taxonID	type	description	language	source
E9E2756968C857E593DD2094FFFD0480.taxon	description	Figures 14, 22, 24, 25	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
E9E2756968C857E593DD2094FFFD0480.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. (35 ♀♀, 11 ♂♂, 2 unsexed nymphs): Syntypes (2 ♀♀): " Phyllium (Chitoniscus) brachysoma. Type D. S. Lifu. Dr. Willey. 1897 " and " Phyllium brachysoma. Type ex parte. D. Lifu. Willey. 1897 " (CUMZ; Fig. 22). See Suppl. material 1 for additional specimens reviewed, their collection data, and depositories.	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
E9E2756968C857E593DD2094FFFD0480.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The type locality for this species is Lifou island, but Trolicaphyllium brachysoma - like specimens with the tapered, lobeless abdomen have been found on Grande Terre (Fig. 21) and L'Ile-des-Pins (Fig. 25) as well. Additionally, within the MNHN there is a female which was collected on Ile de Belep, which is the only phylliid record we have seen from this island, and we only tentatively note this specimen as this species as it has slight lobes on the abdomen and could not be examined in person. Hopefully future molecular analyses with material from multiple islands will reveal if these are all one species or several.	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
AB27C6871F2553D18A10E9810086754A.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The selected type species for this new genus is Phyllium brachysoma Sharp, 1898 (= Trolicaphyllium brachysoma (Sharp, 1898), comb. nov.) which was the first species described and is represented by two female syntype specimens collected on Lifou Island (Fig. 22). With the differentiation of the various species within this genus somewhat vague due to possible morphological variability, we felt the original species from a single known exact locality was the best choice as type species. This new genus has been confused for decades with the similarly sized Chitoniscus Stal, 1875 sensu stricto from nearby Fiji due to their superficial similarities. All molecular phylogenies which have included both Fijian and New Caledonian samples have recovered these as polyphyletic (e. g., Buckley et al. 2009; Bradler et al. 2015; Robertson et al. 2018; Forni et al. 2020; Bank et al. 2021), with the Chitoniscus sensu stricto as sister to all other extant phylliids. Within the phylliid-wide phylogeny of Bank et al. (2021) the New Caledonian clade was recovered as sister to Comptaphyllium Cumming et al. 2019 b with high support. Interestingly, few morphological features link these two genera, and it appears as though based upon morphological similarity, higher level relationships among the phylliids are difficult to ascertain. Only the intra-generic relationships appeared to agree readily when reviewing molecular and morphological data (Bank et al. 2021). Little is presently known about the Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. ecology at the moment, as the only host plant records we have seen to date are from a Ficus sp. (recorded by Thierry Salesne; New Caledonia) and Syzygium cumini (recorded by Sylvie Cazeres (IAC); Fig. 3). The only additional information we have regarding the ecology of this genus are short notes gleaned from specimen labels. In particular, " rainforest " appeared on many labels within the QM collection as noted by Geoff Monteith.	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
AB27C6871F2553D18A10E9810086754A.taxon	description	Generic characteristics. The Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. are small to medium, with females ranging from 42.0 mm (in the smallest recorded Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov.; Redtenbacher 1906) to 60.0 mm long (in the largest Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense, comb. nov.; Groesser 2008 b), with males from 38.5 mm to 43.3 mm (in the smallest and largest Trolicaphyllium brachysoma, comb. nov.; Groesser 2008 b). Typical general coloration is green, but in captivity orange / yellow has been induced (Fig. 19). Legs. Both sexes have interior tibial lobes on the protibiae which span the full length, lack lobes on the protibial exterior, and the meso-, metatibiae are simple, lacking both interior and exterior lobes. In both sexes the profemoral interior lobe is broader than the exterior lobe (distinctly so in males with a width almost two times that of the exterior lobe, sometimes in females the interior and exterior are almost even in width). In both sexes the profemoral interior lobe is generally only marked with three or four broadly spaced teeth (quite dulled in females; slightly more serrate in males). Both sexes have the interior meso-, and metafemoral lobes slightly broader or about even in width to the exterior lobes, but the interior lobes are always more prominently marked by serration. Antennae. Females have antennae with nine segments with segments I, III, VIII, and IX notably broader than the other segments (Fig. 4 A) and the stridulatory file has more than 35 teeth (Fig. 5 A). Males have antennae which range from 23 to 26 segments with most segments covered in setae which are longer than the segment is wide. Head capsule. Males have well-developed ocelli (Fig. 13 A), and both sexes have head capsules which are marked throughout by distinct granulation which is relatively evenly spaced and, in some cases, appears to be in slightly anterior to posterior rows (Figs 7 A, 13 A). Thorax. The thorax is similar in both sexes with mesopleurae that are narrowly diverging from the anterior to the posterior and are marked with five to seven tubercles, occasionally with sparse setae interspersed (Figs 7 A, 13 A). In both sexes the prescutum is about two times wider on the anterior than long with lateral margins marked by six to eight tubercles, and a prescutum surface which is only slightly granular. When viewed laterally, both sexes have the prescutum anterior rim marked prominently with a raised sagittal spine and both have a prosternum which is prominently marked by a broad, warty tubercle (Figs 8 A, 13 B). Wings. Female tegmina are always long, reaching onto abdominal segments VII or VIII and male tegmina are moderate in length, reaching onto abdominal segment III. Females always have highly reduced alae, no more than just a nub (Fig. 22 A). Male alae are always fully developed in an oval-fan configuration and reach onto abdominal segment IX (Fig. 14). Female tegmina have a subcoastal vein; radial vein which runs parallel with the media and splits into the first radial about halfway through its length and terminates in a radial sector and in a small radial to medial crossvein which does fully connect; a bifurcate medial vein; a bifurcate cubitus vein; and a first anal vein which fuses with the cubitus early on (Fig. 10 A). Male tegmina have a subcoastal vein; radial vein which runs parallel with the media throughout the full length of the wing and branches into the first and second radial about one third and two thirds of the way through the wing length respectively and terminates as the radial sector; the media runs parallel with the radius and has two media posterior splits near the central area of the wing and terminates as the media anterior; the cubitus is unbranched; and there is a first anal which fuses with the cubitus early on (Fig. 14). Male alae (Fig. 14) have a costal vein running along the anterior margin; a subcostal vein which runs for about two thirds of the length and then fuses with the costal vein; the radial vein is bifurcate when it splits about two fifths of the way through the wing length where they diverge, run parallel, then converge sharply at the apex but don't seem to reach the wing margin; the media is the most unique feature of the alae as it splits early on into the media anterior and posterior which run parallel until the media posterior fuses with the cubitus followed by the media anterior also fusing with the cubitus; the cubitus is fused with the first anterior anal for the majority of the length until the first anterior anal splits and runs to the wing margin; the cubitus, media anterior, and media posterior run fused to the wing margin; the anal veins are split into two groups, the anterior anals and the posterior anals (with seven anterior anals and five posterior anals). Abdomen. Both sexes have variable abdominal shapes; females can range from spade-shaped to broad and boxy with prominently projecting abdominal lobes VII and VIII; males can be narrowly-ovoid and lack lobes to broadening until segment VII and converging with lobes. Female subgenital plate is short and stout with the apex reaching the anterior margin of the terminal abdominal segment and ending in a fine point; the gonapophyses VIII are long and slender, slightly exceeding the apex of the terminal abdominal segment; the cerci are relatively flat, marked sparsely with a granular surface with margins slightly marked with setae (Fig. 11 A). Males have a broad, triangular vomer which is singularly pronged, hooking up into the paraproct. Egg. Egg morphology is only known at present from Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense, comb. nov. (Fig. 15 A-C). Yasumatsu (1942) suggested an egg for Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov. but the specimen the eggs were from was not collected on New Caledonia and likely represents a different genus and is unrelated to Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. based upon the illustration given. This general egg description is based upon examined material and on images of eggs from several sources all appearing to come from Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. females. Average length approximately 3 mm long. Eggs when viewed laterally are somewhat rectangular but with the dorsal surface slightly convex and longer than the ventral, giving the egg a slight bent appearance (Fig. 15 B). Surfaces are marked throughout with shallow, irregular smooth patches which are accentuated by having darker coloration than the overall egg coloration. Eggs lack pinnae, but instead have small granulation scattered across the capsule which is most prominent and abundant along the capsule margins and notably sparse on the flat surfaces. The egg operculum is conically raised on the ventral margin only, not centrally raised like most phylliid eggs. The raised operculum is only about half as tall as wide and increases from the dorsal margin to the highest point on the ventral margin. The operculum apex has a similar granulation to that found on the capsule margins. Overall egg coloration variable, from a pale tan to light brown, or darker brown, with the pitting on the capsule darker in color and the granulation throughout lighter in color (Fig. 20). Nymphs. Freshly hatched nymphs are known at present for Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. (Fig. 18 A) but are unknown for the other Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. species. Therefore, a comparison between species is not possible at this time. This generalized description is based upon images of Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. shared by Detlef Groesser (Germany). Body long and slender; profemora and protibiae with thin interior lobes but lack exterior lobes; meso- and metafemora with thin interior and exterior lobes; meso- and metatibiae simple, lacking lobes. The base coloration throughout the antennae, head, thorax, abdomen, meso- and metafemora is black. Profemora and all tibiae and tarsi are lighter colored, ranging from dark brown to tan / reddish. All joints between the tibiae and femora are marked with white. The meso- and metafemoral exterior lobes are marked with a medial white spot occupying approximately the central third of the lobe. The abdomen is slender and longer than the antennae, head, and thorax combined. Centrally the abdomen is black, but the margins of segments II-IV and VI-VIII are bordered with a lime green color.	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
D7B90DCE8C7D51989FE67A1E3040578B.taxon	description	Figures 26, 27	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
D7B90DCE8C7D51989FE67A1E3040578B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. (10 ♀♀): Syntypes (2 ♀♀): " Syntype; MNHN-EO-PHAS 1018; Museum Paris Nelle Caledonie Canal Woodia Dr. Francois 783 - 92. Chitoniscus erosus Redt.; Chitoniscus erosus Redtb. Brunner det. 1900 " (MNHN; previously stored in alcohol, Fig. 26); " Coll. Br. v. W. Neu Caledon Deyrolle; det. Redtenb Chitoniscus erosus; 4738 " (NHMW; Fig. 27). See Suppl. material 1 for additional specimens reviewed, their collection data, and depositories.	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
D7B90DCE8C7D51989FE67A1E3040578B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The only specimen we have located with detailed locality information is the syntype female from the MNHN collection which has the additional information of " Canal Woodia " which is a small canal between Ile Ouen and the south coast of Grande Terre (Fig. 21). The additional non-type specimens from the MNHN are included within the distribution map, but only tentatively as they are slightly larger than the measured syntype from NHMW and they have variable abdominal shapes, some more strongly lobed than others.	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
C3C5916A9C505F269B989AA2B8BFBEF9.taxon	description	Figures 1, 3, 4 A, 4 C, 5 A, C, 6 A, C, 7 A, 8 A, 9 A, 10 A, 11 A, 12 B, 13 A, B, 15 A-C, 16 A-C, 17 A-D, 18 A, 19, 20, 29	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
C3C5916A9C505F269B989AA2B8BFBEF9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. (8 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂, 3 eggs): Holotype and paratypes examined: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 3 eggs: " Chitoniscus, sarrameaensis, Neu Kaledonien, Sarramea, Sep. 2006, det. Groesser " (SDEI: HT ♀, DEI Hemimetabola # 100215; PT ♂, DEI Hemimetabola # 100214; PT eggs, DEI Hemimetabola # 100216); (SDEI; Figs 7 A, 8 A, 13 A, B, 29). See Suppl. material 1 for additional specimens reviewed, their collection data, and depositories.	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
C3C5916A9C505F269B989AA2B8BFBEF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. To date we have only confirmed adult specimens and observations which are the correct morphology and size of Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. from central Grande Terre (Fig. 21). We have however seen nymph specimens which had characteristically lobed abdomens which may represent this species from other locations on Grande Terre, so we expect this species may be widespread throughout the island. Within the MZPW collection there is a pair of Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. specimens with the data of simply " Lifu ", which if true could lend credibility to the hypothesis that perhaps these species are all variable in their abdominal shape (if there is only one species present on Lifou island), but as these are antique and give no other data, we do not take these as highly credible, and therefore exclude this record from further discussion and they are not included within the distribution map (Fig. 21). Or it is possible Lifou island holds several morphologically different species.	en	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
