taxonID	type	description	language	source
2D0A576DFF9E3120A895B59DFAEEF852.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Stenostygnus pusio Simon, 1879 (by monotypy). Emended diagnosis. Area I without a median longitudinal groove (Fig. 2 A). Mesotergal areas and free tergites unarmed, only with scarce small granules or smooth (Figs 2 A; 8 A). Male (α) chelicera not strongly swollen (only slightly bigger than in females) (Fig. 6 C vs A). Patella of the pedipalp with or without meso-distal spine (Fig. 3 D). Males without metatarsus III enlarged. Males with armature on patella IV or tibia IV (Figs 6 D; 12 D, F). Tarsal counts: 6 – 8 (3): 9 – 15 (3 – 4): 6: 6. Pars distalis of penis ending in a lamina apicalis medially divided (Figs 5 A, C; 11 A, C Pinto-da-Rocha 1995, figs 5; 7). Presence of two titillators with their apical edges dorsally projected, the internal surface of titillators is covered by small digitiform projections (Figs 5 A; 11 A; Pinto-da-Rocha 1995, fig. 5). Stenostygnus can be distinguished from the other Stenostygninae genera by the absence of the male sexually dimorphic characteristics of swollen chelicerae and metatarsus III enlarged. Also, by the presence of a pars distalis with a lamina apicalis medially divided and two titillators with their apical edges dorsally twisted and covered by digitiform projections on the internal surface. In addition, Stenostygnus (as well as Bidoma Šilhavý, 1973, and Decuella Avram, 1977) also differs by the absence of a median longitudinal groove in area I. Stenostygnus can be distinguished from Bidoma by the absence of a tubercle on the eye mounds connected with the opposite tubercle located on the anterior margin of area I (Figs 2 A vs Šilhavý 1973, figs 71, 74). Differentially, Stenostygnus and Manahunca Šilhavý, 1973 have the mesotergal areas and free tergites without spiniform apophyses. However, Stenostygnus can be easily differentiated from Manahunca by lacking tubercles, being armed only with scarce small granules or smooth. Species included. Stenostygnus huberi spec. nov., Stenostygnus martensi spec. nov., Stenostygnus pusio.	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF9C3127A895B737FCD8FCF7.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 6 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 4 E 10 B 5 C- 238 F- 4573 - A 1 BC- 93 C 657 A 2 DF 30	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF9C3127A895B737FCD8FCF7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. VENEZUELA, Mérida: Holotype male (MIZA 0103460): Andres Bello, vía a La Azulita, El Chorotal, Sector El Frontino, 8.663598 °; - 71.419705 °, 3 Feb 2017, 2200 m a. s. l., Osvaldo Villareal, Néstor Sánchez, Andrés García. Paratypes: 1 male (SEM voucher), 3 females (MNRJ 2692), with same data as for holotype. 2 females (MACN-Ar 41022), with same data as for holotype.	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF9C3127A895B737FCD8FCF7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Patronymic in honor to the German zoologist Jochen Martens, in recognition of his enormous contribution to widen our knowledge of harvestmen. His work helped to found the basis of the new opilionology — as opposed to the old typological approach — and still exerts great influence on new generations of opilionologists; name in the genitive case.	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF9C3127A895B737FCD8FCF7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from all the species of Stenostygnus by the following characteristics: absence of granules on mesotergal areas, posterior border of the scutum (Fig. 2 A) and ventral surface of the coxae III and IV (Fig. 2 B); males with a retrolateral row of pointed strong tubercles on tibia IV (Figs 4 A, B; 6 D); lamina apicalis medially divided with both halves medially in contact (Figs 5 A, C, E, G). It can be distinguished from Stenostygnus pusio by the lateral borders of the scutum almost parallel, and mesotergal areas almost equally wide (Fig. 2 A) versus scutum lateral borders slightly arched (giving an oval appearance to the habitus) (Pinto-da-Rocha 1995, fig. 1); presence of ventral armature on the femur of the pedipalp versus unarmed in S. pusio; pars distalis ventrally convex versus concave in S. pusio (Pinto-da-Rocha 1995, fig. 7). It differs from S. huberi spec. nov. by the smooth interocular area and mesotergal areas I to IV smooth (Fig. 2 A) versus presence of scattered granules in S. huberi spec. nov. (Fig. 8 A); absence of granules on III and IV coxae (Fig. 2 B) versus presence of granules on III and IV coxae in S. huberi spec. nov. (Fig. 8 B); femur with two small ectal spines (Fig. 3 F) versus without ectal spines in S. huberi spec. nov. (Fig. 9 E); lamina apicalis divided in two halves medially in contact (Fig. 5 C) versus medially divided by a cleft that creates a “ V ” shape in S. huberi spec. nov. (Fig. 11 A).	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF9C3127A895B737FCD8FCF7.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype): Measurements in Table 1. Dorsum: Habitus oval (Figs 1 A; 2 A). Carapace wider than long with the anterior border straight and smooth. Cheliceral sockets not marked. Eyes separated; eye mounds high and smooth, near sulcus I; interocular area completely smooth (Fig. 2 A). Carapace in lateral view slightly convex (Figs 1 C; 2 E). Mesotergum in lateral view convex with areas well defined, with sulcus well marked (Fig. 2 E). Mesotergal areas I to IV unarmed. Lateral margins of scutum dorsally with a row of small granules (Figs 2 E – F). Ozopore with an oval orifice with a descending channel toward the posterior region (Fig. 2 F). Free tergites with few granules (Fig. 2 A). Venter: Without any remarkable features (Figs 2 B – C). Spiracles visible (Figs 2 B, D). Coxae I and II with minute granules. Coxae III and IV smooth. (Fig. 2 B) Chelicerae: Without remarkable armature. Basichelicerite smooth with a short bulla. Cheliceral hand unarmed, covered with sparse setae (Figs 3 A – B). Fingers thin, each with four teeth spaced one from the other (Figs 3 B – C). Pedipalps: Raptorial, with spines concentrated on tibia and tarsus (Fig. 3 D). Coxa elongated, surpassing the anterior border of the carapace (i. e. can be seen in dorsal view) (Figs 1 A; 2 A), proximally with one small dorsoectal protuberance; trochanter small and smooth; Femur with tubular shape, slightly narrowed distally, and with a meso-medial spine and with two small ectal spines (Fig. 3 F). Patella is short, clavate, strongly swollen distally, with a strong meso-distal spine. Tibia armed with one ventro-basal spine and with three ectal and three mesal ventral spines (Fig. 3 E). Tarsus mesal and ectally with two spines on each side (Fig. 3 E). Legs: Tubular (Fig. 4 A). Coxa IV unarmed. Femur IV with a row of tubercles (Fig. 4 A); patella I – III short and swollen; patella IV armed with granules; tibia IV with a retrolateral row of pointed strong tubercles (Fig. 4 B); tarsi III and IV with scopula (Figs 4 C – E). Tarsal formula: 7 (3): 15 (3): 6: 6. Color (specimen preserved in 80 % ethanol): Body yellowish. Mesotergal areas, with faint brown reticulations (Fig. 1). Genitalia: Penis with pars basalis and pars distalis easily distinguishable. Pars basalis tubular slightly thickened distally while pars distalis is slightly flattened dorsoventrally (Figs 5 A – B, E – F). Pars distalis with a lamina apicalis ending in two flattened triangular halves. The halves are apically rounded and separated by a deep and narrow groove (Figs 5 C, G). Latero-ventral border of pars distalis armed with 8 pairs of leaf-like macrosetae and 2 subapical pairs of truncated setae, also the cuticle has a rugose (folding) appearance (Figs 5 B, F). Dorsally, the capsula externa has two small titillators, which present a small crease towards the dorsal region. Inner surface of titillators covered by digitiform projections (Figs 5 A – B). Capsula interna with two laminar conductors bearing an also laminar and pointed stylus with a ventral subapical opening of ductus ejaculatorius (Fig. 5 D). The cuticular area of the lateral macrosetae has a rugose (folding) appearance (Fig. 5 B), this could be an effect of thinner or less chitinous cuticular layer in this region, that could be (hypothetically) related to the region of pars distalis that became swollen during the turgescent stage in the hydraulic penial functioning, this inflation could be responsible for the macrosetae erection necessary for functional interaction with the ovipositor during the copulation. These putative expansible areas could functionally correspond to the spongy body (‘ Schwellkörper’ in Martens 1978) commonly observed in Asian biantids. Female (paratype, MNRJ 2692): measurements as in Table 1. Similar to male in relation to the armature of the dorsal scutum (Figs 6 A, C). Sexual dimorphism evident in tibia IV: females without retrolateral granules. (Figs 6 B, D). Variation. Measurement (minimum-maximum) (Table 1): Males (n = 2): total body length (2.15 – 2.39), carapace length (0.72 – 0.89), mesotergal length (2.05 – 2.27), carapace maximum width (1.24 – 1.27), mesotergal scutum maximum width (1.65 – 1.70), leg I (5.89 – 6.24), leg II (11.27 – 11.73), leg III (7.70 – 7.76), leg IV (9.22 – 9.58); Females (n = 5): total body length (2.39 – 2.75), carapace length (0.70 – 0.78), mesotergal length (1.90 – 2.13), carapace maximum width (1.12 – 1.20), mesotergal scutum maximum width (1.55 – 1.60), leg I (4.51 – 5.21), leg II (9.19 – 9.54), leg III (6.02 – 6.26), leg IV (7.51 – 8.10). Tarsal formula (n = 7): 6 – 7 (3): 10 – 15 (3): 6: 6.	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF9C3127A895B737FCD8FCF7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 13).	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF94312FA895B4E4FCD8FCCA.taxon	description	Figs 7 – 12 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 061 A 42 CE- 09 C 0 - 40 FE-AF 84 - A 14 F 1 E 773 AC 6	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF94312FA895B4E4FCD8FCCA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. VENEZUELA, Lara: H olotype male (α) (MIZA 0103461), Parque Nacional Yacambu, 15 – 16 Dec 2002, A. Pérez-González, A. Giupponi & Bernhard A. Huber, O. Villarreal M. & B. Striffler. Paratypes: 2 males (ss) (one male SEM voucher), 6 females, 1 juvenile (MNRJ 2429), with same data as for holotype. 1 male (ss) (SEM voucher) (MACN-Ar 41020), with same data as for holotype. 1 male (ss), 1 female, 1 juvenile (MACN-Ar 41019), with same data as for holotype.	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF94312FA895B4E4FCD8FCCA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Patronymic in honor of the Austrian arachnologist and friend Bernhard A. Huber in recognition of his remarkable contribution to arachnology, and also for being one of the collectors of the type series; name in the genitive case.	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF94312FA895B4E4FCD8FCCA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from all other species of Stenostygnus by the presence of granules in the interocular region (Fig. 8 A); patella IV of males with strong spiniform apophysis on the distal-retrolateral surface (Figs 10 A – B); ventral plate of the penis with a deep cleft basally fused and apically “ V ” shaped (Fig. 11). It can be distinguished from Stenostygnus pusio by the lateral borders of the scutum almost parallel and mesotergal areas almost equally wide (Fig. 8 A) versus scutum lateral borders slightly arched (giving an oval appearance to the habitus) (Pinto-da-Rocha 1995, fig. 1); presence on the pedipalp of a meso-medial spine on the femur and a meso-distal spine on the patella (Fig. 9 D) versus without spines in S. pusio; pars distalis ventrally convex versus concave in S. pusio (Pinto-da- Rocha 1995, fig. 7). This species can be easily separated from S. martensi spec. nov. by the presence of scattered granules on the interocular area and mesotergal areas I to IV (Fig. 8 A) versus smooth areas in S. martensi spec. nov. (Fig. 2 A); presence of granules on the coxae III and IV (Fig. 8 B) versus smooth in S. martensi spec. nov. (Fig. 2 B); femur without ectal spines (Fig. 9 E) versus two small ectal spines in S. martensi spec. nov. (Fig. 3 F); lamina apicalis medially divided by a cleft that creates a “ V ” shape (Fig. 11 A) versus divided into two halves medially in contact in S. martensi spec. nov. (Fig. 5 C).	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF94312FA895B4E4FCD8FCCA.taxon	description	Description. Male (Holotype): measurements in Table 2. Dorsum: Habitus slightly oval (almost rectangular) in shape (Figs 7 A; 8 A). Carapace wider than long with the anterior border straight and unarmed. Cheliceral sockets not marked. Eyes widely separated; eye mounds very low, near sulcus I; interocular area with scattered granules, with greater concentration on the eye mounds (Figs 7 C; 8 A). Carapace in lateral view slightly convex (Figs 7 C; 8 E). Mesotergum in lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 8 E), divided into five well defined areas (i. e. with sulci well marked). Mesotergal areas I to IV with scattered granules. Lateral margins and posterior border of scutum with a row of small granules (Fig. 8 A). Ozopore with an oval and narrow orifice with a descending channel toward the posterior region (Fig. 8 F). Free tergites granulated (Fig. 8 A, E). Venter: Without any conspicuous armature (Fig. 8 B, C). Spiracles visible (Fig. 8 B, D). Coxa I to III with minutes granules. Coxa II with tubercles in the medial region. Coxa IV smooth. (Figs 7 B; 8 B). Chelicerae: Without remarkable armature. Basichelicerite with a short bulla. Cheliceral hand with sparse setae (Fig. 9 A). Fingers thin, with uniform small teeth (Fig. 9 B, C). Pedipalps: Raptorial and long, with spines concentrated on tibia and tarsus (Fig. 9 D). Coxa elongated, surpassing the anterior border of the carapace (i. e. can be seen in dorsal view) (Fig. 7 A) proximally with one small dorsoectal protuberance; trochanter small and smooth; femur thin and cylindrical, with a meso-medial spine (Fig. 9 E); patella clavate, swollen distally, with a meso-distal spine (Fig. 9 D); tibia with one ventro-basal spine and armed ventrally with three ectal and three mesal spines; tarsus mesal and ectally with three spines on each side (Fig. 9 E). Legs: Thin, cylindrical, and elongated (Fig. 10 A). Coxa IV without remarkable armature; femur IV slightly curved; patella I – III short and swollen; patella IV with a prolateral-distal spiniform apophyses and dorsally roughly granulated (some of the granules looks like small pointed tip tubercles) (Fig. 10 B); tibia IV slightly swollen distally (Fig. 10 B); tarsi III and IV with dense scopula (Fig. 10 C, D). Tarsal formula: 6 (3): 11 (3): 6: 6. Color (specimen preserved in 80 % ethanol): Body yellowish. Mesotergal areas, with slight brown reticulations (Fig. 7). Figure 10. Stenostygnus huberi spec. nov., male (ss) (paratype, MNRJ 2429), left leg IV (A retrolateral, B detail of patella and tibia, C detail of tarsus, D detail of scopula). Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 500 µm; C = 200 µm; D = 50 µm. Genitalia: Penis with pars basalis and distalis well demarcated, pars distalis is markedly rounded contrasting with the thin and tubular pars basalis (Fig. 11 A, D). Pars distalis ending in a lamina apicalis medially divided by a cleft with a “ V ” shaped (Fig. 11 C, F). Lateral border of pars distalis armed with 6 pairs of leaf-like macrosetae and 2 subapical pairs of very short (truncated, not leaf-like) setae (Fig. 11 B, F). Dorsally the capsula externa has two wide and apically rounded titillators. The apical borders of the titillators are dorsally projected. The internal surface of titillators is covered by small digitiform projections (Fig. 11 A, B). Capsula interna with two laminar and sharply pointed conductors bearing an also laminar and pointed stylus with a ventral subapical opening of ductus ejaculatorius (Fig. 11 G). The cuticular area of the lateral macrosetae has a rugose (folding) appearance (Fig. 11 B), this could be an effect of thinner or less chitinous cuticular layer in this region, that could be (hypothetically) related to the region of pars distalis that became swollen during the turgescent stage in the hydraulic penial functioning, this inflation could be responsible for the macrosetae erection necessary for functional interaction with the ovipositor during copulation. These putative expansible areas could functionally correspond to the spongy body (‘ Schwellkörper’ in Martens 1978) commonly observed in Asian biantids. Male (ss) paratype (MNRJ 2429): measurements as in Table 2. Similar to the male (α) in relation to the armature of the dorsal scutum (Fig. 12 B, C). Sexual dimorphism evident in patella IV as in the holotype but male (ss) with prolateral-distal spiniform apophyses and dorsal tubercles smaller in size (Fig. 12 D). Female (paratype, MNRJ 2429): measurements as in Table 2. Similar to male in relation to the armature of the dorsal scutum (Fig. 12 A, C, E), but without prolateral-distal spiniform apophyses and dorsal tubercles in patella IV (Fig. 12 B). Variation. Measurements (Table 2): Males (n = 5): total body length (1.92 – 2.35), carapace length (0.71 – 0.75), mesotergal length (1.70 – 1.93), carapace maximum width (1.08 – 1.18), mesotergal scutum maximum width (1.42 – 1.61), leg I (5.63 – 6.30), leg II (14.07 – 14.68), leg III (7.99 – 9.39), leg IV (11.61 – 13.77); Females (n = 7): total body length (1.86 – 2.40), carapace length (0.64 – 0.73), mesotergal length (1.59 – 1.86), carapace maximum width (1.07 – 1.10), mesotergal scutum maximum width (1.48 – 1.62), leg I (4.97 – 5.39), leg II (11.82 – 13.14), leg III (6.88 – 7.55), leg IV (9.37 – 10.44). Tarsal formula (n = 12): 6 – 7 (3): 9 – 11 (3): 6: 6.	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
2D0A576DFF94312FA895B4E4FCD8FCCA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 13).	en	Mamani, Claudia Vanesa, Porto, Willians, Iglesias, Patricia P., González, Abel Pérez- (2021): Two new species of Stenostygnus from South America (Opiliones: Biantidae Stenostygninae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 182-202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.15
