identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9C08B8186737A119FF796EB6FE60FD79.text	9C08B8186737A119FF796EB6FE60FD79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Data Walker 1862	<div><p>Data collection</p> <p>To assess the environmental variables related to the occurrence of capybara in high-altitude grasslands, we sampled 15 sites, spaced 600 to 1000 m apart, located in valleys with permanent water bodies, between 2280 and 2520 m altitude along the Aiuruoca and Campo Belo river basins (Figure 1). We conducted six bimonthly sampling campaigns between July 2014 and June 2015. In each sampling site, one observer performed an active search for 30 minutes for evidence of capybara presence, seeking to register capybara ‘tracks’ (e.g. footprint, faeces; Figure 2b and c). We choose 30 minutes of search because it is the average time spent to cover the entire valley of each sampling point (~3 ha). We chose to evaluate capybara occurrence using indirect tracks, and standardised by time, because our sampling sites were difficult to access and seasonally flooded, which did not allow us to set a fixed radius or transect. We did not perform direct counts because we believe the species presents a low density in our study area and individuals are rarely observed. In fact, we did not observe any capybara individuals.</p> <p>We evaluated three environmental variables that may influence capybara distribution: the river basin (Aiuruoca and Campo Belo rivers), soil cover and vegetation structure. We categorised the soil cover and vegetation structure of each sampled site in the field, according to the method of Sanguinetti and Kitzberger (2010). We divided the soil cover into three categories: (1) dry rocky areas (high-altitude grasslands with rocky and dry areas); (2) waterlogged rocky areas (high-altitude grasslands with rocky areas and flooded at least 8 months per year); (3) waterlogged areas (high-altitude grasslands without rocky areas and flooded during at least 8 months per year). We divided the vegetation structure into two categories: (1) low (forbs and grasses); and (2) medium (shrubs and bamboo thickets).</p> <p>From July 2013 to June 2014, we evaluated the effects of capybara herbivory on all reproductive stages of A. polyanthus in one of the largest marshes in the region, with around 2 ha of flooded area in the summer, situated at 2500 m asl. In a previous visit to the sampling area, we noticed that capybara herbivory was restricted to the vicinity of the flooded area. We therefore restricted our sampling to a 50-m radius around the freshwater marsh, where we recorded the number of rosettes of A. polyanthus, the proportion of those that underwent herbivory (we considered damaged rosettes those having at least 1/3 of the leaves with damage suffered by herbivory; Figure 2d), and the proportion of those that had not undergone herbivory (intact rosettes; Figure 2e). To assess the reproductive phenology of A. polyanthus, we counted the number of flowering and fruiting rosettes during 1 year (Figure 2f; Freitas and Sazima 2006) during the monthly sampling. To study the effects of herbivory on reproductive phenology of A. polyanthus, we counted the number of damaged and intact rosettes that were in flower. Each rosette of A. polyanthus has 33 umbels on average (Trovó et al. 2008); however, we discovered during field sampling that some damaged rosettes had only one umbel (Figure 2g). We classified this as anomalous and counted the number of damaged rosettes with anomalies.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C08B8186737A119FF796EB6FE60FD79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Yan Gabriel Celli;Aximoff, Izar Araujo;Rosa, Clarissa Alves da	Ramos, Yan Gabriel Celli, Aximoff, Izar Araujo, Rosa, Clarissa Alves da (2018): Capybaras (Rodentia: Cavidae) in highlands: environmental variables related to distribution, and herbivory effects on a common plant species. Journal of Natural History 52 (27 - 28): 1801-1815, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1492749, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1492749
9C08B8186735A119FF796D0BFE62F9D1.text	9C08B8186735A119FF796D0BFE62F9D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Data Walker 1862	<div><p>Data analysis</p> <p>We used generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) with a binomial distribution (Bolker et al. 2008; Zuur et al. 2009) to evaluate the environmental variables that affect capybara occurrence in the high-altitude grasslands of INP. We considered each site a sample unit, and the response variable was the presence/absence of capybaras during each field campaign. To define the candidate models, we used environmental variables as fixed factors and the field campaigns (seasonal variation) as random effects to control pseudoreplication (Millar and Anderson 2004). Since the seasonal variation of capybaras is not the focus of our study, the control of these random effects is important because we lack of knowledge of the history of the sampled areas. In addition, capybaras can alter their habitat use throughout the year (Corriale and Herrera 2014). We considered the models with small Akaike's Information Criterion (ΔAIC ≤ 2) to have the best descriptive capacity (Burnham and Anderson 2002) regarding capybara habitat use. We averaged the values of the variables that comprised the best models in terms of the Akaike's Information Criterion weight (AICω) values of each model. Modelling was performed using the function ‘glmer’ in the ‘lme4’ suite of the R software environment (R Development Core Team 2009; Bates 2010).</p> <p>To evaluate the effects of capybara herbivory on A. polyanthus individuals, we calculated the proportions of damaged and intact rosettes and compared them using a chi-square test. To evaluate the effects of capybara herbivory on the reproductive stages of A. polyanthus, we tested two approaches using chi-square: (1) we compared the proportions of both damaged and intact rosettes that flourished and those that did not flourish; (2) for damaged rosettes, we compared the proportions of anomalous rosettes and non-anomalous rosettes. We performed the analysis in the Bioestat program (Ayres et al. 2007).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C08B8186735A119FF796D0BFE62F9D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Yan Gabriel Celli;Aximoff, Izar Araujo;Rosa, Clarissa Alves da	Ramos, Yan Gabriel Celli, Aximoff, Izar Araujo, Rosa, Clarissa Alves da (2018): Capybaras (Rodentia: Cavidae) in highlands: environmental variables related to distribution, and herbivory effects on a common plant species. Journal of Natural History 52 (27 - 28): 1801-1815, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1492749, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1492749
