taxonID	type	description	language	source
CA3F4E7D813B0B37FF78C468FDE2D7D6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VII + I, 9 – 10, VII (I) + I, 9 – 14 or VIII + I, 9 – 10 with eighth spine reduced to a tiny visible spine or a nubbin hidden under skin supported by a free sixth distal radial; anal fin II, 8 – 13; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 23 – 27; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; 2 – 3 supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of uroneurals; three epurals; five free hypurals or 1 + 2 fused and 3 + 4 fused with 3 + 4 fused to terminal centrum; parhypural separate; two autogenous haemal spines; two supernumerary dorsal spines; caudal fin forked, emarginate or truncate. Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scales on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; 1 – 3 predorsal scales cycloid or ctenoid; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral-fin rays 13 – 17; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 7 – 38; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented or spinous; third or fourth dorsal spine longest; 10 + 14 or 10 + 15 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 – 9 epipleurals; teeth in one or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine pale or black with pale peritoneum; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81380B33FF78C7B4FEF5D2C6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VII (I) - I, 9 or VIII-I, 9; anal fin II, 8; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 35 – 48; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; three supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of reduced uroneurals present; three epurals; five free hypurals; parhypural separate; two autogenous haemal spines; two supernumerary dorsal spines, caudal fin forked. Other characteristics. first fin ray in second dorsal fin branched and segmented; first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, four pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scales on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 8 – 17; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 9 epipleurals; teeth in multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine pale, peritoneum pale; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81380B32FF78C379FAF6D5B3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI + I, 9 or VII + I, 9; anal fin II, 8 – 9; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 6 – 26; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; 2 – 3 supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of reduced uroneurals present or absent; three epurals; five free hypurals or 1 – 2 fused; parhypural separate; caudal fin forked; head and / or body with one or more light or dark stripes, bars rarely present, basicaudal spot or broad mark present or absent. Other characteristics. one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; branched first segmented fin ray in second dorsal-fin; first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral fin-rays 11 – 16; three supraneurals; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth in one or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform or absent on palatine, sometimes enlarged, but not canine on side of dentary; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; developed gill rakers 10 – 26; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epipleurals; blackish stomachs and intestines; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81030B08FF78C42EFE21D11C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VII (I) or VIII + I, 7 – 10; anal fin II, 7 – 9; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales, 3 – 24, scales not pored with groove or pit in scale; preopercle smooth on ridge, serrate or smooth on edges, where smooth a narrow weakly ossified to unossified flap; three supraneurals; supramaxilla narrow, reduced or absent; basisphenoid reduced or absent; one pair of uroneurals present; three epurals; five free hypurals or 1 – 2 fused and 3 – 4 fused, one or more fused to terminal centrum; free parhypural; caudal fin emarginate, truncate or rounded; head and body reddish, brownish or blackish without stripes, often with pale or dark spots on body. Other characteristics. two supernumerary spines; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore on upper side and one on lower side; pectoral fin-rays 11 – 16; three supraneurals; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform (one species present on ectopterygoid) or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; 10 + 14 or 10 + 15 (Vincentia) vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 – 9 epineurals; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813C0B37FF78C468FCA8D336.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI – I, 9; anal fin II, 9; head and body with weakly ctenoid or cycloid scales; pored lateral-line scales 24; preopercle ridge smooth, edges smooth; one supraneural; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; uroneurals absent; two epurals; fused hypurals 1 + 2 + 3 + 4, fused to terminal centrum; no autogenous haemal spines; one supernumerary dorsal spine; bioluminescent organ under cleithrum; caudal fin forked. Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal fin-ray branched and segmented; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 12 – 15; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; pectoral fin-rays 14 – 16; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 5 – 6 epipleurals; teeth in one row on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform, or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf absent on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine black with silvery peritoneum; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D810E0B04FF78C2EDFAFDD39E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. One or two anal spines, first spine usually small, supernumerary in position, second spine or first anal ray in serial association with first distal and proximal-middle radials; first segmented anal ray unbranched or branched, 7 – 18 rays; dorsal spines VI – IX; first segmented dorsal ray unbranched, 8 – 19 rays; supernumerary dorsal spines 1 – 2; supraneurals 0 – 3; principal caudal fin-rays 9 + 8, 13 – 17 branched and segmented; procurrent rays unbranched and segmented or spinous; six infraorbitals, perforated openings for passage of nerve trunks to large neuromasts, lower edge of large 1 st infraorbital (lachrymal) smooth, serrated or smooth along upper edges of 2 nd and 3 rd infraorbitals, 3 rd to 5 th infraorbitals with internal shelves present or absent; preopercle ridge smooth or serrate, preopercle edges smooth, serrate or with unossified lower portion; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; vertebrae 9 – 10 + 14 – 16; epineurals on first two vertebrae; ribs on 3 rd to 10 th vertebrae or absent on 10 th vertebrae; epineurals present on ribs of 3 rd to 9 th vertebrae or absent on some, 6 th to 9 th vertebrae, or absent on all ribs; ribs rod-like or variably expanded proximally; PU 2 with neural crest; PU 2 and PU 3 with autogenous haemal spines or fused; hypurals 1 – 5 present, not fused or various combinations of 1 + 2, 3 + 4 or 1 – 4 fused, may fuse to terminal centrum, hypural 5 splint-like or absent; parhypural free or fused to hypurals 1 + 2; second epibranchial articulating with third pharyngobranchial; prootic included as part of the inner orbit ring or excluded by the pterosphenoids and parasphenoid; pterosphenoids medially separate; parietal separated by supraoccipital; anterior and posterior ceratohyals sutured together by a few interdigitating struts medially or without struts; perforated anterior ceratohyal or not; seven branchiostegals, anterior three ventrally followed by two on distal side of anterior ceratohyal, two on distal side of posterior ceratohyal; swim bladder simple without anterior or posterior modifications, a dorsal oval and ventral gas glands either simple or complex; free neuromasts on head, body and caudal fin; free medial extrascapular or fused with lateral extrascapular; scales ctenoid, spinoid, cycloid or absent; single lateral-line present from posttemporal to base of caudal fin either as pored, pitted or grooved scales, or if without scales, with linear free neuromasts; secondary lateral-line scales or linear free neuromasts on lower body present or absent; if scales on body then scales on cheek, opercle, subopercle, interopercle and urohyal regions of head, predorsal scales present or absent, scales on cheek, opercle, subopercle, interopercle and gular regions of head; if body with scales then no scales on snout, interorbit, temporal region of head, supramaxilla or maxilla; no scales extending out on pectoral, pelvic, first and second dorsal and anal fins, a few scales on base of caudal fin, a scale sheath at base of second dorsal fin or not; males mouth brooding fertilized eggs; simple filaments present around the micropyle.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81000B0BFF78C6F0FCE3D2A0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Incomplete, based on radiographs and external characters: Two dorsal fins VIII or IX dorsal spines deeply divided as VII or VIII + I, 9 – 10; anal fin II, 7 – 8; internal support of spines by serial proximal-middle radials closely associated, 6 th and 7 th elements broadening at fin division; two supernumerary dorsal spines; three supraneurals; first anal proximal-middle radial straight; 15 branched caudal fin-rays, upper and lower unbranched; preopercle ridge smooth, preopercle edges serrate; large supramaxilla; basisphenoid present; vertebrae 10 + 14; rodlike ribs on 3 rd to 10 th vertebrae; epineurals present on ribs of 3 rd to 8 th vertebrae; PU 2 and PU 3 with autogenous haemal spines; two pairs of uroneurals; hypurals 1 – 5 present, not fused; parhypural free; three epurals; perforated anterior ceratohyal; posttemporal serrate or one or two large spines on edge; cephalic pore system complex with many small pores and canal flutes; multiple pores in lateral-line scales, many free neuromast on lateral-line scales; lateral-line scales large, 24 – 25, ctenoid; mouth brooding of eggs unknown.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81390B32FF78C274FB15D1C9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI + I, 9 or VII + I, 9; anal fin II, 8; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 23 – 25; preopercle ridge serrate, edges serrate; infraorbitals serrate; three supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of uroneurals or absent; three epurals; five free hypurals; parhypural separate; one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; caudal fin forked. Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scales on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral fin-rays 12 – 16; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth in one or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; developed gill rakers 10 – 19; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epipleurals; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813C0B36FF78C3C9FE0AD78E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI – I, 9; anal fin II, 8 – 9; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 24; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; three supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; anterior pair of uroneurals; three epurals; five free hypurals; parhypural separate; two autogenous haemal spines; one supernumerary dorsal spine; caudal fin forked. Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; second dorsal spine longest, very long and filamentous in some species of both genera; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scales on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; cycloid or ctenoid predorsal scales 1 – 3; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore above and one below midline; pectoral-fin rays 13 – 17; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 7 – 38; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 7 – 8 epipleurals; teeth in one, two or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform; six infraorbitals, bony shelf absent or on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine black with silvery peritoneum; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813A0B31FF78C6F0FC8FD366.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI + I, 9 or VII + I, 10 – 11; anal fin II, 11 – 13; head and body with weakly ctenoid or cycloid; pored lateral-line scales 23 – 24; preopercle ridge smooth, edges smooth; two supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present or absent; anterior pair of uroneurals reduced or absent; three epurals; hypurals 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 fused, the plate fused to terminal centrum; parhypural separate; no autogenous haemal spines; 1 – 2 supernumerary dorsal spines; caudal fin forked. Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; pectoral-fin rays 13 – 17; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 17 – 31; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; villiform teeth in one or two rows on premaxilla, or with a few canines (Bentuviaichthys), one villiform row on dentary and vomer, one villiform row or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf reduce or absent on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine pale with melanophores and silvery peritoneum with melanophores; 10 + 14 vertebrae; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813A0B30FF78C30BFAAED7D6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI – VII + I, 7 – 11; anal fin II, 7 – 11; pored lateral-line scales 0 – 24; preopercular ridge smooth, edges smooth to serrate; supraneurals 1 – 2; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid absent; uroneurals absent; two epurals; hypurals 1 + 2 and 3 + 4 fused into two plates, upper plate fused to terminal centrum; parhypural separate; one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; caudal fin emarginate or forked; bacteria bioluminescent system from hyal region to along body above or past anal-fin base. Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid, cycloid or spinoid scales; median predorsal scales 0 – 6; pectoral rays 11 – 16; segmented principal caudal rays 9 + 8, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; villiform teeth in one or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, or absent on palatine; developed gill rakers 6 – 18; lateral-line scales usually with a vertical row of free neuromasts; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; developed gill rakers 10 – 26; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epipleurals; stomach, intestine and peritoneum generally pale with variously sized melanophores; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81040B0EFF78C3E3FD35D41B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: VI + I, 9 or VII + I, 9; anal fin II, 12 – 19; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 24 – 25; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; three supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of uroneurals present or absent; three epurals; five free hypurals, 1 – 2 fused and 3 – 4 fused to terminal centrum; free parhypural; caudal fin forked; body translucent without bars and head tinged greenish yellow and small dark basicaudal spot or with dark or yellowish to reddish bars on body, dark basicaudal spot, small or large, compact or diffuse or head and body with one or two narrow yellowish to dark stripes. Other characteristics. one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral fin-rays 11 – 16; three supraneurals; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform (one species present on ectopterygoid) or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; developed gill rakers 15 – 23; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epineurals; stomach and intestine blackish, peritoneum silvery with melanophores; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813E0B3BFF78C3C7FB8ED56E.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Apogon thermalis Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829, holotype MNHN 8686; 54.7 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Trincomalee, Reynaud.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813E0B3BFF78C3C7FB8ED56E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A member of the Apogoninae; dorsal fin VI + I, 9; anal fin II, 8; developed gill rakers 16 – 25; posttemporal edge smooth; anterior naris tubular; black dorsal spine membranes of the first, most of the second and distal part of the third membranes with the remainder of the fin pale; discreet or diffuse dark or silvery midline body stripe ending in a basicaudal spot smaller than the pupil of the eye; intestine and stomach pale with tiny melanophores, peritoneum pale. Other characteristics. one supernumerary dorsal spine; one supernumerary anal spine; first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal fin-ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; cycloid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore above and one below midline; caudal fin forked; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform; preopercle ridge smooth, preopercle edges ossified and serrated; infraorbitals smooth; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; anterior ceratohyal notched; three supraneurals; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epipleurals; 5 free hypurals, 3 epurals; reduced second pair of uroneurals; free parhypural; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813E0B3BFF78C3C7FB8ED56E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of the feminine Latin fibra meaning thread or filament and the feminine Greek amia often applied as an ending for some cardinalfish genera as well as an incorrect past usage as a cardinalfish genus. The name refers to two characteristics of the species in this genus, an elongate second dorsal spine in one species and the narrow, pale or dark mid-line on the body of two species.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81000B0AFF78C379FB0ED463.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Two dorsal fins, VII to IX dorsal spines deeply divided as VI, VII, VII (I), VIII + I, 9 – 13; anal fin II, 8 – 18; internal support of spines by serial proximal-middle radials closely associated, 6 th and 7 th elements broadening at fin division or wide separation between dorsal fins; internal support of dorsal spines by serial proximal-middle radials not in close articulation, far apart at 6 th between and 7 th elements; one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; 0 – 3 supraneurals; first anal proximal-middle radial straight; 13 – 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; preopercle ridge smooth or serrate, preopercle edges smooth, serrate or with unossified lower portion; vertebrae 9 – 10 + 14 – 16; rod-like or proximally expanded ribs on 3 rd to 10 th vertebrae; epineurals present on ribs of 3 rd to 8 th or 9 th vertebrae; PU 2 and PU 3 with autogenous haemal spines; anterior pair of uroneurals absent, posterior pair of uroneurals reduced or absent; 0 – 3 epurals; hypural 1 – 5 present, free or combinations of fusion by hypurals 1 – 4 or with terminal centrum, hypural 5 always free, splint-like; parhypural free or fused to hypurals 1 + 2; prootic included as part of the inner orbit ring; anterior and posterior ceratohyals sutured together by a few interdigitating struts medially or without struts; free medial extrascapular or fused with lateral extrascapular; scales ctenoid, spinoid, cycloid or absent; a scale sheath at base of second dorsal fin or not; single lateral-line present from posttemporal to base of caudal fin either as pored, pitted or grooved scales, or if without scales, with linear free neuromasts; secondary lateral-line scales or linear free neuromasts on lower body present or absent; cephalic pore system complex with many small pores and canal flutes, two or more pores in single row of lateral-line scales; pored lateral-line scales 3 – 48.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81030B0FFF78C1FEFDBBD32E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI + I, 9; anal fin II, 8; developed gill rakers 9 – 19; posttemporal edge smooth or weakly serrate; anterior nare with low rim and flap; preopercle smooth on ridge, serrate to smooth on vertical edge, horizontal edge an unossified large flap; head and body with ctenoid or cycloid scales; pored lateral-line scales 23 – 25, scales with one pore above center and one below central pore; intestine and stomach pale (except two species); head and body reddish with or without blackish markings or head and body brownish without bars or stripes, both color patterns may be translucent in some species. Other characteristics. one supernumerary spine; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid or cycloid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; cycloid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore on upper side and one on lower side; pectoral fin-rays 11 – 16; 0 – 3 supraneurals; pored lateral-line scales from posttemporal to base of caudal fin; caudal fin forked or rounded; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform (except one species canine-like on premaxilla and dentary) or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; anterior ceratohyal notched; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 – 9 epineurals; uroneurals absent; three epurals; five free hypurals, 1 – 2 fused and 3 – 4 fused, 1 – 2 fused and 3 – 4 fused to terminal centrum; free parhypural; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81050B0DFF78C145FA86D206.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI + I, 8 – 10; anal fin II, 8 – 10; pored lateral-line scales 24 – 50; preopercle ridge smooth edges smooth to serrate; three supraneurals; large supramaxilla present; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; anterior pair of uroneurals; three epurals; five free hypurals; parhypural separate; two autogenous haemal spines; one supernumerary dorsal spine; caudal fin emarginate, truncate or rounded. Other characteristics. first dorsal ray unbranched and first anal ray branched and segmented; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; head and body with ctenoid scales or cycloid on nape, cheek, opercle, anterior pored lateral-line scales, ctenoid on breast, grading from cycloid to ctenoid posteriorly; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore on upper side and one on lower side; pectoral fin-rays 13 – 16; developed gill rakers 7 – 15; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 9 epineurals; teeth in multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform, present or absent on ectopterygoid; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine pale with pale peritoneum; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81050B0EFF78C4DCFCBFD0A1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: VI + I, 9; anal fin II, 8; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 24 – 26; canine teeth on premaxilla and dentary; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; three supraneurals; reduced supramaxilla; one pair of uroneurals; three epurals; five free hypurals; free parhypural; caudal fin forked or emarginate; dark stripes on head and body, no stripes in second dorsal or anal fin, basicaudal dark spot, band or no spot. Other characteristics. one supernumerary dorsal spine; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral fin-rays 11 – 14; three supraneurals; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; villiform teeth on vomer and palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; basisphenoid present; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; 10 + 14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 7 – 8 epineurals; stomach and intestine pale with pale peritoneum; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81060B33FF78C2B8FCC4D7FC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: VI + I, 8 – 13; anal fin II, 8 – 16; head and body naked or with large weakly ctenoid or cycloid scales; lateral-line scales 23 – 24 or lateral line a series of free neuromasts to base of caudal fin, interrupted mid-line lateral line present or absent; preopercle ridge smooth, edge with one or more spines at angle; 0 – 2 ossified supraneurals; supramaxilla, paired uroneurals and basisphenoid absent; 2 – 3 epurals; hypurals 1 – 2 fused, 3 – 4 separate or fused to urostyle; parhypural separate or fused to hypurals 1 – 2; caudal fin forked or rounded; pterosphenoid and parasphenoid joined excluding prootic from internal orbit rim. Other characteristics. one supernumerary dorsal-fin spine; unbranched or branched first segmented dorsal-fin ray, branched first anal-fin ray; cycloid or weakly ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; cycloid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pectoral-fin rays 10 – 14; 9 + 8 segmented principal caudal rays, 13 – 15 branched, upper one or two and lower one or two unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; some enlarged teeth on premaxilla and dentary, canine or villiform on vomer, villiform on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital present or absent; 1 – 2 postcleithra; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; 10 + 14 or 9 + 15 (Cercamia) vertebrae; 7 – 8 ribs; 0 – 6 epipleurals; low crest on PU 2.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81020B08FF78C55EFC6FD7D7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Two separate dorsal fins, VII dorsal spines as VI + I, 8 – 9; anal fin II, 8 – 10; wide separation between dorsal fins; internal support of dorsal spines by serial proximal-middle radials not in close articulation, far apart at 6 th between and 7 th elements; one supernumerary dorsal spine; 1 – 2 supraneurals; first anal proximal-middle radial straight; 9 + 8 principal caudal fin-rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched, caudal fin rounded or rhomboid, mid-line fin-ray longest; supramaxilla and basisphenoid absent; preopercle ridge smooth, edge serrated at angle or smooth; prootic narrowed along internal orbit rim, not quit excluded by pterosphenoid and parasphenoid; anterior pair of uroneurals absent, posterior pair of uroneurals reduced or absent; two epurals; hypurals 1 – 2 fused, 3 – 4 fused, separate from urostyle; hypural 5 free; parhypural free; free medial extrascapular; neuromasts reduced to a simple cross-hatch on head, linear and vertical rows on body, present on caudal fin; cephalic pore system simple without canal flutes; lateral-line scales 23 – 43, first few scales pored, followed by notched scales, a lower lateral line of notched scales begins on abdomen; cycloid scales on body.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81010B09FF78C404FE20D48B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. One continuous dorsal fin, VI, 19; anal fin I, 15 – 16; internal support of spines by serial proximal-middle radials in near articulation with gaps between each spine, similar distance between 6 th and 7 th elements; sixth proximal-middle radial without serial spine or ray; fifth and seventh proximal-middle radials with serial spine and ray respectively; one supernumerary dorsal spine; supraneurals absent; first anal proximal-middle radial curved; 9 + 8 branched principal caudal fin-rays; caudal fin truncate or slightly rounded; vertebrae 10 + 14; epineurals on first two vertebrae; rod-like ribs on 3 rd to 10 th vertebrae; epineurals present on ribs of 3 rd to 9 th vertebrae; supramaxilla and basisphenoid absent; six infraorbitals, without shelf on third, only first and second in contact, third sixth not in contact and all small; medial and lateral extrascapular absent; preopercle ridge smooth and edge with single large spine at angle, preopercle, including spine, covered by skin; prootic excluded along internal orbit ring by pterosphenoids and parasphenoid; parietal separated by supraoccipital; a unique postfrontal bone; uroneurals absent; two epurals; haemal spines for PU 3 and PU 4 each fused to centra; parhypural fused to hypurals 1 + 2; terminal centrum fused with hypurals 3 + 4; hypural 5 absent; second epibranchial articulating with third pharyngobranchial; anterior and posterior ceratohyals sutured together by a few interdigitating struts medially; anterior ceratohyal not perforated; seven branchiostegals, anterior three ventrally followed by two on distal side of anterior ceratohyal, two on distal side of posterior ceratohyal; single postcleithrum.	en	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
