taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A387FFFFE11563FF12FEE86654FE69.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Spongia oculata Pallas, 1766 (by original designation).	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE11564FF12FD9964B4FEC4.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 3)	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE11564FF12FD9964B4FEC4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. Australia, Western Australia, Hamelin Bay (34 ° 13.603 ' S, 115 ° 00.842 ' E), 7 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 23 / 02 / 2005 (WAM Z 28839). Paratypes. Australia: Western Australia: 1 specimen, Roe Reef (31 ° 58.430 ' S, 115 ° 32.213 ' E), 13 m, J. Fromont, SCUBA, 8 / 11 / 2013 (WAM Z 68531); 1 specimen, Cape Vlamingh, Rottnest Island, (32 ° 01.230 ' S, 115 ° 26.800 ' S), 12 m, AIMS divers, SCUBA, 13 / 03 / 1989, NCI specimen Q 66 C 2640 L (WAM Z 28840); 1 specimen, Crystal Palace, Rottnest Island (32 ° 01.550 ’ S, 115 ° 32.700 ' E), 11 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 25 / 01 / 2006 (WAM Z 37488); 1 specimen, Favourite Island, Jurien Bay (30 ° 16.823 ' S, 115 ° 00.136 ' E), 6 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 26 / 02 / 2006 (WAM Z 37484); 3 specimens, Hamelin Bay (34 ° 12.958 ' S, 115 ° 00.553 ' E), 8 m, S. Whalan, SCUBA, 13 / 11 / 2001 (NMV F 200909 exWAM Z 68508, SAM S 1190 exWAM Z 68509 and WAM Z 68510). Other material. Australia: Western Australia: 1 specimen, Roe Reef, Rottnest Island (31 ° 58.420 ’ S, 115 ° 32.210 ’ E), 10 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 25 / 01 / 2006 (WAM Z 37489); 2 specimens, Dillion Bay, Bremer Bay (34 ° 27.216 ’ S, 119 ° 19.842 ’ E), 16.5 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 25 / 06 / 2005 (WAM Z 37496 and Z 37497); 2 specimens, Hamelin Island, Hamelin Bay (34 ° 13.603 ' S, 115 ° 00.842 ' E), 5 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 24 / 02 / 2005 (WAM Z 37493 and Z 37494); 1 specimen, Favourite Island, Jurien Bay (30 ° 16.823 ' S, 115 ° 00.136 ' E), 5 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 28 / 02 / 2006 (WAM Z 37485).	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE11564FF12FD9964B4FEC4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Haliclona djeedara sp. nov. is characterised by being erect with interconnected lobes and apical oscules; firm, compressible and springy texture with large internal canals, and brown throughout alive; no microscleres, and short, thick, hastate oxeas as megascleres (mean 137 x 7.4 µm, n = 260). Skeleton a dense regular square-meshed to isodictyal reticulation with fibre development, spicules extend beyond surface to 150 µm. Ectosomal skeleton isodictyal, uni- or bispicular with spongin sheath.	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE11564FF12FD9964B4FEC4.taxon	description	Description. Habit as in Figure 2 (a). Erect sponges, supported by multiple or single, short stalks. Main body is ficiform to lobate, frequently with multiple lobes. Dimensions of specimen (WAM Z 28839: height ~ 120 mm, short stalk ~ 20 mm, width ~ 140 mm, breadth ~ 120 mm. Oscules apical, numerous, variable in size 2 – 10 mm wide, either flush with the surface or with raised rims ≤ 5 mm high. Surface smooth and finely porous, sticky and adherent to touch. Texture firm, compressible, springy. Colour (Figure 2 (a )): in the live state, brown to beige (Munsell 2.78 YR 6.15 / 4.14) throughout, in ethanol light to medium brown exterior, fawn interior. General organization (Figure 3 (a, c )): A narrow outer ectosomal region (~ 50 µm wide) consists of compact mesohyl with some subdermal spaces 100 – 150 µm wide. Primary tracts beneath surface are multispicular, cored by ≤ 6 spicules (≤ 50 µm thick), and form brushes at right angles to the surface. Spicules extend beyond the surface from 50 to 150 µm. Ectosomal skeleton isodictyal, uni- or bispicular with spongin sheath, undifferentiated from choanosomal skeleton. Choanosome dense and compact, a regular square-meshed to isodictyal reticulation, spongin sheath clearly visible around all fibres. Occasional internal canals (1000 µm across) throughout mesohyl. Primary fibres cored by 1 – 6 spicules and ≤ 35 µm wide, mesh spaces ≤ 140 µm across (one spicule length). Secondary fibres unispicular, occasionally bispicular, ~ 10 µm thick, with spongin sheath. Spicules (Figure 3 (e), Figure 4): Megascleres: oxeas short, thick, straight or slightly curved tapering to symmetrical hastate tips (137 x 7.4 µm, range 111 – 161 x 4 – 11 µm Table 1), tips can be variable with acerate, conical and mucronate forms occurring. Thin, developmental forms present (~ 118 x 3 µm). No microscleres. Larvae: Parenchymellae, cylindrical in form, slightly tapering to the posterior end, on average 100 µm larger than Haliclona durdong sp. nov. with a uniformly heavily ciliated body and lacking a posterior flagellated band. Larvae first observed annually in February (Abdo et al. 2008 a).	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE11564FF12FD9964B4FEC4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We compared this species to descriptions of all Haliclona species listed as present in Australia (http: // www. environment. gov. au / biodiversity / abrs / online-resources / fauna / afd / taxa / CERACTINOMORPHA / names) as well as additional species from southern Indonesia and the Western Indian Ocean (Spalding et al. 2007), and examined the type material of closely related species. The holotype of Haliclona (Haliclona) flabellodigitata Burton, 1934 (Burton 1934) (BMNH 30.8.13.167) has pronounced fibre development similar to Haliclona djeedara but fibre meshes are twice as wide> 200 µm compared to the predominantly ≤ 140 µm meshes of Haliclona djeedara. In addition the oxeas are much thinner (4 µm compared to> 7 µm). As a result of the wide meshes in H. (H.) flabellodigitata it has a much softer consistency than Haliclona djeedara. Other Haliclona species described from the temperate Australasian region do not have the solid lobate to ficiform morphology in conjunction with the pronounced fibre development of Haliclona djeedara. For example the holotypes of Haliclona (Reniera) clathrata (Dendy 1895) (NMV G 2331, RN 1185) and H. corticata (Lendenfeld 1887) (AM G 8999) lacked fibre development except at the nodes of the skeletal reticulation. H. fryetti (Dendy 1895) (NMV G 2357, RN 1141 and G 2358, RN 1183) was described as being dark brown in colour but this species only has spongin at the nodes of the reticulation and smaller, thinner oxeas (115 x 5 µm) with mucronate ends. We examined type specimens of H. proxima (Dendy, 1895) (NMV G 2402, RN 288 and G 2403, RN 1191), now a junior synonym of H. digitata (Lendenfeld, 1887), which was described as having a palmodigitate morphology but has longer, thicker oxeas with mucronate ends, and minute oscules compared to the large oscules (2 – 10 mm) of H. djeedara. H. punctata Bergquist & Warne (1980) is described with multispicular fibres but it is an encrusting species with very small thin oxeas (96 x 3 µm). The above comparisons clearly demonstrate the morphological and skeletal differences that distinguish Haliclona djeedara from these similar species from nearby regions. Haliclona djeedara is viviparous and gonochoric, reproducing in the Austral summer (Abdo et al. 2008 a). It is characterized by numerous large apical oscules, brown colour and a more dense and compact mesohyl than Haliclona durdong, with a consequent compressible and springy texture. This species has a distinctive, regular, compact square-meshed reticulate skeleton with fibre development in the form of spongin sheaths around both primary and secondary tracts. The primary fibres are multispicular, the secondaries usually unispicular. The oxeas are consistently up to 20 µm shorter than H. durdong (Figure 4). H. djeedara also has a distinctive sticky and adherent surface not seen in H. durdong. This new species conforms to the subgenus Haliclona based on the regular square-meshed reticulation, the substantial amount of spongin in the skeleton and the unispicular secondary tracts. The consistent multispicular nature of the primary lines is less usual for the subgenus and future molecular characterization of the species would support or refute this subgenus assignment.	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE11564FF12FD9964B4FEC4.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Haliclona djeedara sp. nov. is found in temperate rocky reef habitats in south Western Australia from Jurien Bay in the north to Bremer Bay in the south. This is apparently an Australian west coast endemic species occurring in shallow water from 3 to 30 m depth on limestone rock and south of 30 º latitude.	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE11564FF12FD9964B4FEC4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species name is a Nyoongar word meaning brown. The specific name is a noun in apposition describing the colour of the species. The Nyoongar peoples are the traditional owners of south Western Australia where this species occurs.	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE61568FF12FE306726F8A4.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 3)	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE61568FF12FE306726F8A4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Australia, Western Australia, Hamelin Bay (34 ° 13.603 ' S, 115 ° 00.842 ' E), 7 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 23 / 02 / 2005 (WAM Z 28838). Paratypes. Australia: Western Australia: 1 specimen, Roe Reef (31 ° 58.430 ' S, 115 ° 32.213 ' E), 13 m, J. Fromont, SCUBA, 8 / 11 / 2013 (WAM Z 68530); 1 specimen, Abraham Point, Rottnest Island (32 ° 00.25 ' S, 115 ° 28.02 ' S), 15 m, AIMS divers, SCUBA, 14 / 03 / 1989, NCI specimen Q 66 C 2670 S (WAM Z 28841); 1 specimen, Cosy Corner, Hamelin Bay (34 ° 15.540 ’ S, 115 ° 01.467 ’ E), 5 m, R. Capon, SCUBA, 09 / 1980 (WAM Z 13491); 1 specimen, Point Henry, Bremer Bay (34 ° 27.395 ’ S, 119 ° 25.175 ’ E), 13 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 24 / 06 / 2005 (WAM Z 37499); 2 specimens, Hamelin Bay (34 ° 12.958 ' S, 115 ° 00.553 ' E), 7 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 24 / 02 / 2001 (NMV F 200910 exWAM Z 68511 and SAM S 1191 exWAM Z 68512); 1 specimen, Horseshoe Reef, Rottnest Island (32 ° 01.550 ' S, 115 ° 32.700 ' E), 15 m, C. Battershill, SCUBA, 26 / 1 / 2001 (WAM Z 68513). Other material. Australia: Western Australia: 2 specimens, Favourite Island, Jurien Bay (30 ° 16.516 ’ S, 114 ° 58.062 ’ E), 7 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 28 / 02 / 2006 (WAM Z 37486 and WAM Z 37487); 1 specimen, Point Henry, Bremer Bay (34 ° 27.395 ’ S, 119 ° 25.175 ’ E), 12 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 24 / 06 / 2005 (WAM Z 37498), 1 specimen, Hamelin Island, Hamelin Bay (34 ° 13.603 ’ S, 115 ° 00.842 ’ E), 7 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 24 / 02 / 2005 (WAM Z 37492); 1 specimen, Crystal Palace, Rottnest Island (32 ° 01.550 ’ S, 115 ° 32.700 ’ E), 9 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 25 / 01 / 2006 (WAM Z 37490); 1 specimen, Roe Reef, Rottnest Island (31 ° 58.420 ’ S, 115 ° 32.210 ’ E), 11 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 25 / 01 / 2006 (WAM Z 37491); 1 specimen, Cosy Corner, Hamelin Bay (34 ° 15.540 ’ S, 115 ° 01.467 ’ E), 4 m, D. Abdo, SCUBA, 23 / 02 / 2005 (WAM Z 37495).	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE61568FF12FE306726F8A4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Haliclona durdong sp. nov. is characterised by being erect or massive with wide apical oscules and well developed canals, compressible consistency but tearing and fragmenting easily, green throughout alive; no microscleres, slender oxeas as megascleres (mean 152.6 x 6.9 µm, n = 280). Skeleton regular multispicular, isodictyal reticulation, spongin at nodes, spicules extend beyond surface to 80 µm. Ectosomal skeleton isodictyal, uni- or bispicular, spongin at nodes.	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE61568FF12FE306726F8A4.taxon	description	Description. Habit as in Figure 2 (b). Erect or massive sponges with wide funnel-like oscules and 1 to 3 basal attachment points. Dimensions of specimen (WAM Z 28838): height ~ 100 mm, width ~ 130 mm, breadth ~ 90 mm. Oscules apical, wide, ~ 25 mm across and common. Surface smooth, with velvet appearance. Texture compressible, easily damaged, sponge pulls apart with minimal force. Colour (Figure 2 (b )): in the live state, green (Munsell 3.61 GY 1.94 / 3.54) throughout, in ethanol medium brown throughout. General organization (Figure 3 (b, d )): A thin outer ectosomal region (~ 50 µm wide) consists of compact mesohyl. Ectosomal skeleton isodictyal, uni- or bispicular, spongin at nodes, undifferentiated from choanosomal skeleton. Primary spicules extend beyond the surface to 80 µm. Subdermal spaces ~ 150 µm wide. Primary tracts multispicular cored by 2 – 5 spicules (≤ 30 µm wide) with spongin at nodes, tracts without fibre sheath, mesh spaces ~ 150 µm across (one spicule length). Secondary tracts isodictyal, unispicular, rarely bispicular, ≤ 15 µm wide, more commonly ≤ 10 µm wide. Skeleton a regular isodictyal reticulation, occasionally irregular and squaremeshed. Choanosome cavernous with large canals and numerous internal pores of various sizes 1 – 3 mm wide. Spicules (Figure 3 (f), Figure 4): Megascleres: oxeas slender, straight or slightly curved with hastate tips (152.6 x 6.9 µm, range 106 – 185 x 5 – 10 µm Table 1), thin, developmental forms present (~ 138 x 4 µm). No microscleres. Larvae: Parenchymellae, cylindrical in form, tapering to the anterior and posterior, with a ciliated body and posterior flagellated band. Larvae first observed annually in March (Abdo et al. 2008 a). The holotype specimen, WAM Z 28838, is a reproductive female containing embryos.	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE61568FF12FE306726F8A4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We compared this species to descriptions of all Haliclona species listed as present in Australia (http: // www. environment. gov. au / biodiversity / abrs / online-resources / fauna / afd / taxa / CERACTINOMORPHA / names) as well as additional species from southern Indonesia and the Western Indian Ocean, and examined the type material of closely related species. The holotype of Chalinula camerata (Ridley 1884) (BMNH 1882.10.17.117), is a tiny, encrusting specimen with a very irregular skeleton, occasional multispicular tracts of loosely aggregated spicules parallel to the surface, no fibre development at the nodes of the reticulation, and the spicules are longer and thinner than in Haliclona durdong. We examined specimens from the Houtman Abrolhos identified by Dendy and Frederick (1924) as Reniera cribricutis (BMNH 1925.11.1.194), now Haliclona (Reniera) cribicutis (Ridley and Dendy 1886), and Reniera permollis (BMNH 1925.11.1.200), now a synonym of Haliclona (R.) cinerea, respectively (Dendy and Frederick 1924). These specimens were very similar to each other and were not the same species as Haliclona durdong. Both these specimens were small, soft and porous, with small apical oscules (4 mm wide), and minimum fibre development around the spicules. The specimen identified as H. (R.) cribricutis has similar sized oxeas to Haliclona durdong but with mucronate tips, while in the specimen of H. (R.) permollis the spicules were smaller (120 x 3 µm). Dendy & Frederick (1924) also recorded R. aquaeductus (BMNH 1925.11.1.195), now Haliclona (Reniera) aquaeductus, from the Houtman Abrolhos, but this was a smooth, slender branching specimen without the wide funnels characteristic of Haliclona durdong. Specimens of R. aquaeductus (BMNH 1882.2.23.284; 238 - 9; 297) identified by Ridley (1884) were also not the same as Haliclona durdong. These specimens were firm, incompressible and brittle in contrast to the compressible texture of Haliclona durdong. In contrast, the specimens of R. aquaeductus var. infundibularis (BMNH 1887.5.2.228; 219) had a similar morphology to H. durdong forming wide, open tubes but these are very porous, soft and fragile, and the specimens lacked nodal fibre development, as well as being from Patagonia, a disjunct distribution to H. durdong. The type of Haliclona (Rhizoniera) australis (Lendenfeld 1888) (AM Z 2017) is an encrusting specimen 1 cm thick with much smaller skeletal mesh spaces and spicule sizes than H. durdong, as well as being red in colour alive. The above comparisons clearly demonstrate the morphological and skeletal differences that distinguish H. durdong from these similar species from nearby regions. No Haliclona species described from Australia have the wide apical, flared oscules in conjunction with the compressible texture, development of fibre only at the nodes of the reticulation, and spicule sizes and morphology of Haliclona durdong sp. nov. We could find no described species of Haliclona with the unique characters of this species. Haliclona durdong sp. nov. is viviparous, with both gonochoric and hermaphroditic individuals, and reproduces in the Austral summer (Abdo et al. 2008 a). It is characterized by wide apical, funnel-like oscules and large internal canals, green colour, compressible texture, fibre only at the nodes of the skeletal reticulation, never forming sheaths, and ready fragmentation. The species is much more porous and softer than Haliclona djeedara and its skeleton is isodictyal rather than square-meshed. It consistently has longer spicules, up to 20 µm in maximum length than H. djeedara, which has shorter, thicker oxeas (Figure 4). This species conforms to the subgenus Haliclona based on the regular isodictyal reticulation, and the consistent spongin at the nodes of the reticulation. The consistent multispicular nature of the primary lines is less usual for the subgenus and future molecular characterization of the species would support or refute this subgenus assignment.	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE61568FF12FE306726F8A4.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Haliclona durdong sp. nov. is found in temperate rocky reef habitats in south Western Australia from Jurien Bay in the north to Bremer Bay in the south. This is apparently an Australian west coast endemic species occurring in shallow water from 3 to 45 m depth on limestone rock and south of 30 º latitude.	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
03A387FFFFE61568FF12FE306726F8A4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species name is a Nyoongar word meaning green. The specific name is a noun in apposition describing the colour of the species. The Nyoongar peoples are the traditional owners of the south Western Australia where this species occurs.	en	Fromont, Jane, Abdo, David A. (2014): New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835 (1): 97-109, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.1.5
