identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C2B3525517FFB4B0C0FC56537CF9DB.text	03C2B3525517FFB4B0C0FC56537CF9DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraplea brunni (Kirkaldy 1898)	<div><p>Paraplea brunni (Kirkaldy, 1898)</p> <p>New South Wales Sydney, Clarence River, 1919?, Department of Agriculture (17 specimens SEMC); Northern Territory: Salt Creek on Roper Barr Road, 16 km W of Stuart Hwy., 2 X 1992, G. Challet (4 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU); pond at Edith Falls turn off of Hwy. 1, 6 IX 2002, G. Challet (3 specimens UMC); pond on road to Butterfly Gorge, 6.5 km from Douglas Hot Springs, 10 IX 2002, G. Challet (1 specimen UMC); Leeches Lagoon, 51 km S. Kathrine, Hwy. 1, 10 IX 2002, G. Challet (1 specimen UMC); Howard River at Gunn Point Road, 12 IX 2002, G. Challet, (94 specimens UMC, 11 specimens SHSU). Queensland: N. Queensland, Kurada, 12 VIII 1938, R. G. Wind (3 specimens SEMC); N. Queensland, Freshwater Creek Red Lynch, 27 IX 1938, R. G. Wind (2 specimens SEMC); N. Queensland, Alta Beach pool, 28 V 1952, T. E. Woodward (3 specimens SEMC); Laura River, 25 km NE of Laura, CL 1741, 20 VIII 1983, J. T. and D. A. Polhemus (3 specimens USNM); Creek E of Wairuna, 7 IX 1997, G. Challet (4 specimens UMC); White Mountains National Park, Bungeree Creek, 14 III 2011, K. B. Miller (17 specimens UMC), cattle pond along road, 14 III 2011, K. B. Miller (11 specimens UMC). Western Australia: Naasra Creek on road to Wyndham, 7 IX 2002, G. Challet (2 specimens UMC); Maggie Creek on Hwy. to Wyndham, 7 IX 2002, G. Challet (11 specimens UMC); Yearling Creek, 30 km W of Kununurra on Victoria Hwy., 10 IX 2002, G. Challet (2 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2B3525517FFB4B0C0FC56537CF9DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cook, Jerry L.	Cook, Jerry L. (2021): Review of the Paraplea Esaki & China (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha Pleidae) of Australia, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4985 (1): 81-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.1.4
03C2B3525517FFB4B0C0F9965107F94B.text	03C2B3525517FFB4B0C0F9965107F94B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraplea halei (Lundblad 1933)	<div><p>Paraplea halei (Lundblad, 1933)</p> <p>New South Wales: Junction Guyra-Tingha Road, Ollera Creek, 5 IX 1961, D. J. Woodland (1 specimen SEMC, 1 specimen SHU).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2B3525517FFB4B0C0F9965107F94B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cook, Jerry L.	Cook, Jerry L. (2021): Review of the Paraplea Esaki & China (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha Pleidae) of Australia, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4985 (1): 81-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.1.4
03C2B3525517FFB4B0C0F9665168F8A3.text	03C2B3525517FFB4B0C0F9665168F8A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraplea liturata (Fieber 1844)	<div><p>Paraplea liturata (Fieber, 1844)</p> <p>Specimens of P. liturata from Australia were not available for examination as part of this study. However, this is a widespread species and specimens were available from adjacent Southeast Asia. The 292 specimens used for the most recent supplementary description of P. liturata (Cook et al. 2020) were used as comparative material for this study.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2B3525517FFB4B0C0F9665168F8A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cook, Jerry L.	Cook, Jerry L. (2021): Review of the Paraplea Esaki & China (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha Pleidae) of Australia, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4985 (1): 81-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.1.4
03C2B3525514FFB1B0C0FF7F5349F80F.text	03C2B3525514FFB1B0C0FF7F5349F80F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraplea bifurcata Cook 2021	<div><p>Paraplea bifurcata n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs. 1-8)</p> <p>Type Material: HOLOTYPE Female. Australia, Northern Territory, Howard River at Gunn Point Road, 12 IX 2002, G. Challet, deposited in Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC).</p> <p>PARATYPES Same collection data as holotype, 1 male deposited in ANIC, 1 male and one female deposited in UMC, 2 males deposited in SHSU.</p> <p>Description: Measurements of type series (mm): total length 1.62–1.81, body depth (greatest height of hemelytra) 0.52–0.70, greatest body width 0.85–0.92; BSI 50–57.</p> <p>Color: Body generally tan with brown markings and occasional favose (honeycomb) pattern that is almost white (Fig. 1,2). Brown markings usually restricted to surrounding some punctures on the elytra (Fig. 1, 2), faint brown makings between eyes (Fig. 3) and on pronotum (Fig. 1), legs tan, mouthparts brown, eyes silver to red (Figs. 1–3).</p> <p>Head: Triangular in frontal view (Fig. 3), vertex convex in frontal view, tan with slightly darker markings associated with faint punctures, darker steak usually present between eyes (Fig. 3), setae present but difficult to see, width 0.79–0.85; distance between eyes 0.36–0.44, OI 47–52 (distance between eyes subequal to combined width of eyes); antenna three-segmented, concealed below eye by cuticular ridge; mouthparts short (Fig. 3), extending just past base of prothoracic coxa, darker than rest of head.</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum usually with slight lateral bulge posteriorly, distinctly wider than long (Fig. 1), length 0.48– 0.62, width 0.85–0.94, PI 53–73, posterior center slightly indented medially (Fig. 1), honeycomb pattern barely visible (Fig. 1); pits small, diameter about 0.02, closely packed (Fig. 1). Scutellum slightly wider than long, width 0.38–0.43, length 0.35–0.41, SI 105–123, color uniform, pits obscured, honeycomb absent.</p> <p>Wings: Hemelytral pits similar in size to thoracic pits but 0.04–0.05 apart, most dark brown except for pits on anterior clavus and portion of clavus near scutellum (Fig. 1), each pit surrounded by honeycomb; claval suture complete (Fig. 1, 2); long hairs common, each associated with hemelytral pit; membranous flight wings present, completely covered by elytra.</p> <p>Legs: Prothoracic and mesothoracic femur with small spines along ventral side; setae present on most leg segments, most common on coxa, trochanter, tibia and tarsus; metathoracic tibia and tarsus longer than on other legs; leg dimensions as in Fig. 4.</p> <p>Ventral keel: first four abdominal segments with bifurcated keel in ventral view (Fig. 5); thoracic segments irregularly shaped as in Fig. 6, only mesothoracic keel with teeth, prothoracic and metathoracic keel rounded.</p> <p>Male characters: Male genital plate generally triangular, longer than wide, width 0.27, length 0.36, setae throughout except for small area near apex, rugose sculpture throughout but most apparent near apex (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Female characters: Genital plate with lateral sides curved. (Fig. 8), about as wide as long, width 0.12, length 0.13, tufts of long coarse setae at sides approximately half the distance to apex, sparse setae on other parts of plate, rugulose sculpture throughout (Fig. 8); ovipositor most commonly as in Fig. 9. First gonapophyses of ovipositor small, with numerous teeth, width 0.07, length 0.21, with eight distinct teeth along posterior border (apical row), three ventral teeth, two primary teeth, two secondary teeth, three tertiary teeth, accessory tooth between primary and secondary row above ventral tooth 1, at least two additional accessory teeth posterior of T 3.</p> <p>Discussion and diagnosis: The single character that separates Paraplea bifurcata n. sp. from all other species of pleids is its bifurcated abdominal keel. This is an easily observed apomorphy for this species. In many other characters, P. bifurcata n. sp. most closely resembles P. brunni. Paraplea bifurcata n. sp. has a body shape similar to P. brunni, although there are distinct differences in sculpturing. Paraplea bifurcata n. sp. has a pronotum that is evenly sculptured with punctures throughout and exhibits little or no honeycombing. Paraplea brunni has a pronotum that lacks punctures in the center but has punctures laterally. The pronotal punctures are much smaller and more tightly packed in P. bifurcata n. sp. compared to those in P. brunni. The scutellum has similar differences between these species. Paraplea bifurcata n. sp. has a somewhat rugose scutellum, with punctures not discernable. Paraplea brunni has a smooth scutellum with a small number of unevenly spaced punctures. Both species have the punctures on the hemelytra similarly darkened but these punctures are associated with relatively longer hairs in P. bifurcata n. sp. The size of P. bifurcata n. sp. and P. brunni does not appear to overlap, with P. brunni being larger. Paraplea brunni is reported to have a total length between 1.9 to 2.1 mm, varying little throughout its geographical range (in the specimens examined for this study, as reported in the materials and methods, all were about 2mm). Paraplea bifurcata n. sp. is described as not being more than 1.81 mm, averaging about 1.7 mm.</p> <p>The genital plates of P. bifurcata n. sp. are interesting in their differences between the male and female, and they are diagnostic for this species. The male genital plate is not unusual for a species of Paraplea in its relative size and dimensions, although it has more setae than are found on most species. The female genital plate of P. bifurcata n. sp. is much smaller than the male genital plate, although the total body length of this species is similar (females appear to be slightly larger than the male although it is difficult know if this generalization holds true since only two females and six males were used for this study). This large difference in size of genital plates within a species is unusual. Setae on the female genital plate are longer than in the male, especially the lateral tufts. While lateral tufts are usual for female genital plates, the setae of B. bifurcata n. sp. are unusually long and thick. The first gonapophysis of the ovipositor shares similarities with P. brunni but P. bifurcata n. sp. has more teeth, even though the ovipositor of P. bifurcata n. sp. is smaller. There are also differences in size and the placement of some teeth when comparing these species.</p> <p>Distribution: Known only from type locality.</p> <p>Ecology: Nothing is known of the ecology of this species.</p> <p>Etymology: The specific epithet comes from an apomorphy of having a bifurcated keel in the first four abdominal segments.</p> <p>Diagnosis: The bifurcated keel on the first four abdominal segments is an easily seen characteristic that will distinguish this species from all other members of Pleidae.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2B3525514FFB1B0C0FF7F5349F80F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cook, Jerry L.	Cook, Jerry L. (2021): Review of the Paraplea Esaki & China (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha Pleidae) of Australia, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4985 (1): 81-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.1.4
03C2B3525510FFBCB0C0FF3755FDFD9C.text	03C2B3525510FFBCB0C0FF3755FDFD9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraplea Esaki & Chna 1928	<div><p>Synopsis of Paraplea of Australia</p> <p>Knowledge of the distribution of Australian Pleidae is almost certainly incomplete but what we know allows for some conclusions about these species. Paraplea brunni is known from all Australian states and territories except Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory. However, there is no reason to expect that P. brunni would be absent from these areas. Paraplea brunni has also been reported from New Guinea but is otherwise known from no other regions. Paraplea liturata does not appear to be a common species in Australia but this widespread species has been found in northern regions of Australia, in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Paraplea brunni is also found in some of the same regions where P. liturata occurs in Australia. Paraplea halei appears to be restricted to southeastern Australia. It has been collected in Victoria, Tasmania, southern New South Wales and the southeast region of South Australia. These same areas also coincide with a portion of the distribution of P. brunni. Paraplea bifurcata n. sp. is documented here from the type locality in Northern Australia but this is most likely the specimens designated as Paraplea sp. nov. ANIC 1 by Weir (2017), which would give it a wider distribution within the Northern Territory. This region is also closely associated with the known distribution of P. brunni.</p> <p>The four species of Pleidae that occur in Australia are all in the genus Paraplea, but their distributions and morphology are clearly different. Two species, P. brunni and P. liturata, are widely distributed species, while P. halei and P. bifurcata n. sp. appear to have somewhat more restricted distributions. However, P. bifurcata probably has a much wider distribution that also includes Western Australia and Queensland (Tom Weir communication). Morphologically, P. liturata, is distinctly different from all other Australian species, being smaller and more globular in body shape. Paraplea bifurcata n. sp. and P. brunni share a similar body shape, which is more elongated and tapered posteriorly in dorsal view. Paraplea halei also has an elongated body shape, although not as tapered posteriorly (Fig. 10).</p> <p>Published descriptions of the species of Pleidae occurring in Australia provide sufficient information for comparisons of these species. Lundblad (1933) provided a re-description of P. brunni and a description of P. halei that allow for the diagnosis of these species. Lansbury &amp; Lake (2002) also provided characters to separate P. halei and P. brunni. Paraplea liturata was poorly described by Fieber (1844) but subsequent treatments of this species by Lundblad (1933), Andersen &amp; Weir (2004) and Cook et al. (2020) provide sufficient diagnostic characters to define this species. The description above of P. bifurcata completes the information needed to separate the Australian species.</p> <p>The dorsal aspect of the four species known to occur in Australia allows for easy identification of these species (Fig. 10). Paraplea liturata is the only species with dark maculations on the pronotum, however Cook et al. (2020) found that about nine percent of specimens from Thailand did not have the full complement of five spots and less than one percent had no spots. Still, having any dark maculations of the pronotum would suggest it is not one of the other three species. Paraplea brunni and P. halei are the only Australian species without punctures in the center of the pronotum. However, P. brunni has hemelytral punctures that are clearly marked by dark maculations. Similar dark punctures of the hemelytra also occur in P. bifurcata n. sp., but the scutellum is much different between these species. Paraplea bifurcata n. sp. has a rough textured scutellum where punctures are not visible, while the scutellum of P. brunni is relatively smooth, which only a few large easily seen punctures. Paraplea halei is easily separated from all other Australian species by its lack of a claval suture. The most recognizable distinguishing character of P. bifurcata n. sp. in dorsal view is the above-mentioned pronotal morphology with many small, densely packed punctures and a scutellum that is somewhat rugose and lacks distinct punctures.</p> <p>While color characteristics are not sufficient to separate all species of Paraplea, the Australian species can often quickly be identified by consistent color differences (Fig. 11). Two species, P. brunni and P. bifurcata n. sp., have punctures on the hemelytra surrounded by dark maculations that are never found on P. halei or P. liturata. Paraplea bifurcata n. sp. has a body that is not shiny and is a uniform light tan color, except for the maculation associated with hemelytral punctures. Paraplea brunni has a shiny body with areas of light and dark, and distinct honeycomb patterns. Paraplea halei has a consistent brown base color with tan honeycombing throughout much of the lateral and dorsal aspects. Besides the pronotal maculations discussed above, P. liturata usually has light and dark bands on the lateral portion of the hemelytra.</p> <p>All of the Australian Paraplea have relative modern descriptions that will allow for their identification, although there are important taxonomic characters that are still missing from some of these descriptions. The most important of these has been our lack of knowledge of the ovipositor in P. brunni and P. halei. Lundblad (1933) included the first description of the ovipositor of P. liturata based on specimens from Java. Lundblad’s figure of the ovipositor is nearly identical to the ovipositor from Thailand shown by Cook et al. (2020). The ovipositor in P. liturata is distinctive in having four long ventral hairs as well as a uniform series of apical, primary, and secondary teeth of the gonapophysis of the ovipositor. The ovipositor of P. brunni was not included in the description by Lundblad (1933) but is now shown in Figure 12, drawn from specimens examined during the present study. This ovipositor is similar to that of P. bifurcata n. sp. but is both larger and has fewer teeth. The ovipositor of P. halei remains unknown. Its characters were not in included in the original description by Lundblad (1933) and the ovipositor was not visible in the two specimens available for the present study.</p> <p>Key to the species Paraplea of Australia</p> <p>This key can be used to identify both male and female specimens of Paraplea from Australia. Additional characters from descriptions by Lundblad (1933), Lansbury &amp; Lake (2002), Anderson &amp; Weir (2004), Cook et al. 2020, and the present paper can be used to confirm identifications.</p> <p>1. Abdominal keel bifurcated (Fig. 5) (Northern Territory)......................................... P. bifurcata n. sp.</p> <p>- Abdominal keel ending in a blunt point................................................................... 2</p> <p>2. Without claval suture (southeastern Australia)......................................................... P. halei</p> <p>- With claval suture.................................................................................... 3</p> <p>3. Pronotum with punctures throughout, usually with five dark spots on pronotum, hemelytra usually with banding but without dark punctures (Northern Territory and Western Australia as well as widespread in regions outside Australia)..... P. liturata</p> <p>- Pronotum without punctures medially, without dark spots on pronotum but pronotum may be dark with light honeycombing, hemelytra without banding but with dark spots at the center of each puncture (widespread within Australia only)... P. brunni</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2B3525510FFBCB0C0FF3755FDFD9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cook, Jerry L.	Cook, Jerry L. (2021): Review of the Paraplea Esaki & China (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha Pleidae) of Australia, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4985 (1): 81-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.1.4
