely semi-erect on tergite 8. Head hemispherical, 0.80 mm wide, rostrum terete, matte, punctate, 0.45 mm long with faint median carina, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum gibbous, convex in cross section, slightly constricted at base before anterior margin, 0.95 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, broadest at middle, lateral margins very weakly arcuate, more so in front than behind, slightly convex in lateral view, coarsely, evenly reticulate-punctate, with indistinct medial carina on basal half. Elytra slightly wider than pronotum at base, sides nearly parallel, 1.90 mm long, 1.35 mm maximum width, elytral striae narrower than intervals, striae indistinctly punctate, intervals carinate, intervals 3 and 5 weakly toothed. Abdominal ventrite 1 weakly angulateemarginate at middle. Profemora with broad, abruptly acute ventral tooth beyond middle, meso- and metafemora each with single very small ventral tooth, metafemora oval in cross section, widest at apex. Abdominal ventrites 3–5 subequal at middle, abdominal ventrites 1 and 2 each equal length of ventrites 3 + 4. Genitalia as in Fig. 29; aedeagus 0.70 mm long.</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but entirely black, rostrum 0.80 mm long, subcylindrical, polished, finely punctate, glabrous, forming 45° angle with plane of eyes, antennae inserted near base; frons with line of setae in front and behind eyes, broken above; tergite 7 convex, coarsely punctate, with patch of semi-erect, hair-like setae at ventral margin; 3.85 mm long, 1.75 mm wide.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Mexico: Baja California Sur: Sierra La Laguna, 1770–1850 m, 30.08.1977, E. Fisher, R. Westcott (CASC). Allotype: Same data as holotype (CASC). Paratypes: Mexico: El Taste, Low, Cal., [coll of Chas Schaeffer] (3, BYU); Baja California Sur, same data as holotype (3, CASC); Ramal de los Naranjos, 28 km W Hwy 1, 28.08.1994, R. Morris (2, CMNC; 1, RFMC); 20–28 km W Ramal a los Naranjos, 28.08.1994, R. Turnbow (1, CMNC).</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named for the Baja California Peninsula, where it is apparently endemic.</p> <p>Discussion. Laemosaccus peninsularis is restricted to Baja California Sur and its biology is unknown. It differs from L. westcotti by being less densely setose ventrally and glabrous on the front and having very different male genitalia. The female rostrum is proportionately about 1.5X longer than that of males. Males vary from 3.15 to 4.10 mm (mean = 3.55 mm, n = 5).; females vary from 3.15 to 4.10 mm (mean = 3.55 mm, n = 5).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC73B5735C296E33CFE6BFC96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC73A5736C0BBE2FFFDA0FE02.text	DB5AFC3EC73A5736C0BBE2FFFDA0FE02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus texanus Champion 1903	<div><p>Laemosaccus texanus Champion, 1903</p> <p>(Figs. 19, 30)</p> <p>Laemosaccus texanus Champion 1903: 285.</p> <p>Redescription. Male. Length 3.4 mm, width 1.6 mm (Fig. 19). Robust, subcylindrical in cross section, broadly rounded behind, more abruptly and narrowly so in front, black throughout; head, pronotum, and elytra glabrous; metasternum and abdomen ventrally with punctures each with a small, inconspicuous, silvery seta, setae more slender on basal half of femora and basal margin of tergite 7. Head hemispherical, 0.8 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, longitudinally rugose, medially carinate for middle third between weaker carinae on basal half, medial carina ending within V-shaped groove on apical half, groove ending at rostral apex, 0.6 mm long, antennae inserted at middle. Pronotum gibbous, almost box-like, convex at base, strongly, abruptly constricted before anterior margin, broadest just before middle with lateral margins very shallowly arcuate, 1.3 mm long, 1.45 mm wide, convex in lateral view, coarsely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded and separate on basal half, becoming longitudinally confluent and parallel on anterior half, with very distinct, fine, medial carina for entire length. Elytra subequal to pronotum at base, narrowing then broadening again behind humeri, 2.1 mm long, 1.6 mm maximum width, elytral striae much narrower than intervals, striae coarsely punctate, intervals transversely ridged and producing weakly toothed effect in lateral view. First abdominal ventrite very slightly concave and emarginate at midline at posterior margin, with setae less conspicuous. Profemora with broad, truncate, backward-projecting ventral tooth beyond middle and strong dorsal carina extending nearly to apex; mesofemora with small, acute, forward-projecting ventral tooth before middle, metafemora unarmed. Genitalia as in Fig. 30; aedeagus 0.60 mm long.</p> <p>Female. As male, but rostrum proportionately somewhat longer.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. USA: Texas: Cameron Co., Sabal Palm Grove, Audubon Preserve, 1- 2.09.1978, J. E. Wappes (JEWC), 25- 26.10.1980, Downie &amp; Wappes (FMNH), 13.10.1987, N. M. Downie (FMNH); Brownsville, Sable (sic.) Palm Grove, 10.08.1983, M. Kaua \lbars (CMNC); Brownsville, Wickham (holotype ♂, BMNH), 24.06.1969, Board &amp; Hafernik (TAMU); Palmito Battle Field, 26.05.1971, Burke, Broad &amp; Clark (TAMU), San Tomas, Brownsville, 07.1929, C. Schaeffer (BYU), Esperanza Rch., Brownsville, 18, 22, 23, 26.08.[year?] C. Schaeffer (BYU); Hidalgo Co., LRGVNWR [Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge], Loma Unit, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.25343&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.96012" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.25343/lat 25.96012)">Massey Way</a> (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.25343&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.96012" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.25343/lat 25.96012)">Rd.</a>), 25.96012°N, 97.25343°W, 5- 6.06.2009, E. Riley-1031 (TAMU-ENTO X0833809); Travis Co. Camp Mabry Nat. Guard, Austin, N30.321 W97.767, 8- 25.04.2005, J. C. Abbot, Malaise-C (TAMU); [Uvalde Co.], Uvalde, 23.05.1935, J. N. Knull (OSU). Mexico: San Luis Potos´ı: 10 mi. E Xilitla, 300 ft, 25.07.1954, Univ. Kans. Mex. Expedition (SEMC); Tamaulipas: 20 mi. SW Tampico, 25.03.1951, W. P. Stephen (SEMC); Veracruz: Cordoba, Dr. A. Fenyes (CASC). Costa Rica: Guanacaste: OTS <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.35/lat 10.35)">Palo Verde Sta.</a>, 29 km WSW Ca ~nas, 10°21’ N 85°21’ W, 9, 10, 13.07.1976, H. A. Hespenheide, Malvaceae (3. CHAH).</p> <p>Hosts. Horace Burke directed me to the following quotation from Townsend (1903): “Two specimens…were taken on stalks of Abutilon holosericeum at Santo Tomas, June 6 th. On June 18 th, two specimens were found in cells inside dead stalks of the same plant, and one on the stems of a live plant. The species breeds in the stalks. A specimen was taken by Wickham on a live cotton stalk, June 28 th …” The Wickham specimen may be the one Champion made the type of L. texanus.</p> <p>Discussion. Laemosaccus texanus and the following species, as well as at least one undescribed species from Panama in my collection and perhaps more than one additional species from Mexico, share the following characters: black coloration; profemora with dorsal carina and truncate, basally projecting tooth; and hosts in the Malvaceae. The series of three specimens from Costa Rica are tentatively included as this species; they share the tricarinate rostrum, similar male genitalia, and an herbaceous malvaceous adult host, although the rostrum of the female is proportionately somewhat longer. Among specimens from Texas, males vary in size from 2.45 to 3.30 mm (mean = 3.04 mm, n = 6); females vary from 2.60 to 3.60 mm (mean = 3.20 mm, n = 11). This species is figured in Bug- Guide (bugguide.net/node/view/915682/bgimage), as well as the tricarinate rostrum of the male bugguide.net/node/view/915686/bgimage.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC73A5736C0BBE2FFFDA0FE02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC7395737C0D0E306FE12FC20.text	DB5AFC3EC7395737C0D0E306FE12FC20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus gossypii Hespenheide 2019	<div><p>Laemosaccus gossypii Hespenheide, new species</p> <p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A4607543-8171-4B55-9BF2-4D4C6048F38E</p> <p>Description. Holotype Male. Length 3.1 mm, width 1.4 mm. Very similar to L. texanus; robust, subcylindrical in cross section, broadly rounded behind, more abruptly and narrowly so in front, black throughout; head, pronotum, and elytra glabrous; metasternum and abdomen ventrally with punctures each with a small, inconspicuous silvery seta, setae more slender on femora and basal margin of tergite 7. Head hemispherical, 0.75 mm wide, rostrum rounded-terete, weakly longitudinally rugose, forming weak, irregular medial carina between even weaker lateral carinae, lateral carinae joining in weak, broad U at rostral apex, 0.55 mm long, antennae inserted slightly beyond middle. Pronotum gibbous, more or less oval, convex at base, broadest near middle, convergent toward apex, strongly, abruptly constricted before anterior margin, with lateral margins arcuate, 1.1 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, broadest just before middle, weakly convex in lateral view, very coarsely, evenly punctate, punctures rounded and separate on basal half, becoming longitudinally confluent-rugose on anterior half, rugae directed medially, with very distinct, fine, medial carina for entire length. Elytra broader than pronotum at base, narrowing then broadening again behind humeri, 1.9 mm long, 1.4 mm maximum width, elytral striae narrower than intervals, striae coarsely punctate, intervals distinctly carinate, interval 5 weakly toothed.First abdominal ventrite very slightly emarginate at midline, at posterior margin with setae less conspicuous. Profemora with broad, truncate, backward-projecting ventral tooth beyond middle and strong dorsal carina extending nearly to apex; mesofemora with small, acute, forward-projecting ventral tooth before middle, metafemora unarmed. Aedeagus 0.60 mm long, similar to that of L. texanus (Fig. 30), but not conspicuously broadening at apex, apex truncate-triangular similar to that of L. andersoni (Fig. 19).</p> <p>Allotype Female. As male but rostrum proportionately somewhat longer, more slender, and somewhat polished, 4.1 mm long, 2.0 mm wide.</p> <p>Specimens Examined. Holotype: Arizona: Superstition Mts, 4700 ft. alt., 30.12.13, iss. Feb ’14, H.S. Barber, Larvae killing Thurberia (1, USNM). Allotype: Arizona: [Maricopa Co.], Fish Creek, 2300 ft. alt., 16.12.1913, “iss. Mar-Jun,” Schwarz &amp; Barber, Larvae killing Thurberia (1, USNM). Paratypes: USA: Arizona: S <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Rita Mts</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Stone Cabin Ca</a> ~non, 26.08.1913, W. D. Pierce, on Thurberia (1, USNM), same data but no mention of host (1, USNM); Pima Co., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Kitt Peak Rd.</a>, 8.08.1976, A. E. Lewis (1, ASUHIC), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Redington Pass</a>, 16.06.1972, K. Stephan (1, ASUHIC), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Santa Rita Rng Res</a>, 21.07.1978, C. W. O’ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Brien</a> (1, ASUHIC), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">St. Catalina Mts.</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Molino Cyn.</a>, 8, 30.08.1969 (2, ASUHIC), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Sta. Catalina Mts.</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Molino Basin</a>, 16.09.1964, C. W. O’ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Brien</a>, ex Gossypium thurberi (2, ASUHIC), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Box Canyon</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Santa Rita</a>, Mts., 22.08.1965, H. R. Burke &amp; J. R. Meyer, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Taken on Gossypium thurberi Tod.</a> (1, TAMU), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Santa Rita Mts.</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Box Cyn.</a> 14.09.1964, C. W. O’ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Brien</a>, ex Gossypium thurberi (5, ASUHIC), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Santa Rita R.R.</a>, 8.08.1957, C. W. O’ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Brien</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Wild</a> cotton (6, CASC; 9, ASUHIC), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Baboquivari Mts</a>, Alt. 4500, 28.04.1925, A. A. Nichol (1, USNM), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Mt. Lemmon</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Molino Basin</a>, 4000’, 10.08.1964, H. R. Burke &amp; J. Apperson (1, TAMU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Sabino Canyon</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Santa Catalina Mts</a>, 28.11.1913, iss. 02.1914, H. S. Barber, Larvae killing Thurberia (1, USNM), same data, but iss. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Mar-Jun</a>, (1, USNM); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">St. Catalina Mts</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Molino Cyn.</a>, 30 08.1969 (1, FSCA), 14 09.1968 (3, FSCA); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Box Cyn. Rd.</a>, 5.9 mi. NE <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Jcn. Whitehouse Cyn. Rd.</a>, 31°47’57”N, 110°47’51”W, 24.09.2010, C. W. O’ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Brien</a>, beaten wild cotton, Gossipium thurberi (13, ASUHIC), 25.09.2010, 27.09.2010, C. W. O’ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Brien</a>, hand-picked ex leaf wild cotton, Gossipium thurberi (16, ASUHIC), 10.10.2010, C. W. O’ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Brien</a>, hand-picked ex leaf wild cotton, Gossipium thurberi, evening (95, ASUHIC, BMNH, CMNC, TAMU, USNM), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Santa Rita Mts.</a>, 14.09.1925, C. T. Vorhies (1, BYU). Mexico: Sonora: 9 mi. S <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Cananea</a>, 16.09.1970, K. Stephan (1, FSCA); (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Son</a>): km 2357-8 on <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Interamer. Hwy.</a>, 31.07.1962, J. M. Ramirez, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">On Gossypium thurberi</a> (1, TAMU; 6, MEM), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Mpio. Magdalena</a>, N of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Bella Vista</a> (km 2344), 19.07.1962, J. M. Ramirez, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">On Gossypium thurberi</a> (1, MEM), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Mpio. Imuris</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Intera. Hw.</a> km 2344-2365, 6.08.1962, J. M. Ramirez, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">On Gossypium thurberi</a> (9, MEM), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Oquitoa</a>, 17.08.1962, J. M. Ramirez, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.799166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7975/lat 31.799166)">Cultivated</a> cotton (1, MEM).</p> <p>Hosts. The genus Thurberia A. Gray, which is given on the holotype and several other collection labels, is a synonym of Gossypium. A single specimen was also taken on cultivated cotton (probably Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Sonora, Mexico.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named for the genus of its host plant, Gossypium thurberi Tod.</p> <p>Discussion. Laemosaccus gossypii is very similar to L. texanus but differs in rostral and pronotal sculpture and male genitalia, uses different although closely related hosts, and apparently is separated biogeographically. Charlie O’ Brien collected them in large numbers and found that individuals became active at dusk, climbing up on the plants from beneath the plants. He wrote: “The weevils appear to be crepuscular, becoming more and more numerous as the sun goes down. I collected 75% of the specimens in the last half-hour of a 2 1/2 to 3 hour collecting stop. …Of the 120 specimens collected only one was on the underside of a leaf all others were on the tops of the leaves feeding and holding on very firmly not wishing to fall or drop from the leaves. When they do drop they fly almost immediately and try to attach themselves to grab onto another leaf lower down. …They are very strong fliers. …The leaves on the cotton are densely peppered with their feeding on the upper epidermis and the leaves are covered with fine small scars as they don’ t feed through the lower epidermis.” (C. W. O’ Brien, personal communication). There are no published reports of this species having an economic impact on cultivated cotton, although it has been collected on commercial cotton plants in Sonora, Mexico.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC7395737C0D0E306FE12FC20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
DB5AFC3EC7385708C0B2E527FB36F938.text	DB5AFC3EC7385708C0B2E527FB36F938.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laemosaccus	<div><p>KEY TO ADULTS OF THE SPECIES OF LAEMOSACCUS OF BAJA CALIFORNIA AND AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO</p> <p>1. Species entirely black and from Texas or Arizona; profemora carinate on dorsal side. Hosts: Malvaceae. L. texanus group........ 2</p> <p>1 ʹ. Species black with larger or smaller red posthumeral spot on elytron, or if entirely black, then from Baja California Sur; profemora not carinate on dorsal side. Hosts: Fagaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae. L. nephele group.............................................. 3</p> <p>2. Texas; rostrum dorsally strongly 5-carinate, punctures on pronotum confluent and parallel to midline. Host: Abutilon......................................................... L. texanus</p> <p>2 ʹ. Arizona; rostrum dorsally weakly 3-carinate; punctures on pronotum confluent and convergent on midline. Host: Gossypium................................................. L. gossypii</p> <p>3. Abdominal tergites 7 and 8 visible; males.... 4</p> <p>3 ʹ. Only abdominal tergite 7 visible; females........................................ 18</p> <p>4. Red spots on elytra small, usually &lt;0.25X elytral length, or absent; Baja California............... 5</p> <p>4 ʹ. Red spots on elytra usually&gt;0.5X elytral length; Massachusetts, Ontario, and Colorado south to Florida, Arizona, and mainland Mexico............................................ 6</p> <p>5. Basal half of rostrum shiny, sparsely punctate, separate lines of dense white setae from antennal insertions to top of eyes; aedeagus strongly arcuate in lateral view; widely distributed on the Baja California Peninsula.................................................. L. westcotti</p> <p>5 ʹ. Basal half of rostrum matte, densely punctate, setae at sides of rostrum from antennal insertions to middle of eyes; aedeagus moderately curved only at base, otherwise straight; restricted to southern end of Baja California Sur................. L. peninsularis</p> <p>6. Frons with dense, white setae, obscuring area between eyes and on rostrum only above antennal insertions; Hosts: Fabaceae; Southwestern USA.................. L. burkei</p> <p>6 ʹ. Frons glabrous, or if with white setae, not obscuring area between eyes and on rostrum only on sides or sparsely below antennal insertions. Hosts: Quercus.................... 7</p> <p>7. Abdominal tergite 8 conspicuously domed in lateral view; Arizona........... L. andersoni</p> <p>7 ʹ. Abdominal tergite 8 more or less convex in lateral view, but not domed.................. 8</p> <p>8. Eastern species – Oklahoma, central Texas, and eastward..................................... 9</p> <p>8 ʹ. Southwestern species – western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado........... 10</p> <p>9. Orange elytral spot large, reaching anterior and lateral margins of elytra; pronotal sculpture of rather large, distinct punctures not confluent on anterior half............................................................ L. nephele</p> <p>9 ʹ. Orange elytral spot smaller, usually not reaching anterior and lateral margins of elytra; pronotal sculpture of small, fine punctures becoming confluent and parallel to midline on anterior half........... L. obrieni</p> <p>10. Larger species (&gt;3.0 mm); rostrum with at least white setae on sides above antennal insertions........................................ 11</p> <p>10 ʹ. Smaller species (&lt;3.0 mm); rostrum glabrous, or if with setae on sides, with tufts of setae on 1 st abdominal ventrite............ 14</p> <p>11. Anterior surface of rostrum and propygidium uniformly, conspicuously setose; elytra uniformly setose; Arizona............. L. howdenae</p> <p>11 ʹ. Anterior surface of rostrum, elytra, and abdominal tergite 7 glabrous.................. 12</p> <p>12. Species usually&gt; 4 mm; with conspicuous, strong teeth on elytral intervals 3 at middle and 5 beyond middle; rostrum 1.5X as long as depth of eyes; aedeagus tapering, acute, with black central region................. L. vaurieae</p> <p>12 ʹ. Species usually &lt;4 mm; only slightly toothed on elytral intervals 3 and 5; rostrum short, subequal to depth of eyes; aedeagus variable........... 13</p> <p>13. Aedeagus uniformly pale brown with sides subparallel, apically broadly rounded............................................ L. bimaculatus</p> <p>13 ʹ. Aedeagus with black central region, sides convergent, apically narrowly rounded................................................. L. obrieni</p> <p>14. Metasternum with medial glabrous area; 1 st abdominal ventrite with dense medial tufts of erect, hair-like setae; Arizona....................................................... L. arizonensis</p> <p>14 ʹ. Medial areas of metasternum and 1 st abdominal ventrite essentially unmodified............... 15</p> <p>15. Aedeagus uniformly very pale brown, apex acuminate; tooth on profemur small, acute; Arizona.......................................... 16</p> <p>15 ʹ. Aedeagus brown with black internal structures near apex, apex narrowly rounded or truncate; tooth on profemur strong...... 17</p> <p>16. Rostrum broadened toward apex, with medial impunctate area; ventral surface densely setose; orange posthumeral spot almost reaching anterior margin of elytra; abdominal tergite 7 with dense, long, erect or semierect, hair-like setae.......... L. clytrinoides</p> <p>16 ʹ. Rostrum not broadened toward apex, matte; ventral surface sparsely setose; orange posthumeral spot far from anterior margin of elytra; abdominal tergite 7 with sparse, appressed or semi-erect, hair-like setae............................................ L. browerorum</p> <p>17. Aedeagus strongly curved, uniformly slender in lateral view, apex truncate; small spot of white setae on elytral suture behind scutellum..................................... L. rileyi</p> <p>17 ʹ. Aedeagus weakly curved at base and variable in thickness in lateral view, apex narrowly rounded; elytral suture glabrous behind scutellum.............................. L. obrieni</p> <p>18. Rostrum terete, more or less coarsely punctate or sculptured....................... 19</p> <p>18 ʹ. Rostrum more or less cylindrical, short, straight, inconspicuously punctate and shiny in frontal view................................. 23</p> <p>19. Abdominal tergite 7 strongly domed in lateral view; Arizona.............. L. andersoni</p> <p>19 ʹ. Abdominal tergite 7 more or less convex, but not domed....................................... 20</p> <p>20. Abdominal tergite 7 glabrous; small species usually &lt;3.5 mm long....................... 21</p> <p>20 ʹ. Abdominal tergite 7 conspicuously setose; large species usually&gt;4.0 mm long; rostrum setose, without medial polished area...... 22</p> <p>21. Red posthumeral spot&gt;0.5X elytral length; New Mexico and Arizona south to Chihuahua, Durango, and Sonora........... L. clytrinoides</p> <p>21 ʹ. Red posthumeral spot absent or &lt;0.5X elytral length; Baja California Sur......................................................... L. peninsularis</p> <p>22. Anterior surface of rostrum and abdominal tergite 7 uniformly, conspicuously setose......................................... L. howdenae</p> <p>22 ʹ. Anterior surface of rostrum glabrous, abdominal tergite 7 glabrous at middle, with tuft of semi-erect setae at apex............ L. vaurieae</p> <p>23. Frons with conspicuous white setae along inner margins of eyes and extending onto sides of rostrum above antennal insertions............. 24</p> <p>23 ʹ. Frons glabrous or with a few setae on sides of rostrum at base................................ 25</p> <p>24. Red spots on elytra small, usually &lt;0.25 length of elytra; Baja California....................................................... L. westcotti</p> <p>24 ʹ. Red spots on elytra usually&gt;0.5 length of elytra; Texas or Arizona........... L. burkei</p> <p>25. Rostrum continuous with profile of frons and eyes, or only slightly angled forward........ 26</p> <p>25 ʹ. Rostrum conspicuously angled forward from profile of frons and eyes; small species, usually &lt;3.5 mm long....................... 27</p> <p>26. Species usually &lt;3.5 mm; orange spots on elytra large, often extending to anterior margin and contiguous at suture; eastern North America west to eastern Oklahoma and central Texas.................. L. nephele</p> <p>26 ʹ. Species usually&gt; 3.5 mm; orange spots on elytra often not extending to anterior margin or contiguous at suture; western Texas to Arizona......................... L. bimaculatus</p> <p>27. Elytral spots ≤0.5 elytral length, far from anterior margin; abdominal tergite 7 glabrous; western Texas......................... 28</p> <p>27 ʹ. Elytral spots&gt;0.5 elytral length, reaching or close to anterior margin; abdominal tergite 7 with area of semi-erect, hair-like setae at apex; eastern USA to Arizona............. 29</p> <p>28. Abdominal ventrites densely covered with multifid setae; elytral striae with indistinct punctures; pronotum reticulate-punctate, punctures separate; western Texas.......................................................... L. rileyi</p> <p>28 ʹ. Abdominal ventrites 3–5 sparsely covered with simple, hair-like setae; elytral striae with coarse punctures; pronotum reticulatepunctate, punctures confluent on anterior half; Arizona.................. L. browerorum</p> <p>29. Metasternum and 1 st abdominal ventrite broadly glabrous at middle; rostrum sparsely, minutely punctate; southern Arizona............................................. L. arizonensis</p> <p>29 ʹ. Metasternum and 1 st abdominal ventrite uniformly densely setose; rostrum more densely, distinctly punctate; eastern USA to Arizona......................... L. obrieni</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC7385708C0B2E527FB36F938	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hespenheide, Henry A.	Hespenheide, Henry A. (2019): A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry. The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4): 905-939, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905
