identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C4D93834783F40FEA9FC66FD7A61A4.text	03C4D93834783F40FEA9FC66FD7A61A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax Scopoli 1777	<div><p>Charax Scopoli, 1777</p> <p>“ Charax ” Gronow, 1763: 123 (Non-binominal nomenclature, article 5 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature).</p> <p>Charax Scopoli, 1777: 445 (type species: Salmo gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Eigenmann, 1910:444).</p> <p>Characinus Lacépède, 1803: 269 (type species: Salmo gibbosus by subsequent designation of Jordan, 1917: 66.</p> <p>Epicyrtus Müller &amp; Troschel, 1844: 92 (type species: Salmo gibbosus, by monotypy).</p> <p>Anacyrtus Günther, 1864: 345 (new name to replace Epicyrtus Müller &amp; Troschel, preoccupied in Insecta, Dejean, 1833. Type species: Salmo gibbosus, by original designation).</p> <p>Asiphonichthys Cope, 1894: 67 (type species: Asiphonichthys stenopterus Cope, by monotypy).</p> <p>Moralesia Fowler, 1943: 36 (type species: Anacyrus tectifer Cope, 1870, by original designation).</p> <p>Charaxodon Fernandez-Yepez, 1947: 1 (type species: Charax metae Eigenmann, 1922, by original designation).</p> <p>Moralesicus Fowler, 1958: 9 (type species: Anacyrtus tectifer Cope, 1870, by original designation. Name erroneously proposed to replace Moralesia Fowler).</p> <p>Diagnosis. In a recent phylogenetic analysis of characters of the genera of the Characinae, Mattox &amp; Toledo-Piza (2012) demonstrated that Charax is the sister-group of Roeboides, with the exclusive members of the tribe Characini. Charax can be distinguished not only from Roeboides, but from all other characid genera by the presence of a notch on the posteroventral portion of the cleithrum originating a posteriorly directed spiniform projection (Lucena, 1987: 68, figs. 15; 69, fig. 16). This uniquely derived synapomorphy used in combination with the following non-exclusive characters are useful for diagnosing Charax.</p> <p>1 - Rhinosphenoid absent (Mattox &amp; Toledo-Piza, 2012: 837, fig. 17A).</p> <p>2 - Anterodorsal branch of laterosensory canal absent on infraorbital 6 (Mattox &amp; Toledo-Piza, 2012: 841, fig. 19A).</p> <p>3 - Jaws without external teeth.</p> <p>4 - Humeral dark blotch present, inconspicuous in Charax stenopterus and closer to vertical through dorsal-fin origin than to posterior border of opercle in some species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834783F40FEA9FC66FD7A61A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834783F46FC11FED8FCC164EA.text	03C4D93834783F46FC11FED8FCC164EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax Scopoli 1777	<div><p>Key to species of Charax</p> <p>1a. Lateral line incomplete, represented by anterior short segment; dorsal region of body anterior to dorsal fin origin lacking scales........................................................................ 2</p> <p>1b. Lateral line complete, perforated scales extending to base of caudal fin; dorsal region of body anterior to dorsal fin origin entirely covered with scales, except for small predorsal naked area............................................................ 3</p> <p>2a. Scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 6-9......... 4</p> <p>2b. Scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 11-12............................................................. Charax hemigrammus</p> <p>3a. Perforated scales on lateral line 42-44; 12 scale rows around caudal peduncle...................................... Charax rupununi</p> <p>3b. Perforated scales on lateral line 50-65; 15-22 scale rows around caudal peduncle...................................................... 5</p> <p>4a. Ectopterygoid teeth present; 30-41 teeth on posterior dentary row.................................................. Charax condei</p> <p>4b. Ectopterygoid teeth absent; 18-28 teeth on posterior dentary row......................................... Charax stenopterus</p> <p>5a. Anal-fin origin along or slightly posterior to,vertical through origin of dorsal fin; ectopterygoid teeth always present................................................................................... 6</p> <p>5b. Anal-fin origin always anterior to vertical through origin of dorsal fin; ectopterygoid teeth absent (except in some specimens of Charax gibbosus)........................................ 8</p> <p>6a. Superficial neuromasts absent on body; 9-10 gill rakers on lower branch of first gill arch..................... Charax tectifer</p> <p>6b. Superficial neuromasts present, especially visible on trunk scales (Figs. 1 and 2); 7-9 (rarely 9) gill rakers on lower branch of first gill arch......................................................... 7</p> <p>7a. Total number of ectopterygoid teeth 20-50; humeral spot distance 41.6-47% of SL (Fig. 3); 7-9 transverse scale rows between humeral spot and supracleithrum......................................................................... Charax metae</p> <p>7b. Total number of ectopterygoid teeth 3-15; humeral spot distance 48-51% of SL (Fig. 3); 10-12 transverse scale rows between humeral spot and supracleithrum...................................................................... Charax delimai</p> <p>8a. Orbital diameter 25-28.5% of head length (Fig. 4) ……… 9</p> <p>8b. Orbital diameter 30.1-38.4% of head length (Fig. 4) …… 10</p> <p>9a. Snout length 20.3-22.8% of head length (Fig. 5); 16-17 scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line; 9-13 scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line....................................................... Charax caudimaculatus</p> <p>9b. Snout length 24.3-26.3% of head length (Fig. 5); 18-19 scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line; 14-17 scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line.................................................................... Charax notulatus</p> <p>10a. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 20-22.................... 11</p> <p>10b. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 16-19................... 12</p> <p>11a. Perforated scales on lateral line 54-62....................................................................... Charax apurensis</p> <p>11b. Perforated scales on lateral line 63-65.................................................................. Charax macrolepis</p> <p>12a. Humeral spot distance 34.7-37.8% of standard length (Fig. 3); 4-6 transverse scale rows between humeral spot and supracleithrum............................................................. 13</p> <p>12b. Humeral spot distance 38-44% of standard length (Fig. 3); 8-10 transverse scale rows between humeral spot and supracleithrum....................................................................... 14</p> <p>13a. Scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 18-20..................................................................... Charax michaeli</p> <p>13b. Scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 15-16... 15</p> <p>14a. Scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 3-14............................................................ Charax pauciradiatus</p> <p>14b. Scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 16-18....................................................................... Charax leticiae</p> <p>15a. Predorsal scales 38-45; ectopterygoid teeth present in most specimens examined....................... Charax gibbosus</p> <p>15b. Predorsal scales; ectopterygoid teeth absent in all specimens examined 52-68............................. Charax niger</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834783F46FC11FED8FCC164EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A.text	03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax apurensis Lucena 1987	<div><p>Charax apurensis Lucena, 1987</p> <p>Fig. 6</p> <p>Charax apurensis Lucena, 1987: 30 (original description, type locality: Venezuela, Estado Apure, road San Fernando to Cunaviche, río el Canito); - Vari &amp; Howe, 1991: 13 (listed in type catalog). -Provenzano et al., 1998: 5 (listed in type catalog). - Lucena, 1987: 30 (diagnosis; description; comparisons; distribution; etimology). - Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax apurensis is included to the group of Charax species with relatively larger orbital diameters (30.1- 38.4% of head length, Fig. 4) that can be distinguished from C. caudimaculatus and C. notulatus that have smaller orbital diameters (25-28.5% of head length). Among the species having larger orbital diameters, C. apurensis differs from C. michaeli, C. pauciradiatus, C. gibbosus, C. niger, and C. leticiae, except C. macrolepis by having 20-21 (vs. 16-19) scale rows around the caudal peduncle. Charax apurensis differs from C. macrolepis by having 54-62 perforated scales along the lateral line (vs. 63-65). It can be distinguished from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line complete (vs. lateral line incomplete), and from C. rupununi by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (21 vs. 12). Charax apurensis differs from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai by having the anal-fin origin always anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. analfin origin on the vertical, or slightly posterior to, the dorsalfin origin) and ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 1. Body elongate, moderately large compared to congeners (68-104 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal head with body profile slightly convex on tip of snout, straight from posterior border of posterior nostril to vertical through posterior border of pupil, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, strongly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through posterior border of orbit.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8-9, 8.9; posteriormost ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv, branched rays 41-50, 46.5. Pectoral-fin rays i,13-15, 14. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays almost reaching vertical through anal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,7. Longest pelvicfin rays reaching slightly beyond anal-fin origin in mature females 93 and 104 mm SL. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 54-62, 58.8. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 19- 20, 19.5. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral lateral line 11-12, 11.2. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 14-19, 16.2. Predorsal scales 55-70, 62.2. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 21 in all specimens. One scale row extending on both sides for about ¾ of anal-fin base slightly beyond middle of anal-fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by a set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 12-14, 13. Maxillary teeth conical, 62-70, 65.5, larger specimens in general with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 4- 6, 4.5 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and a posterior row of 27-34, 29.2 conical teeth. Vertebrae 33 and 34 in two specimens. Seven to 9, 8.3 gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally due to more dense concentration of dark chromatophores.Ventral portion of body lighter with scattered dark chromatophores especially anteriorly. Irregularly shaped dark blotch at humeral region encompassing 5 scales of longitudinal rows and 4 scales of transverse rows. Dorsal part of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remaining portions of head. Dark coloration extending to anterior upper portion of maxilla and first, second and left marginal portion of third infraorbitals. Opercle with scattered dark chromatophores. Faint dark stripe extending from posterodorsal part of humeral blotch to caudal base enlarged posteriorly in form of caudal blotch not extending to base of caudal-fin rays. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores. Dorsal, caudal and anal fins hyaline with dark chromatophores especially concentrated on interradial membranes.</p> <p>Distribution. Charax apurensis is known from tributaries of río Orinoco, Venezuela (Fig. 7)</p> <p>Specimens examined. Venezuela: MZUSP 27947, 2, 63-93 mm SL, Guarico, lagoons W of Caño Falcón, not precisely located; MZUSP 40699, 1, 69 mm SL, Apure, estación Marisela, Caño Marisela, approximately 11 km from road San Fernando de Apure to Puerto Páez, not precisely located; MZUSP 27890, 1, 104 mm SL, Delta Amacuro, stream Guargapo, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.433334/lat 8.85)">río Orinoco</a>, approximately 8°51’N 61°26’W.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D938347C3F45FF0EFD19FB5565C3.text	03C4D938347C3F45FF0EFD19FB5565C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax caudimaculatus Lucena 1987	<div><p>Charax caudimaculatus Lucena, 1987 Fig. 8</p> <p>Charax caudimaculatus Lucena, 1987: 32 (original description, type locality: Peru, Laguna Chica, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.291664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.841666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.291664/lat -12.841666)">Reserva Nacional de Tambopata</a>, Madre de Dios, 12°50’30"S 69°17’30"W. - Vari &amp; Howe, 1991: 13 (listed in type catalog). - Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species). - Chang &amp; Ortega, 1995: 2 (Peru, listed). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution). - Ortega et al., 2012: 35 (Peru, listed).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax caudimaculatus and C. notulatus differ from C. apurensis, C. macrolepis, C. michaeli, C. pauciradiatus, C. gibbosus, C. niger, and C. leticiae by having the orbital diameter 25.0-28.5% of head length (vs. 30.1-38.4% of head length, Fig. 4), and differ among themselves in the snout length (20.3-22.8% in C. caudimaculatus vs. 24.3- 26.3% in C. notulatus, Fig. 5), the number of scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line (16-17 vs. 18-19), and the number of scale rows from the anal-fin origin to the lateral line (9-13 vs. 14-17). Charax caudimaculatus can be distinguished from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line complete (vs. lateral line incomplete), and from C. rupununi by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (16-17 vs. 12). C. caudimaculatus differs from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai by having the anal-fin origin always anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. anal-fin origin on the vertical or slightly posterior to, the dorsal-fin origin) and ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of specimens examined presented in Table 2. Body elongate, moderately large compared to congeners (31-123 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal of head and body profile slightly convex along tip of snout, straight from posterior border of posterior nostril to vertical crossing posterior border of pupil, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, strongly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsalfin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending posteriorly slightly beyond vertical through posterior border of pupil.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens; posteriormost ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 46-54, 50.6. Pectoral-fin rays i, 13-15, 13.5. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays extending to, or slightly beyond, anal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching vertical between bases of sixth or seventh anal-fin rays. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete, perforated scales 51-56, 53.2. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 16- 17, 16.2. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-11, 10. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 9-13, 11.8. Predorsal scales 47-55, 50.6. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 16-17, 16.6. One scale row extending along anal-fin base to slightly beyond middle of fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 9-12, 13.6. Maxillary teeth conical, 58-78, 61, larger specimens in general with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 4-5, 4.4 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and posterior row of 24-30, 27.1 conical teeth.</p> <p>Vertebrae 33 and 34 in two specimens. Eight to 9, 8.5 gillrakers on lower limb of first gill-arch. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally due to denser concentration of dark chromatophores. Ventral region of body lighter with scattered dark</p> <p>chromatophores especially anteriorly. Irregularly shaped vertically elongate, dark blotch on humeral region extending about 3 scales horizontally and 5 to 6 scales vertically. Blotch darker on lower half due to denser concentration of dark chromatophores. Dorsal part of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remainder of head; dark coloration extending to anterodorsal portion of maxilla and first, second and anterior portion of third infraorbitals. Dorsal part of opercle and preopercle and fifth and sixth infraorbitals with scattered dark chromatophores. Diamond shaped dark blotch on caudal-fin base extending onto base of median caudal-fin rays. Patch of dark chromatophores over posterior portion of middle caudal fin. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores. Caudal and anal fins hyaline with small dark chromatophores especially concentrated on posterior portions of interradial membranes. Same pattern on dorsal fin, but dark chromatophores inconspicuous, except on first dorsal-fin ray. Pelvic fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores.</p> <p>Distribution. Examined specimens of Charax caudimaculatus originated from the Reserva Nacional de Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens reexamined. Peru: USNM 236877, 9 paratypes, 52.5- 90.5 mm SL, Madre de Dios, Reserva Nacional de Tambopata, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.816667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.5/lat -12.816667)">Laguna Cocococha</a>, 12°49’S 69°30’W.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D938347C3F45FF0EFD19FB5565C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D938347D3F4BFC6CFA7BFD4060BB.text	03C4D938347D3F4BFC6CFA7BFD4060BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax condei (Gery & Knopel 1976)	<div><p>Charax condei (Géry &amp; Knöpel, 1976)</p> <p>Fig. 9</p> <p>Asiphonichthys condei Géry &amp; Knöppel, 1976: 48 (original description, type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, rio Tarumãzinho, tributary on left margin of lower rio Negro, above Manaus). -Weber, 1998: 6 (listed on type catalog).</p> <p>Charax condei, Lucena, 1987: 37 (diagnosis; description; distribution, geographic variation). -Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species). -Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax condei is distinguished from congeners except C. hemigrammus and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line incomplete and the dorsal part of body anterior to the dorsal fin lacking scales (vs. lateral line complete and dorsal part of body anterior to dorsal fin scaled in Charax rupununi, C. tectifer, C. metae, C. delimai, C. caudimaculatus, C. notulatus, C. apurensis, C. macrolepis, C. michaeli, C. pauciradiatus, C. gibbosus, C. niger, and C. leticiae). It has fewer scale rows from the pelvic-fin origin to the lateral line (6- 9) than C. hemigrammus (11-12) and can be distinguished from C. stenopterus in having ectopterygoid teeth and 30-41 teeth on the posterior dentary tooth row (vs. ectopterygoid teeth absent and 18-28 teeth on the posterior dentary tooth row).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 3. Body elongate; small compared to congeners (26-51 mm SL), compressed and comparatively low; greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body and head convex from tip of snout to anterior part of fontanel, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to dorsalfin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle.Ventral profile of body and head from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight to slightly concave along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending posteriorly slightly beyond vertical through middle of orbit.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens; posteriormost ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 35-41, 37.8. Pectoral-fin rays i, 11-14, 12.2. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching vertical through middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching vertical between bases of third and fourth branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 6-9, 7.2. Lateral series scales 36-41, 38.4. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 6-8, 7. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 13-14, 13.9. No scale rows anteriorly along anal-fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior large conical tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth, two large conical teeth and 1- 4 smaller conical teeth; most large conical teeth with one vestigial lateral cusp on each side. Total number of premaxillary teeth 9-18, 13. Maxillary teeth conical, 42-60, 50.6, larger specimens generally with higher counts. Dentary with anterior row including 2-8, 5.3 conical teeth and posterior row with with 30-41, 34.2 conical teeth; most larger conical dentary teeth with one lateral cusp on each side; ectopterygoid teeth 11-23, 16.</p> <p>Vertebrae 31-33 (3). Seven to 8, 7.5 gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch. Branchiostegal rays 4, 3 rays originating from anterior cerathyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally due to denser concentration of dark chromatophores. Ventral region of body lightly colored with scattered dark chromatophores especially anteriorly. Roundish dark humeral blotch extending about 4 scales horizontally and 4.5 to 5 scales vertically, darker on central part due to denser concentration of dark chromatophores. Dorsal regions of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remaining portions of head; dark coloration extending to anterodorsal portion of maxilla and first, second and anterior portion of third infraorbital. Area between second and third infraorbitals with conspicuous subocular dark blotch extending ventrally to posterior portion of lower jaw. Dorsal regions of opercle and preopercle and fifth and sixth infraorbitals with scattered dark chromatophores. Darker lines of chromatophores along most miosepta of epaxial muscles and some hypaxial muscles more conspicuous posteriorly on body and forming irregular Vshaped pattern. All fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores especially concentrated on basal portions of fins.</p> <p>Distribution. This species is known from tributaries of the rio Amazonas; tributaries of rio Tapajós, near Santarém, Pará, and tributaries of rio Negro and the rio Solimões near Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Brazil. Amazonas: MZUSP 88002, 3, 26-51 mm SL, lago Puraquequara, left bank of rio Amazonas, not precisely located; MZUSP 74262, 6, 42-49 mm SL, Amazonas, Manaus, igarapé <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.970554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1122222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.970554/lat -3.1122222)">Jarada</a>, left bank tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.970554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1122222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.970554/lat -3.1122222)">rio Cuieiras</a>, 3°06’44"S 59°58’14"W; MZUSP 95229, 28, 26-49 mm SL, Amazonas, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, pond on bank of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.51666665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.01667/lat -0.51666665)">rio Negro</a>, 00°31’00"S 65°01’00"W; Pará: MZUSP 92844, 1, 31.5 mm SL, Pará, Santarém, igarapé <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.781113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.781113/lat -2.4333334)">Juá</a>, 7 km from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.781113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.781113/lat -2.4333334)">Santarém</a>, on road to the airport, 02°26’00"S 54°46’52"W; MZUSP 100420, 4, 31-33 mm SL, Pará, Santarém, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.926113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4680555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.926113/lat -2.4680555)">Alter do Chão</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.926113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4680555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.926113/lat -2.4680555)">rio Tapajós</a>, 02°28’05"S 54°55’34"W.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D938347D3F4BFC6CFA7BFD4060BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834733F48FED8F893FBBF618A.text	03C4D93834733F48FED8F893FBBF618A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax delimai Menezes & de Lucena 2014	<div><p>Charax delimai, new species</p> <p>Fig. 10</p> <p>Holotype. MZUSP 81505, male, 100 mm SL, Brazil, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.9725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.2677778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.9725/lat 0.2677778)">Amazonas</a>, community of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.9725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.2677778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.9725/lat 0.2677778)">São Pedro</a>, rio Tiquié, rio Negro drainage, 0°16’04"N 69°58’21"W, 2004, Adão A. Barbosa.</p> <p>Paratypes. Brazil, Amazonas: MZUSP 84988, mature female, 102 mm SL, near old community of São Pedro, 0°16’04.4"N 69°58’21.5"W, 2004, F. Lima; MZUSP 64359, mature female, 121 mm SL, igarapé Umari, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.95638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.2613889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.95638/lat 0.2613889)">rio Tiquié</a> in community of São Pedro, 0°15’41"N 69°57’23"W, 25-27 October 2000, F. C. T. Lima and party; MZUSP 81325, male, 102 mm SL, igarapé Umari, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.26666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.96667/lat 0.26666668)">rio Tiquié</a> in community of São Pedro, 0°16’00"N 69°58’00"W, 2002, F. C. T. Lima and party.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax delimai along with C. tectifer, C. metae and some specimens of C. gibbosus, C. rupununi and C. condei are the only members of the genus bearing teeth on the ectopterygoid. Charax delimai differs from C. condei in having the lateral line complete (vs. incomplete). From Charax gibbosus and C. rupununi which have the anal-fin origin anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin in having the anal-fin origin on vertical or slightly posterior to, dorsalfin origin. Charax delimai can be readily distinguished from C. tectifer by the presence (vs. absence) of superficial neuromasts on body, with neuromasts dorso-ventrally arranged on trunk scales except those on the lateral line where neuromasts are absent (Fig. 1) and from C. metae by having fewer ectopterygoid teeth (3-15 vs. 20-50), more transverse scale rows between the humeral spot and the supracleithrum (10-12 vs. 7-9) and the humeral spot distance 48-51% of SL (vs. 41.6-47% of SL, Fig. 3).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of holotype and all examined specimens presented in Table 4. Body elongate, moderately large (100-121 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body convex from tip of snout to anterior part of fontanel, concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through middle of orbit.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv; branched rays 41-45 (iv, 45), 41.9.Anterior anal-fin rays not forming differentiated distinct lobe and not bearing bilateral hooks in two adult males (100 and 102 mm SL). Pectoral-fin rays i, 13-15 (i, 14), 14.5. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching about to vertical through middle of pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. No hooks on pelvic-fin rays of adult males. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching slightly beyond anal-fin origin. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete, perforated scales 50-53 (52), 51. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 11- 12 (12), 11.7. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-10 (9), 9.2. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 11-12 (12), 11.7. Predorsal scales 33-35 (34). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 19-20 (20), 19.5. One scale row along anal-fin base, except on last one-fifth of its length. Rostral portions of body scales of both males and females, except for lateral-line scales with vertically oriented superficial neuromasts (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 13-17 (14) 14.7. Maxillary teeth conical, 55-56 (55), 55.2. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 3-5 (4) 4 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and posterior row of 21-24 (24) 23 conical teeth. Left ectopterygoid without teeth or with 3 or 9 teeths; right ectopterygoid with 6-9 conical teeth. Total number of ectopterygoid teeth 3-15 (9), 9. Vertebrae 34- 35 (34), 34.2. Eight gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch in all specimens. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than ventrally due to concentration of dark chromatophores on predorsal and postdorsal scales. Dark chromatophores mostly concentrated on basal portions of scales leaving light area on remaining portion of each scale and forming alternate pattern of dark and light spots along longitudinal scale rows on body. Whitish color of vertically arranged superficial neuromasts on skin of basal portion of each scale and contrasting strongly with background dark coloration of basal portion of scale (Fig. 1). Scales on lateral and ventral body portions with fewer chromatophores. Irregularly shaped dark humeral blotch, much closer to dorsalfin origin than to posterior border of opercle, encompassing about 5 scales vertically and horizontally. Dark blotch on caudal peduncle approximately triangular, higher posteriorly and extending over basal portions of central caudal-fin rays. Dorsal portions of head from tip of snout to supraoccipital region darker than remainder of head, dark color extending vertically over first, second, and anterior portion of third infraorbitals below orbit, dorsal portion of prepercle and inner border of opercle. Most of third, fourth and fifth infraorbitals, ventral portion of preopercle, posterior border of opercle and subopercle largely unpigmented with scattered dark chromatophores. Tip of lower jaw dark; lighter posteriorly with scattered chromatophores. Tip of dorsal fin dark. Anal fin with faint basal dark stripe extending from about basal portion of first branched anal-fin ray to end of fin, this stripe separated by light anteriorly wide stripe involving basal and median portions of unbranched rays, narrower from this point backward. Conspicuous dark wider marginal dark stripe extending to end of fins, initially separated by small light stripe extending only to about tenth branched anal-fin ray. Tip of pelvic fin dark, pectorals light with few scattered dark chromatophores. Marginal portion of caudal fin dark, all fin with scattered dark chromatophores.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. Males of this species much darker than females and both sexes possess superficial neuromasts vertically arranged along basal portions of each scale albeit less numerous on females (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Etymology. Charax delimai is named after Flávio César Thadeu de Lima for his great contributions to the knowledge of neotropical freshwater fishes and for collecting most of the specimens that served as the basis for the species description.</p> <p>Distribution. Charax delimai is known from the rio Tiquié, rio Negro basin, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834733F48FED8F893FBBF618A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834713F4FFEF9FDF9FEC86248.text	03C4D93834713F4FFEF9FDF9FEC86248.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax gibbosus (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Charax gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>Figs. 11 and 12</p> <p>Salmo gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758: 311 [type locality: Suriname; Wheeler, 1989: 208 (type information)].</p> <p>Characinus gibbosus, Lacépède, 1803: 269 (diagnosis).</p> <p>Epicyrtus gibbosus, Müller &amp; Troschel, 1844: 346 (America meridionali; listed).</p> <p>Cynopotamus gibbosus, Valenciennes, 1850: 321 (Mana River; Essequibo River; Amazon). -Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 [synonym of Charax gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)].</p> <p>Charax gibbosus, Lucena, 1987: 36 (diagnosis; description; geographic variation). -Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species). -Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximim length; distribution).</p> <p>Charax gibbosa, Eigenmann, 1910: 444 (Guianas, Amazons and Paraguay; listed).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax gibbosus belongs in a species group having orbital diameter 30.1-38.4% of HL as opposed to C. caudimaculatus and C. notulatus that have an orbital diameter 25-28.5% of HL (Fig. 4). Charax gibbosus differs from C. condei by having the lateral line complete (vs. incomplete). From C. and C. rupununi which have the anal-fin origin anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin in having the anal-fin origin posterior to the dorsal-fin origin. Charax delimai can be readily distinguished from C. tectifer by the presence (Fig. 1) (vs. absence, Fig. 26) of superficial neuromasts on the body with neuromasts dorso-vantrally arranged on trunk scales except the lateral line and from C. metae by having fewer ectopterygoid teeth (13-15 vs. 20-50) more transverse scale rows between the humeral spot and the supracleithrum (10-12 vs. 7-9) and the humeral spot distance 48-51% of the SL vs. 41.6-47% of the SL scale rows around the caudal peduncle (17-18) than C. apurensis and C. macrolepis (20-21), from C. michaeli by the number of scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line (15-16 vs. 18-20), from C. pauciradiatus by having more scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line (15-16 vs. 13-14), from C. leticiae by the humeral spot distance (34.7-37.5% of SL, vs. 38-44% of SL, the number of transverse scale rows between the humeral spot and the supracleithrum (5-6, vs. 8-10), and from C. niger by the number of predorsal scales (38-45 vs. 52- 68) and the presence (vs. absence) of ectopterygoid teeth. Charax gibbosus differs from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line complete (vs. lateral line incomplete), from C. rupununi by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (17-18 vs. 12) and from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai by having the anal-fin origin always anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. anal-fin origin along vertical or slightly posterior to vertical through the dorsal-fin origin) and the ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 5. Body elongate, moderately large (34- 125.5 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep; greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head an body slightly convex on tip of snout, straight from posterior border of posterior nostril to vertical line through posterior border of pupil, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, strongly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of heaf and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through posterior border of pupil.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens, posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 45-56, 49.5. Single examined sexually mature male (MZUSP 10675, 64 mm SL) with tiny hooks on anterior anal-fin rays (Fig. 12). Pectoral-fin rays i, 12-17, 14.8. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching to or slightly beyond middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7, without hooks in single sexually mature male examined. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching to vertical between bases of third to sixth branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudalfin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 50-62, 56. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 15- 16, 15.4. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 10-12, 10.8. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 9-14, 11.8. Predorsal scales 38-45, 42. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 17-18, 17.8. One scale row anteriorly along anal-fin base, extending to about middle of base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 11-16, 13. Maxillary teeth conical, 43-75, 59.2, larger specimens in general with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 2-5, 4 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and posterior row of 20-31, 25.3 conical teeth.</p> <p>Vertebrae 34-35, 34.5 (4). Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 9-11, 9.7. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than on lateral and ventral parts. Ventral portions of body lighter with scattered dark chromatophores especially anteriorly. Irregularly shaped vertically elongate dark blotch at humeral region about 4 scales horizontally and 3 to 4 scales vertically. Dorsal portion of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remainder of head, dark coloration extending to median portion of lower jaw, dorsal portions of fifth and sixth infraorbitals, between second and third infraorbitals in young specimens and dorsal part of opercle. Inconspicuous, dark midlateral stripe extending from posterior border of humeral blotch to caudal blotch. Darker V-shaped lines of chromatophores over miosepta present along lateral stripe. Inconspicuous diamond shaped dark blotch on caudal base, more conspicuous in young specimens; dark chromatophores extending over bases of middle caudal-fin rays.All fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores more visible on interradial membranes. Anterior portion of first and second unbranched rays of dorsal and first unbranched rays of pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays darker than remaining rays.</p> <p>Distribution. This species is known from the Nickerie, Brokopondo, Afobaka, and Courentyne Districts in Suriname; Wismar and Botanical Garden in Guyana; and rio Surumu, a tributary of rio Branco, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. Females lack the anal-fin hooks present in males and seem to grow larger. The single examined fully mature male is only 64 mm SL whereas examined sexually mature females ranged from 75-124.5 mm SL.</p> <p>206 Taxonomic review of Charax</p> <p>Specimens examined. Suriname: MZUSP 38226, 1, 84 mm SL, Suriname, Corantyne River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.466667/lat 4.116667)">Matappi Creek</a>, approximately 4°07’N 57°28’W; MZUSP 38240, 5, 34-57 mm SL, Suriname, Nickerie District, Kapoeri Creek, about 4 km N of intersection with <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.916668/lat 4.2)">Corantyne River</a>, approximately 4°12’N 57°55’W; MZUSP 10679, 3, 93-111 mm SL, Suriname, Zy Creek, not precisely located; MZUSP 10674, 3, 70-124.5 mm SL, Sara Creek, Brokopondo District, not precisely located; MZUSP 10675, 2, 37 and 64 mm SL, Marowijne Creek, 50 kilometers south of Afobaka, not precisely located. Brazil: MZUSP 5164, 1, 57 mm SL, Roraima, rio Surumu, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.717777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.091111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.717777/lat 4.091111)">rio Branco</a>, 4°05’28"N 60°43’04"W.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834713F4FFEF9FDF9FEC86248	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834773F4CFF20FAF9FAA563DD.text	03C4D93834773F4CFF20FAF9FAA563DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax hemigrammus (Eigenmann 1912)	<div><p>Charax hemigrammus (Eigenmann, 1912) Fig. 13</p> <p>Asiphonichthys hemigrammus Eigenmann, 1912: 403 (original description, type locality: Guyana, Gluck Island). -Henn, 1928: 69 (listed in type catalog).</p> <p>Charax hemigrammus, Lucena, 1987: 39 (diagnosis, description; distribution). -Lucena, 1989: 104; in key to species). -Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax hemigrammus is distinguished from congeners except C. condei and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line incomplete and the dorsal part of body anterior to dorsal fin lacking scales (vs. lateral line complete and dorsal part of body anterior to dorsal fin scaled in Charax rupununi, C. tectifer, C. metae, C. delimai, C. caudimaculatus, C. notulatus, C. apurensis, C. macrolepis, C. michaeli, C. pauciradiatus, C. gibbosus, C. niger, and C. leticiae). Charax hemigrammus differs from C. condei in the scale rows from the pelvic-fin origin to the lateral line (11-12 vs. 6-9) and lateral series of scales (36-41 vs. 42-48), respectively and can be distinguished from C. stenopterus in having 9-22 ectopterygoid teeth (vs. ectopterygoid teeth absent).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 6. Body elongate, small compared to congeners (20-40.5 mm SL), compressed and comparatively low. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex from tip of snout to anterior region of fontanel, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight to slightly concave along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through middle of orbit.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens, posteriormost ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv; branched rays 41-48, 44.3. Pectoral-fin rays i, 13-15, 13.8. Posterior tips of longest pectoral-fin rays extending beyond pelvic-fin origin, but not reaching vertical crossing middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching vertical between bases of fifth and seventh branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line incomplete; perforated scales 7-10, 8.5. Lateral series scales 42-48, 45. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 8-9, 8.7. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 15-16, 15.1. No scales anteriorly along anal-fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior large conical tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth, two large conical teeth and 1- 7 smaller conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 13- 20, 16.6. Maxillary teeth conical, 43-58, 50.6; larger specimens generally with higher counts. Dentary with anterior row including 4-8, 6.4 conical teeth and posterior row with 18-28, 22 conical teeth. Ectopterygoid teeth 9-22, 14.1.</p> <p>Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 8-9, 8.6. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior cerathyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol (all examined specimens with original coloration barely preserved). Body pale, slightly darker dorsally due to presence of scattered dark chromatophores. Scattered dark chromatophores scattered over body. Roundish dark blotch at humeral region extending about two</p> <p>scales horizontally and one scale vertically. Clear lateral stripe from behind dorsal portion of opercle to caudal base, probably dark in recently collected specimens. Concentration of dark chromatophores on caudal base forming oval-shaped blotch extending over bases of central caudal-fin rays. Dorsal portions of the head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remainder of head. Opercle with scattered dark chromatophores. All fins hyaline.</p> <p>Distribution. Charax hemigrammus is known from the Essequibo River, Guyana; tributaries of the upper Amazon basin near municípios de Codajás and Tefé and tributaries of the rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Brazil. Amazonas: MZUSP 100354, 13, 20-33 mm SL, MZUSP 76217, 3, 26.5 - 34.5 and MZUSP 76248, 1, 26.5 mm SL, rio Jurupari, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.71667/lat -3.3166666)">Tefé</a>, approximately 3°19’S 64°43’W; MZUSP 62079, 15, SL 30-40.5 mm SL, Tapera, rio Negro.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834773F4CFF20FAF9FAA563DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834743F52FC37F859FB406748.text	03C4D93834743F52FC37F859FB406748.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax leticiae Lucena 1987	<div><p>Charax leticiae Lucena, 1987</p> <p>Fig. 14</p> <p>Charax leticiae Lucena, 1987: 140 (original description, type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, rio Tocantins, igarapé Urubu near Posto Trocará). -Oyakawa, 1996: 454-455 (listed in type catalog). - Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species). - Britski et al., 1999: 55, 2007: 75 (Pantanal de Mato Grosso, description). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution). - Lopéz et al., 2003: 17 (Argentina, listed). - Casciotta et al., 2003: 84 (Laguna Iberiá, Argentina, listed). - Menni, 2004: 74 (Argentina, listed).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax leticiae belongs in the species group having an orbital diameter 30.1-38.4% of HL as opposed to C. caudimaculatus and C. notulatus that have orbital diameter 25-28.5% of HL (Fig. 4). Charax leticiae can be distinguished from the other species of first group by having circumpeduncular scale rows (17-19) than C. apurensis and C. macrolepis (20-22), from C. michaeli by the number of scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line (16-17 vs. 18-20), from C. niger and C. gibbosus by the humeral spot distance 38-44 vs. 34.7-37.8% of SL (Fig. 3), the number of transverse scale rows between the humeral spot and the supracleithrum 8-10 vs. 5-6 in C. niger and C. gibbosus. Charax leticiae differs from C. pauciradiatus in having more scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line (16-17 vs. 13- 14). Charax leticiae differs from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line complete (vs. lateral line incomplete), from C. rupununi by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (17-19 vs. 12) and from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai by having the anal-fin origin always anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. anal-fin origin on, or slightly posterior to, the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin) and ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 7. Body elongate, moderately large (33.5- 106 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep; greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex on tip of snout, straight from posterior border of posterior nostril to vertical line through posterior border of pupil, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, strongly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through middle of pupil.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens, posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 43-53, 48.5. Pectoral-fin rays i, 12-16, 14.2. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching slightly beyond middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching to vertical between bases of second to seventh branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudalfin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 54-62, 57.4. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 16- 17, 16.8. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-11, 10.5. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 12-14, 13.1. Predorsal scales 47-72, 55.6. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 17-19, 18. Scale row along anal-fin base, extending for about two thirds of fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 9-15, 12.5. Maxillary teeth conical, 50-79, 65.1; larger specimens generally with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 3-7, 4 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and a posterior row of 21-37, 30.4 conical teeth.</p> <p>Vertebrae 34 in one specimen. Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 7-9, 7.8. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally. Scattered chromatophores sometimes disposed along miosepta of epaxial and hypaxial muscles forming Vshaped patterns. Irregularly shaped vertically elongate, dark humeral blotch region extending about 4-5 scales horizontally and 5 to 7 vertically. Dorsal regions of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker; dark coloration extending to median portion of lower jaw, fifth and sixth infraorbitals, between second and third infraorbitals as subocular blotch, ventrally over anterior portion of preopercle and dorsal part of opercle. Triangular dark blotch on caudal base, posterior chromatophores less densely concentrated and extending over basal portions of median caudal-fin rays. Inconspicuous clear lateral stripe extending from above upper posterior part of opercle to caudal blotch. All fins hyaline with dark chromatophores disposed mainly on interradial membranes. Inconspicuous clear stripe slightly below anal-fin base across total expanse of fin. First and second unbranched rays of dorsal, and first unbranched rays of pectoral and pelvic fins darker than remaining rays.</p> <p>Remarks. Data from specimens collected in tributaries of the rio Paranaíba (upper rio Paraná basin in central Brazil) are not included since there is evidence that in recent years fishes from the rio Araguaia basin, where Charax leticiae occurs have been released into tributaries of rio Paranaíba (Zawadzki et al. 2008).</p> <p>No significant statistical differences in meristic and morphometric data were found through comparison of samples from the rios Tocantins/Araguaia and Paraguay basins.</p> <p>Distribution. Charax leticiae is widely distributed in tributaries of the rios Tocantins, Araguaia, Paraguay, and Aripuanã basins, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Brazil, Goiás: LIRP 7490, 3, 87-93 mm SL and LIRP 6679, 4, 73-87.5 mm SL, município de Paranaiguara, rio Mateira, tributary of rio Paranaíba, 18°51’21"S 50°38’10"W; MZUSP 89382, 19, 72-106 mm SL, between Crixás and Nova Crixás, córrego da Taboca, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.533334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.916668/lat -12.533334)">rio Crixás-Mirim</a>, 14°19’27"S 50°12’32"W; MZUSP 52236, 1, 52 mm SL, road between Sandolândia and rio Verde, pools on banks of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.533334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.916668/lat -12.533334)">rio Água Fria</a>, tributary of rio Tocantins, 12°32’00"S 49°55’00"W; MZUSP 43406, 1, 33.5 mm SL, Tocantins, Ilha do Bananal, Parque Nacional do Araguaia, lagoa <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.053333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.640555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.053333/lat -15.640555)">Buritirama</a>, 10°31’00"S 50°15’00"W; Pará: MZUSP 105299, 4, 58-88 mm SL, Marabá, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.053333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.640555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.053333/lat -15.640555)">rio Tocantins</a>, 5°40’07"S 50°18’04"W; Mato Grosso: MZUSP 36428, 1, 51 mm SL, Corumbá, Nhecolandia, Fazenda Nhumirim, Baía dos Búfalos, 19°42’S 56°08"W; MZUSP 20470, 1, 96 mm SL, Cuiabá, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.053333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.640555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.053333/lat -15.640555)">Coxipó da Ponte</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.053333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.640555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.053333/lat -15.640555)">rio Coxipó da Ponte</a>, 15°38’26"S 56°03’12"W; MZUSP 19994, 1, 100 mm SL, Ilha do Taiamã, rio Paraguay, not precisely located; MZUSP 44377, 1, 83 mm SL, Cáceres, rio Paraguay, 16°04’28"S 57°39’35"W; MZUSP 19236, 1, 80 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.659725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.074446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.659725/lat -16.074446)">Poconé</a>, rio Paraguay, 16°15’25"S 56°37’28"W; MZUSP 90188, 2, 74-78 mm SL, Cáceres, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.624443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.256945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.624443/lat -16.256945)">rio Sepotuba</a>, tributary of rio Paraguay, 15°47’33"S 57°39’20"W; MZUSP 19806, 1, 91 mm SL, Campo do Jofre do rio Pixaim, Poconé, 16°14’S, 56°37’W; MZUSP 90271, 1, 72 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.616665/lat -16.233334)">Cáceres</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.616665/lat -16.233334)">rio Sepotuba</a>, tributary of rio Paraguay, 15°46’07"S 57°38’54"W; MZUSP 77276, 2, 63-66 mm SL, Panelas, Rio Roosevelt, above the water falls, approximately 9°17’47"S 60°43’15"W; Mato Grosso do Sul: MZUSP 59604, 1, 45 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Corumbá</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Fazenda Xaraés</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">rio Vermelho</a>, 18°02’48"S 52°40’44"W; MZUSP 36431, 1, 44 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Corumbá</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Nhecolandia</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Fazenda Nhumirim</a>, 19°42’10"S 56°08’00"W; MZUSP 59799, 1, 45 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Aquidauana</a>, bay near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Fazenda Rio Negro</a>, 20°00’16"S 55°33’50"W; MZUSP 19817, 1, 42 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Poconé</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">rio Pixaim</a>, approximately 14°44’S 60°33’W; MZUSP 48293, 2, 50-53 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Fazenda Santo Antônio</a> (Baía de Seda); MZUSP 59511, 20, 41-69 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Aquidauana</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Fazenda Taboco</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">rio Taboco</a>, 20°04’38"S 55°38’08"W; MZUSP 19896, 5 78-94 mm SL, município de Corumbá, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">rio Miranda</a>, 17°55’06"S 56°52’43"W; MZUSP 59772, 2, 72-83 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Corumbá</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">rio Abobral</a>, 19°27’37"S 57°01’54"W; MCP 44556, 3, 70-87 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.031666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.46028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.031666/lat -19.46028)">Posto da Mata</a>, on road BR-158 between Posto da Mata and Alô Brasil, 11°53’58"S 51°39’26"W; MCP 10735, 2, 78-80 mm SL), sanga about 20 km from Poconé, on road Transpantaneira, approximately 16°15’S 56°37’W. UNT 10279, 2, 76-95 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.60861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.775278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.60861/lat -18.775278)">rio Alegre</a>, Quirinópolis, 18º 46‘31"S 50º36‘31"W. Rio Grande do Sul: MCP 18389, 2, 71-116 mm SL, pond along rio Uruguai, on praia da Formosa, São Marcos; Minas Gerais: LIRP 6944, 1, 88 mm SL, Minas Gerais, município de Itaituba, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.92139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.470278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.92139/lat -11.470278)">rio Tijuco</a>, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.92139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.470278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.92139/lat -11.470278)">rio Paranaíba</a>, 18°48’18"S 49°51’14"W; LIRP 6603, 3, 74-82 mm SL, município de Itaituba, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.92139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.470278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.92139/lat -11.470278)">rio Tijuco</a>, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.92139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.470278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.92139/lat -11.470278)">rio Paranaíba</a>, 16°48’18"S 49°51’41"W. Tocantins: UNT 7041, 1, 56 mm SL, córrego Sabino (Alvorada farm), rio da Conceição, 11º28‘13"S 46º55‘17"W; UNT 409, 4, 76-81 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.92139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.470278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.92139/lat -11.470278)">Rio Palmeiras</a>, drenagem do <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.92139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.470278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.92139/lat -11.470278)">rio Paranã</a>.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834743F52FC37F859FB406748	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D938346A3F50FC45FFF9FD1262BB.text	03C4D938346A3F50FC45FFF9FD1262BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax macrolepis (Kner 1858)	<div><p>Charax macrolepis (Kner, 1858)</p> <p>Fig. 15</p> <p>Epicyrtus macrolepis Kner, 1858: 167 (original description, type locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, rio Guaporé).</p> <p>Charax macrolepis, Lucena, 1987: 42 (nomenclatural notes; diagnosis; description; comparisons; distribution; lectotype designation). -Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species). -Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax macrolepis and C. apurensis are the only species belonging in the group with an orbital diameter 30.1-38.4% of HL (Fig. 4) (vs. orbital diameter 25-28.5% of HL in C. caudimaculatus and C. notulatus) that have 20-22 scale rows around caudal peduncle (vs. 16-19 in C. michaeli, C. pauciradiatus, C. gibbosus, C. niger, and C. leticiae). Charax macrolepis additionally differs from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line complete (vs. lateral line incomplete), from C. rupununi by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (20-21 vs. 12) and perforated scales on the lateral line (63-65 vs. 42-44). Charax macrolepis can be further distinguished from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai by having the anal-fin origin always anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. the anal-fin origin on the vertical or slightly posterior to, the dorsal-fin origin) and the ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 8. Body elongate, moderately large (65- 94 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex on tip of snout, straight from posterior border of posterior nostril to vertical through posterior border of pupil, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, strongly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave above caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through middle of orbit.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens, posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 48-52, 50. Pectoral-fin rays i, 13-16, 14.7. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching slightly beyond middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching to vertical between bases of second to sixth branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 62-65, 63.5. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 20. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 12. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line15-17, 15.7. Predorsal scales 68-80, 74.5. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 20-21, 20.7. Scale row along anal-fin base, extending slightly beyond middle of fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 11-14, 13.2. Maxillary teeth conical, 55-59, 65.2; larger specimens generally with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 4-5, 4.3 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and posterior row of 32-37, 34.7 conical teeth. Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 8-9, 8.6. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than on lateral and ventral regions, with scattered chromatophores sometimes situated along miosepta of epaxial and hypaxial muscles forming V-shaped patterns. Irregularly shaped vertically elongate, dark blotch at humeral region encompassing about 3-4 scales horizontally and 6 to 7 vertically. Dorsal regions of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remainder of head, dark coloration extending to median portion of lower jaw, fifth and sixth infraorbitals, between second and third infraorbitals as subocular blotch, and ventrally over anterior portions of preopercle and opercle. Triangular dark blotch present on caudal base, posterior chromatophores less intense and extending over basal portions of median caudal-fin rays. All fins hyaline with dark chromatophores situated mainly on interradial membranes. First and second unbranched rays of dorsal and first unbranched rays of pectoral and pelvic fins darker than remaining rays.</p> <p>Distribution. This species is known from drainages of the rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso and of the rio Madeira, Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Brazil, Amazonas: MZUSP 33423, 1, 65 mm SL, stream 15 km from Humaitá, rio Madeira drainage, approximately 7°30’S 63°01’W; Mato Grosso: MZUSP 28730, 4, 65-94 mm SL, tributary of rio Guaporé, 30 km above Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade plus specimens listed in <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.016666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.016666/lat -7.5)">Lucena</a> (1987).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D938346A3F50FC45FFF9FD1262BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834683F51FEECFAB9FABF6466.text	03C4D93834683F51FEECFAB9FABF6466.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax metae Eigenmann 1922	<div><p>Charax metae Eigenmann, 1922</p> <p>Fig. 16</p> <p>Charax metae Eigenmann, 1922: 238 (original description, type locality: Colombia, Barrigón, Orinoco system, río Meta). - Ibarra &amp; Stewart, 1987: 22 (listed in type catalog). -Lucena, 1987: 44 (diagnosis; description; distribution). -Lucena, 1989: 201 (in key to species). - Vari &amp; Howe, 1991: 13 (listed in type catalog). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax metae, Charax delimai, C. tectifer, some specimens of C. gibbosus, C. rupununi, and C. condei are the only species of the genus bearing teeth on the ectopterygoid bone. Charax metae differs from C. condei by having the lateral line complete (versus incomplete), from C. gibbosus and C. rupununi which have the anal-fin origin anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin in having the anal-fin origin through vertical or slightly posterior to, dorsal fin-origin. Charax metae can be readily distinguished from C. tectifer by the presence (vs. absence) of the dorsoventrally arranged superficial neuromasts on the trunk scales (Fig. 2), except the lateral line and from C. delimai by having more ectopterygoid teeth (20-50 vs. 3-15), fewer transverse scale rows between the humeral spot and the supracleithrum (7-9 vs. 10-12) and the humeral spot distance 41.6-47% of SL (vs. 48-51% of SL, Fig. 3).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 9. Body elongate, moderately large (37-99 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body convex from tip of snout to anterior portion of fontanel, concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base, straight to slightly convex from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly posterior to vertical through posterior border of orbit.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens; posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 39-43, 41.2. Pectoral-fin rays i, 14-16, 14.7. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching to about vertical through middle of pelvic fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching slightly beyond anal-fin origin. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 51-55, 53.5. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 12- 13, 12.4. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-10, 9.9. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 11-13, 12.3. Predorsal scales 30-36, 33.3. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 19-21, 20. Scale row extending for about two thirds of anal-fin base. Basal portions of trunk scales except for those on lateral line bearing dorso-ventrally arranged superficial neuromasts in specimen with unidentified sex (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 11-14, 12.5. Maxillary teeth conical, 44-56, 48.7; larger specimens generally with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 6-8, 6.5 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and a posterior row of 17-25, 21.2 conical teeth. Left ectopterygoid bone with 10-27, and right with 10-23 conical teeth. Total number of ectopterygoid teeth 20-50, 29.7.Vertebrae 33 and 34 (2). Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 7-9, 8.3. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Old preserved specimens show overall pale to light brown body coloration with scattered dark chromatophores especially concentrated on basal portion of scales on anterior midbody region. Superficial neuromasts vertically arranged along skin of basal portion of each scale in most specimens whitish and contrasting with background dark coloration of the scale basal portion (Fig. 2). Irregularly shaped humeral dark blotch region, much closer to dorsal-fin origin than to posterior border of opercle, encompassing about four scales vertically and horizontally. Dark blotch on caudal peduncle approximately triangular shaped, higher posteriorly and extending over basal portions of median caudal-fin rays. Scattered dark chromatophores on the tips of the snout and the lower jaw. Tip of dorsal fin dark. Anal fin with faint basal dark stripe, separated by light stripe from more conspicuous dark wider distal stripe extending to end of fin. Tip of pelvic fins dark. Pectorals light with few scattered dark chromatophores. Marginal portion of caudal fin dark with scattered dark chromatophores.</p> <p>Distribution. Charax metae is known from the río Meta, Colombia (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. CAS 69117, 16 paratypes, 37-87 mm SL, Colômbia, Meta, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.566667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.75/lat 10.566667)">Puerto Barrigona</a> (=Barrigón) at head of navigation east of Bogota, approximately 10°34’N 75°11’W, 73°45’W.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834683F51FEECFAB9FABF6466	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834693F54FC45FCF9FC1C622E.text	03C4D93834693F54FC45FCF9FC1C622E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax michaeli Lucena. All 1989	<div><p>Charax michaeli Lucena, 1989</p> <p>Figs. 17-18</p> <p>Charax michaeli Lucena, 1989: 98 (original description, type locality: Brazil, Roraima, in front of ilha Maracá, rio Branco basin, igarapé Cujobim. -Oyakawa, 1996: 455 (listed in catalog). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Charax unimaculatus Lucena, 1989: 101 (type locality: Brazil, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.338497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.0102222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.338497/lat -3.0102222)">Amazonas</a>, lago Manacapuru (3°00’36.8"S 61°20’18.6"W); holotype and paratypes examined. - Oyakawa, 1996: 456 (listed in catalog). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 202 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax michaeli differs from C. caudimaculatus and C. notulatus) in the orbital diameter 30.1-38.4% of HL (Fig. 4) (vs. 25-28.5% of HL). Charax michaeli can be distinguished from C. apurensis and C. macrolepis by the number of scale rows around the caudal peduncle (17-19 vs. 20-22) and from C. pauciradiatus, C. gibbosus, C. niger, and C. leticiae in having 18-20 (vs. 13-17) scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line. Charax michaeli differs from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus by having a complete lateral line (vs. lateral line incomplete), from C. rupununi by the number of scales around caudal peduncle (17-19 vs. 12) and from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai by having the anal-fin origin always anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. anal-fin origin along vertical or slightly posterior to, vertical through the dorsal-fin origin) and ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 10. Body elongate, moderately large (37- 155 mm SL), compressed and deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex on tip of snout, straight from posterior border of posterior nostril to vertical line through posterior border of pupil, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, very strongly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave above caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through posterior border of pupil.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens, posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 45-54, 49.5. Sexually mature male (MZUSP 33417, 80 mm SL) with tiny hooks on anterior anal-fin rays (Fig. 18). Pectoral-fin rays i, 11-16, 13.4. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching about to middle of pelvicfin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Sexually mature males with tiny hooks on branched pelvic-fin rays (Fig. 18); male specimen (MZUSP 33417) with about 12 hooks on first branched ray, 26 on second, 25 on third, 25 on fourth, and 15 on fifth. Distal tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching vertical through bases of second to fifth branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 53-60, 57.6. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 18- 20, 18.1. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-11, 10.1. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 11-14, 12.8. Predorsal scales 57-85, 66.8. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 17-19, 18. Scale row along anal-fin base extending for about ¾ of fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 10-17, 13.3. Maxillary teeth conical, 52-86, 65.7; larger specimens generally with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 3-8, 4.5 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and posterior row of 21-38, 30 conical teeth. Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 8-9, 8.7. Branchiostegal rays 4, 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than on lateral and ventral regions. Ventral portions of body lighter with scattered dark chromatophores especially posteriorly. Dorsal portions of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remainder of head. Dark chromatophores spreading over first, second, most of third, fourth, fifth and sixth infraorbitals, between second and third infraorbitals, median portion of lower jaw and median portion of maxilla. Scattered dark chromatophores on lower central portion of preopercle, and most of opercle. Oval-shaped vertically elongate dark humeral blotch slightly roundish in some specimens encompassing about 2 to 4 scales horizontally and 3 to 5 scales vertically. Triangular, dark blotch on caudal base, faint or even absent in some specimens; dark chromatophores extending over bases of median caudal-fin rays. Inconspicuous dark lines of chromatophores along miosepta of epaxial muscles above lateral line and miosepta of hypaxial muscles below lateral line, forming V-shaped patterns more conspicuous posteriorly. Faint dark lateral stripe extending from behind dorsalmost part of opercle to caudal blotch. All fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores more visible on interradial membranes. Inconspicuous clear stripe extends slightly below anal-fin base across entirety of fin.</p> <p>Anterior portion of first and second unbranched dorsalfin rays and first unbranched rays of pectoral and pelvic fins darker than remaining rays.</p> <p>Distribution. Charax michaeli is widely distributed in drainages throughout theAmazon basin and has been collected in tributaries of the rio Branco basin; tributaries of the rio Solimões near Manaus; tributaries of the rio Negro, Amazonas; and tributaries of the rio Jari, Amapá, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. Females lack the tiny anal-fin hooks described above for males and usually reach on average larger body sizes than males. Males with fully developed testes and anal- and pelvic-fin hooks (MZUSP 33417) ranged between 49 and 80 mm SL, whereas females with fully mature ovaries (MZUSP 79607, MZUSP 33436, MZUSP 102313, MZUSP 35952, MZUSP 93071, MZUSP 93450, MZUSP 103424 and MZUSP 33417) ranged between 76 and 135 mm SL.</p> <p>Remarks. Comparison of meristic and morphometric data of the holotype and all the paratypes of Charax unimaculatus Lucena, 1989 with the same data of the examined specimens of C. michaeli indicated no differences. The differences between the two species reported by Lucena (1989) are not significant since the shape of the humeral dark blotch (pointed out as roundish in C. unimaculatus and vertically elongate in C. michaeli and the absence of a dark caudal-fin blotch in the former species) vary considerably. In the specimens of Charax michaeli examined the shape of humeral blotch varies from roundish to vertically elongate and the spot on the caudal-fin base is absent or faint.</p> <p>Specimens examined. Brazil: Amazonas: MZUSP 6534, 65 mm SL, (holotype of Charax unimaculatus), lago Manacapuru, 3°00’36.8"S 61°20’18.6"W; MZUSP 37277, 1, 86 mm SL, (paratype of Charax unimaculatus, collected with holotype); MCP 11253, 3, 76-88 mm SL, (paratypes of Charax unimaculatus), Manaus, lago Januari, approximately 2°37’S 60°56’W; MZUSP 6878, 8, 73-86 mm SL, (paratypes of Charax unimaculatus), Manaus, lago Januari, approximately 2°37’S 60°56’W; MZUSP 6673, 12, 54-75 mm SL, (paratypes of Charax unimaculatus), rio Negro, around Manaus; MZUSP 6459, 4, 73-83 mm SL, (paratypes of Charax unimaculatus), above Manacapuru, lago Jacaré, right bank of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.55/lat -3.25)">rio Solimões</a>, approximately 3°15’S 60°33’W; MZUSP 19779, 5, 60-76 mm SL, (paratypes of Charax unimaculatus), lake near canal of lago Janauacá, approximately 3°19’S 60°16’W. Additional specimens. Amazonas: MZUSP 31438, 1, 114 mm SL, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, ilha Marubim, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.2/lat -0.4)">rio Marauiá</a>, 0°24’S 65°12’W; MZUSP 92375, 2, 93-98 mm SL, community of Serra da Mucura, rio Tiquié, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.16666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.11667/lat 0.16666667)">rio Negro</a> drainage, 0°10’N 69°07’W; MZUSP 92550, 3, 53-97 mm SL, igarapé Castanha, tributary of rio Tiquié, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.11667/lat 0.2)">rio Negro</a> drainage, 0°12’N 69°07’W; MZUSP 75071, 79 mm SL, Urucará, paraná de Urucará, 2°32’11"S 57°45’37"W; MZUSP 75603, 2, 56-57 mm SL, paraná do Janauacá, approximately 3°25’S 60°54’W; MZUSP 75604, 4, 38-56.5 mm SL, Camaleão, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.806667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.7591667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.806667/lat -2.7591667)">ilha da Marchantaria</a>, 2°45’33"S 57°48’24"W; MZUSP 75607, 1, 79 mm SL, paraná do Janauacá entering lago Castanho, approximately 3°25’S 60°54’W; MZUSP 75608, 1, 44 mm SL, Amazonas, Janauari, lago Terra Preta; MZUSP 38769, 2, 66-78.5 mm SL, igarapé on right bank of canal do Janauacá, 3°22’S 60°11’W; MZUSP 63282, MZUSP 63283, 10, 50-84 mm SL, Tefé, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.71667/lat -3.3666668)">rio Tefé</a>, 3°22’S 64°43’W; MZUSP 33436, 6, 108- 123 mm SL, lake on bank of rio Marauiá, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-12.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -12.0/lat -0.4)">rio Negro</a> drainage, 0°24’S 12°00’W; MZUSP 93071, 1, 126 mm SL, near sítio São Pedro, igarapé Castanha, tributary of rio Tiquié, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.13333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.583336/lat 0.13333334)">rio Negro</a> drainage, 0°08’N 69°35’W; MZUSP 93342, 1, 116 mm SL, community of Pirarara-Poço, rio Tiquié, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.13333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.2/lat 0.13333334)">rio Negro</a> drainage, 0°08’N 69°12’W; MZUSP 63206, 6, 46-67 mm SL, Tefé, lago Amanã, mouth of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6333332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.65/lat -2.6333332)">rio Japurá</a>, 2°38’S 64°39’W; MZUSP 93450, 1, 135 mm SL, near community of Serra da Mucura, rio Tiquié, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.16666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.11667/lat 0.16666667)">rio Negro</a> drainage, 0°10’00"N 69°07’00"W; MZUSP 6673, 6, 60-75 mm SL, Manaus, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.0/lat -3.1666667)">rio Negro</a>, 03°10’S 60°00’W; Amapá: MZUSP 102313, 22, 46- 11 mm SL, Laranjal do Jari, right bank of rio Jari, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.93333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.55/lat -0.93333334)">Cachoeira de Santo Antônio</a>, 0°56’S 52°33’W; MZUSP 101715, 5, 76-80 mm SL, Laranjal do Jari, Cachoeira de São Raimundo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.577778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.5663889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.577778/lat -0.5663889)">rio Iratapuru</a>, 0°33’59"S 52°34’40"W; MZUSP 101788, 6, 72-92 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.65861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.5711111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.65861/lat -0.5711111)">Laranjal do Jari</a>, upper portion of Cachoeira Santo Antônio, 0°34’16"S 54°39’31"W; Acre: MZUSP 49769, 2, 72-80 mm SL, between seringal do Paraíso and lago Amapá, not precisely located; Pará: MZUSP 101544, 2, 72-84 mm SL, Monte Dourado, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.648613&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.5938889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.648613/lat -0.5938889)">rio Jari</a>, 0°35’38"S 52°38’55"W; MZUSP 103424, 2, 69-89 mm SL, Monte Dourado, upper portion of Cachoeira de Santo Antônio, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.516666/lat -0.6)">rio Jari</a>, 0°36’S 52°31’W.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834693F54FC45FCF9FC1C622E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D938346C3F5AFC22FA26FC1065E9.text	03C4D938346C3F5AFC22FA26FC1065E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax niger Lucena 1989	<div><p>Charax niger Lucena, 1989</p> <p>Figs. 19-20</p> <p>Charax niger Lucena, 1989: 99 [original description, type locality: Brazil, Amapá, rio Amapá (river channel), Cachoeira Grande]. -Oyakawa, 1996: 455 (listed in catalog). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax niger differs from C. caudimaculatus and C. notulatus in the orbital diameter (30.1-38.4% vs. 25-28.5% of HL, Fig. 4). Charax niger can be distinguished from C. caudimaculatus and C. notulatus in the scale rows around the caudal peduncle (17-18 vs. 20-22), from C. michaeli by the number of scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line (15-16 vs. 18-20), from C. pauciradiatus by the number of the scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line (15- 16 vs. 13-14), from C. gibbosus by the number of predorsal scales (52-68 vs. 38-45) and the absence (vs. presence) of ectopterygoid teeth) and from C. leticiae in having the humeral spot distance (35.4-37.8% of SL, Fig.3, with 5-6 transverse scale rows in space from the humeral spot to the supracleithrum vs. the humeral spot distance, 38.5-44.8% of SL, with 8-10 transversal scale rows from the humeral spot to the supracleithrum). Charax niger differs from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line complete (vs. lateral line incomplete), from C. rupununi by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (17-18 vs. 12) and from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai in having the anal-fin origin always anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. anal-fin origin on, or slightly posterior to, the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin) and ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 11. Body elongate, moderately large (40- 127 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body</p> <p>from MZUSP 31137, 81137, 81266, 81193, 87354, 87355.</p> <p>depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body straight from tip of snout to anterior portion of fontanel, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending to about vertical through posterior border of pupil.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9-10, 9, posteriormost ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 44-52, 48.2. Sexually mature males with hooks on anal-fin (Fig. 20); one male specimen (MZUSP 33424, 105 mm SL) with bilateral tiny hooks on posterior anterior 11 rays, number of hooks varying considerably, but posteriormost rays with fewer hooks: third unbranched ray with 28, fourth unbranched ray first branched ray with 22, second with 28, third with 19, fourth with 17, fifth with 17, sixth with 6, seventh with 7, eighth with 8, nineth with 9, tenth with 6, and eleventh with 3. Pectoral-fin rays i, 12-17, 14. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching slightly beyond middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. No hooks on pelvicfin rays of sexually mature males. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching vertical through bases of second and fourth branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 53-60, 56.3. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral 15-16, 15.7. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-11, 9.8. Scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 11-14, 12. Predorsal scales 52-68, 58. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 17-18, 17.8. Scale row along anal-fin base extending for about 2 /</p> <p>3</p> <p>of fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 9-16, 13. Maxillary teeth conical, 47-77, 67.2, larger specimens usually with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 3-6, 4.4 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and a posterior row of 18-36, 28.2 conical teeth.</p> <p>Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 8-10, 8.4. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than on lateral and ventral portions. Body lighter ventrally with scattered dark chromatophores especially posteriorly. Dorsal part of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remainder of head; dark chromatophores spreading over first, second, fourth, fifth and sixth infraorbitals, between second and third infraorbitals as subocular blotch extending ventrally to ventral border of preopercle, median portion of</p> <p>N. A. Menezes &amp; C. A. S. de Lucena 217</p> <p>lower jaw and median portion of maxilla. Scattered dark chromatophores on preopercle, and opercle. Irregularly shaped vertically elongate dark blotch at humeral blotch encompassing about 3 to 4 scales horizontally and 4 to 5 vertically. Triangular dark blotch on caudal base, dark chromatophores of posterocentral portion extending over bases of median caudal-fin rays. Darker lines of chromatophores along miosepta of epaxial muscles above lateral line and miosepta of hypaxial muscles below lateral line; more conspicuous on body region posterior to vertical through termination of dorsal-fin base, forming V-shaped patterns. All fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores more visible on the interradial membranes. Inconspicuous clear stripe dorsally below bases of anterior anal-fin rays, approaching and extending very close to anal-fin base from about middle to end of fin base. Anterior portion of first and second unbranched dorsal-fin rays and first unbranched rays of pectoral and pelvic fins darker than remaining rays.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. Females lack tiny anal-fin hooks described above for males and usually reach on average larger body sizes than males. The only four males available (MZUSP 33430, MZUSP 33431, MZUSP 38303, and MZUSP 33424) have fully developed testes and anal-fin hooks respectively at 83.5, 104, 101, and 105 mm SL. Females with developed ovaries (MZUSP 33430, MZUSP 33431, MZUSP 33424, and MZUSP 3830) were fully mature at sizes between 103 and 127 mm SL. Distribution. Charax niger is known from rio Tocantins, rio Amapá and tributaries; rio Negro and tributaries; and a tributary of rio Preto da Eva, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Brazil, Amazonas: MZUSP 31137, 1, 70 mm SL, Anavilhanas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.003887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.114722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.003887/lat -3.114722)">rio Negro</a>, 3°06’53"S 60°00’14"W; MZUSP 81137, 1, 79.3 mm SL, rio Tiquié, between communities Caruru and <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.26666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.9/lat 0.26666668)">Boca de Sal</a>, 0°16’N 69°54’W, rio Negro drainage; MZUSP 81266, 1, 79.3 mm SL, community of Caruru, rio Tiquié, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.26666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.9/lat 0.26666668)">rio Negro</a> drainage, 0°16’N 69°54’W; MZUSP 81193, 3, 76-96 mm SL, community of Caruru, rio Tiquié, rio Negro drainage, 0°16’N 69°54"W; MZUSP 87354, 1, 40 mm SL, Recanto do Buriti, Rio Preto da Eva, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6994445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.9/lat -2.6994445)">rio Negro</a> drainage, 2°41’58"S 59°54’W; MZUSP 87355, 1, 95 mm SL, Rio Preto da Eva, igarapé Agripino, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.7330556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.68/lat -2.7330556)">rio Preto da Eva</a>, 2°43’59"S 59°40’48"W. MZUSP 33427, 6, 97-122 mm SL, Amapá, Cachoeira Grande, canal of river, not precisely located. Tocantins: UNT 9042, 1, 83 mm SL, riacho afluente do rio Santa Tereza, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.683613&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.683613/lat -12.25)">Sucupira</a>, 12º15‘0"S 48º41’01"W; UNT 166, 2, 62-68 mm SL, UNT 2563, 1, 107 mm SL, Lagoa Pedra do Santo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.566666/lat -11.016666)">Brejunho de Nazaré</a>, 11º01‘S 48º34‘W.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D938346C3F5AFC22FA26FC1065E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834623F5BFC39FD99FABD6389.text	03C4D93834623F5BFC39FD99FABD6389.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax notulatus Lucena 1987	<div><p>Charax notulatus Lucena, 1987</p> <p>Fig. 21</p> <p>Charax notulatus Lucena, 1987: 46 (original description, type locality: Venezuela, DeltaAmacuro, río Orinoco, small cãno near mouth of Caño Soroco). - Vari &amp; Howe, 1991: 13-14 (listed in type catalog). -Oyakawa, 1996: 456 (listed in type catalog). -Provenzano et al., 1998: 5 (listed in type catalog). - Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Among congeners Charax notulatus differs from C. apurensis, C. macrolepis, C. michaeli, C. pauciradiatus, C. gibbosus, C. niger, and C. leticiae in the orbital diameter (26.1-28.5% vs. 30.1-38.4% of HL, Fig. 4). Charax notulatus can be distinguished from C. caudimaculatus in the snout length (24.3-26.3% vs. 20.3-22.8% of HL, Fig. 5). Charax notulatus differs from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line complete (vs. lateral line incomplete), from C. rupununi by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (20-22 vs. 12) and from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai by having the anal-fin origin always located anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. anal-fin origin on, the vertical or slightly posterior to, the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin) and ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 12. Body elongate, moderately large (53- 79 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body straight from tip of snout to anterior region of fontanel, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending to about vertical through posterior border of pupil.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 posteriormost ray unbranched.Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 43-53, 48.1. Pectoral-fin rays i, 13-16, 14.6. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching to, or slightly beyond, vertical through anal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching vertical through bases of fourth and sixth branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 58-64, 60.5. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 18- 19, 18.1. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 10-12, 11.5. Scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 14-17, 15.1. Predorsal scales 46-52, 48.5. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 20-22, 20.7. Scale row along anal-fin base extending for about 2 /</p> <p>3</p> <p>of fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by a set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 13-15, 14. Maxillary teeth conical, 58-78, 63.6; larger specimens usually with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 3-4, 3.6 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and a posterior row of 28-34, 30.5 conical teeth.</p> <p>Vertebrae 32 in one specimen. Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 8-9, 8.7. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than on lateral and ventral regions. Body lighter ventrally with scattered dark chromatophores especially posteriorly. Dorsal region of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remainder of head. Dark chromatophores spreading over first, second, between second and third infraorbitals as subocular blotch extending ventrally to ventral border of preopercle. Dark chromatophores scattered over median portion of lower jaw and median portion of maxilla. Scattered dark chromatophores on preopercle, and opercle. Irregularly shaped, vertically elongate, dark humeral blotch extending about 5 to 7 scales horizontally and 5 to 8 scales vertically. Small, oval-shaped, dark caudal blotch on caudal base with dark chromatophores of posterocentral portion extending over bases of median caudal-fin rays. Inconspicuous dark lines of chromatophores forming V-shaped patterns along miosepta of epaxial muscles above lateral line. All fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores, more visible on interradial membranes. Anterior portion of first and second unbranched dorsal-fin rays and first unbranched rays of pectoral and pelvic fins darker than remaining rays.</p> <p>Distribution. This species occurs in tributaries of the río Orinoco drainage (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens reexamined. Venezuela: USNM 233624, 5 paratypes, 65.7-71.5 mm SL, Delta do Amacuro, 111 nautic miles above Mar de Buoy, small stream near mouth of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.583333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.7/lat 8.583333)">río Socoroco</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.583333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.7/lat 8.583333)">río Orinoco</a> drainage, 08°35’N 61°42’W; USNM 260305, 1 paratype, 76 mm SL, Guárico, 5 km N of RPV 83-4, río Portuguesa, 08°14’N 67°35’W; USNM 270254, 3 paratypes, 70-74 mm SL, Monagas, Los Castillos, isolated pond between Ordoz and Barrancas, 263 nautical miles from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.526667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.445/lat 8.526667)">Sea Buoy</a>, 08°31’36"N 62°26’42"W; MZUSP 28659, 1 paratype, 62 mm SL, Delta do Amacuro, río Guarguapo, tributary of río Orinoco. Already included in Lucena (1987).</p> <p>Charax pauciradiatus (Günther, 1864) Figs. 22-23</p> <p>Anacyrtus pauciradiatus Günther, 1864 [original description, type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, rio Capin (= rio Capim)].</p> <p>Charax pauciradiata, Eigenmann, 1910: 444 (listed in catalog).</p> <p>Charax pauciradiatus, Lucena, 1987: 48 (diagnosis; description; comparisons; distribution; geographic variation). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 104 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax pauciradiatus differs from C. apurensis and C. macrolepis by having the orbital diameter 30.4-38.7% of HL (vs. 20-21% of HL, Fig. 4) and from C. caudimaculatus and C. notulatus that have the orbital diameter 25-28.5% of HL. Charax pauciradiatus can be distinguished from C. michaeli in the number of the scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to to the lateral line (13-14 vs. 18-20) and from C. leticiae that has 16-18 scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line. Charax pauciradiatus differs from C. niger and C. gibbosus in having the humeral spot distance 38-44% of SL (vs. 34.7-37.8% of SL, Fig. 3). Charax pauciradiatus differs from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus in having the lateral line complete (vs. lateral line incomplete), from C. rupununi by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (15-17 vs. 12) and from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai by having the anal-fin origin always located anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. the anal-fin origin on, or slightly posterior, to the dorsal-fin origin) and the ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 13. Body elongate, moderately large (36- 100 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex on tip of snout, straight from posterior border of posterior nostril to vertical through posterior border of pupil, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, strongly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through slightly posterior of middle of orbital diameter.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens, posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 43-51, 46.6. Sexually mature males with hooks on anterior anal-fin rays (Fig. 23); one male specimen (MZUSP 19538, 86 mm SL) with tiny bilateral hooks on posterior anterior 10 rays, number of hooks varying considerably, but posteriormost rays with fewer hooks: fourth unbranched ray with 13, first branched ray with 18, second with 22, third with 23, fourth with 24, fifth with 24, sixth with 22, seventh with 15, eighth with 12, nineth with 10, and tenth with 8. Pectoral-fin rays i, 13-17, 14.4. Tips of longest pectoralfin rays reaching to, or slightly beyond, middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Sexually mature males with tiny hooks on branched pelvic-fin rays (Fig. 23); male specimen (MZUSP 19538) with 38 hooks on first branched ray, 75 on second, 78 on third, 55 on fourth, 54 on fifth and 38 on sixth. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching to vertical between bases of third to fifth branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudalfin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 52-58, 55.7. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 13- 14, 13.9. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-10, 9.4. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 11-14, 12.6. Predorsal scales 30-38, 34.2. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 15-17, 16.7. Scale row along anal-fin base, extending posteriorly for distance between 2 / 3 and 3 / 4 of fin base length.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by a set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 9-15, 11.6. Maxillary teeth conical, 42-67, 52.8; larger specimens usually with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 3-5, 3.8 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and posterior row of 20-31, 24.1 conical teeth.</p> <p>Vertebrae 34 and 35, in two specimens. Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 7-9, 8. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than on lateral and ventral regions. Ventral region of body lighter, but with scattered dark chromatophores. Irregularly shaped vertically elongate dark humeral blotch extending about three or four scales horizontally and six or seven vertically. Dorsal part of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remainder of head; dark coloration extending to median and ventral portions of lower jaw, along first and second infraorbitals and between second and third infraorbitals as a very conspicuous subocular stripe extending to lower edge of preopercle. Scattered dark chromatophores on fifth and sixth infraorbitals, anterior and posterior borders of third and fourth infraorbitals and opercular bones. V-shaped lines of chromatophores over miosepta along epaxial and hypaxial muscles more visible on posterior portion of body. Approximately triangularshaped dark blotch on caudal base more conspicuous in young specimens; posterior dark chromatophores. Inconspicuous clear stripe extending for length of fin between darker basal anal-fin region and remaining ventral portion of fin, extending for length of fin. All fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores, more visible on interradial membranes. Anterior portion of first and second unbranched rays of dorsal and first unbranched rays of pectoral and pelvic-fin rays darker than remaining rays.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. Females lack tiny anal- and pelvic-fin hooks described above for males.</p> <p>Distribution. Charax pauciradiatus has been collected on ilha do Marajó, tributaries of the rio Capim, Pará; Paricatuba, Amazonas; rio Aripuanã, Mato Grosso; and rio Madeira basin, Rondônia, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Brazil, Pará: MZUSP 83763, 4, 48-83 mm SL, Castanhal, igarapé Apeú, rio Capim drainage, approximately 1°24’S 46°06’W; MZUSP 20562, 10, 38-83 mm SL, lago Maria Preta, rio Capim drainage; MZUSP 20552, 26, 36-96 mm SL, rio Capim; MZUSP 19538, 3, 86-100 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.1/lat -1.4)">rio Apeú</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.1/lat -1.4)">Boa Vista</a>, 1°36’S 47°37’W; MZUSP 33418, 9, 48-58 mm SL, rio Apeú, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.616665/lat -1.6)">Boa Vista</a>, 1°36’S 47°37’W; MCP 22537, 7, 52-90 mm SL, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.616665/lat -1.6)">rio Capim</a> and lagoa marginal between Paragominas and Tomé-Açu, about 56 km west of Paragominas, 2°29’13"S 47°9’2"W; MCP 22539, 1, 92 mm SL, Tomé-Açu, igarapé <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.15056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4869444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.15056/lat -2.4869444)">Urucare</a>, on road between Tomé-Açu and Moju, about 49 km west of Tomé-Açu, 2°29’13"S 48°31’31"W; MCP 39032, 1, 112 mm SL, Rondônia, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.525276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4869444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.525276/lat -2.4869444)">rio Madeira</a>, on road BR-364 between Ariquemes and Candeias do Jamari, 8°47’23"S 63°37’37"W. Amazonas: MZUSP 62114, 2, 55-56 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.62694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.789722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.62694/lat -8.789722)">Paricatuba</a>, 4°40’31"S 61°55’33"W; Mato Grosso: MZUSP 60391, 1, 64 mm SL, Aripuanã, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.925835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6752777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.925835/lat -4.6752777)">rio Aripuanã</a>, on road between Colima and Panelas.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834623F5BFC39FD99FABD6389	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834633F5EFC6FFB86FF346388.text	03C4D93834633F5EFC6FFB86FF346388.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax pauciradiatus (Günther 1864)	<div><p>Charax pauciradiatus (Günther, 1864) Figs. 22-23</p> <p>Anacyrtus pauciradiatus Günther, 1864 [original description, type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, rio Capin (= rio Capim)].</p> <p>Charax pauciradiata, Eigenmann, 1910: 444 (listed in catalog).</p> <p>Charax pauciradiatus, Lucena, 1987: 48 (diagnosis; description; comparisons; distribution; geographic variation). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 104 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax pauciradiatus differs from C. apurensis and C. macrolepis by having the orbital diameter 30.4-38.7% of HL (vs. 20-21% of HL, Fig. 4) and from C. caudimaculatus and C. notulatus that have the orbital diameter 25-28.5% of HL. Charax pauciradiatus can be distinguished from C. michaeli in the number of the scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to to the lateral line (13-14 vs. 18-20) and from C. leticiae that has 16-18 scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line. Charax pauciradiatus differs from C. niger and C. gibbosus in having the humeral spot distance 38-44% of SL (vs. 34.7-37.8% of SL, Fig. 3). Charax pauciradiatus differs from C. hemigrammus, C. condei, and C. stenopterus in having the lateral line complete (vs. lateral line incomplete), from C. rupununi by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (15-17 vs. 12) and from C. tectifer, C. metae, and C. delimai by having the anal-fin origin always located anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. the anal-fin origin on, or slightly posterior, to the dorsal-fin origin) and the ectopterygoid teeth absent (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 13. Body elongate, moderately large (36- 100 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex on tip of snout, straight from posterior border of posterior nostril to vertical through posterior border of pupil, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, strongly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through slightly posterior of middle of orbital diameter.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens, posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 43-51, 46.6. Sexually mature males with hooks on anterior anal-fin rays (Fig. 23); one male specimen (MZUSP 19538, 86 mm SL) with tiny bilateral hooks on posterior anterior 10 rays, number of hooks varying considerably, but posteriormost rays with fewer hooks: fourth unbranched ray with 13, first branched ray with 18, second with 22, third with 23, fourth with 24, fifth with 24, sixth with 22, seventh with 15, eighth with 12, nineth with 10, and tenth with 8. Pectoral-fin rays i, 13-17, 14.4. Tips of longest pectoralfin rays reaching to, or slightly beyond, middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Sexually mature males with tiny hooks on branched pelvic-fin rays (Fig. 23); male specimen (MZUSP 19538) with 38 hooks on first branched ray, 75 on second, 78 on third, 55 on fourth, 54 on fifth and 38 on sixth. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching to vertical between bases of third to fifth branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudalfin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 52-58, 55.7. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 13- 14, 13.9. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-10, 9.4. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 11-14, 12.6. Predorsal scales 30-38, 34.2. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 15-17, 16.7. Scale row along anal-fin base, extending posteriorly for distance between 2 / 3 and 3 / 4 of fin base length.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by a set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 9-15, 11.6. Maxillary teeth conical, 42-67, 52.8; larger specimens usually with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 3-5, 3.8 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and posterior row of 20-31, 24.1 conical teeth.</p> <p>Vertebrae 34 and 35, in two specimens. Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 7-9, 8. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than on lateral and ventral regions. Ventral region of body lighter, but with scattered dark chromatophores. Irregularly shaped vertically elongate dark humeral blotch extending about three or four scales horizontally and six or seven vertically. Dorsal part of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remainder of head; dark coloration extending to median and ventral portions of lower jaw, along first and second infraorbitals and between second and third infraorbitals as a very conspicuous subocular stripe extending to lower edge of preopercle. Scattered dark chromatophores on fifth and sixth infraorbitals, anterior and posterior borders of third and fourth infraorbitals and opercular bones. V-shaped lines of chromatophores over miosepta along epaxial and hypaxial muscles more visible on posterior portion of body. Approximately triangularshaped dark blotch on caudal base more conspicuous in young specimens; posterior dark chromatophores. Inconspicuous clear stripe extending for length of fin between darker basal anal-fin region and remaining ventral portion of fin, extending for length of fin. All fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores, more visible on interradial membranes. Anterior portion of first and second unbranched rays of dorsal and first unbranched rays of pectoral and pelvic-fin rays darker than remaining rays.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. Females lack tiny anal- and pelvic-fin hooks described above for males.</p> <p>Distribution. Charax pauciradiatus has been collected on ilha do Marajó, tributaries of the rio Capim, Pará; Paricatuba, Amazonas; rio Aripuanã, Mato Grosso; and rio Madeira basin, Rondônia, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Brazil, Pará: MZUSP 83763, 4, 48-83 mm SL, Castanhal, igarapé Apeú, rio Capim drainage, approximately 1°24’S 46°06’W; MZUSP 20562, 10, 38-83 mm SL, lago Maria Preta, rio Capim drainage; MZUSP 20552, 26, 36-96 mm SL, rio Capim; MZUSP 19538, 3, 86-100 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.1/lat -1.4)">rio Apeú</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.1/lat -1.4)">Boa Vista</a>, 1°36’S 47°37’W; MZUSP 33418, 9, 48-58 mm SL, rio Apeú, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.616665/lat -1.6)">Boa Vista</a>, 1°36’S 47°37’W; MCP 22537, 7, 52-90 mm SL, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.616665/lat -1.6)">rio Capim</a> and lagoa marginal between Paragominas and Tomé-Açu, about 56 km west of Paragominas, 2°29’13"S 47°9’2"W; MCP 22539, 1, 92 mm SL, Tomé-Açu, igarapé <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.15056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4869444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.15056/lat -2.4869444)">Urucare</a>, on road between Tomé-Açu and Moju, about 49 km west of Tomé-Açu, 2°29’13"S 48°31’31"W; MCP 39032, 1, 112 mm SL, Rondônia, tributary of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.525276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4869444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.525276/lat -2.4869444)">rio Madeira</a>, on road BR-364 between Ariquemes and Candeias do Jamari, 8°47’23"S 63°37’37"W. Amazonas: MZUSP 62114, 2, 55-56 mm SL, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.62694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.789722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.62694/lat -8.789722)">Paricatuba</a>, 4°40’31"S 61°55’33"W; Mato Grosso: MZUSP 60391, 1, 64 mm SL, Aripuanã, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.925835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6752777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.925835/lat -4.6752777)">rio Aripuanã</a>, on road between Colima and Panelas.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834633F5EFC6FFB86FF346388	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834663F5FFEFEFBB9FB5765D8.text	03C4D93834663F5FFEFEFBB9FB5765D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax rupununi Eigenmann 1912	<div><p>Charax rupununi Eigenmann, 1912</p> <p>Fig. 24</p> <p>Charax rupununi Eigenmann, 1912: 402 (original description, type locality: Guyana, Rupununi River). -Henn, 1928: 70 (listed in type catalog). - Ibarra &amp; Stewart, 1987: 22 (listed in type catalog). - Lucena, 1987: 50 (diagnosis, description; comparisons; distribution). - Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Charaxodon rupununi, Fernandez-Yepez, 1947 (in key to species).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax rupununi is distinguished from congeners with the lateral line complete and the dorsal region</p> <p>of the body anterior to the dorsal fin scaled except for a small naked area anterior to the dorsal-fin origin in having 42-44 perforated scales along the lateral line (vs. 50-65 perforated scales on the lateral line in C. tectifer, C. metae, C. delimai, C. metae, C. caudimaculatus, C. notulatus, C. apurensis, C. macrolepis, C. michaeli, C. pauciradiatus, C. gibbosus, C. niger, and C. leticiae). Charax rupununi differs from C. hemigrammus, C. condei and C. stenopterus by having the lateral line complete and the dorsal region of the body anterior to the dorsal fin, except for a small naked area anterior to dorsal-fin origin scaled (vs. the lateral line incomplete and scales lacking on the dorsal region of the body anterior to the dorsal fin).</p> <p>Description. Table with complete morphometric data not presented since only the poorly preserved holotype and another more recently collected specimen of this rare species were available for study. Body elongate, small compared to congeners (38-45 mm SL), compressed and comparatively low. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex from tip of snout to anterior region of fontanel, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, slightly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsalfin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and very slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to analfin origin, nearly straight to slightly concave along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through middle of orbit.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 (2) posteriormost ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv, branched rays 44-46. Pectoral-fin rays i, 12-15. Tips of longest pectoralfin rays extending beyond pelvic-fin origin, but falling short of vertical through middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7 (2). Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching slightly beyond anal-fin origin. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/9 (2).</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 42-44. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 13 (1). Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 7 (1). Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line eigth and nine. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 12 (1). No scales anteriorly along anal-fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior large conical tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth, one large conical teeth and six smaller conical teeth (1). Total number of premaxillary teeth 14 (1). Maxillary teeth conical, 41-42. Dentary with anterior row including six conical teeth and posterior row with 21 conical teeth (1). Ectopterygoid conical teeth 14 (1).</p> <p>Vertebrae 32 (1). Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 8 (1). Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior cerathyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal (1).</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Most of original coloration not preserved. Body pale, slightly darker dorsally. Scattered dark chromatophores all over body. Roundish dark humeral blotch extending about two scales horizontally and one scale vertically. Concentration of dark chromatophores on caudal base forming oval-shaped blotch extending over bases of median caudal-fin rays. Dorsal portions of head, snout and tip of lower with scattered dark chromatophores. Opercle with scattered dark chromatophores. All fins hyaline.</p> <p>Distribution. The two known specimens of this species have been collected respectively in Rupununi, Guyana and Lago Jacaré, rio Trombetas, Brazil (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. FMNH 53663, holotype, 45 mm SL, Guyana: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.158337&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.361944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.158337/lat 4.361944)">Rupununi</a>, 4°21’43"N 59°09’30"W; MZUSP 27937, 1, 38 mm SL, Brazil, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.3333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.85/lat -1.3333334)">Pará</a>, lago Jacaré, rio Trombetas, 1°20’S 56°51’W. Previously included in Lucena (1987).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834663F5FFEFEFBB9FB5765D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834673F5CFC4FFA39FACD6093.text	03C4D93834673F5CFC4FFA39FACD6093.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax stenopterus (Cope 1894)	<div><p>Charax stenopterus (Cope, 1894)</p> <p>Fig. 25</p> <p>Asiphonichthys stenopterus Cope, 1894: 67 (original description, type locality: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, headwaters of rio Jacuí). -Böhlke, 1984: 54 (listed in type catalog).</p> <p>Charax stenopterus, Lucena, 1987: 26 (diagnosis; description; comparisons; distribution; geographic variation; morphometric data). -Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species). -Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution). -López et al., 2003: 17 (Argentina, listed). - Casciotta et al., 2003: 83 (Laguna Iberiá, Argentina, listed). -Menni, 2004: 74 (Argentina, listed).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax stenopterus is distinguished from congeners except C. condei and C. hemigrammus by having the lateral line incomplete and the dorsal part of the body anterior to the dorsal fin without scales (vs. lateral line complete and the dorsal part of body anterior to dorsal fin with scales). Charax stenopterus differs from C. hemigrammus in the number of scale rows from the pelvic-fin origin to the lateral line (7-9 vs. 11-12) and from C. condei in lacking ectopterygoid teeth and 18-28 teeth on the posterior dentary row (vs. ectopterygoid teeth present and 30-41 teeth on the posterior dentary row).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 14. Body elongate, moderately large compared to congeners (33-85 mm SL), compressed and comparatively low. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex from tip of snout to anterior region of fontanel, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and very slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight to slightly concave along anal-fin base and concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending to about vertical through middle of orbit.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8-10, 9, posteriormost ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 37-48, 43.2. No hooks on anterior anal-fin rays of all examined mature males. Pectoral-fin rays i, 11-17, 14. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays extending slightly beyond vertical through middle of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. No hooks on pelvic-fin rays of all examined mature males. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching vertical through bases of second and fourth branched anal-fin rays. Principal caudalfin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line incomplete; perforated scales 2-10, 6. Lateral series scales 40-47, 43.4. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 7-9, 8.1. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 16-18, 16.7. No scale rows anteriorly along anal-fin base.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior large conical tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth, one to two large conical teeth and 1-4 smaller conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 10-17, 13. Maxillary teeth conical, 37-52, 42.6; larger specimens generally with higher counts. Dentary with anterior row including 4-7, 5.2 conical teeth and posterior row with 18- 28, 21.1 conical teeth.</p> <p>Vertebrae 31-33, 32.1. Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gillarch 7-10, 8.3. Branchiostegal rays 4, 3 rays originating from anterior cerathyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale, with scattered dark chromatophores more concentrated on dorsal part of head and dorsal and lateral portions of trunk, extending over snout, maxillae, tip of jaws, and infraorbitals, less so ventrally. Dark humeral blotch inconspicuous to well-developed; blotch extending about two scales horizontally and one scale vertically. Concentration of dark chromatophores on caudalfin base forming tringular-shaped blotch with chromatophores on posterocentral portion extending onto bases of central caudal-fin rays. Chromatophores darker slightly above midbody, forming V-shaped lines along miosepta of epaxial and hypaxial musculature; lines more conspicuous on posterior portion of body. All fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores, especially abundant on interradial membranes of dorsal, anal, and basal portion of caudal fins; fewer chromatophores on pectoral and pelvic fins.</p> <p>Distribution. This species is widely distributed in tributaries of rio Jacuí and coastal lagoons of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Uruguay. It occurs also in tributaries of the rio Uruguay, Brazil and lower rio Paraná, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul. MZUSP 9616, 4, 52.5 -67.0 mm SL, Pelotas, lagoa dos Patos, 31°46’S 52°20"W; MZUSP 14182, 1, 85 mm SL, Osório, lagoa dos Quadros, 29°43"S 50°07’W; MZUSP 4499, 4, 58-70 mm SL, São Leopoldo, Porto do Vicente, rio dos Sinos, rio Jacuí drainage, 29°45"S 51°10"W; MZUSP 19884, 1, 69 mm SL, near Porto Alegre, arroio in município de Belém Novo, 30°12"S 51°12"W; MZUSP 19919, 1, 75 mm SL, Marquês de Souza, rio Forqueta, rio Jacuí drainage, 29°20"S 52°05"W; MZUSP 19975, 1, 51 mm SL, Estação Ecológica do Taim, lagoa Mirim, stream near fazenda Caçapava, 32°29S, 52°35"W; MZUSP 19968, 1, 64 mm SL, near Arroio Grande, on road between Pelotas and Jaguarão, 32°14’S 53°05"W; MZUSP 19726, 2, 44-46 mm SL, São Leopoldo, rio dos Sinos, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.166668/lat -29.75)">rio Jacuí</a> drainage, 29°45’S 51°10’W; MZUSP 19730, 2, 45-46 mm SL, Pelotas, rio Pelotas near bridge, 31°37’S 52°19"W; MZUSP 19683, 3, 43-46 mm SL, Montenegro, Vapor Velho, 27°47’45"W; MZUSP 19734, 4, 33-40 mm SL, km 124 on road BR- 116, between Schailan and Montenegro, near arroio Preto. Uruguay: MZUSP 19375, 3, 69-83 mm SL, arroyo Toledo.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834673F5CFC4FFA39FACD6093	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
03C4D93834643F62FC2FF89BFC32678D.text	03C4D93834643F62FC2FF89BFC32678D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charax tectifer (Cope 1870)	<div><p>Charax tectifer (Cope, 1870)</p> <p>Fig. 26</p> <p>Anacyrtus tectifer Cope, 1870: 565 [original description, type locality: Ecuador, Pebas (actually Pebas, Peru)]. -Böhlke, 1984: 55 (listed in type catalog).</p> <p>Hydrolicus copei Gill, 1870: 266 (original description, type locality: río Marañon or río Napo, Amazon system, Peru or Ecuador). - Vari &amp; Howe, 1991: 26 (listed in type catalog). -Toledo Piza et al., 1999: 256 [synonym of Charax tectifer (Cope, 1870)].</p> <p>Anacyrtus sanguineus Cope, 1872: 266 (original description, type locality: Peru, ríoAmbyiacu). - Böhlke, 1984: 53 (listed in type catalog). - Fowler, 1907: 453 (lectotype designation). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 202 [synonym of Charax tectifer (Cope, 1870)].</p> <p>Moralesia tectifer. -Fowler, 1943: 96 (Peru; original description).</p> <p>Moralesicus tectifera. -Fowler, 1958: 9. -Ortega &amp; Vari, 1986: 91 (Peru, listed).</p> <p>Charax (Moralesia) tectifer tectifer. -Géry &amp; Vu-Tan-Tuê, 1963: 243 (diagnostic characters in key).</p> <p>Charax tectifer. -Lucena, 1987: 60 (diagnosis; description; distribution; geographic variation). -Lucena, 1989: 104 (in key to species; Chang &amp; Ortega, 1995: 5 (Peru, listed). - Lucena &amp; Menezes, 2003: 202 (maximum length; distribution).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Charax tectifer differs from congeners except C. delimai, C. metae, some specimens of C. gibbosus, C. rupununi, and C. condei in bearing teeth on the ectopterygoid. Charax tectifer differs from C. condei in having the lateral line complete (versus incomplete) and from Charax gibbosus and C. rupununi in having the anal-fin origin along, or slightly posterior to, the vertical through the dorsalfin origin (vs. anterior to the dorsal-fin origin). Charax tectifer can be distinguished from C. delimai and C. metae by the absence (vs. presence) of the superficial neuromasts on body scales present in those two species (Figs. 1 and 2).</p> <p>Description. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in Table 15. Body elongate, moderately large (38-</p> <p>94 mm SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body convex from tip of snout to anterior region of fontanel, concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and straight to slightly convex from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending to vertical through posterior border of orbit.</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 in all specimens, posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 38-43, 40.3. Anterior anal-fin rays not bearing bilateral hooks in examined mature males. Pectoral-fin rays i, 12-16, 13.8. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching about to vertical through middle of pelvic fin length. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. No hooks on pelvic-fin rays of all adult males examined. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching slightly beyond vertical through anal-fin origin. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens.</p> <p>Lateral line complete; perforated scales 50-56, 53.6. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 13- 14, 13.4. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-10, 9.5. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 11-13, 12.3. Predorsal scales 29-37, 32.8. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 19-21, 19.5. One scale row along analfin base, extending for about two thirds of its length.</p> <p>Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 11-17, 13.5. Maxillary teeth conical, 34-54, 44.3. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 3-7, 4.5 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and posterior row of 18-25, 20.7 conical teeth. Left ectopterygoid bone with 3-14, 7.7, right with 2-14 conical teeth. Total number of ectopterygoid teeth 5-25, 15.2. Vertebrae 33 and 34 (2). Gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch 9-10, (9.3). Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal.</p> <p>Color in alcohol. Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than ventrally. Dark chromatophores mostly concentrated on basal portions of scales leaving posterior borders and creating alternating pattern of longitudinal dark and light spots along body. Lateral and ventral portions of body lighter. Dorsal portion of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker, dark coloration extending over anterior part of maxilla, first and second infraorbitals and between latter bone and anterior border of third infraorbital and defining conspicuous subocular blotch extending ventrally to ventral border of third infraorbital. Remaining portion of third infraorbital, fourth, fifth and sixth infraorbitals, opercle, subopercle and interopercle with scattered dark chromatophores. Irregularly shaped dark humeral blotch, much closer to dorsal-fin origin than to posterior border of opercle; extending two or three scales vertically and horizontally. Dark midlateral stripe extending from humeral blotch to caudal base where it joins oval-shaped dark blotch extending to basal portions of central caudal-fin rays. Vshaped darker lines of chromatophores follow miosepta between musculature. Anal fin with faint basal dark stripe separated by light stripe from wider dark marginal dark stripe. Pelvic and pectoral fins hyaline with very few scattered dark chromatophores. Dorsal and caudal fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores mostly located on interradial membranes.</p> <p>Distribution. Charax tectifer is known from the río Ucayali and río Tambo systems, Peru, rivers from the río Amazonas drainage in Colombia, and río Napo system, Ecuador (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Remarks. No significant statistical differences in meristics and morphometrics and no differences in other morphological features were found among the samples from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D93834643F62FC2FF89BFC32678D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Menezes, Naércio A.;de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.	Menezes, Naércio A., de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. (2014): A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2): 193-228, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130175, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000200193&lng=en&tlng=en
