identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E9E2756968C857E593DD2094FFFD0480.text	E9E2756968C857E593DD2094FFFD0480.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trolicaphyllium brachysoma (Sharp 1898) Cumming & Tirant & Bu ̈ scher 2021	<div><p>Trolicaphyllium brachysoma (Sharp, 1898) comb. nov.</p><p>Figures 14, 22, 24, 25</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>(35 ♀♀, 11 ♂♂, 2 unsexed nymphs):   Syntypes (2 ♀♀): "  Phyllium (Chitoniscus) brachysoma . Type D.S. Lifu. Dr. Willey. 1897" and "  Phyllium brachysoma . Type ex parte. D. Lifu. Willey. 1897" (CUMZ; Fig. 22). See Suppl. material 1 for additional specimens reviewed, their collection data, and depositories  .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This was the first phylliid species recorded from New Caledonia and was therefore the first described  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. species, consequently, we here designate it as the type species for the new genus. Additionally, it was chosen as it has acceptably accurate collection data (Lifou Island; a rather small island instead of a general locality from the larger main island, which possibly contains several species) thereby removing some degree of possible confusion which could surround such old and difficult to distinguish specimens. This precise locality will allow future reviewers with adequate material sampled from numerous islands to identify species boundaries and determine if this species ranges across New Caledonia or if it is restricted to Lifou Island.</p><p>The syntype females were collected by Dr. Arthur Willey in 1897 while he was living on Lifou Island (Fig. 23; Sharp 1898). Dr. Willey was traveling and living in New Britain, New Hanover, eastern New Guinea, and Lifou Island between 1895 and 1897 in search of living Pearly Nautilus colonies which he could capture, collect eggs from, and rear through development in order to study their embryology (Wiley 1899; Kerr 1943). Although his years of expedition yielded many great discoveries of which he published prolifically, he was unfortunately unsuccessful in his primary goal of rearing eggs to maturity (Willey 1899). Willey lived on the west coast of Lifou Island on "Sandal Bay" (modern Santal Bay) from July 1896 to March 1897; and while no exact date was given with the syntype set of females, they are noted as being collected in 1897. Therefore, they are from the beginning of the year (January through March), and most likely from late January when a severe gale passed through the area (wreaking havoc on his Nautili traps; Kerr 1943) which likely knocked the phylliids from the canopy enabling them to be found by Dr. Willey. While males occasionally will fly to lights at night, females and nymphs are most often only found on the ground after storms when they are knocked from their typical canopy habitat and found lower (Brock and Hasenpusch 2003, 2015).</p><p>No etymology was given by Sharp, but it can be assumed that he chose  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma to denote the size of the species, from the Greek words brachy - (short) and - soma (body).</p><p>Differentiation.</p><p>For female  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov., one feature which appears to differentiate this species from the other two is the abdominal shape, which is lobeless, and tapered, giving them a spade-shaped appearance. It is worth noting however that in many phylliids abdominal shape is often a poor feature for differentiation as it is often variable within a single species (Cumming et al. 2020b), and even in the syntype set of two females, one female is notably more tapered (Fig. 22B) than the other (Fig. 22A).  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma, comb. nov. is about the same size as  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. (ca. 60 mm) which can differentiate them from  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. which are notably smaller (ca. 40 mm).</p><p>Correctly matching up male and female phylliids is frequently a significant challenge due to their elusiveness in nature and sexual dimorphism and therefore opposite sexes can only be confirmed through molecular comparison or captive rearing (Cumming et al. 2020c; Cumming et al. 2021). Unfortunately, we have yet to confidently confirm a male  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov. and therefore, at this time can only illustrate presumed males (Fig. 24) which follow the morphology of the female by having a smooth tapered abdomen and falling within an appropriate size range for a potential male (38 to 43 mm).  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. has no presumed male records we are aware of (as no possibilities have been located in collections which are small enough to represent a male of this species) but based upon female size the male  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. is likely rather small.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The type locality for this species is Lifou island, but  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma -like specimens with the tapered, lobeless abdomen have been found on Grande Terre (Fig. 21) and  L’Île-des-Pins (Fig. 25) as well. Additionally, within the MNHN there is a female which was collected on Ile de  Bélep, which is the only phylliid record we have seen from this island, and we only tentatively note this specimen as this species as it has slight lobes on the abdomen and could not be examined in person. Hopefully future molecular analyses with material from multiple islands will reveal if these are all one species or several.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E9E2756968C857E593DD2094FFFD0480	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cumming, Royce T.;Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le;Bu ̈ scher, Thies H.	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
AB27C6871F2553D18A10E9810086754A.text	AB27C6871F2553D18A10E9810086754A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trolicaphyllium Cumming & Tirant & Bu ̈ scher 2021	<div><p>Trolicaphyllium gen. nov.</p><p>Type species here designated.</p><p>Phyllium brachysoma Sharp, 1898.</p><p>Taxonomic hierarchy.</p><p>Due to the general phylliid morphological features, and the consistent recovery of this clade nested within the greater phylliids in molecular studies, we herein place this genus within the tribe  Phylliini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>The selected type species for this new genus is  Phyllium brachysoma Sharp, 1898 (=  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma (Sharp, 1898), comb. nov.) which was the first species described and is represented by two female syntype specimens collected on Lifou Island (Fig. 22). With the differentiation of the various species within this genus somewhat vague due to possible morphological variability, we felt the original species from a single known exact locality was the best choice as type species.</p><p>This new genus has been confused for decades with the similarly sized  Chitoniscus Stål, 1875 sensu stricto from nearby Fiji due to their superficial similarities. All molecular phylogenies which have included both Fijian and New Caledonian samples have recovered these as polyphyletic (e.g., Buckley et al. 2009; Bradler et al. 2015; Robertson et al. 2018; Forni et al. 2020; Bank et al. 2021), with the  Chitoniscus sensu stricto as sister to all other extant phylliids. Within the phylliid-wide phylogeny of Bank et al. (2021) the New Caledonian clade was recovered as sister to  Comptaphyllium Cumming et al. 2019b with high support. Interestingly, few morphological features link these two genera, and it appears as though based upon morphological similarity, higher level relationships among the phylliids are difficult to ascertain. Only the intra-generic relationships appeared to agree readily when reviewing molecular and morphological data (Bank et al. 2021).</p><p>Little is presently known about the  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. ecology at the moment, as the only host plant records we have seen to date are from a  Ficus sp. (recorded by Thierry Salesne; New Caledonia) and  Syzygium cumini (recorded by Sylvie Cazeres (IAC); Fig. 3). The only additional information we have regarding the ecology of this genus are short notes gleaned from specimen labels. In particular,  “rainforest” appeared on many labels within the QM collection as noted by Geoff Monteith.</p><p>Morphological differentiation from  Chitoniscus sensu stricto.</p><p>Features which liken these two genera together are their short length (ca. 40 to 60 mm) and broad bodies. Both genera have species which have smooth/tapered abdominal shapes or can be strongly lobed (within both males and females). The eggs of both species are small and lack pinnae therefore they superficially resemble each other.</p><p>However, when the finer details of these two genera are reviewed, the differences between them are significant (Table 1). A key to genera is not presented here as a thorough key was published within Bank et al. (2021) to all phylliid genera and can still be used to key to the  Chitoniscus sensu lato couplet, at which point the features within Table 1 can then be used to differentiate these genera.</p><p>Autapomorphic features.</p><p>Several morphological features unite the New Caledonian species and support monophyly of this clade within the phylliids. Within females, the euplantula 2 and 3 on the tarsus has the unique feature of a ridge-like expansion running along the entire tarsomere (Fig. 12B), a feature not seen in any other phylliids. Within males the alae venation (Fig. 14) is unique within the phylliids as the media anterior (MA) and media posterior (MP) veins fuse with the cubitus (Cu) at different locations along the cubitus and run fused to the wing margin (versus other phylliid genera which for example can have the MA and MP often fuse and run together to the wing margin, fuse with the Cu after first fusing together, never fuse and simply fade before reaching the margin, or fuse with the Cu at different locations but are also joined by the first radial (R1) and radial sector (Rs) and all run together to the wing margin). These autapomorphic features help to define the new genus  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. within the  Phylliidae as well as differentiate them from the  Chitoniscus sensu stricto.</p><p>Generic characteristics.</p><p>The  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. are small to medium, with females ranging from 42.0 mm (in the smallest recorded  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov.; Redtenbacher 1906) to 60.0 mm long (in the largest  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense, comb. nov.;  Größer 2008b), with males from 38.5 mm to 43.3 mm (in the smallest and largest  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma, comb. nov.;  Größer 2008b). Typical general coloration is green, but in captivity orange/yellow has been induced (Fig. 19).</p><p>Legs. Both sexes have interior tibial lobes on the protibiae which span the full length, lack lobes on the protibial exterior, and the meso-, metatibiae are simple, lacking both interior and exterior lobes. In both sexes the profemoral interior lobe is broader than the exterior lobe (distinctly so in males with a width almost two times that of the exterior lobe, sometimes in females the interior and exterior are almost even in width). In both sexes the profemoral interior lobe is generally only marked with three or four broadly spaced teeth (quite dulled in females; slightly more serrate in males). Both sexes have the interior meso-, and metafemoral lobes slightly broader or about even in width to the exterior lobes, but the interior lobes are always more prominently marked by serration.</p><p>Antennae. Females have antennae with nine segments with segments I, III, VIII, and IX notably broader than the other segments (Fig. 4A) and the stridulatory file has more than 35 teeth (Fig. 5A). Males have antennae which range from 23 to 26 segments with most segments covered in setae which are longer than the segment is wide.</p><p>Head capsule. Males have well-developed ocelli (Fig. 13A), and both sexes have head capsules which are marked throughout by distinct granulation which is relatively evenly spaced and, in some cases, appears to be in slightly anterior to posterior rows (Figs 7A, 13A).</p><p>Thorax. The thorax is similar in both sexes with mesopleurae that are narrowly diverging from the anterior to the posterior and are marked with five to seven tubercles, occasionally with sparse setae interspersed (Figs 7A, 13A). In both sexes the prescutum is about two times wider on the anterior than long with lateral margins marked by six to eight tubercles, and a prescutum surface which is only slightly granular. When viewed laterally, both sexes have the prescutum anterior rim marked prominently with a raised sagittal spine and both have a prosternum which is prominently marked by a broad, warty tubercle (Figs 8A, 13B).</p><p>Wings. Female tegmina are always long, reaching onto abdominal segments VII or VIII and male tegmina are moderate in length, reaching onto abdominal segment III. Females always have highly reduced alae, no more than just a nub (Fig. 22A). Male alae are always fully developed in an oval-fan configuration and reach onto abdominal segment IX (Fig. 14). Female tegmina have a subcoastal vein; radial vein which runs parallel with the media and splits into the first radial about halfway through its length and terminates in a radial sector and in a small radial to medial crossvein which does fully connect; a bifurcate medial vein; a bifurcate cubitus vein; and a first anal vein which fuses with the cubitus early on (Fig. 10A). Male tegmina have a subcoastal vein; radial vein which runs parallel with the media throughout the full length of the wing and branches into the first and second radial about one third and two thirds of the way through the wing length respectively and terminates as the radial sector; the media runs parallel with the radius and has two media posterior splits near the central area of the wing and terminates as the media anterior; the cubitus is unbranched; and there is a first anal which fuses with the cubitus early on (Fig. 14). Male alae (Fig. 14) have a costal vein running along the anterior margin; a subcostal vein which runs for about two thirds of the length and then fuses with the costal vein; the radial vein is bifurcate when it splits about two fifths of the way through the wing length where they diverge, run parallel, then converge sharply at the apex but  don’t seem to reach the wing margin; the media is the most unique feature of the alae as it splits early on into the media anterior and posterior which run parallel until the media posterior fuses with the cubitus followed by the media anterior also fusing with the cubitus; the cubitus is fused with the first anterior anal for the majority of the length until the first anterior anal splits and runs to the wing margin; the cubitus, media anterior, and media posterior run fused to the wing margin; the anal veins are split into two groups, the anterior anals and the posterior anals (with seven anterior anals and five posterior anals).</p><p>Abdomen. Both sexes have variable abdominal shapes; females can range from spade-shaped to broad and boxy with prominently projecting abdominal lobes VII and VIII; males can be narrowly-ovoid and lack lobes to broadening until segment VII and converging with lobes. Female subgenital plate is short and stout with the apex reaching the anterior margin of the terminal abdominal segment and ending in a fine point; the gonapophyses VIII are long and slender, slightly exceeding the apex of the terminal abdominal segment; the cerci are relatively flat, marked sparsely with a granular surface with margins slightly marked with setae (Fig. 11A). Males have a broad, triangular vomer which is singularly pronged, hooking up into the paraproct.</p><p>Egg. Egg morphology is only known at present from  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense, comb. nov. (Fig. 15A-C). Yasumatsu (1942) suggested an egg for  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov. but the specimen the eggs were from was not collected on New Caledonia and likely represents a different genus and is unrelated to  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. based upon the illustration given. This general egg description is based upon examined material and on images of eggs from several sources all appearing to come from  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. females. Average length approximately 3 mm long. Eggs when viewed laterally are somewhat rectangular but with the dorsal surface slightly convex and longer than the ventral, giving the egg a slight bent appearance (Fig. 15B). Surfaces are marked throughout with shallow, irregular smooth patches which are accentuated by having darker coloration than the overall egg coloration. Eggs lack pinnae, but instead have small granulation scattered across the capsule which is most prominent and abundant along the capsule margins and notably sparse on the flat surfaces. The egg operculum is conically raised on the ventral margin only, not centrally raised like most phylliid eggs. The raised operculum is only about half as tall as wide and increases from the dorsal margin to the highest point on the ventral margin. The operculum apex has a similar granulation to that found on the capsule margins. Overall egg coloration variable, from a pale tan to light brown, or darker brown, with the pitting on the capsule darker in color and the granulation throughout lighter in color (Fig. 20).</p><p>Nymphs. Freshly hatched nymphs are known at present for  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. (Fig. 18A) but are unknown for the other  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. species. Therefore, a comparison between species is not possible at this time. This generalized description is based upon images of  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. shared by Detlef  Größer (Germany). Body long and slender; profemora and protibiae with thin interior lobes but lack exterior lobes; meso- and metafemora with thin interior and exterior lobes; meso- and metatibiae simple, lacking lobes. The base coloration throughout the antennae, head, thorax, abdomen, meso- and metafemora is black. Profemora and all tibiae and tarsi are lighter colored, ranging from dark brown to tan/reddish. All joints between the tibiae and femora are marked with white. The meso- and metafemoral exterior lobes are marked with a medial white spot occupying approximately the central third of the lobe. The abdomen is slender and longer than the antennae, head, and thorax combined. Centrally the abdomen is black, but the margins of segments II-IV and VI-VIII are bordered with a lime green color.</p><p>New combinations</p><p>Trolicaphyllium brachysoma (Sharp, 1898), comb. nov.</p><p>Trolicaphyllium erosus (Redtenbachher, 1906), comb. nov.</p><p>Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense ( Größer er, 2008a), comb. nov.</p><p>Etymology.  Trolicaphyllium meaning "leaf that walks noiselessly". This generic epithet is a compound of the Latinized name  Phyllium the type genus for the family (from Greek  φυλλον, -  ου (phyllon, - oy) + -um; Poitout 2007), coupled with the prefix tro lica from the Drehu (Dehu) language phrase which means "walk noiselessly" (Tyron 1967). We wished to honor the original inhabitants of this area by using a local traditional language. We chose this name because these beautiful insects are so elusive and noiselessly living in the trees where they are often overlooked. This new genus is neuter in gender, following  Phyllium .</p><p>Distribution. At present  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. specimens are only known from the country of New Caledonia, with records from Grande Terre, Lifou, Tiga,  Maré, Ile de  Bélep, and  L’Île-des-Pins islands (Fig. 21). Likely other islands may also be suitable, but we have yet to locate specimen records from museums or observations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB27C6871F2553D18A10E9810086754A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cumming, Royce T.;Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le;Bu ̈ scher, Thies H.	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
D7B90DCE8C7D51989FE67A1E3040578B.text	D7B90DCE8C7D51989FE67A1E3040578B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trolicaphyllium erosus (Redtenbacher 1906) Cumming & Tirant & Bu ̈ scher 2021	<div><p>Trolicaphyllium erosus (Redtenbacher, 1906) comb. nov.</p><p>Figures 26, 27</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>(10 ♀♀):   Syntypes (2 ♀♀): " Syntype; MNHN-EO-PHAS1018; Museum Paris Nelle Caledonie Canal Woodia Dr. Francois 783-92.  Chitoniscus erosus Redt.;  Chitoniscus erosus Redtb. Brunner det. 1900" (MNHN; previously stored in alcohol, Fig. 26); " Coll. Br. v. W. Neu Caledon Deyrolle; det. Redtenb  Chitoniscus erosus; 4738" (NHMW; Fig. 27)  .</p><p>See Suppl. material 1 for additional specimens reviewed, their collection data, and depositories.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This was the second species described from New Caledonia and was described by Redtenbacher (1906) where he gave little to differentiate the species from  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov. except for the abdominal shape and the overall size as being smaller.</p><p>Within the original description by Redtenbacher the number of syntypes was vague, but at least three are explicitly stated as "New Caledonia (Coll. M., Mus. Paris); New Guinea (Mus. Budapest)" (Redtenbacher 1906). At least one syntype was within  Redtenbacher’s own collection (noted as "Coll. M." within his work) and eventually his collection was deposited in Vienna where it resides today, and the specimen could be traced (Fig. 27; Kaltenbach 2003). Additionally, he states at least one syntype from the "Mus. Paris" which has also survived and was traced (Fig. 26).</p><p>An additional syntype was explicitly noted as a nymph within the Budapest Museum (with the wording suggesting that there is only one syntype within that collection). Unfortunately, a fire during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 destroyed the Budapest syntype along with many of the  museum’s important type specimens (Brock 1998; Földvári and Papp 2007; Sabaj 2020). This syntype within the Budapest Museum was noted as being a nymph female from New Guinea with large broad forelegs reminiscent of "  Phyllium pulchrifolium Serv." (Redtenbacher 1906). Based on this information it is very likely that this was not actually a  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. specimen as this genus is restricted to New Caledonia and is only known to have rounded profemoral lobes. Instead, this nymph specimen was more likely a female  Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906 of which certain species can be small and reminiscent of  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. or  Chitoniscus specimens but have broader profemoral exterior lobes (for example  Nanophyllium chitoniscoides ( Größer, 1992)).</p><p>Within the MNHN there is an adult female syntype specimen collected by Philippe  François (Fig. 28) from Canal Woodia (canal de Woodin), a common shipping path which runs between Ile Ouen and the south coast of Grande Terre (Bernard 1894). The MNHN type database has the specimen reported as being collected sometime in 1892 (based upon the specimen label  “-92”), however, this record number appears to not correspond to the collection year as Francois was not in Oceania 1892. By all accounts,  François was actively researching in Oceania from 1888-1891, was back in France in 1892, and then returned to Oceania from 1893-1895 (Bulletin Scientifique 1909; Dewarumez 2011). We believe that this date on the label instead corresponds to the date the specimens were received by the museum and was instead collected by Francois between 1888 and 1889 when he passed through Canal Woodia (canal de Woodin) several times during his first journey to New Caledonia to study the biology of coral reefs (Bouyssi 1997).</p><p>Interestingly, Redtenbacher only appears to have measured one specimen of the type series, the one within his own collection (now within the NHMW), most likely he had seen the Paris and Budapest specimens prior and did not measure them while reviewing them. Harald Bruckner (NHMW) measured the single syntype within their collection and it agrees with the measurements recorded by Redtenbacher (Fig. 27). Interestingly, the smaller overall body length (42.0 mm) appears to be somewhat artificial as the abdomen is significantly excavated and somewhat ballooned outward, pulling the abdomen shorter (Fig. 27C). This is supported by the observation that the other features of this specimen (such as the tegmina length; 27 mm) are actually closer to average sizes for other  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. specimens of other species. Realistically it seems this specimen if it were naturally flat might actually be closer to a range of 50 mm, and not significantly smaller after all.</p><p>No etymology was given in the original description, but it can be assumed that Redtenbacher was referencing the lobed abdominal shape with  Trolicaphyllium erosus, from the Latin e - (out/away from) and - rosus (gnaw/peck), noting that the leaf-like body appears gnawed on, giving it the undulating appearance.</p><p>Differentiation.</p><p>To date this appears to be the least known species on New Caledonia as we have not been successful in tracing any additional females which fall within this small size range of ca. 40 mm beyond one of the syntypes. All specimens examined so far appear to belong to the other species with their larger size (ca. 50-60 mm). In fact, it is only this smaller size which we have found as useful for differentiation as the other features match up with the prominently lobed  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. females. The additional specimens identified as  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. within the MNHN are larger than the syntype within the NHMW and several are rather morphologically similar to  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. due to their larger size and lobed abdomen but are at this time tentatively left identified as  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. within the collection.</p><p>Additionally, we have yet to locate any possible male  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. as all males located were much too large and appear to belong to the other two species.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The only specimen we have located with detailed locality information is the syntype female from the MNHN collection which has the additional information of "Canal Woodia" which is a small canal between Ile Ouen and the south coast of Grande Terre (Fig. 21). The additional non-type specimens from the MNHN are included within the distribution map, but only tentatively as they are slightly larger than the measured syntype from NHMW and they have variable abdominal shapes, some more strongly lobed than others.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7B90DCE8C7D51989FE67A1E3040578B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cumming, Royce T.;Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le;Bu ̈ scher, Thies H.	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
C3C5916A9C505F269B989AA2B8BFBEF9.text	C3C5916A9C505F269B989AA2B8BFBEF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense (Groesser 2008) Cumming & Tirant & Bu ̈ scher 2021	<div><p>Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense (Groesser, 2008)
 comb. nov.</p><p>Figures 1, 3, 4A, 4C, 5A, C, 6A, C, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10A, 11A, 12B, 13A, B, 15A-C, 16A-C, 17A-D, 18A, 19, 20, 29</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>(8 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂, 3 eggs): Holotype and paratypes examined: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 3 eggs: "  Chitoniscus, sarrameaensis, Neu Kaledonien, Sarramea, Sep. 2006, det.  Größer” (SDEI: HT ♀, DEI Hemimetabola #100215; PT ♂, DEI Hemimetabola #100214; PT eggs, DEI Hemimetabola #100216); (SDEI; Figs 7A, 8A, 13A, B, 29).</p><p>See Suppl. material 1 for additional specimens reviewed, their collection data, and depositories.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>As it was only described in 2008, this was the most recently described species from New Caledonia with type material originally collected by Sigetake Suzuki in 2004 from Sarramea ( Größer 2008a). Within the original description this species was not explicitly compared with the sympatric and morphologically very similar  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. but was instead only differentiated from  Chitoniscus lobipes Redtenbacher, 1906, where most features given for differentiation were simply the features we discuss above as significant for differentiating the two genera.</p><p>Other lobed specimens have been recovered from throughout New Caledonia, but unfortunately most have been nymphs (such as several from within the QM collection) and therefore they could not be confidently identified as  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. or as  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. nymphs. Unfortunately, in  Größer (2008b) the key to species of  Chitoniscus sensu lato tried to use the female tegmina radial and media venation pattern to differentiate species, but mixed up the species. Within the key  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. and  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov. (from New Caledonia) instead key out as the Fijian population and  Chitoniscus lobiventris (Blanchard, 1853) and  Chitoniscus lobipes Redtenbacher, 1906 (from Fiji) key out as the New Caledonian population. We have reviewed the type specimen photos available on the Phasmid Species Files (Brock et al. 2021; http://phasmida.speciesfile.org) as well as numerous museum specimens, and always the female tegmina venation allowed accurate distinction of these two genera. Even if you look past this inaccuracy within the key, unfortunately no additional features can be gleaned from the further couplets to allow differentiation of  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. from  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. (as the further couplets discuss abdominal shape, which in these two species is identical/variable). At this moment in time, we still lack significant details about the population of  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. on Grande Terre as material is limited and molecular data has yet to be compared across a wide sampling on the island. With phylliid abdominal shapes sometimes rather variable within a single species, this makes us wonder if  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. is in fact a valid species, or simply a synonym of  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. which was described more than 100 years previously from the same island. Our examination of all type specimens which could be traced has not yet revealed additional features for morphological differentiation besides the overall size of these two species. Hopefully, future molecular analyses from across New Caledonia will reveal if there are several species present on Grande Terre or if it is simply a single species which can range in size from smaller (ca. 40 mm;  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov.) to larger (ca. 60 mm;  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov.). It is due to this lack of sound molecularly based evidence and the propensity for phylliids to be morphologically variable that we refrain from synonymizing  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. with  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. as we feel a significant decision such as this should be based upon a solid foundation. If future molecular analyses reveal that there is only a single morphologically variable species of  Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. on Grande Terre based upon a sampling throughout the island, then we feel a synonymization will be necessary, but not until that time.</p><p>The etymology given in the original description is that this name is a toponym, named after the type locality, Sarramea, New Caledonia ( Größer 2008a). The original combination was with the masculine genus ( Chitoniscus) and therefore in order for the species name to agree in gender with our newly erected genus, the spelling of " sarrameaensis " is changed to the neuter gender "  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense ".</p><p>Differentiation.</p><p>Females can be differentiated from  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov. based upon abdominal shape, as  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov. are considered to have a spade-shaped abdomen, with smooth margins, versus  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. which has a broad abdominal shape with parallel sides, ending in lobed segments VII and VIII. From  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. the only feature we have been able to identify as useful is the overall length, with  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. ca. 40 mm long versus  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. ca. 60 mm long.</p><p>Unfortunately, males of  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov. and  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. have never been confidently confirmed through breeding or molecular comparison. Based upon the confidently confirmed male/female  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. however, we expect that the male morphology should mirror the female morphology. Most likely the male  Trolicaphyllium brachysoma comb. nov. will lack prominent abdominal lobes and the male  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. will have distinct lobes to match with their female counterparts. Based upon the female  Trolicaphyllium erosus comb. nov. smaller size, we expect that the male must also be rather small, which could likely be used as a feature for differentiation.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>To date we have only confirmed adult specimens and observations which are the correct morphology and size of  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. from central Grande Terre (Fig. 21). We have however seen nymph specimens which had characteristically lobed abdomens which may represent this species from other locations on Grande Terre, so we expect this species may be widespread throughout the island.</p><p>Within the MZPW collection there is a pair of  Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense comb. nov. specimens with the data of simply  “Lifu”, which if true could lend credibility to the hypothesis that perhaps these species are all variable in their abdominal shape (if there is only one species present on Lifou island), but as these are antique and give no other data, we do not take these as highly credible, and therefore exclude this record from further discussion and they are not included within the distribution map (Fig. 21). Or it is possible Lifou island holds several morphologically different species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C3C5916A9C505F269B989AA2B8BFBEF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cumming, Royce T.;Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le;Bu ̈ scher, Thies H.	Cumming, Royce T., Tirant, Ste ́ phane Le, Bu ̈ scher, Thies H. (2021): Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 1055: 1-41, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796
