taxonID	type	description	language	source
1F7C87E9B3145C6498E1C74315E5BE2F.taxon	description	Definition. Raspailiidae with at least two size classes of rhabdostyles of similar geometry, the larger (smooth or partially spined) core spongin fibres, and the smaller (partially spined) echinate fibres although neither are localized to any region of the skeleton; choanosomal skeletal structure is predominantly plumose, with spicules and fibres amalgamated into bulbous tracts (‘ fibre-bundles’), more-or-less compacted in the axial skeleton, becoming increasingly plumose as they ascend to the periphery, eventually producing a shaggy, compartmentalised or conulose surface; axial and extra-axial skeletons undifferentiated apart from greater amalgamation of fibre-bundles in the axis (Hooper et al. 2008). Type species. Haliphysema tubulatus Bowerbank, 1873 (by original designation).	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3145C6798E1C5F713ABB972.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The more recent molecular evidence proposes to resurrect the concept of Axinellida, although different in composition from that proposed by Levi (1973) (see Morrow et al. 2013). For the present we follow the current systematics usage of the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2013).	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3175C6098E1C10F1213BB22.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 3, Table 1 – 2)	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3175C6098E1C10F1213BB22.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte State, Potiguar Basin. Type specimens. Holotype. UFPEPOR 1517, Bacia Potiguar (04 º 44.8945 ' S; 036 º 25.4571 ' W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, depth 108 m, trawl, Bombona 39, col. Petrobras, (23 / 05 / 2011). Paratypes: UFPEPOR 1519, UFPEPOR 1520 and MNRJ 17487 (collected together with the holotype); UFPEPOR 1521, Bacia Potiguar (04 º 36.7198 ' S; 036 º 46.7554 ' W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, depth 140 m, trawl, Bombona 29, col. Petrobras, (22 / 05 / 2011).	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3175C6098E1C10F1213BB22.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aulospongus trirhabdostylus sp. nov. is the only Aulospongus in Atlantic with three categories of rhabdostyles. External morphology (Fig. 2 A – D). Massive – arborescent with digitiform projections, 6 x 5.5 x 5 cm (length x height x width) (Fig. 2 A). Small oscules (0.8 – 1 mm) are observed on the sides or on the tips of the projections (Fig. 2 A, arrows). Surface with bouquets of spicules irregularly distributed (Fig. 2 B). Fibre-bundles are inter-connected by a thin layer of spongin (Fig. 2 B – C). Consistency is elastic, not easily torn. Colour in life is unknown and brownish-purple in ethanol. However, the specimens were collected in the same drag as Aiolochroia crassa (Hyatt, 1875) and stored in the same container. It is possible that the Aiolochroia crassa pigments painted the Aulospongus specimens. Skeleton (Fig. 2 C – E). Ectosomal skeleton composed of bouquets of anisoxeas forming irregularly distributed projections (Fig. 2 C). Choanosomal skeleton relatively thick, dominated by spongin fibres predominantly formed by plumo-reticulate bundles composed by rhabdostyles (Fig. 2 D). Each perpendicular column arising from the choanosome consists of several bundles of fibres. Fibres-bundles and tracts cored and echinated by rhabdostyles with no recognizable distribution of the three categories (Fig. 2 E). Spicules (Fig. 3 A – H). Ectosomal auxiliary anisoxeas (399 – 473.3 – 547 / 3 – 4.0 – 6 µm): long, thin, smooth, straight to slightly curved, with distinct tips (one sharply pointed and the other styloid) (Fig. 3 A, E, E’); Choanosomal principal rhabdostyles (rhabdostyles I) (127 – 199.5 – 287 / 7 – 11.1 – 14 µm): robust, slightly curved next to the basal region (rhabd), smooth base to a few spines (1 – 2), on the medium region to the tip composed of curved spines (hook-shaped) directed to the base, the spines near the tips are smaller and fewer than in the smaller rhabdostyles (Fig. 3 B, F); Echinating rhabdostyles (rhabdostyles II) (90 – 116.7 – 155 / 3 – 6.5 – 13 µm): small, completely microspined, straight to slightly curved (Fig. 3 C, G); Auxiliary rhabdostyles (rhabdostyles III) (171 – 217.6 – 277 / 2 – 6.3 – 9 µm): thin, with a slight curvature towards the end (slightly rhabdose base) and microspined (small granular spines) from the medium to the apical region (Fig. 3 D, H).	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3175C6098E1C10F1213BB22.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Rio Grande do Norte State: off Bacia Potiguar. Depth. 108 – 140 m.	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3175C6098E1C10F1213BB22.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name refers to the presence of three categories of rhabdostyles.	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3175C6098E1C10F1213BB22.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Aulospongus trirhabdostylus sp. nov. belongs the genus by the presence of three categories of rhabdostyles, plumose choanosomal skeleton with fibres ascending to the periphery. In comparison with the species from Atlantic, Aulospongus trirhabdostylus sp. nov. differs from A. monticularis by its massive bulbousencrusting growth form, rhabdostyles I (completely smooth) and subectosomal extra-axial styles. Aulospongus phakelloides is a fan-shaped sponge, with two categories of echinating rhabdostyles and absence of anisoxeas. Aulospongus samariensis is club-shaped sponge, with one category of echinating rhabdostyles and the presence of styles. Aulospongus spinosus is a bulbous – erect sponge, with two categories of rhabdostyles (completely smooth), while A. trirhabdostylus sp. nov. has massive-arborescent growth form, three categories of rhabdostyles (all with spines) and presence of anisoxeas (see Table 2, Fig. 3). The most similar species to A. trirhabdostylus sp. nov. is A. gardineri (Dendy, 1922) from the Indian Ocean which also has three categories of rhabdostyles, but differs morphology of sponges, and in the morphology of rhabdostyles III (completely smooth in A. gardineri), presence of extra-axial styles, and spicules size (see Table 2). Finally, A. gardineri is known only from the Indian Ocean, making conspecificity highly improbable.	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3135C6E98E1C404147CBCFA.taxon	description	(Figures 4 – 5, Table 1 – 2)	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3135C6E98E1C404147CBCFA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte State, Potiguar Basin. Type specimens. Holotype. UFPEPOR 1524, Bacia Potiguar (04 º 44.8945 ' S; 036 º 25.4571 ' W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, depth 108 m, trawl, Bombona 39, col. Petrobras, (23 / 05 / 2011). Paratypes: UFPEPOR 1525, 1526 and MNRJ 17488 (collected together with the holotype); UFPEPOR 1522, Bacia Potiguar (04 º 36.7198 ' S; 036 º 46.7554 ' W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, depth 140 m, trawl, Bombona 29, col. Petrobras, (22 / 05 / 2011); UFPEPOR 1550, Bacia Potiguar (04 ° 41.2366 ’ S; 036 ° 34.9227 ’ W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, depth 143 m, trawl, AR 53 A, col. Petrobras, (06 / 12 / 2009).	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3135C6E98E1C404147CBCFA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aulospongus mandela sp. nov. is the only Aulospongus in the Atlantic with two categories of rhabdostyles, the presence of anisoxeas, and with fan-shaped or vasiform morphology. External morphology (Fig. 4 A – C). Fan-shaped or vasiform, 4 x 3 x 0.5 cm (length x height x width), velvety surface (Fig. 4 B – C) and elastic consistency, not easily torn. The points of the spicules are inside the fibres or protruding externally (as discrete conules) (Fig. 4 C). Colour in life is unknown and brownish-purple in ethanol. The specimens were collected in the same conditions of Aulospongus trirhabdostylus sp. nov. explained above. Skeleton (Fig. 4 D). There is no special ectosomal skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton has fibres and spicule tracts amalgamated into bundles, composed of bulbous spongin fibres cored and echinated by rhabdostyles in plumose tracts, forming individual plumose ascending branches, and terminating as surface lobes. Spicules (Fig. 5 A – D). Ectosomal auxiliary anisoxeas (244 – 297.9 – 366 / 2 – 3.4 – 4.8 µm): long, thin, smooth, straight to slightly curved, with distinct ends (one sharply pointed and the other styloid) (Fig. 5 A); Choanosomal principal rhabdostyles (rhabdostyles I) (146 – 186.8 – 231 / 5 – 10.3 – 15 µm): with a smooth base, microspined (hookshaped spines) from the centre to the apical region, straight to curved and with a slightly curved (rhabd) near the base (Fig. 5 B); Echinating rhabdostyles (rhabdostyles II) (78 – 107.5 – 141 / 2 – 5.3 – 9 µm): small, usually straight, some spicules are slightly curved near the base (rhabd) and with microspines diffusely distributed, and the basal spines are smaller than others (Fig. 5 C – D).	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3135C6E98E1C404147CBCFA.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Rio Grande do Norte State: off Bacia Potiguar. Depth. 108 – 143 m.	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3135C6E98E1C404147CBCFA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honor of the Late Nelson Mandela who was a South African antiapartheid revolutionary, politician and President of South Africa.	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
1F7C87E9B3135C6E98E1C404147CBCFA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Aulospongus mandela sp. nov. belongs to the genus in having rhabdostyles, and a plumose choanosomal skeleton with fibers ascending to the periphery. Aulospongus mandela sp. nov. differs from other Atlantic species (A. monticularis, A. phakelloides, A. samariensis, A. spinosus and Aulospongus trirhabdostylus sp. nov.) in the following characters: Aulospongus mandela sp. nov. has two categories of rhabdostyles, while A. trirhabdostylus sp. nov. has three categories. In addition, the former has a fan-shaped or vasiform growth form while the latter has a massive arborescent growth form (see Fig. 3 and 5). Aulospongus monticularis has massive to bulbous-encrusting growth form, rhabdostyles I are completely smooth and extra-axial styles are present. Aulospongus phakelloides also has a fan-shaped growth form but lacks anisoxeas. Aulospongus samariensis has a cylindrical or club-shaped growth form, styles, and only one category of echinating rhabdostyles. Aulospongus spinosus has a bulbous shape, raphides, completely smooth rhabdostyles but lacks anisoxeas (see Table 2). The most similar species to Aulospongus mandela sp. nov. is A. involutus (Kirkpatrick, 1903) from the Indian Ocean, with both species sharing the morphology of rhabdostyles I and vasiform shape. However, the species differ in others aspects: spicules size (see Table 2) and two categories of anisoxeas in A. involutus. Finally, A. involutus is known only from the Indian Ocean, making conspecificity highly improbable.	en	Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2014): Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa 3827 (2): 282-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.9
