identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FB3B87832520FFBFFF7EFB44FF37F976.text	FB3B87832520FFBFFF7EFB44FF37F976.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ummidiinae Ortiz 2007	<div><p>Ummidiinae Ortiz, 2007</p> <p>Pachilomerinae Simon 1889: 178–179 (sub Pachylomeri; type genus Pachylomerus Ausserer, 1871).</p> <p>Notes. On grounds of preoccupation replaced with Pachilomerides Strand, 1934, now considered a junior synonym of Ummidia Thorell, 1875 (Ortiz 2007). For a detailed review of the nomenclatural history see Cameron (2005).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Ummidiinae are readily distinguished from Halonoproctinae by the presence of clavate dorsal trichobothria on the tarsi of legs and palps (Decae 2010: fig. 1), by the fused, folium-shaped central sternal sigilla, and by the absence of lateral sternal sigilla (Figs 2 D−F).</p> <p>Description. Ummidiinae are medium-sized trapdoor spiders. Total body lengths in a sample containing representatives from all three genera (Ummidia, Conothele, Latouchia) show lengths of females ranging from 7.3 to 26.9 (n = 45) and lengths of males ranging from 8.9 to 16.6 (n = 23). Prosoma: Carapace of females and juveniles longer than wide (average CW/CL = 0.87, SD = 0.05, n = 45), surface smooth, shining as if polished, bristles sparse or absent; cephalic part strongly elevated, with or without a depression behind eye group; all eyes on a distinct ocular tubercle near anterior margin of carapace; fovea deep, strongly procurved. Carapace of males rounded in dorsal view, slightly longer than wide (average CW/CL = 0.94, SD = 0.04, n = 23), surface dull, coriaceous; cephalic part slightly or strongly elevated, bristles, eye group and fovea as in females. Eye group wider than long (EL/PR ranging between 0.5 and 0.6 in 24 species representing all three genera); arrangement of eyes, relative eye sizes and distances between eyes variable between species and species groups. Chelicerae with apical rastellum on proximal article; cheliceral furrow with rows of teeth on both sides; fangs with smooth or serrated ventral keel. Palpal coxa with cuspules compactly grouped or scattered in proximal half; prolateral-distal lobe small, rounded or absent. Labium semi-dome-shaped, proximally wider than long, with or without cuspules. Sternum longer than wide, with diagnostic fused and folium-shaped central sigilla. Palps of females and juveniles leg-like, with dense bands of curvy spines along lateral sides of tarsi and tibiae, ventral and dorsal spines absent, few clavate trichobothria on dorsal side of tarsi, claws with a strong proximal tooth; palps of males with aspinose cymbium and with clavate dorsal trichobothria. Legs: Posterior legs stronger than anterior ones; dense bands of mainly curvy spines along lateral sides of tarsi, metatarsi and tibiae of anterior legs, males with straight spines arranged in compact groups on leg III and rarely on leg IV; scopulae ventrally on leg tarsi in males (absent in females), scopulae on anterior tarsi more strongly developed than on posterior tarsi, scopulae generally absent on leg IV; no apophyses, spurs or clasping hooks (as found in males of some Halonoproctinae, i.e. Hebestatis and Bothriocyrtum) present; leg III very stout in females and juveniles, less so in males, variable in shape between genera and species groups; tibia III of Ummidia and Conothele more than half as long as femur III (average TibIII/FemIII = 0.6, n = 30), and with a glabrous, strongly sclerotized saddle-shaped depression situated between two unpigmented crescent-shaped zones (here further referred to as ‘saddle crescents’) dorsally on tibia III (Figs 3A–B), and with a conical prodorsal protuberance on trochanter III (Figs 3 D−E); tibia III of Latouchia shorter than half the length of femur III (average TibIII/FemIII = 0.4, n = 17), saddle-shaped depression, saddle crescents and trochanter protuberance usually absent (Figs 3C, F), however, the Latouchia species described in here have a more or less distinctly pronounced proximal constriction of tibia III (here referred to as ‘demi-saddle’) suggesting an intermediate evolutionary stage between lineages with a fully developed saddle (Ummidia and Conothele) and those without saddle or constriction (Fig. 3C cf. Figs 9 B−C, 11B−C) (in Latouchia sensu stricto, as represented by the type species of the genus, L. fossoria, tibia III is cylindrical, without a constriction; Decae &amp; Caranhac 2020: fig. 3); leg IV being the longest leg, with or without dense concentration of short spines on dorsal side of patella in females. Tarsal claws: PTC with one or few large proximal teeth with or without small auxiliary teeth; 3 rd claw smooth. Spine patterns: sexually dimorphic, spines in males mostly spread out over articles of legs and palps, in females mostly tightly grouped; location, presence or absence of spines and spine-groups presumably of diagnostic value at genus or species level. Opisthosoma soft, ovoid, dorsal surface with or without small wart-shaped bristle sockets. Spinnerets very short, PMS with distinct apical spigot field, PLS composed of three articles with or without macro-spigots. Genital organs: spermathecae in Ummidia and Conothele typically tripartite, with membranous, tube-shaped proximal part, sclerotized median part, and membranous, globular distal part (Figs 5 F−K, 7F−H); spermathecae in Latouchia are either monopartite or bipartite (Ono 2010: fig. 21; Decae 2019: figs 18, 38, 39, 46, 47; Decae &amp; Caranhac 2020: figs 11, 26), ranging from simple membranous columnar or knob-shaped structures to more complex racemose structures with clusters of vesicles (Figs 9 E−J, 11E−L; palpal organs in Ummidia, Conothele and most Latouchia species proximally pyriform, with an elongated, usually sharply pointed embolus (Figs 4 H−L, 6H−L, 8F−J, 10F−J); emboli in Ummidia and Conothele very slender and more or less flexible (Figs 4 H−K, 6H−K), in Latouchia stronger and more sturdy (Figs 8 F−I, 10F−I).</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. As in most fossorial mygalomorph spiders, sexual dimorphism in Ummidiinae is very pronounced. Females and juveniles are sturdy, short-legged spiders. Males, in contrast, are more long-legged. The differences reflect morphological adaptations to markedly different ways of life: females and juveniles of both sexes are sedentary burrow dwellers, whereas adult males abandon their burrows and roam in search for mates.</p> <p>Taxonomy. In the current taxonomical system the Ummidiinae are recognized as a subfamily within the family Halonoproctidae (Pocock 1903). Recent phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the Halonoproctidae constitute a monophyletic family-level unit distinct from the family Ctenizidae in which it had formerly been included. The Halonoproctidae were redefined to include the subfamilies Halonoproctinae (genera Bothriocyrtum Simon, 1891b; Hebestatis Simon, 1903; Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871) and Ummidiinae (genera Ummidia, Conothele, Latouchia) (Godwin et al. 2018).</p> <p>Included genera. Ummidia Thorell, 1875; Conothele Thorell, 1878; Latouchia Pocock, 1901 (Godwin et al. 2018).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB3B87832520FFBFFF7EFB44FF37F976	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Decae, Arthur E.;Schwendinger, Peter J.;Hongpadharakiree, Komsan	Decae, Arthur E., Schwendinger, Peter J., Hongpadharakiree, Komsan (2021): Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 300-323, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.22
FB3B87832522FFB9FF7EF904FD95FABA.text	FB3B87832522FFB9FF7EF904FD95FABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conothele Thorell 1878	<div><p>Conothele Thorell, 1878</p> <p>Diagnosis. As mentioned above, Conothele is readily distinguished from Latouchia by the long, thin and flexible embolus of the male palpal organ (Figs 4 H−K, 6H−K cf. Figs 8 F−I, 10 F−I), by the tripartite spermathecae (Figs 5 F−K, 7F−H cf. Figs 9 E−J, 11E−L), by the saddle-shaped dorsal depression with saddle-crescents in tibia III (best seen in females; Figs 3 A−B, 5 C−D, 7C−D cf. Figs 3C, 9 B−C, 11 B−C), and by the presence of a prodorsal protuberance on trochanter III (absent in Latouchia, Figs 3 D−E cf. Fig. 3F).</p> <p>Notes. Distinguishing Conothele from Ummidia has been the subject of a long-standing debate in which three views, leading to two opposing hypotheses, are expressed in the literature. The first view, mainly based on data from morphology, behaviour and distribution, claims that the two genera are synonymous (Main 1957, 1985, 1998; Decae 2010). The second view, based on molecular studies, claims that Conothele and Ummidia are separate, although reciprocally monophyletic genera, that are separated in space and in time (Godwin et al. 2018; Opatova et al. 2019: fig. 5; Godwin &amp; Bond 2021). The third view, based on differences in burrow or nest structure, claims that Conothele and Ummidia are distinct in their behaviour (Haupt 2006).</p> <p>Arguments supporting the first view are: the similarity in morphology and behaviour of Conothele and Ummidia (Main 1957, 1985, 1998; Decae 2010), the fact that there is no unequivocal distributional divide to separate the genera in space (Fig.1) and the fact that the two genera are consistently found to constitute a monophyletic group in DNA-based phylogenetic studies (Hedin &amp; Bond 2006; Bond et al. 2012; Opatova et al. 2013; Wheeler et al. 2016; Opatova et al. 2019). Arguments supporting the second view are based on the supposedly non-overlapping distributions of the two genera and phylogenetic analysis using hundreds of loci, resulting in the conclusion that Conothele and Ummidia are two independent evolutionary lineages that are to be regarded as reciprocally monophyletic (Godwin et al. 2018; Godwin &amp; Bond 2021).</p> <p>An important difference between these two views is that the first view, advocating for synonymy, rests on data that were collected in over two centuries of descriptive work which revealed the intercontinental distribution of Ummidiinae shown in Fig. 1, while the DNA-based second view, advocating for distinction, rests on recent sampling of populations from a few widely separated localities almost at opposite ends of the geographical range of Ummidiinae (Godwin et al. 2018: tab. 1, fig. 1).</p> <p>The third view is here rejected on grounds of personal observations on a wide range of nest/burrow structures in many Conothele species in Southeast Asia and of Ummidia species in Central America and the western Mediterranean. Instead of finding different nest/burrow types in the two genera, our observations revealed a remarkable overlap in nest/burrow types for Conothele and Ummidia. Most species in both genera construct simple, dead-ended underground burrows of variable length, that are densely lined with thick white silk and covered by a thin, stiff, almost circular hinged trapdoor (Figs 14 B−D). Other species, in both genera, construct terrestrial burrows, that are furnished with a second trapdoor at the bottom of the burrow opening to an underground cavity. These remarkable burrows are very similar to burrows found in the ctenizid genus Cyrtocarenum (Decae 1996). In Conothele and Ummidia these ‘two-door burrows’ are found in geographically widely separated species such as U. algarve from Portugal (Decae 2010) and C. varvati from India (Pickard-Cambridge 1907; Siliwal et al. 2009). A second trapdoor at the bottom of the burrow was also observed in an unidentified Conothele female collected at the type locality of C. isan spec. nov. in Thailand.</p> <p>Furthermore, there are species, such as Conothele arboricola from the southwest Pacific (Pocock 1898b), an undescribed Conothele species from Koh Tao, a small island off the east coast of southern Thailand, another undescribed Conothele species from the Palau Islands, and an as yet undescribed Ummidia species from Central America, that construct short cigar-shaped trapdoor-nests attached to trees trunks well above ground level. These nests are similar to arboreal tree nests found in the barychelid genus Sason (e.g., Schwendinger 2003: fig. 15) and the Migidae (Griswold &amp; Ledford 2001).</p> <p>As mentioned above, the lack of diagnostic characters in morphology, behaviour and genetics has led to the use of geographical separation as an argument to distinguish genera and species in Ummidiinae (Xu et al. 2017; Yang &amp; Xu 2018; Liu et al. 2019; Godwin &amp; Bond 2021). Geography-based arguments to structure taxonomy are, however, debatable, particularly when used to classify taxa such as Conothele and Ummidia which are not as strongly dispersal-limited as most other mygalomorph spiders (Bond et al. 2012). The large geographical ranges observed in Conothele and Ummidia have been attributed to their capacity for aerial dispersal (Main 1985, 1998; Decae 2010; Opatova et al. 2013, 2019). Aerial dispersal has been established or inferred in several Ummidia and Conothele species (Baerg 1928; Main 1985; Coyle 1985; Coyle et al. 1985; Eberhard 2006; Fisher et al. 2014). Aerial dispersal in mygalomorph spiders however, appears much less effective than in araneomorph spiders (Opatova et al. 2016) and can therefore not explain long-distance or over-water dispersal events that have apparently shaped the distribution ranges of Conothele and Ummidia. Another, possibly stronger explanation for the wide geographical ranges and the presence of Ummidia and Conothele on volcanic and remote oceanic islands (Simon 1891a; Pocock 1898a, b; Main 1957; Roewer 1963; Saaristo 2002; Decae 2010) is dispersal of principally arboreal species by rafting. For the arboreal Conothele and Ummidia species mentioned above, dispersal events as described for species of the migid genus Moggridgea (Harrison et al. 2017) can be envisioned.</p> <p>In conclusion: it is clear that sampling the entire geographical range and collecting biological information of Ummidiinae is necessary to build a satisfactory understanding of this still poorly known, but remarkably successful and diverse group of trapdoor spiders.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB3B87832522FFB9FF7EF904FD95FABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Decae, Arthur E.;Schwendinger, Peter J.;Hongpadharakiree, Komsan	Decae, Arthur E., Schwendinger, Peter J., Hongpadharakiree, Komsan (2021): Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 300-323, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.22
FB3B87832524FFB4FF7EFA75FCAAF9BE.text	FB3B87832524FFB4FF7EFA75FCAAF9BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conothele martensi Decae & Schwendinger & Hongpadharakiree 2021	<div><p>Conothele martensi spec. nov.</p> <p>Figs 4 A−L, 5A−M</p> <p>Type material. THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province: Holotype ♂ (PS-003, in MHNG), Mae Taeng District, north of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.9472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.1442" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.9472/lat 19.1442)">Mae Taeng</a>, 19.1442°N, 98.9472°E, 450 m elevation, P.J. Schwendinger leg. 19.2.1987. Paratypes: 2 ♂ (PS- 002A–B, 1 ♂: MHNG, 1 ♂: in THNHM), 3 ♀ (PS-001A–C, 2 ♀: MHNG, 1 ♀: THNHM), with same data as for holotype.</p> <p>Additional material examined. THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province: 1 penultimate ♂, 3 juvenile ♀, from the type locality, 10.12.1987. 2 ♀, Chiang Dao District, west of Chiang Dao, 400 m elevation, 3.10./ 10.12.1986. 1 ♀, Chiang Mai District, Doi Suthep, 580 m elevation, 28.11.1987. 1 ♀, Hang Dong District, near Ban Pong, 300 m elevation, 18.12.2013. 1 ♀, Doi Saket District, east of Doi Saket, 400 m elevation, 5.9.1987 (all P.J. Schwendinger leg.; all MHNG).</p> <p>Notes. Additional Conothele females from elevations up to 1600 m in the provinces of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Lamphun (not included in the type series) may also belong to C. martensi spec. nov.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named in honour of the renowned German arachnologist and ornithologist Prof. Dr Jochen Martens on the occasion of his 80 th birthday. Prof. Martens collected together with the second author (PJS) in Chiang Mai Province from late February to mid-March 1998. Name in the genitive case.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Conothele martensi spec. nov. differs from all congeners for which sufficient information is available, except for C. isan spec. nov. and C. dequin Yang &amp; Xu, 2018, by the harpoon-shaped embolus tip (Fig. 4L; see also Fig. 6 L and Yang &amp; Xu 2018: fig. 28). Males different from those of C. dequin by the thickened tarsi of the anterior legs (Fig. 4C cf. Yang &amp; Xu 2018: fig. 21). In both sexes different from C. isan spec. nov. by the profile of the carapace, with a relatively more strongly elevated cephalic part (Figs 4B, 5B cf. Figs 6B, 7B), by the morphology of the spermathecae, with the sclerotized median part twisted and the globular head directed forward (Figs 5 F−K cf. Figs 7 F−H), and by the relatively reduced ventral patterns of spines on the anterior metatarsi and tibiae in males (Figs 4 D−E cf. Figs 6 D−E). Field observations indicate differences in burrow architecture between C. martensi spec. nov. and C. isan spec. nov., with C. martensi spec. nov. constructing relatively longer burrows and thicker trapdoors.</p> <p>Description. Male (holotype). Specimen preserved for 34 years in 70% ethanol in good condition (Fig. 4A). Left leg III detached, right palpal organ removed for study and stored in microvial. General colouration: carapace dark reddish brown; chelicerae uniformly brown; opisthosoma blotchy, with anterior to posterior transition from light to dark grey; ventral side of opisthosoma anterior of epigastric furrow, book-lung covers and spinnerets yellowish; legs brownish, ventrally lighter than dorsally, anterior legs slightly darker than posteriors; palp colour as that of first pair of legs; sternum yellow, with brown margin; labium and palpal coxae darker in colour than nearby body parts.</p> <p>Morphology: Carapace coriaceous, slightly longer than wide (CW/CL = 0.9); cephalic part elevated, highest point halfway between eye group and fovea, thoracic part sloping down from fovea to posterior margin at an angle of approximately 30° (Fig. 4B). Ocular tubercle steep; clypeus very narrow; eye group rectangular, twice as wide as long (EL/PR = 0.49); AME slightly less than their diameter apart (disAME/diaAME = 0.56); PR slightly recurved. Chelicerae with weak apical rastellum; fangs with ventral serrations. Palpal coxae with eight and 10 cuspules in proximal half; prolateral-distal lobe absent. Labium glabrous in proximal half, carrying three distal cuspules; labiosternal suture wide and procurved. Sternum with fig-leaf-shaped central sigillum (as shown in Fig. 2E). Palps leg-like, all articles aspinose, palpal tibia slightly inflated proximally (TibW/PTib = 0.4), palpal femur longer than tibia (PFem/PTib = 1.3). Palpal organ (Figs 4 H−L) with bulbous part longer than wide (BuW/GL = 0.92); embolus long, slender, curved, slightly flexible and narrowing at about midpoint, the embolic narrowing best visible in prolateral and retrolateral view (Figs 4I, K), embolic tip harpoon-shaped (Fig. 4L). Legs I−II with slightly thickened yellow tarsi (Figs 4 C−E) and with short lateral spines on tarsi, metatarsi and tibiae (Figs 4 C−E), retroventral spine row on tibia I restricted to distal half of the article (Fig. 4D), absent from tibia II (Fig. 4E); few clavate trichobothria dorsally in proximal half of tarsi (Fig. 4C). Leg III with shallow, glabrous saddle-shaped dorsal depression in tibia, prolateral saddle crescent reduced, retrolateral saddle crescent absent (Figs 4 F−G); spine groups present dorso-distally on metatarsus and tibia; patella with strong short spines prodorsally. Leg IV with weak spines on metatarsus; metatarsus IV longer than tibia IV (MetIV/TibIV = 1.1). PTC of anterior legs with a single proximal tooth, of posterior legs with one large and one small tooth. Leg formula 4123. Opisthosoma ovoid, with tiny wart-like sockets carrying short stiff bristles. Spinnerets as in female described below.</p> <p>Measurements. TBL 10.6; CL 4.8; CW 4.5; CP 3.2; AR 1.05; PR 1.07; EL 0.52; diaALE 0.29; diaPLE 0.20; diaAME 0.16; diaPME 0.15; disALE 0.52; disPLE 0.75; disAME 0.09; disPME 0.39; SL 2.6; SW 2.4; LL 0.4; LW 0.9; palp 7.5 (0.9 + 2.2 + 1.5 + 2.9); leg I 11.2 (1.1 + 1.8 + 2.3 + 2.1 + 3.9); leg II 9.9 (1.2 + 1.5 + 1.9 + 1.9 + 3.4); leg III 8.9 (1.3 + 1.5 + 1.8 + 1.5 + 2.8); leg IV 11.7 (1.3 + 2.5 + 2.3 + 1.9 + 3.7); BuL 1.95; BuW 0.71; EmL 1.18.</p> <p>Female (paratype; PS-001A). Specimen preserved for 34 years in 70% ethanol in generally good condition (Fig. 5A), with slight damage to pedicel; opisthosoma and right leg IV detached; spermathecae in separate microvial. General colouration: carapace, chelicerae, legs and palps yellowish brown; dorsal side of opisthosoma dark, with fine light grey speckles, ventral side, book-lung covers and spinnerets yellowish white; sternum yellow, with sharply outlined brown margin; carapace and sternum with vague grey shading.</p> <p>Morphology: Carapace (Figs 5 A−B) smooth, longer than wide (CW/CL = 0.8), otherwise as described for male. Ocular tubercle, eye group and very narrow clypeus generally as in male (EL/PR = 0.50), but AME further apart from each other (disAME/diaAME = 0.71). Chelicerae stronger than in male, with rastellum on low process and composed of a curved row of seven strong teeth bordering fang base; fangs as in male. Palpal coxae with 13−18 cuspules spread over proximal half of article; prolateral-distal lobe rudimentary. Labium with four distal cuspules. Palps: as described above for Ummidiinae; palpal claw with two strong proximal teeth, one of them bifid, the other one unbranched. Legs I−II: as described for Ummidiinae above. Leg III with tarsus carrying a dense disto-ventral group of spines; metatarsus with dorso-distal group of very strong spines; tibia with short rows of spines along dorso-distal margin, saddle-shaped depression prolaterally bordered by a distinct saddle crescent, retrolaterally by an indistinct one (Figs 5 C−D); patella with strong, short spines along distal margin on prolateral side; femur ventroproximally inflated; distinct opposing protuberances on dorsal and prolateral sides of trochanter and coxa. Leg IV with patella carrying a prodorsal-proximal group of short stiff bristles. PTCs as described above for Ummidiinae. Leg formula 4123. Opisthosoma with wart-like bristle sockets. Spinnerets: PMS closer to PLS than to each other; PMS digitiform, more than their diameter apart from each other, with apical spigot field; PLS thick, with three articles, proximal article as long as median + distal article combined, distal article dome-shaped; macrospigots distally on proximal article and on entire ventral surface of median article (Fig. 5E).</p> <p>Spermathecae tripartite; posterior part lightly pigmented and narrow; median part strongly pigmented, inwardbent, twisted and distally widening; distal part lightly pigmented, globular, directed forward (Fig. 5F). Similar to spermathecae of C. linzhi from Tibet, of C. jinggangshan from Jiangxi, China (Liu et al. 2019: figs 3G−J, 4G) and of C. baiyuensis from Guangdong, China (Xu et al. 2017: fig. 1E).</p> <p>Measurements. TBL 14.7; CL 5.2; CW 4.3; CP 3.6; AR 1.16; PR 1.18; EL 0.64; diaALE 0.36; diaPLE 0.29; diaAME 0.14; diaPME 0.20; disALE 0.54; disPLE 0.75; disAME 0.10; disPME 0.37; SL 3.0; SW 2.7; LL 0.6; LW 1.1; palp 8.4 (1.7 + 1.8 + 1.8 + 3.1); leg I 9.6 (1.0 + 1.2 + 1.9 + 2.2 + 3.3); leg II 8.2 (1.0 + 1.1 + 1.4 + 1.9 + 2.8); leg III 8.1 (1.2 + 1.1 + 1.4 + 1.7 + 2.7); leg IV 11.0 (1.3 + 2.1 + 2.0 + 2.0 + 3.6).</p> <p>Variation. Males (n = 3): TBL 9.5−12.2; CL 4.8−5.6; CW 4.3−5.2; CP 3.2−3.7; AR 1.05−1.14; PR 1.07−1.20; EL 0.52−0.60; diaALE 0.29−0.37; diaPLE 0.20−0.29; diaAME 0.15−0.22; diaPME 0.15−0.20; disALE 0.52−0.57; disPLE 0.75−0.81; disAME 0.09−0.12; disPME 0.38−0.43; SL 2.6−3.1; SW 2.2−2.8; LL 0.4−0.8; LW 0.9−1.2; palp 7.5−9.1; leg I 11.1−14.0; leg II 9.9−12.3; leg III 8.8−10.4; leg IV 11.7−14.0.</p> <p>Females (n = 3): TBL 12.6−15.6; CL 5.2−6.3; CW 4.3−5.3; CP 3.5−4.2; AR 1.04−1.26; PR 1.04−1.18; EL 0.57−0.72; diaALE 0.33−0.42; diaPLE 0.25−0.34; diaAME 0.14−0.17; diaPME 0.17−0.23; disALE 0.50−0.63; disPLE 0.72−0.77; disAME 0.10−0.11; disPME 0.31−0.39; SL 3.0−3.7; SW 2.3−2.7; LL 0.6−0.7; LW 0.8−1.1; palp 8.3−10.2; leg I 9.5−11.5; leg II 8.3−10.3; leg III 8.1−10.0; leg IV 10.5−13.0. Variation in the shape of the spermathecae of eight females is shown in Figs 5 A−M.</p> <p>Habitat and biology. The type specimens were collected from earth banks on both sides of a road running through farmland. The road has subsequently been widened and the earth banks removed, therefore the type population was probably severely reduced or even wiped out. Burrows were up to 6.5 cm long and closed by a relatively thick (cork-type) trapdoor with a maximum length of 1.4 cm and a maximum width of 1.6 cm. Two of the males matured in captivity in Chiang Mai on 7.3. and 17.3.1987, less than a month after being captured. The beginning of the hot and dry season appears to be the mating period of this species.</p> <p>At its type locality Conothele martensi spec. nov. occurs together with two other species of trapdoor spiders: Idiops pylorus Schwendinger, 1991 (Idiopidae), and a second Conothele species which has a larger, darker body and a slightly longer (maximum 7 cm) burrow closed by a thinner (wafer-type) trapdoor. Unfortunately only females of this unnamed Conothele are available from this particular locality.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB3B87832524FFB4FF7EFA75FCAAF9BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Decae, Arthur E.;Schwendinger, Peter J.;Hongpadharakiree, Komsan	Decae, Arthur E., Schwendinger, Peter J., Hongpadharakiree, Komsan (2021): Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 300-323, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.22
FB3B87832529FFB0FF7EF94CFC81FF16.text	FB3B87832529FFB0FF7EF94CFC81FF16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conothele isan Decae & Schwendinger & Hongpadharakiree 2021	<div><p>Conothele isan spec. nov.</p> <p>Figs 6 A−L, 7A−H</p> <p>Type material. THAILAND: Buri Ram Province: Holotype ♂ (PS-005, sample TH-04/19, MHNG), Buri Ram District, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.0937&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.9378" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.0937/lat 14.9378)">Khao Kradong Forest</a> Park, 14.9378°N, 103.0937°E, 180–300 m elevation, P.J. Schwendinger leg. as juvenile 16.+ 18.12.2004, matured in captivity 11.2.2005. Paratypes: 2 ♀ paratypes (1 ♀: PS-006, sample TH-05/18, 15.12.2005, THNHM; 1 ♀: PS-007, sample TH-04/19, 16.+ 18.12.2004, MHNG), with same data as for holotype.</p> <p>Additional material examined. THAILAND: Roi Et Province: 1 ♀ (sample THKH-12/02, MHNG), Nong Phok District, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.3258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.3644" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.3258/lat 16.3644)">Tham Pha Nam Thip Non-Hunting Area</a>, 16.3644°N, 104.3258°E, 420 m elevation, P.J. Schwendinger leg. 12.+ 15.6.2013.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet, a name in apposition, refers to northeastern Thailand, locally called the Isan (= Isarn or Esarn), the geographic region where this species was discovered.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Different in both sexes from C. martensi spec. nov. by the profile of the carapace with a relatively less strongly elevated cephalic part sloping gradually down past the fovea and continuing in a straight line over the thoracic part to the posterior margin of the carapace (Figs 6B, 7B), and by the spermathecae that are hooked (rather than twisted) in the median portion and have the globular heads directed inwards rather than forwards (Figs 7 F−H cf. Figs 5 F−K). Further differences are found in the ventro-lateral spine patterns on the anterior metatarsi and tibiae of males (more spines present; retroventral spine row on tibia II present vs. absent in C. martensi spec. nov.; Figs 6 D−E cf. Figs 4 D−E), in the morphology of the embolus (without abrupt narrowing at midpoint; Figs 6I, K cf. Figs 4I, K) and in the PLE being relatively large in comparison to the ALE (PLE/ALE = 0.6 in C. isan spec. nov. vs 0.7 in C. martensi spec. nov.).</p> <p>Description. Male (holotype). Specimen preserved for 16 years in 70% ethanol in good condition (Fig. 6A); right palpal organ removed for study and kept in microvial. General colouration: carapace and chelicerae blackish brown; dorsal side of opisthosoma dark grey, with fine light grey speckles, ventral side anterior of epigastric furrow, book-lung covers and spinnerets cream-coloured; legs yellowish brown, anterior legs slightly darker than posteriors; palps dark brown; sternum yellow, with sharply outlined brown margin.</p> <p>Morphology: Carapace (Figs 6 A−B), except for lower profile of cephalic part (see diagnosis), as described for C. martensi spec. nov. Ocular tubercle steep; clypeus short; eye group rectangular, twice as wide as long (EL/PR = 0.50); AME less than their diameter apart from each other (disAME/diaAME = 0.72); PR straight. Chelicera with small apical rastellum; fangs smooth (possibly a diagnostic difference from C. martensi spec. nov., its male holotype with serrated fangs; see above). Palpal coxae with 16 cuspules spread over proximal half of article; prolateraldistal lobe short and rounded. Labium with two distal cuspules; labio-sternal suture deep and procurved. Sternum and most parts of palps (except for palpal organ) as in male of C. martensi spec. nov. Palpal organ (Figs 6 H−L) with bulbous proximal part almost as wide as long (BuW/GL = 0.96); embolus thin and evenly tapering, with a harpoon-shaped tip (Fig. 6L), mostly as in C. martensi spec. nov. but without uneven narrowing halfway. Legs I−II: scopulate tarsi proximally inflated (Fig. 6C); short lateral spines present on tarsi, metatarsi and tibiae; few clavate trichobothria dorsally in proximal half of tarsi, more ventro-lateral spines on metatarsi and tibiae of anterior legs than in C. martensi spec. nov. (Figs 6 D−E cf. Figs 4 D−E). Leg III with shallow, glabrous saddle-shaped dorsal depression in tibia, saddle crescents indistinct/absent (Figs 6F–G); spine groups dorso-distally on metatarsus and tibia; patella with strong, short spines prodorsally. Leg IV slender, with weak spines on metatarsus; metatarsus longer than tibia (MetIV/TibIV = 1.2). PTC of anterior legs with a single proximal tooth, of posterior legs with one large and one small tooth. Leg formula 4123. Opisthosoma ovoid, anteriorly narrowing, carrying evenly spread, short stiff bristles; wart-like sockets not evident (possibly a diagnostic difference from C. martensi spec. nov., its male types possessing wart-like sockets; see above). Spinnerets as in C. martensi spec. nov.</p> <p>Measurements. TBL 12.4; CL 5.4; CW 5.1; CP 3.7; AR 1.17; PR 1.17; EL 0.59; diaALE 0.35; diaPLE 0.21; diaAME 0.18; diaPME 0.22; disALE 0.64; disPLE 0.87; disAME 0.13; disPME 0.43; SL 3.1; SW 2.7; LL 0.5; LW 1.0; palp 8.6 (1.1 + 2.5 + 1.8 + 3.2); leg I 12.5 (1.1 + 1.8 + 2.7 + 2.3 + 4.6); leg II 11.3 (1.3 + 1.7 + 2.3 + 2.1 + 3.9); leg III 10.1 (1.5 + 1.6 + 2.0 + 1.8 + 3.2); leg IV 13.4 (1.6 + 2.9 + 2.5 + 2.1 + 4.3); BuL 1.92; BuW 0.75; EmL 1.14.</p> <p>Female (paratype; PS-007): Specimen preserved for 16 years in 70% ethanol in good condition (Fig. 7A); spermathecae dissected and stored in microvial.</p> <p>General colouration: carapace, chelicerae, legs and palps brown; dorsal side of opisthosoma dark grey, with fine light grey speckles, ventral side, book-lung covers and spinnerets yellowish white; sternum yellow, with sharply outlined brown margin; carapace and sternum with distinct grey shading.</p> <p>Morphology: Carapace (Figs 7A–B) smooth, longer than wide (CW/CL = 0.9), otherwise as described for male. Eyes as in male. Chelicerae carrying an apical rastellum composed of a curved row of 9–10 strong teeth on a low process; fangs ventrally with fine serration. Palpal coxae with 15–17 cuspules spread over proximal half of article; prolateral-distal lobe rudimentary. Labium, labio-sternal suture and sternum as in male. Labium with two distal cuspules. Palps as described above for Ummidiinae; claw with strong and bifid proximal tooth. Legs I−II as described above for Ummidiinae. Leg III with tarsus carrying a dense disto-ventral group of spines; metatarsus with dorsodistal group of very strong short spines; tibia with short rows of spines along dorso-distal margin, saddle-shaped depression prolaterally bordered by relatively wide saddle crescent (Fig. 7D), retrolaterally by a narrower one (Fig. 7C); patella with short strong spines along anterior margin and on prolateral side; femur ventro-proximally inflated; distinct opposing protuberances on dorsal and prolateral sides of trochanter and coxa. Leg IV with patella carrying a prodorsal-proximal group of short stiff bristles. PTC as described above for Ummidiinae. Leg formula 4123. Dorsal surface of opisthosoma with wart-like bristle sockets. Spinnerets (Fig. 7E) as in C. martensi spec. nov. Spermathecae tripartite; proximal part narrow and lightly pigmented; median part strongly pigmented, bent inwards, distally widening; distal part globular and inwards-directed (Fig. 7F). Similar to spermathecae of Conothele baisha and C. baoting from Hainan Island, China (Liu et al. 2019: figs 5G, 6A–F, 7G), of C. daxinensis from Guanxi, China (Xu et al. 2017: fig. 2E) and of C. vali from India (Siliwal et al. 2009: fig. 27).</p> <p>Measurements. TBL 15.7; CL 6.0; CW 5.3; CP 4.1; AR 1.25; PR 1.31; EL 0.66; diaALE 0.42; diaPLE 0.27; diaAME 0.17; diaPME 0.30; disALE 0.57; disPLE 0.92; disAME 0.12; disPME 0.45; SL 3.3; SW 3.1; LL 0.8; LW 2.0; palp 9.0 (1.9 + 1.9 + 1.9 + 3.3); leg I 10.4 (1.0 + 1.4 + 2.1 + 2.4 + 3.5); leg II 9.4 (1.1 + 1.2 + 1.7 + 2.3 + 3.1); leg III 9.1 (1.4 + 1.3 + 1.5 + 1.9 + 3.0); leg IV 11.4 (1.3 + 2.2 + 2.1 + 2.2 + 3.6).</p> <p>Variation. Females (n = 2): TBL 14.5−15.7; CL 5.3−6.0; CW 4.8−5.3; CP 3.4−4.1;AR 1.10−1.25; PR 1.13−1.31; EL 0.59–0.66; diaALE 0.35−0.42; diaPLE 0.24−0.27; diaAME 0.17−0.19; diaPME 0.22−0.30; disALE 0.51−0.57; disPLE 0.79−0.92; disAME 0.08−0.12; disPME 0.31−0.45; SL 3.0−3.3; SW 2.7−3.1; LL 0.6−0.8; LW 1.0−2.0; palp 7.9−9.0; leg I 8.7−10.4; leg II 8.0−9.4; leg III 7.5−9.1; leg IV 8.8−11.4. Variation in the shape of the spermathecae of three females is shown in Figs 7 F−H.</p> <p>Habitat and biology. The type specimens were collected from roadsides in a seasonally dry deciduous forest between 180 and 300 m elevation, on an inactive and strongly eroded volcano. The non-type female is from a roadside in a lush mixed evergreen-deciduous forest at 420 m elevation. The spiders lived in short burrows (maximally 3.5 cm long) lined with very dense silk and closed by a thin (wafer-type) trapdoor with a maximal length of 1.1 cm and a maximal width of 1.6 cm. This burrow structure is different from that of the co-occurring Latouchia incerta spec. nov. The male holotype matured in captivity (in Geneva) in early February, less than two months after being captured. The mating season thus appears to be at the end of the cool part and into the hot part of the dry season. Spiderlings presumably hatch and emerge from maternal burrows at the beginning of the rainy season when prey becomes more abundant again.</p> <p>The types were collected together with a single female of a second Conothele species (with strongly coiled spermathecae) which lived in a short burrow with a second thin trapdoor opening into a blind chamber behind the bottom. Two Conothele species also co-occur at the type locality of C. martensi spec. nov., and at the type locality of C. isan spec. nov. even a third ummidiine species can be found, L. incerta spec. nov. This is quite remarkable.</p> <p>Notes. The difficulty in distinguishing some Ummidiinae taxa at the genus level (as discussed above) is also encountered at the species level; C. martensi spec. nov. and C. isan spec. nov. are difficult to distinguish on morphological characters alone. Particularly the male palpal organ, often the morphologically most characteristic structure used to distinguish and taxonomically classify mygalomorph spider species, is very similar in these two species (Figs 6 H−L cf. Figs 4 H−L). In both species the globular proximal part and the slender, harpoon-tipped embolus are virtually identical in shape. A similar palpal organ was described by Yang &amp; Xu (2018) for C. dequin from China (Yunnan Province). Genetics-based research is required to establish the phylogenetic relationships between the Thai species and C. dequin, and to show if their morphological similarities are not due to convergent evolution.</p> <p>Female genitalia of Conothele spp. show an equally low diversity in shapes and forms. The two different forms present in C. martensi spec. nov. and C. isan spec. nov. are also found in several other, geographically distant, named species (Siliwal et al. 2009; Xu et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2019), as well as in Conothele females from numerous localities in SE-Asia where the corresponding males are distinct (personal observations). Especially the hooked type of spermathecae of C. isan spec. nov. is very common. Therefore the description of new Conothele species on the basis of only one sex (particularly the female) is not advisable.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB3B87832529FFB0FF7EF94CFC81FF16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Decae, Arthur E.;Schwendinger, Peter J.;Hongpadharakiree, Komsan	Decae, Arthur E., Schwendinger, Peter J., Hongpadharakiree, Komsan (2021): Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 300-323, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.22
FB3B8783252DFFB0FF7EFEA4FADBFADE.text	FB3B8783252DFFB0FF7EFEA4FADBFADE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latouchia Pocock 1901	<div><p>Latouchia Pocock, 1901</p> <p>Diagnosis. Latouchia is readily distinguished from Conothele by the sturdy and stiff embolus of the male palpal organ which has small but distinct modifications (e.g., teeth, curves, keels, twists, etc.) at its tip (Figs 8 F−J, 10F−J), by the mono- or bipartite spermathecae lacking a strongly pigmented median part (Figs 9 E−J, 11E−L), and by the shortened tibia III without a fully developed dorsal saddle-shaped depression and without saddle crescents in females (Figs 9B–C, 11B–C).</p> <p>Taxonomic status. Our current knowledge of the genus Latouchia is very poor. As mentioned above for Conothele, sampling deficiency and a lack of systematic studies are the reason for this lack of knowledge. The World Spider Catalog (2021) lists 18 Latouchia species as valid. Both sexes of eleven species have been described, seven species are only known from females.</p> <p>Notes. The taxonomical foundation of the genus Latouchia was recently revised, and the originally designated female holotype of the type species, L. fossoria Pocock, 1901, was re-established and redescribed (Decae &amp; Caranhac 2020). That revision was necessary in order to correct a long-standing taxonomical ambiguity about the correct type species of Latouchia, being either L. fossoria or L. davidi (Simon, 1886). The revision led to the discovery that L. fossoria and L. davidi belong to different species groups. Other arguments for the lack of taxonomical consistency in the genus Latouchia is found in the variability of the general structure of the male palp and the structure of tibia III in females. The male palp is distinctly shortened in L. cornuta (Song et al. 1983: fig. 1), relatively unmodified in L. stridulans (Decae 2019: fig. 13), and strongly elongated in L. schwendingeri (Decae 2019: fig. 33) and the two new species described below. The female tibia III is short and sub-cylindrical in the holotype of L. fossoria (Decae &amp; Caranhac 2020: fig. 3) and in all Latouchia species thus far described, whereas in the two new species presented below it is proximally narrowed and forming a “demi-saddle” (Figs 9 B−C, 11B−C). The “demi-saddle” is distinctly reminiscent of the “full-saddle” seen in Conothele spp. (Figs 5 C−D, 7C−D).</p> <p>The remarkable intra-generic diversity observed in L. fossoria, L. davidi (Decae &amp; Caranhac 2020) and the species described below concerning the morphology of tibia III and of the male palp may lead to a taxonomic split of the genus when more information becomes available (Decae 2019).</p> <p>The two new species described below are tentatively placed in Latouchia, awaiting clarification from an ongoing larger systematic, DNA-based study of a more representative sample of ummidiid spider material.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB3B8783252DFFB0FF7EFEA4FADBFADE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Decae, Arthur E.;Schwendinger, Peter J.;Hongpadharakiree, Komsan	Decae, Arthur E., Schwendinger, Peter J., Hongpadharakiree, Komsan (2021): Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 300-323, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.22
FB3B8783252DFFB3FF7EFA6CFD7AF9E6.text	FB3B8783252DFFB3FF7EFA6CFD7AF9E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latouchia incerta Decae & Schwendinger & Hongpadharakiree 2021	<div><p>Latouchia incerta spec. nov.</p> <p>Figs 8 A−J, 9A−J, 12, 15C−D</p> <p>Type material. THAILAND: Buri Ram Province: Holotype ♂ (PS-008, sample TH-04/19, MHNG), Buri Ram District, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.0937&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.9378" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.0937/lat 14.9378)">Khao Kradong Forest</a> Park, 14.9378°N, 103.0937°E, 180–300 m elevation, P.J. Schwendinger leg. 16.+ 18.12.2004. Paratypes: 2 ♀ (1 ♀: PS-010, sample TH-04/19, MHNG; 1 ♀: PS-011, sample TH04/19, THNHM), with same data as for holotype. 1 ♀ (PS-012, sample TH-05/18, MHNG), from type locality, P.J. Schwendinger leg. 15.12.2005. 1 ♀ (PS-013, sample TA-13/04, MHNG) from type locality, 280 m elevation, P.J. Schwendinger leg. 3.1.2014.</p> <p>Additional material examined. THAILAND: Surin Province: 1 ♂ (PS-009, sample TH04/18) Prasat District, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.3659&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.7601" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.3659/lat 14.7601)">Khao Phanom Sawai Forest</a> Park, 14.7601°N, 103.3659°E, 200 m elevation, collected as juvenile 15.12.2004, matured 10.3.2006. 1♀ (sample TA-13/08), 4 ♂ (PS-032 to PS-035, sample TA-13/08; matured 10.1., 17.1., 14.2. and 19.2.2014, respectively), Surin District, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.4572&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.9166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.4572/lat 14.9166)">Ramkamhaeng University Campus</a>, 14.9166°N, 103.4572°E, 150 m elevation, 12.12.2013. 1♀ (sample TL-15/09), Surin District, forest near Surin <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.4566&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.8766" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.4566/lat 14.8766)">Central Prison</a>, 14.8766°N, 103.4566°E, 150 m elevation, 9.7.2014 (all specimens P.J. Schwendinger leg.; all MHNG).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin adjective, meaning “uncertain, unreliable, undecided” etc., pointing towards the somewhat uncertain placement of this species in the genus Latouchia.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Different from all known Latouchia species for which sufficient information is available, with the exception of L. schwendingeri Decae, 2019, L. huberi Decae, 2019 and L. maculosa spec. nov., by the distinctly racemose spermathecae (Figs 9 E−J). Different from L. huberi by the short, not columnar spermathecae (Figs 9 E−J cf. Decae 2019: figs 46−47); from L. schwendingeri by the non-pyriform proximal part of the palpal organ and the long, sharply pointed embolus (Figs 8 F−J cf. Decae 2019: figs 23−26); from L. maculosa spec. nov. by short and wide spermathecae (Figs 9 E−J cf. Figs 11 E−L), by the more sturdy embolus with a distinctly bent tip (at an angle of about 45°, n = 2) furnished with a subterminal protuberance connected to the pointed tip by a thin membranous keel (Figs 8 F−J cf. Figs 10 F−J).</p> <p>Description. Male (holotype). Specimen preserved for 16 years in 70% ethanol in good condition except for the shrunken opisthosoma (Fig. 8A). General colouration: carapace reddish brown, darker along its edges; chelicerae light brown; opisthosoma dorsally dark grey, with fine light grey speckles, its ventral side anterior of epigastric furrow, book-lung covers and spinnerets cream-coloured; legs yellowish brown, anterior ones slightly darker than posterior ones; palps darker brown than legs; sternum and labium yellow.</p> <p>Morphology: Carapace (Fig. 8A) coriaceous, slightly longer than wide (CW/CL = 0.9); its cephalic part only very slightly elevated, with a weak saddle-shaped depression behind eye group; thoracic part sloping down from fovea to posterior margin at a 30° angle. Clypeus very narrow; ocular tubercle dome-shaped; eye group trapezoidal, slightly more than twice as wide as long (EL/PR = 0.45); AME slightly more than their diameter apart from each other (disAME/diaAME = 1.13); PR slightly procurved. Chelicerae with rastellum on low process; fangs smooth. Palpal coxae with short rounded prolateral-distal lobe; cuspules absent. Sternum anteriorly narrowed; central sigillum indistinctly developed. Labium without cuspules; labiosternal suture shallow. Palps (Fig. 8B) slender, strongly elongated; femur distinctly longer than tibia (PFem/PTib = 1.5), with dorso-distal group of short, strong spines; tibia not inflated (TibW/PTib = 0.2); cymbium aspinose, with few clavate dorsal trichobothria. Palpal organ (Figs 8 F−J) with proximal part pyriform; embolus sturdy, proximally widest and distally tapering to a pointed tip connected by a membranous keel to a small subterminal protuberance (Fig. 8J); distal part of embolus slightly curved in pro- and retrolateral view (Figs 8G, I), bent at an angle of about 45° in ventral and dorsal view (Figs 8F, H).</p> <p>Tarsi of legs I (Fig. 8C) and II not inflated, with ventral scopula, without spines, carrying few clavate dorsal trichobothria; metatarsi with prolateral-distal spines; tibiae and patellae ventrally and prolaterally with strong straight spines (reduced on leg II); femur with a group of short spines dorso-distally. Legs III and IV elongated; tibia III unmodified (Figs 8 D−E); slender spines on metatarsi, tibiae and femora, short strong spines on patellae. Leg formula 4123. PTC of anterior legs with a short comb of teeth proximally; PTC of posterior legs with one or two teeth. Opisthosoma ovoid, anteriorly narrowed, not warty, clothed with curved bristles. Spinnerets: PLS and PMS close to each other; PMS cylindrical, with light-coloured apical spigot field, slightly more than their diameter apart from each other; PLS short, conical, with macrospigots on ventral side of median article only.</p> <p>Measurements. TBL 10.0; CL 4.8; CW 4.2; CP 2.9; AR 0.88; PR 0.92; EL 0.41; diaALE 0.23; diaPLE 0.14; diaAME 0.16; diaPME 0.11; disALE 0.49; disPLE 0.67; disAME 0.18; disPME 0.36; SL 2.9; SW 2.2; LL 0.7; LW 0.8; palp 11.1 (0.7 + 3.2 + 2.6 + 4.6); leg I 14.7 (1.7 + 3.2 + 3.0 + 2.2 + 4.6); leg II 13.3 (1.7 + 3.0 + 2.5 + 1.9 + 4.2); leg III 12.0 (2.1 + 3.2 + 2.0 + 1.6 + 3.1); leg IV 15.5 (2.2 + 4.0 + 3.2 + 2.0 + 4.1); BuL 1.30; BuW 0.53; EmL 0.57.</p> <p>Female (paratype; PS-010). Specimen preserved for 16 years in 70% ethanol in good condition except for small damage to dorsal cuticle of opisthosoma. General colouration: carapace yellow, with dark-coloured margin; chelicerae light brown; legs and palps yellowish brown; sternum and labium uniformly yellowish brown; opisthosoma with dorsal side dark purplish grey, ventral side as in male.</p> <p>Morphology: Carapace (Fig. 9A, showing paratype PS-013) longer than wide (CW/CL = 0.9), posteriorly narrowing, surface smooth, with fine bristles in highest part. Clypeus and ocular tubercle as in male; eye group more compact (EL/PR = 0.62) and AME further apart from each other (disAME/diaAME = 0.71) than in male. Chelicerae with rastellum of seven strong teeth placed in a curved row on a low process; fang smooth. Palpal coxae with 11 and 12 cuspules in a compact proximal group; prolateral-distal lobe absent. Sternum with large fig-leaf-shaped cental sigillum. Labium with four distal cuspules; labiosternal suture narrow. Palps as described above for Ummidiinae; palpal claw with two strong teeth on a common base. Legs I and II as described for Ummidiinae above. Leg III very strong; tarsus with ventro-distal group of stiff bristles; metatarsus with numerous short, strong spines closely grouped in dorso-lateral area (on both sides); tibia shortened (FemIII/TibIII = 2.3) and dorso-proximally narrowing to form a “demi-saddle” (Figs 9B–C, showing paratype PS-013); groups of short strong spines on dorso-lateral side of tibia and on apical and prodorsal sides of patella; femur aspinose, ventrally inflated. Tarsus of leg IV with ventro-distal group of stiff bristles and few spiny bristles; metatarsus with few stiff bristles on ventral side, otherwise aspinose; patella with dorso-proximal group of short stiff bristles. PTC of all leg tarsi with two proximal teeth on common basis. Leg formula 4123. Opisthosoma narrowing at both ends, without warty bristle sockets. Spinnerets as in male. Spermathecae very short, purse-like and distinctly racemose (cauliflower-shaped, surface with numerous vesicles) (Fig. 9F).</p> <p>Measurements. TBL 16.1; CL 6.9; CW 5.9; CP 4.3; AR 1.12; PR 1.04; EL 0.64; diaALE 0.32; diaPLE 0.24; diaAME 0.15; diaPME 0.18; disALE 0.63; disPLE 0.74; disAME 0.19; disPME 0.44; SL 4.8; SW 3.7; LL 1.2; LW 1.4; palp 11.4 (2.2 + 2.7 + 2.4 + 4.1); leg I 12.2 (1.1 + 1.8 + 2.6 + 2.6 + 4.1); leg II 11.6 (1.2 + 1.9 + 2.2 + 2.5 + 3.8); leg III 12.3 (1.9 + 2.4 + 1.6 + 2.7 + 3.7); leg IV 15.4 (1.8 + 3.2 + 3.1 + 2.7 + 4.6).</p> <p>Variation. Males (n = 6): TBL 10.0−14.5; CL 4.8−6.5; CW 4.2−5.6; CP 2.9−4.0; AR 0.88−1.22; PR 0.92−1.22; EL 0.41−0.61; diaALE 0.23−0.33; diaPLE 0.14−0.19; diaAME 0.15−0.20; diaPME 0.11−0.17; disALE 0.49−0.64; disPLE 0.67−0.89; disAME 0.09−0.18; disPME 0.36−0.46; SL 2.9−3.9; SW 2.2−3.0; LL 0.7−0.8; LW 0.8−1.1; palp 11.1−13.0; leg I 14.8−18.9; leg II 13.3−17.4; leg III 12.0−15.8; leg IV 15.5−20.5. Males of L. incerta spec. nov. show a remarkable phenotypic diversity in size (Figs 8A, 12). This is remarkable because conspecific males of fossorial mygalomorph spiders of the same generation are generally believed to mature more or less in concert and to swarm during a relatively short mating season. They are therefore expected to be rather uniform in size.</p> <p>Females (n = 5): TBL 14.1−18.6; CL 5.9−6.9; CW 5.2−5.9; CP 3.7−4.3; AR 1.09−1.20; PR 1.04−1.21; EL 0.57−0.69; diaALE 0.32−0.37; diaPLE 0.22−0.30; diaAME 0.13−0.17; diaPME 0.17−0.24; disALE 0.54−0.63; disPLE 0.74−0.80; disAME 0.13−0.19; disPME 0.37−0.44; SL 4.0−4.8; SW 3.2−3.7; LL 1.0−1.2; LW 1.1−1.4; palp 10.0−11.3; leg I 11.1−12.3; leg II 10.3−11.5; leg III 11.1−12.3; leg IV 13.5−15.2. Variation in the shape of the spermathecae of six females is shown in Figs 9 E−J.</p> <p>Habitat and biology. The specimens examined were collected from roadsides and earth banks in seasonally dry deciduous forests between 150 and 300 m elevation. At Khao Kradong L. incerta spec. nov. and C. isan spec. nov. occur together, their burrows only a few metres away from each other. The type specimens of L. incerta spec. nov. were taken from relatively long (up to 10 cm), densely lined burrows closed by a single, rather thick (cork-type) trapdoor with a maximum length of 1.2 cm and a maximum width of 1.3 cm. This burrow structure is different from that of the co-occurring Conothele isan spec. nov. The males from Khao Phanom Sawai and Surin, however, were taken from much shorter burrows (2.5–4.5 cm long) which had thinner trapdoors, 0.85–1.0 cm long and 0.9–1.1 cm wide. The burrow structure of this species thus appears to be quite variable.</p> <p>The six available males matured in captivity in Geneva between mid-January and early March. The phenology seems to be quite similar to that of C. isan spec. nov. The spiders quite effectively prevented attempts to force open the trapdoor by vigorously pulling it shut from inside. Outside their burrows spiders of both sexes responded aggressively to any disturbance and were ready to bite. Males took a defence posture by raising their long pedipalps high (almost vertical) above the body (Figs 15 C−D).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB3B8783252DFFB3FF7EFA6CFD7AF9E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Decae, Arthur E.;Schwendinger, Peter J.;Hongpadharakiree, Komsan	Decae, Arthur E., Schwendinger, Peter J., Hongpadharakiree, Komsan (2021): Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 300-323, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.22
FB3B8783252EFFA8FF7EF9A1FD20F976.text	FB3B8783252EFFA8FF7EF9A1FD20F976.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latouchia maculosa Decae & Schwendinger & Hongpadharakiree 2021	<div><p>Latouchia maculosa spec. nov.</p> <p>Figs 10 A−J, 11A−L, 13, 14B−E, 15A−B</p> <p>Type material. THAILAND: Prachuap Khiri Khan Province: Holotype ♂ (PS-025, sample TA-13/13, MHNG), Pranburi District, Khao Kalok (= <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.9972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.338" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.9972/lat 12.338)">Skull Mountain</a>), 12.3380°N, 99.9972°E, 10 m elevation, P.J. Schwendinger leg. 4.1.2014. Paratypes: 4 ♂ (sample TA-13/13; 1 ♂: PS-028, THNHM; 3 ♂: PS-029 to PS-031, MHNG), 1♀ (PS-036, sample TA-13/13), with same data as for holotype. 2 ♀ (sample TH13/07; 1 ♀: PS-026, THNHM; 1 ♀: PS-027, MHNG), from type locality, P.J. Schwendinger leg. 25.12.2013.</p> <p>Additional material examined. THAILAND: Prachuap Khiri Khan Province: 1♀, Thab Sakae District, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.6138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.6258" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.6138/lat 11.6258)">Huay Yang Waterfall</a>, 11.6258°N, 99.6138°E, 90 m elevation, K. Hongpadharakiree &amp; D. Hongpadharakiree leg. 2.7.2011. 1♀, Hua Hin District, near Pala-U (= Pa La U) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.46/lat 12.5361)">Waterfall</a>, 12.5361°N, 99.4600°E, 290 m elevation, P.J. Schwendinger leg. 21.11.2001 (all MHNG).</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet “maculosus, -a, -um”, a Latin adjective, meaning “dappled, spotted”, refers to the light patches in the posterior half of the dorsal side of the opisthosoma of this species.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Among the Latouchia species for which sufficient information is available L. maculosa spec. nov. groups together with L. schwendingeri, L. huberi and L. incerta spec. nov. by having racemose spermathecae. In L. maculosa spec. nov. these are distinctly more elongated and cone-shaped than in the other three species (Figs 11 E−L cf. Figs 9 E−J). The new species differs from L. schwendingeri by the non-pyriform proximal part of the palpal organ and by the long, sharply pointed embolus (Figs 10 F−J cf. Decae 2019: figs 23−26). It differs from L. incerta spec. nov. by the more slender embolus with a longer apex bent at an angle of 30° (n = 3; 45° in L. incerta spec. nov.), and by the embolus tip being slightly sigmoid and sharply pointed (Figs 10 F−J cf. Figs 8 F−J). It also differs from other known congeners by the presence of light dorsal patches on the opisthosoma in both sexes (Figs 10A, 11A, 13, 14E, 15 A−B).</p> <p>Description. Male (holotype): Specimen preserved for 7 years in 70% ethanol in good condition (Fig. 10A); right palpal organ in microvial. General colouration: carapace almost uniformly brown, with darker line along margin; chelicerae proximally and ventrally light brown, dorso-distally dark brown; dorsal side of opisthosoma purplish grey, with characteristic pattern of light-coloured patches (i.e. an indistinct, blurred anterior patch followed by three more sharply outlined polygonal or triangular patches) in posterior half, ventral side light-coloured anterior of epigastric furrow; spinnerets yellowish; legs brown, anterior ones slightly darker than posterior ones; palps almost uniformly brown; sternum uniformly yellow; labium light brown.</p> <p>Morphology: Carapace (Fig. 10A) with anterior margin truncated; cuticle dull-coloured, with very fine wrinkles, slightly longer than wide (CW/CL = 0.9); lateral profile rather flat, with cephalic part only slightly elevated and thoracic part gradually sloping down from fovea; few bristles in cephalic part. Clypeus narrow. Eyes grouped on and around dome-shaped ocular tubercle; eye group sub-rectangular (PR/AR = 0.98), slightly more than twice as wide as long (EL/PR = 0.54), AME less than their diameter apart (disAME/diaAME = 0.71), PR straight. Chelicerae with rastellum composed of four strong teeth on ventral side of a low process; cheliceral furrow with rows of four and five triangular teeth on both sides; fangs smooth. Palpal coxae without cuspules; prolateral-distal lobe absent. Sternum anteriorly narrowing, longer than wide (SW/SL = 0.8); central fig-leaf-shaped sigillum indistinct. Labium semi-dome-shaped, proximally only slightly wider than long (LW/LL = 1.2); cuspules absent; labiosternal suture shallow. Palps (Fig. 10B) generally as in L. incerta spec. nov. (TibW/PTib = 0.2; PFem/PTib = 1.3; n = 5); tibia not inflated, slightly curved outward; patella proximally bent downward, distally widening; femur cylindrical, distally slightly curved downward.</p> <p>Palpal organ (Figs 10 F−J) proximally pyriform; embolus long and slender, distal third bent away from axis of embolus at an angle of about 30° (best seen in ventral and dorsal view (Figs 10F, H); apex of embolus slightly sigmoid, with pointed, non-ornamented tip (Fig. 10J).</p> <p>Leg I: tarsus not inflated, with ventral scopula and with few (2−3) clavate dorsal proximal trichobothria (Fig. 10C); metatarsus with retroventral and apical spines; tibia cylindrical, with strong ventral and prolateral spines over entire length; patella with a group of strong ventro-distal spines and a row of three prolateral spines; femur with distal group of short, strong spines and with spiky dorsal and prolateral spines in distal half. Leg II tarsus largely as leg I tarsus but proximal retrolateral spine missing; metatarsus slightly bent proximally; tibia slightly curved, with spine patterns on tibia, patella and femur as on leg I. Leg III with numerous spines on metatarsus, tibia, patella and femur, with a single trochanter spine, no spines on coxa and tarsus; few clavate trichobothria dorso-proximally on tarsus; tibia unmodified (Figs 10 D−E). Leg IV as leg III but spines weaker and clavate tarsal trichobothria absent. Leg formula 4123. PTC of anterior legs with a single large, sharp tooth; PTC of posterior legs with a single large tooth and a few tiny teeth. Opisthosoma ovoid; dorsal side densely covered with fine bristles. Spinnerets as in female (see below).</p> <p>Measurements. TBL 11.6; CL 4.7; CW 4.3; CP 2.7; AR 0.85; PR 0.83; EL 0.45; diaALE 0.25; diaPLE 0.13; diaAME 0.14; diaPME 0.15; disALE 0.43; disPLE 0.62; disAME 0.10; disPME 0.29; SL 2.9; SW 2.3; LL 0.7; LW 0.8; palp 10.4 (0.6 + 3.1 + 2.6 + 4.1); leg I 13.6 (1.5 + 2.9 + 2.8 + 2.1 + 4.3); leg II 12.9 (1.5 + 2.9 + 2.6 + 1.9 + 4.0); leg III 11.5 (1.8 + 3.1 + 1.9 + 1.7 + 3.0); leg IV 15.6 (2.1 + 4.1 + 3.2 + 2.0 + 4.2); BuL 1.30; BuW 0.53; EmL 0.57.</p> <p>Female (paratype; PS-027). Specimen preserved for seven years in 70% ethanol in good condition; spermathecae in microvial. General colouration: carapace almost uniformly brown, thoracic part slightly lighter than cephalic part; chelicerae proximally light, gradually becoming dark brown distally; dorsal side of opisthosoma purplish grey, with a pattern of differently-shaped lighter patches in posterior region (Fig. 11A, showing paratype PS-026), ventral side purplish around the spinnerets, light-coloured in other parts; spinnerets yellow (Fig. 11D, showing paratype PS- 026); legs and palps proximally light brown, gradually becoming dark brown distally, anterior appendages darker than posteriors; sternum with a colour gradient from light brown posteriorly to dark brown anteriorly; labium dark brown.</p> <p>Morphology: Carapace widest between coxa I and coxa II (CW/CL = 0.9), posteriorly strongly narrowing, surface smooth and shiny (Fig. 11A); cephalic part elevated, with central group of bristles; thoracic part evenly sloping down from fovea to posterior margin. Eyes and ocular tubercle as in male (PR/AR = 0.94). Clypeus slightly protracted. Eye group mostly as in male (EL/PR = 0.55) but AME further apart from each other (disAME/diaAME = 0.88). Chelicerae with rastellum on elevated process and consisting of a triangular group of strong teeth; cheliceral furrow and fang as in male. Palpal coxae with 13−15 cuspules in compact proximal group. Sternum longer than wide (SW/SL = 0.8), anteriorly narrowing; central folium-shaped sigillum more pronounced than in male. Labium as in male. Palps as described for Ummidiinae above; palpal claw with two strong teeth on common base. Legs I−II as described for Ummidiinae above. Leg III (tibia and patella as in Figs 11 B−C, showing paratype PS-026), leg IV and PTC as described for L. incerta spec. nov. Leg formula 4132. Opisthosoma as in male. Spinnerets (Fig. 11D) short; PLS and PMS close to each other; PMS digitiform, less than their diameter apart; PLS with proximal article as long as median and distal article together, distal article rounded, apical spigot field carrying fine spigots.</p> <p>Spermathecae racemose, quite long, roughly cone-shaped, proximally wide, distally narrowly rounded (Fig. 11F).</p> <p>Measurements. TBL 17.4; CL 5.6; CW 4.8; CP 3.4; AR 1.09; PR 1.02; EL 0.56; diaALE 0.29; diaPLE 0.21; diaAME 0.16; diaPME 0.17; disALE 0.67; disPLE 0.72; disAME 0.14; disPME 0.42; SL 3.9; SW 3.1; LL 0.8; LW 1.1; palp 8.8 (1.5 + 2.0 + 2.1 + 3.2); leg I 9.8 (0.8 + 1.6 + 1.9 + 2.2 + 3.3); leg II 9.3 (0.9 + 1.5 + 1.7 + 2.1 + 3.1); leg III 9.7 (1.6 + 1.9 + 1.2 + 2.1 + 2.9); leg IV 12.9 (1.4 + 2.6 + 2.5 + 2.5 + 3.9).</p> <p>Variation. Males (n = 5): TBL 9.4−11.6; CL 3.8−4.7; CW 3.6−4.3; CP 2.3−2.8; AR 0.70−0.85; PR 0.70−0.86; EL 0.37−0.45; diaALE 0.16−0.25; diaPLE 0.12−0.15; diaAME 0.12−0.16; diaPME 0.11−0.15; disALE 0.40−0.58; disPLE 0.48−0.63; disAME 0.08−0.12; disPME 0.24−0.31; SL 2.4−2.9; SW 2.0−2.3; LL 0.6−0.7; LW 0.7−0.8; palp 9.5−10.4; leg I 12.4−13.6; leg II 12.0−12.8; leg III 10.4−11.5; leg IV 14.1−15.6. BuL 1.02−1.16; BuW 0.42−0.48; EmL 0.48−0.64.</p> <p>Males of L. maculosa spec. nov. not only show a distinct variation in size (as in L. incerta spec. nov.; see male variation above), but also in colour and general appearance (Figs 10A, 13). The subject of intraspecific phenotypic variation is quite neglected in the taxonomic literature and the study thereof deserves more attention.</p> <p>Females (n = 3): TBL 12.8−17.4; CL 4.4−5.6; CW 3.8−4.8; CP 2.8−3.4; AR 0.77−1.09; PR 0.77−1.02; EL 0.48−0.58; diaALE 0.29−0.30; diaPLE 0.19−0.25; diaAME 0.13−0.16; diaPME 0.17−0.19; disALE 0.39−0.67; disPLE 0.55−0.72; disAME 0.08−0.14; disPME 0.32−0.42; SL 2.7−3.9; SW 2.3−3.1; LL 0.7−1.0; LW 0.9−1.1; palp 6.5−8.8; leg I 7.5−9.8; leg II 6.9−9.3; leg III 7.3−9.7; leg IV 9.8−12.9.</p> <p>Variation in the shape of the spermathecae of eight females is shown in Figs 11 E−H. Figs 11 I−L depict specimens which are presumably conspecific but were not included in type series and are not mentioned under “ Additional material examined ”.</p> <p>Habitat and biology. The type specimens were collected from the stony, sloping floor of a dry secondary forest covering a small limestone hill next to the coast, at 5−20 m elevation (Fig. 14A). The two females near the Huay Yang and Pala-U waterfalls occurred in mixed evergreen-deciduous forests near streams.</p> <p>The spiders lived in relatively short (up to 3.8 cm long), densely lined burrows closed by a single, rather thin (nevertheless of cork-type, with a thickened rim) trapdoor with a maximum length of 1.3 cm and a maximum width of 1.5 cm. Burrows of the five male types were 2.8−3.8 cm long, closed with a 0.7−0.9 cm long and 0.8−0.95 cm wide trapdoor.</p> <p>These males matured in captivity in Geneva between 25.4. and 1.5., less than four months after being captured. A sixth male from the type locality (not examined; damaged; in private collection of the third author, KH) matured on 20.2.2021, earlier than the other conspecific males.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB3B8783252EFFA8FF7EF9A1FD20F976	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Decae, Arthur E.;Schwendinger, Peter J.;Hongpadharakiree, Komsan	Decae, Arthur E., Schwendinger, Peter J., Hongpadharakiree, Komsan (2021): Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 300-323, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.22
