taxonID	type	description	language	source
D25087B9FFEFEA4C09D6F8DED82D3BE7.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 4 A, C, E, 5 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6 B 8 D 2 AA 6 - EFB 4 - 4 DC 7 - AD 8 F- 4 C 06 C 5 C 993 AE	en	Acosta, Luis E. (2021): The identity of an elusive Chilean harvestman, Pachylus crassus (Roewer, 1943) (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae), with taxonomic and distribution notes. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 134-147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.13
D25087B9FFEFEA4C09D6F8DED82D3BE7.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. SMF RII 1382 / 75, 3 ♂, 2 ♀ syntypes (poorly preserved and very brittle, several legs detached and lying at the bottom of the vial), examined. The largest male is hereby designated as the lectotype (left leg IV detached, presumably by Roewer [1943] to draw fig. 5 b); the remaining specimens become paralectotypes. Type locality. “ Chile: Santiago ”, probably inaccurate. Other material examined. CHILE: Maule Region: Curicó Province, Los Queñes, alt. 700 m, 17.10.1992 (leg. N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (AMNH); [Estero] Las Tablas, 27 / 29.9.1983 (leg. L. Peña), 2 ♂, 5 ♀ (MACN-Ar 28799), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (CDA 000.910); Talca Province, [Alto de] Tonlemo, 14. – 21.12.1984 (leg. L. Irarrazával), 2 ♂ (AMNH).	en	Acosta, Luis E. (2021): The identity of an elusive Chilean harvestman, Pachylus crassus (Roewer, 1943) (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae), with taxonomic and distribution notes. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 134-147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.13
D25087B9FFEFEA4C09D6F8DED82D3BE7.taxon	description	Redescription: Measurements: DS length in males 7.7 – 8.7 (mean 8.3, n = 9), females 7.5 – 8.6 (mean 8.0, n = 9). Femur length of males in % of DS length 77 – 92. Measurements of lectotype ♂ and one female: Table 1. Tarsal formula 5: 7: 6: 6. Color in ethanol 70 %: General color dark reddish brown, with lateral and posterior areas and free tergites lighter, often orangish or yellowish; granules of DS normally standing out darker. Ventral and lateral sides of coxae IV reticulate; cheliceral bulla, pedipalps and legs I – III lighter, with fine pigment reticulation; metatarsi and tarsi of all legs yellowish. Coxa to tibia IV of males with the general color. Some preserved specimens overall light yellowish hazel, with lateral areas even lighter. These color contrasts are more vivid in living animals (Fig. 1). Male. Dorsum: DS of type γR (gamma rotund), its posterior margin concave (in a few specimens in the form of an open square bracket: Fig. 2 A). Granulation in general conspicuous, with granules in paramedian position larger than others on each scutal area, also increasing in size from area I to V, often looking like small rounded tubercles. Prosomal part of DS: anterior margin bordered by a row of conical grains, these also sparsely covering low frontal hump, rest of carapace region covered by scattered granules. Ocular mound situated in anterior half of carapace region, without granules, bearing a large spine-like apophysis inclined frontwards (Figs 2 E – F). DS raised in lateral areas and somewhat depressed toward the posterior margin. Sulci delimiting scutal areas complete and well defined; area I divided; areas I – IV entire. Areas I – III with irregular granulation, roughly forming two rows, the posterior one more regular and / or with larger grains. Areas IV – V and free tergites each with a regular row of pearl-like grains or small tubercles, the two paramedian ones rarely slightly larger or distinct from the rest (most commonly so on free tergite III). Dorsal anal plate with an anterior row of similar pearl-like granules, plus isolated or aligned ones posteriorly. Lateral areas with two rows of flat granules: outer row of rounded granules reaching primary constriction of scutum; inner row of scattered, less well-defined granules (giving the sector a rugulose appearance) continuous with a well-marked ridge on each side of prosoma, almost reaching ozopores. Venter: Posterior margin of stigmatic segment bordered by a gentle tegumentary thickening delimiting a narrow and deep concavity, in most specimens trapezoid-shaped (in lectotype in the shape of a catenary arch), with tracheal stigmata on both sides (Fig. 4 A). Chelicerae: Developed as usual in the genus; bulla with 1 – 2 posterolateral granules. Pedipalps: Weak, from trochanter to patella smooth; minute ventral setigerous tubercles on trochanter and femur (one basal and one in the middle); true medial subapical spine on femur lacking, instead a vestigial setigerous tubercle present close to patellar joint. Pedipalp spination: tibia i [Ii] (lateral), Iiii (medial); tarsus IiIi (i) (lateral), IIi (medial). Legs I – III: Unarmed, sparsely granulous on all segments; proventral edge of distal half of femur III with a row of conical grains of increasing size. Leg IV: Coxa IV with smooth ventral and lateral sides; prolateral apophysis stout and conical, almost horizontal and directed backwards, bearing a faint retroventral tuberosity (resembling the vestige of a presumed bifid condition; Fig. 4 C); retrolateral apophysis represented by a minute process, best viewed from ventral, often hidden between tegumentary borders; coxa-trochanter joint transverse in ventral view, articulating in longitudinal axis of body. Trochanter IV (Figs 2 A – B, 4 C) sub-trapezoidal, armed with several distinctive apophyses: a large, ear-like prolateral one; a proximal truncate apophysis and two retroventral conical ones (on distal end and in the middle) on retrolateral side. Retrodorsal distal sector covered with a cluster of grains. Femur IV (Figs 2 A – C) slightly curved in lateral view, with very short pre- and long post-flexure sections, forming an angle of about 150 °, in dorsal view looking gently arched; dorsal surface with coarse granulation forming irregular longitudinal rows; strong armature visible in ventral view; a large sub-basal retroventral, blunt to acute apophysis directed downwards and medially; a very conspicuous, hook-like and sigmoid apical-retroventral apophysis first directed backwards, then curved medially (these curvatures attenuated in lectotype and paralectotypes); a row of less strongly developed (though still large) conical apophyses on retroventral edge, the subapical ones larger than the rest; distally on lateroventral edge one distal hook-like curved apophysis, followed by a large acute subdistal apophysis pointing sideways, and a row of smaller apophyses of decreasing size turning into tubercles towards base of femur. Patella IV pyriform, unarmed and conspicuously smooth (Figs 1, 4 E). Tibia IV club-shaped, basal two-thirds granulous on dorsal side, the rest smooth; ventral side armed with pro- and retroventral rows of strong apophyses, the three distal ones on retroventral side remarkably large (Figs 1 A, 2 D). Male genitalia (Fig. 3): VP sub-trapezoidal, longer than wide, narrower at base; distal margin slightly concave; in lateral view VP gently inclined dorsad with respect to truncus axis, with a distinct ventral hump indicating truncus-VP transition (Fig. 3 B). Four strong macrosetae on each side in anterior half of VP, the three distal ones corresponding to C 1 – C 2 (transverse) and C 3 (diagonal); basal to them a strong diagonal macroseta, which might be interpreted as a fourth C (R. Pinto-da-Rocha, in litt.) or, following Kury & Villarreal M. (2015: 28), as a displaced A macroseta; basal group of two transverse A macrosetae situated close to each other (B likely absent); in hiatus between distal and basal groups of macrosetae a short D 1; minute E 1 – E 3 ventrally to row of four distal macrosetae. Truncus noticeably extended distad beyond base of VP, with truncus-glans articulation displaced to mid-level of VP (at level of D 1); widened subapical portion of truncus hiding base of VP in dorsal view (Fig. 3 A). Glans short, globose, smoothly continuing into a thick stem, then bent dorsad into a cylindrical, slightly sigmoid unarmed stylus; at point of flexure of stylus a sessile, spiny VPS directed opposite to stylus (Fig. 3 B). Female. Different from male as follows (Fig. 1 B): DS type αK (alpha keyhole), not depressed posteriorly; posterior margin straight to gently convex. Granules on area V pearl-like, gradually becoming higher and more conical towards dorsal anal plate; paramedian conical grains distinct from rest of same row on free tergite III, seldom also on other segments. Posterior margin of stigmatic segment gently arched, concave in ventral view. Legs I – III unarmed; proventral row of grains in distal half of femur III present but less conspicuous than in males. Leg IV: Coxa with a small conical prolateral apophysis, lateral sides granulous; a minute retrolateral apophysis also present but very often difficult to see. Trochanter articulated diagonally with coxa IV; with an acute small apophysis on the retroapical margin, two retrolateral conical grains and scattered grains on rest of article. Femur curved, granulous throughout; small acute apophyses standing out distally, with increasing size on lateroventral margin; largest apophysis in retrodistal position, first directed backwards, then curved medially. Patella unarmed as in males but with retrolateral side somewhat rugulose instead of smooth. Tibia covered by conical grains all around, retro- and proventral rows larger than others. Comparisons. Males of P. crassus are easily distinguishable from all congeners. First, in this species femur IV is the least curved: in lateral view pre- and post-flexure sections form an angle of ~ 150 ° (Fig. 2 C), whereas in other congeners it is 120 ° to 90 ° (see Roewer 1913: figs 12 – 13; Muñoz 1969, 1970). In addition, in P. crassus all granules are mostly equal-sized, the paramedian ones on free tergite III only subtly larger than the rest, whereas in other Pachylus species the paramedian granules / small tubercles on area V and free tergites are, as a rule, larger than the rest on the same row (very often on other mesotergal areas too). Moreover, the ear-shaped lateral apophysis on trochanter IV is unique to this species; in other congeners this apophysis is either triangular or truncate. While the sigmoid retroapical apophysis of femur IV is characteristic for the whole genus, in P. crassus it is remarkably large and conspicuous, giving the apical end of femur IV a hooked appearance (Fig. 1 A). Finally, the trapezoid-shaped concavity of the stigmatic segment (Fig. 4 A) is seemingly unique to P. crassus, even if a few specimens may show some variability (e. g., in the lectotype it is more like a catenary arch). Species of Pachylus can be roughly sorted into two informal species-groups: (1) the chilensis - group, comprising P. chilensis, P. paessleri and P. vachoni, with femur IV bent between 90 ° and 110 °, and prolateral apophysis of coxa IV bifid, its dorsal branch often bent medially; and (2) the crassus - group, which includes P. crassus and P. quinamavidensis, with femur IV bent between 120 ° and 150 °, and prolateral apophysis of coxa IV shorter and not clearly bifid. The geographical ranges of these tentative groups also seem to be distinct (Fig. 5): the chilensis - group occupies the northern part of the generic range (records from 31.9 ° S to 33.8 ° S in the Metropolitan, Valparaíso and Coquimbo Regions); the crassus - group occurs in the southern part (34.8 ° S to 36.9 ° S, in the O’Higgins, Maule and Bio-Bio Regions). At a quick glance males of P. crassus and P. quinamavidensis can be confused because of their similar appearance (with apophyses on coxa IV short and stout), however, they show many clear differences, as given in Table 2.	en	Acosta, Luis E. (2021): The identity of an elusive Chilean harvestman, Pachylus crassus (Roewer, 1943) (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae), with taxonomic and distribution notes. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 134-147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.13
D25087B9FFEFEA4C09D6F8DED82D3BE7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Central Chile: Maule and O’Higgins Regions (Fig. 5). Includes three additional records from O’Higgins Region (J. Pérez-Schultheiss, in litt.): Colchagua Province: Quebrada el Sauce, Chimbarongo; Apalta, Millahue. Cardenal Caro Province: Tanumé, Pichilemu.	en	Acosta, Luis E. (2021): The identity of an elusive Chilean harvestman, Pachylus crassus (Roewer, 1943) (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae), with taxonomic and distribution notes. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 134-147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.13
D25087B9FFE9EA4D09D6FF19D8893F4B.taxon	description	Figs 4 B, D, F, 5 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 37 FA 298 - B 801 - 4 FD 7 - 8 B 0 B- 4130 EFBD 5 A 43	en	Acosta, Luis E. (2021): The identity of an elusive Chilean harvestman, Pachylus crassus (Roewer, 1943) (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae), with taxonomic and distribution notes. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 134-147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.13
D25087B9FFE9EA4D09D6FF19D8893F4B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Chile, Maule Region, Linares Province, Quinamávida. New records. CHILE: Maule Region: Talca Province, Vilches, 132 km E Talca, 7 / 8.1.1989 (leg. E. Maury), 9 ♂, 12 ♀, 2 juv. (MACN-Ar 28490), 11 ♂, 9 ♀, 2 juv. (MACN-Ar 28830), 3 ♂, 1 ♀ (CDA 000.911); Alto Vilches, 1160 m, 18.1.1985 (leg. N. I. Platnick, O. F. Francke), 3 ♂, 2 ♀ (AMNH); Linares Province, 3 – 5 km NW El Peñasco, alt. 200 m, 18.10.1992 (leg. N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley), 1 ♂ (AMNH); Cauquenes Province, Cayurranquil, W of Cauquenes, alt. 400 m, 23 – 31.1.1981 (leg. L. E. Peña), 2 ♂, 16 ♀ (AMNH); Agua Buena, 12.6.1984 (leg. L. Irarrazaval), 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (AMNH); Bio-Bio Region: Concepción Province, Estero San Juan, [road to Quillón] 15.9.1968 (leg. T. Cekalovic), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MACN-Ar 28835); Chiguayante, 11.9.1989 (leg. T. Cekalovic), 1 ♂ (NHMW); Estero Chaimavida, 14.8.1978 (leg. T. Cekalovic), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (NHMW).	en	Acosta, Luis E. (2021): The identity of an elusive Chilean harvestman, Pachylus crassus (Roewer, 1943) (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae), with taxonomic and distribution notes. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 134-147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.13
D25087B9FFE9EA4D09D6FF19D8893F4B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Central Chile: Maule and Bio-Bio Regions (Fig. 5).	en	Acosta, Luis E. (2021): The identity of an elusive Chilean harvestman, Pachylus crassus (Roewer, 1943) (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae), with taxonomic and distribution notes. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 134-147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.13
D25087B9FFE9EA4009D6F8AED9E33E00.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The recurrent inclusion of this “ ghost species ” in Pachylus appears to be a case of “ nomenclatural remainder ”, which persisted after the generic definition was refined (Roewer 1913), just because it was unrecognizable. The current combination was proposed by Sørensen (1902), to whom the species was unknown (“ species mihi incognita ”), a decision simply followed by subsequent authors (Kury 2003). By detecting inconsistencies between text and figures, Sørensen (1902: 20, “ descriptio et figura 4 eandem speciem non representant ”) concluded that Gervais (1849, 1854) must have referred fig. 4 to G. acanthops by mistake, because it supposedly corresponds to Gonyleptes bicornis Gervais, 1849 instead (assigned by Sørensen in 1902 to his new genus Lycomedes). For Roewer (1913), who considered G. acanthops to be an “ unsichere Art ” (uncertain species), only the figure labelled as “ 4 ♀ ” can be linked to this species. However, the alleged mismatch is probably only true for Gervais’ (1854) figure 4 b (lateral view of a male), while figures “ 4 ♂ ”, “ 4 ♀ ” (general views of a male and a female) correspond with the description of G. acanthops quite well. For example, dorsal scutum and lateral areas are described as “ scarcely granulous ” in G. bicornis, contrary to what Gervais’ (1854) figures “ 4 ♂ ”, “ 4 ♀ ” display: they look clearly granulous, like given in the diagnosis of G. acanthops. The general color shown in the figures is that described for G. acanthops (greenish), not that given for G. bicornis (auburn-cinnamon-colored). The only misleading feature seems to be Gervais’ (1849) statement “ intra oculos unispinigero ” (one spine between eyes), referring to G. acanthops. This feature alone appeared to be enough for Sørensen (1902) to include the species in his wide concept of Pachylus (as wide as to harbor species now belonging to Metagyndes Roewer, 1913 and Acanthoprocta Loman, 1899). In any case, a few conclusions can be drawn here: (1) Gervais’ (1854) figures “ 4 ♂ ” and “ 4 ♀ ” are likely pertinent to the description of G. acanthops given in Gervais (1849), (2) the depicted specimens have no match with Pachylus, so G. acanthops is accordingly removed from this genus, (3) except for the ocularium, G. acanthops has a faint resemblance with the genus Sadocus Sørensen, 1886, but as its identity is for the time being unresolved, its systematic placement is currently considered Gonyleptidae incertae sedis.	en	Acosta, Luis E. (2021): The identity of an elusive Chilean harvestman, Pachylus crassus (Roewer, 1943) (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae), with taxonomic and distribution notes. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 134-147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.13
