identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
CA3F4E7D813B0B37FF78C468FDE2D7D6.text	CA3F4E7D813B0B37FF78C468FDE2D7D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaeramiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014	<div><p>Tribe Sphaeramiini new name Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Sphaeramia Fowler &amp; Bean 1930</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VII+I,9–10, VII(I)+I,9–14 or VIII+I,9–10 with eighth spine reduced to a tiny visible spine or a nubbin hidden under skin supported by a free sixth distal radial; anal fin II,8–13; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 23–27; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; 2–3 supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of uroneurals; three epurals; five free hypurals or 1+2 fused and 3+4 fused with 3+4 fused to terminal centrum; parhypural separate; two autogenous haemal spines; two supernumerary dorsal spines; caudal fin forked, emarginate or truncate.</p> <p>Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scales on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; 1–3 predorsal scales cycloid or ctenoid; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral-fin rays 13–17; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 7–38; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented or spinous; third or fourth dorsal spine longest; 10+14 or 10+15 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8–9 epipleurals; teeth in one or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine pale or black with pale peritoneum; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Species of Apogonichthyoides are found throughout the Indo-West Pacific from East Africa, Red Sea, India, some island of the Indian Ocean, throughout Indonesia, Philippines to Japan, New Guinea, Australia and the Solomon Islands. Some species have restricted distribution and some are rare in collections. Species of Jaydia Smith 1961 have a more continental distribution, mostly caught in trawls, and are widespread from Africa to Japan, New Guinea, Australia and larger islands in the Coral Sea. Representatives of Nectamia are found on reef habitats from East Africa, Red Sea, islands in the Indian Ocean, throughout the West Pacific to Japan, onto the Pacific Plate out to the Line Islands and French Polynesia. Sphaeramia, represented by two species, one found in mangrove habitats and one on coral reefs, also have wide distribution in the Indo-West Pacific. Quinca, represented by a single species, is known from northwestern coast of Australia.</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains six genera, Apogonichthyoides, Jaydia, Nectamia, Pterapogon Koumans 1933, Quinca and Sphaeramia, almost corresponding to the clade IV in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). First three of the six genera were formerly classified under Ostorhinchus, corresponding to "barred group" of Ostorhinchus (Ostorhinchus II) in Mabuchi et al. (2006). Two of the remaining three genera (Pterapogon and Sphaeramia) have distinct bar(s) on body. In addition to the six genera, corresponding molecular clade included three species of Ostorhinchus -2 (O. hoevenii Bleeker 1854b, O. ishigakiensis Ida &amp; Moyer 1974, and O. rueppellii Günther 1859). But there are no morphological characters that support this association. We defer taxonomical action on this possible relationship for the present. This clade further included another species of the former Ostorhinchus (Ostorhinchus -1). For this species, the latest authors (Allen &amp; Erdmann 2012) provisionally used Apogonichthyoides as its genus name, and we followed it here, but such application of the name made this genus paraphyletic in our molecular trees. Based on its morphological features, we tentatively included it [Apogonichthyoides (?) melas] in this tribe, but further study including more Sphaeramiini species will be needed to clarify its taxonomic status. In the present molecular analyses, phylogenetic position of Pterapogon remained unsettled (Table 5). It was sister to the clade VII (Siphamiini) in ML tree (Fig. 2), sister to Ostorhinchus margaritophorus in MP tree-A (Fig. 4), and nested within the clade XII (Ostorhinchini) in the MP tree-B (Fig. 5). It formed a polytomy with O. margaritophorus, clade VII, clade VIII, and a large clade including clades IX–XII in BA tree (Fig. 3). Pterapogon has, however, a synapomorphy (spinous procurrent caudal rays) uniquely held with Sphaeramia as well as similarities in color patterns and body shape, but differs with fused hypurals 1+2 and 3+4. Based on these morphological features, we tentatively included this species in the tribe Sphaeramiini. Monophyly of them was not rejected by AU test (H02 in Table 6), although its inclusion within Ostorhinchini was also not rejected (H03 in Table 6). We had no good DNA extracts from tissue of Quinca. This monotypic genus has morphological characteristics and color pattern suggestive of a relationship with Apogonichthyoides, and was provisionally place in the Sphaeramiini.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D813B0B37FF78C468FDE2D7D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81380B33FF78C7B4FEF5D2C6.text	CA3F4E7D81380B33FF78C7B4FEF5D2C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidamiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014	<div><p>Tribe Lepidamiini new name Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Lepidamia Gill 1863</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VII(I)-I,9 or VIII-I,9; anal fin II,8; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 35–48; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; three supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of reduced uroneurals present; three epurals; five free hypurals; parhypural separate; two autogenous haemal spines; two supernumerary dorsal spines, caudal fin forked.</p> <p>Other characteristics. first fin ray in second dorsal fin branched and segmented; first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, four pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scales on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 8–17; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 9 epipleurals; teeth in multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine pale, peritoneum pale; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Lepidamia with four species has been collected only from continental marine waters from South Africa to China (Gon 1995). Members of this tribe have not been collected in Australia or New Guinea. One specimen (USNM 175754, 96 mm SL) was collected in 1909 from Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines. None have been reported elsewhere in the Philippines or again from Manila Bay. Perhaps the location is erroneous.</p> <p>Remarks. We did not have tissue from any species. Based on known morphological characters including color patterns of the juveniles and adults, body shape and small body scales, we recognized Lepidamia in its own tribe for the present.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81380B33FF78C7B4FEF5D2C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813D0B35FF78C4DAFA2FD324.text	CA3F4E7D813D0B35FF78C4DAFA2FD324.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogonidae Gunther 1859	<div><p>Key to the genera of Apogonidae</p> <p>Note this key uses external characters where possible to afford more use. Where the key is inclusive of all genera in a subfamily or a tribe that half of the couplet is so indicated.</p> <p>1 Some pored lateral-line scales on body..................................................................... 3</p> <p>- No pored lateral-line scales or scales absent on body.......................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Single dorsal fin, six spines [Paxtoninae].............................................................. Paxton</p> <p>- Two dorsal fins, seven spines (Gymnapogonini)............................................................. 4</p> <p>3 One pored lateral line, sometimes partially pored followed by pits or grooves...................................... 7</p> <p>- Two inconspicuous lateral-line scales, one dorsal (pored then notched), one ventral (notched) [Pseudamiinae].... Pseudamia</p> <p>4 Scales present........................................................................................ 5</p> <p>- Scales absent............................................................................... Gymnapogon</p> <p>5 Second dorsal fin I,8–9................................................................................. 6</p> <p>- Second dorsal fin I,12–13...................................................................... Lachneratus</p> <p>6 Anal rays 11–13................................................................................ Cercamia</p> <p>- Anal rays 8 or 9............................................................................. Pseudamiops</p> <p>7 Silver or blackish band (bioluminous in life) along ventral side from hyal region extending past abdomen onto caudal peduncle (Siphamiini)................................................................................... Siphamia</p> <p>- No such bioluminous bands............................................................................. 8</p> <p>8 Longest procurrent caudal-fin rays segmented.............................................................. 10</p> <p>- Longest procurrent caudal-fin rays spinous, not segmented..................................................... 9</p> <p>9 Dorsal-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 9................................................................. Sphaeramia</p> <p>- Dorsal-fin rays 13–15; anal-fin rays 12–14......................................................... Pterapogon</p> <p>10 Dorsal-fin rays 8–13.................................................................................. 11</p> <p>- Dorsal-fin rays 14–15; anal-fin rays 13–14............................................................. Quinca</p> <p>11 Lateral-line scales less than 29.......................................................................... 12</p> <p>- Lateral-line scales greater than 32 (Lepidamiini)..................................................... Lepidamia</p> <p>12 Preopercular ventral edge ossified, serrated, crenulated or smooth.............................................. 13</p> <p>- Preopercular ventral edge with unossified flap (Apogonini)................................................... 15</p> <p>13 First three infraorbitals with upper edges smooth to crenulated................................................. 19</p> <p>- First three infraorbitals with upper edges strongly serrated (Pristiapogonini)...................................... 14</p> <p>14 Dorsal fin VI–I,9; Dark spot on body below lateral line under first dorsal fin; dark spot(s) under posterior base of second dorsal fin; No stripe from snout onto opercle through eye..................................................... Pristicon</p> <p>- Dorsal fin VII–I,9; No spots on body below dorsal fins; Stripe from snout onto opercle through eye, may continue on body............................................................................................. Pristiapogon</p> <p>15 Predorsal scaled...................................................................................... 16</p> <p>- Predorsal without scales along the center line to origin of first dorsal fin.................................. Astrapogon</p> <p>16 Anal-fin rays 8....................................................................................... 17</p> <p>- Anal-fin rays 9.............................................................................. Paroncheilus</p> <p>17 Stomach and intestine pale............................................................................. 18</p> <p>- Stomach and intestine black....................................................................... Zapogon</p> <p>18 Preopercular flap not extends past vertical edge......................................................... Apogon</p> <p>- Preopercular flap extends past vertical edge......................................................... Phaeoptyx</p> <p>19 Supramaxilla large, easy to detect........................................................................ 20 - Supramaxilla small difficult to detect or absent............................................................. 23</p> <p>20 First dorsal spines 7 or 8 [Amioidinae].................................................................... 21</p> <p>- First dorsal spines 6 (Glossamiini)....................................................................... 22</p> <p>21 Anal-fin rays 8; canine teeth; basicaudal bar......................................................... Amioides</p> <p>- Anal-fin rays 7; villiform teeth; spots on body....................................................... Holapogon</p> <p>22 Preopercle edges serrate; only a basicaudal spot......................................................... Yarica</p> <p>- Preopercle edges smooth; body with many markings.................................................. Glossamia</p> <p>23 Anal-fin rays 8–9..................................................................................... 27</p> <p>- Anal-fin rays 10–19................................................................................... 24</p> <p>24 Edge of preopercle serrated (Archamiini).................................................................. 26</p> <p>- Edge of preopercle smooth (Rhabdamiini)................................................................. 25</p> <p>25 Anal fin rays 10–11; Dorsal fins VII–I,10–11; Some canine teeth......................... Rhabdamia (Bentuviaichthys)</p> <p>- Anal-fin rays 12–13; Dorsal fins VI–I,9; Villiform teeth.................................... Rhabdamia (Rhabdamia)</p> <p>26 Anal-fin rays 15–17; No bars or stripes on head or body; First dorsal-fin spine 1.1–1.4 in second dorsal-fin spine... Archamia</p> <p>- Anal-fin rays 12–19; two yellow bars on head, or 1–23 bars on body, or darkish or yellowish mid-line stripe; First dorsal spine 1.3–3.4 in second dorsal-fin spine................................................................. Taeniamia</p> <p>27 No canine teeth; some lateral dentary teeth may be slightly enlarged............................................ 28</p> <p>- Canine and canoid teeth present (Cheilodipterini)................................................. Cheilodipterus</p> <p>28 First dorsal spines 6–8, if 6 spines then second dorsal-fin rays 8 or anal-fin rays 9.................................. 29</p> <p>- First dorsal spines 6; second dorsal-fin rays 9, anal-fin rays 8............................................ Fibramia</p> <p>29 First dorsal spines 6–8, if 6 spines then body with one or more stripes extending to caudal fin........................ 32</p> <p>- First dorsal spines 6; no body stripes..................................................................... 30</p> <p>30 Anal-fin rays 9; no cheek mark.......................................................................... 31</p> <p>- Anal-fin rays 8; narrow or broad cheek mark......................................................... Nectamia</p> <p>31 Preopercle edge serrate; caudal peduncle and/or caudal base with one small dark spot or diffuse large darkish region; no small dark snout mark................................................................................. Zoramia</p> <p>- Preopercle edge smooth; no dark marks on caudal base or caudal peduncle; small dark snout mark................ Verulux</p> <p>32 Stomach and intestine pale; first dorsal spines 7 or 8......................................................... 34</p> <p>- Stomach and intestine with melanophores to completely blackish; first dorsal spines 7.............................. 33</p> <p>33 Fourth dorsal spine longer than third spine; caudal fin emarginate, truncate or rounded........................... Jaydia</p> <p>- Third dorsal spine longer than fourth, if fourth longer then caudal fin forked (Ostorhinchini)................ Ostorhinchus</p> <p>34 Edge of preopercle serrated............................................................................. 38</p> <p>- Edge of preopercle smooth............................................................................. 35</p> <p>35 Palatine teeth absent.................................................................................. 36</p> <p>- Palatine teeth present................................................................................. Foa</p> <p>36 Pored lateral-line scales from posttemporal to base of caudal fin................................................ 37</p> <p>- Pored lateral-line scales usually short, only pits present past dorsal fins..................................... Fowleria</p> <p>37 First dorsal fin with 8 spines, or dark mark on opercle if 7 spines.............................. Neamia and Fowleria * *Species of Neamia have fused hypurals 2 + 3 and 4 + 5; Species of Fowleria have 5 free hypurals</p> <p>- No dark mark on opercle..................................................................... Apogonichthys</p> <p>38 Posttemporal serrate; basisphenoid present.................................................... Apogonichthyoides</p> <p>- Posttemporal smooth; basisphenoid absent........................................................... Vincentia</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D813D0B35FF78C4DAFA2FD324	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D810F0B04FF78C016FA29D117.text	CA3F4E7D810F0B04FF78C016FA29D117.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogonidae Gunther 1859	<div><p>Key to the subfamilies of Apogonidae</p> <p>1 Two dorsal fins, I, 8–13 in second dorsal fin; first dorsal spines all with uneven lengths............................... 2</p> <p>- Single dorsal fin, VI,19; spines III–VI similar lengths................................................. Paxtoninae</p> <p>2 Supramaxilla small or absent, if large, dorsal fin VI–I,9–10.................................................... 3</p> <p>- Supramaxilla large, dorsal fin VII or VIII–I,9–10................................................... Amioidinae</p> <p>3 A single lateral line when scales present or absent; if scales absent, lateral line composed of free neuromasts.... Apogoninae</p> <p>- Double lateral lines, first pored or notched from posttemporal, second abdominal with only notched scales..... Pseudamiinae</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D810F0B04FF78C016FA29D117	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81380B32FF78C379FAF6D5B3.text	CA3F4E7D81380B32FF78C379FAF6D5B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ostorhinchini Whitley 1959	<div><p>Tribe Ostorhinchini Whitley 1959</p> <p>Type genus Ostorhinchus Lacepède 1802</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI+I,9 or VII+I,9; anal fin II,8–9; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 6–26; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; 2–3 supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of reduced uroneurals present or absent; three epurals; five free hypurals or 1–2 fused; parhypural separate; caudal fin forked; head and/or body with one or more light or dark stripes, bars rarely present, basicaudal spot or broad mark present or absent.</p> <p>Other characteristics. one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; branched first segmented fin ray in second dorsal-fin; first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral fin-rays 11–16; three supraneurals; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth in one or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform or absent on palatine, sometimes enlarged, but not canine on side of dentary; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; developed gill rakers 10–26; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epipleurals; blackish stomachs and intestines; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. The restricted Ostorhinchus is widespread throughout the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea, East Africa to Japan, Hawaii, Easter Island and French Polynesia.</p> <p>Remarks. Monophyly of recent Ostorhinchus (species indicated by blue in Figs. 2–6) was significantly rejected by AU test (H 16 in Table 6). This tribe, however, corresponds to one of the five lineages of the recent Ostorhinchus, clade XII. It included most species of the recent Ostorhinchus: many striped species of Ostorhinchus (species of Ostorhinchus -5) and Brephamia parvula Smith &amp; Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1912 (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). Other species of the recent Ostorhinchus were divided into four lineages, Ostorhinchus -1, 2, 3 and 4. They were all placed far from the clade XII. Except for Ostorhinchus -3 (O. margaritophorus), monophyly between this tribe (clade XII) and each of the remaining lineages was rejected by AU tests (H07, 08 and 11 in Table 6). Although the bootstrap values supporting the clade XII were not so high (&lt;50%) both in the ML (Fig. 2) and MP (Figs. 4 and 5) trees (Table 4), and further the clade was divided into two separate clades in the BA tree (Fig. 3), we are treating this group as a single genus, based on the typical color pattern (stripes on body and/or head) shared by most of the included species. This group corresponds to the "striped group" of Ostorhinchus (Ostorhinchus III) in Mabuchi et al. (2006). One of the other recent Ostorhinchus lineages, O. margaritophorus, has long stripes, short bars between two long stripes on body and fused hypurals 1+2. Phylogenetic position of this species remains unsettled in the molecular trees (Table 5), but monophyly between this species and the members of this tribe was not rejected by AU test (H01 in Table 6). Based on its featured color pattern, we tentatively included this species in this tribe. Apogon (Brephamia) parvula has a very similar species within this tribe. It is Ostorhinchus neotes. Although they were not sister to each other in the molecular trees, their monophyly was not rejected by AU test (H 12 in Table 6). While recognition of Brephamia Jordan in Jordan &amp; Jordan (1922) as a subgenus or genus needs further evaluation, we synonymized it under the restricted Ostorhinchus for the present. Likely synapomorphies may include color pattern groupings, probably at the subgenus level. At the genus level, with the exception of the loss of tiny first dorsal-fin spines, all species have 7 visible first dorsal spines, a serrated preopercular edge and most have blackish stomachs and intestines.</p> <p>There are two available names (Gronovichthys Whitley 1929; Lovamia Whitley 1930) which could be used in the future. There are at least 93 species in the group. We have sampled 31 species. Whitley (1959) first used the present name at family level Ostorhinchidae. The name appeared once. We use the name at the tribal level.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81380B32FF78C379FAF6D5B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81030B08FF78C42EFE21D11C.text	CA3F4E7D81030B08FF78C42EFE21D11C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogonichthyini Snodgrass & Heller 1905	<div><p>Tribe Apogonichthyini Snodgrass &amp; Heller 1905</p> <p>Type genus Apogonichthys Bleeker 1854a</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VII(I) or VIII+I,7–10; anal fin II,7–9; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales, 3–24, scales not pored with groove or pit in scale; preopercle smooth on ridge, serrate or smooth on edges, where smooth a narrow weakly ossified to unossified flap; three supraneurals; supramaxilla narrow, reduced or absent; basisphenoid reduced or absent; one pair of uroneurals present; three epurals; five free hypurals or 1–2 fused and 3–4 fused, one or more fused to terminal centrum; free parhypural; caudal fin emarginate, truncate or rounded; head and body reddish, brownish or blackish without stripes, often with pale or dark spots on body.</p> <p>Other characteristics. two supernumerary spines; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore on upper side and one on lower side; pectoral fin-rays 11–16; three supraneurals; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform (one species present on ectopterygoid) or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; 10+14 or 10+15 (Vincentia) vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8–9 epineurals; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Apogonichthys, Foa Jordan &amp; Evermann in Jordan &amp; Seale 1905, are widespread throughout the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea, East Africa to Japan, Hawaii and French Polynesia; Fowleria Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903 and Neamia from the Red Sea, East Africa to Japan and French Polynesia; and Vincentia known from warmtemperate Australia.</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains five genera, Apogonichthys, Neamia, Foa, Fowleria and Vincentia, almost corresponding to the clade III in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). The last genus, Vincentia, was tentatively included in this tribe, because it was sister to the clade III in the trees of Figs. 2, 3 and 4. Members are morphologically defined by the following characters: the smooth preopercle edges, rounded caudal fin, a reduced supramaxilla, and 10+14 vertebrae. Vincentia does not show these morphological features, and was sister not to the clade III, but to Glossamia in tree in Fig. 5. Thus, Vincentia may not belong to this tribe. Species of Neamia were not part of the molecular analysis, but thought to belong to this tribe through morphological synapomorphies (smooth preopercle edges, reduced supramaxilla, rounded caudal fin and color patterns).</p> <p>Apogonichthyidae has been used several times first by Snodgrass &amp; Heller (1905) with two species of Eastern Pacific Apogon, then by Jordan &amp; Evermann (1905) with Apogonichthys and other apogonids and again by Jordan &amp; Seale (1905) with Amia Gronow in Gray 1854a an unavailable name for Apogon and other apogonids. No type genus was mentioned by any of these authors. Jordan and co-workers had previously used Apogonidae. The stem of Apogonichthyidae is Apogonichthy. We use the tribal name in conjunction with Apogonichthys Bleeker 1854a the source of the stem.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81030B08FF78C42EFE21D11C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813C0B37FF78C468FCA8D336.text	CA3F4E7D813C0B37FF78C468FCA8D336.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Veruluxini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014	<div><p>Tribe Veruluxini new name Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Verulux Fraser 1972</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI–I,9; anal fin II,9; head and body with weakly ctenoid or cycloid scales; pored lateral-line scales 24; preopercle ridge smooth, edges smooth; one supraneural; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; uroneurals absent; two epurals; fused hypurals 1+2+3+4, fused to terminal centrum; no autogenous haemal spines; one supernumerary dorsal spine; bioluminescent organ under cleithrum; caudal fin forked.</p> <p>Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal fin-ray branched and segmented; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 12–15; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; pectoral fin-rays 14–16; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 5–6 epipleurals; teeth in one row on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform, or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf absent on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine black with silvery peritoneum; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. The single described species is known from East Africa, Red Sea, islands in the Indian Ocean, throughout the West Pacific to Japan, onto the Pacific Plate to Marshall Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Australia.</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains only one species, Verulux cypselurus, corresponding to the clade V in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). Representatives of Verulux (two individuals from Ryukyu Islands and Seychelles) were monophyletic separated by a moderate genetic distance, which may indicate presence of cryptic species. This lineage was recovered far from Rhabdamia (tribe Rhabdamiini), although their monophyly (genus Rhabdamia sensu Fraser 1972) was not rejected by AU test (H05 in Table 6). The single described species has a bioluminescent organ under cleithrum unlike Rhabdamia.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D813C0B37FF78C468FCA8D336	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D810E0B04FF78C2EDFAFDD39E.text	CA3F4E7D810E0B04FF78C2EDFAFDD39E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogonidae Gunther 1859	<div><p>Family Apogonidae Günther 1859</p> <p>Type genus Apogon Lacepède 1801</p> <p>The following is a summary of known apogonid characteristics. Those in italics are known for almost all genera and species and expected where the general state is unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis. One or two anal spines, first spine usually small, supernumerary in position, second spine or first anal ray in serial association with first distal and proximal-middle radials; first segmented anal ray unbranched or branched, 7–18 rays; dorsal spines VI –IX; first segmented dorsal ray unbranched, 8–19 rays; supernumerary dorsal spines 1–2; supraneurals 0–3; principal caudal fin-rays 9+8, 13–17 branched and segmented; procurrent rays unbranched and segmented or spinous; six infraorbitals, perforated openings for passage of nerve trunks to large neuromasts, lower edge of large 1st infraorbital (lachrymal) smooth, serrated or smooth along upper edges of 2nd and 3rd infraorbitals, 3rd to 5th infraorbitals with internal shelves present or absent; preopercle ridge smooth or serrate, preopercle edges smooth, serrate or with unossified lower portion; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; vertebrae 9–10+14–16; epineurals on first two vertebrae; ribs on 3rd to 10th vertebrae or absent on 10th vertebrae; epineurals present on ribs of 3rd to 9th vertebrae or absent on some, 6th to 9th vertebrae, or absent on all ribs; ribs rod-like or variably expanded proximally; PU 2 with neural crest; PU 2 and PU 3 with autogenous haemal spines or fused; hypurals 1–5 present, not fused or various combinations of 1+2, 3+4 or 1–4 fused, may fuse to terminal centrum, hypural 5 splint-like or absent; parhypural free or fused to hypurals 1+2; second epibranchial articulating with third pharyngobranchial; prootic included as part of the inner orbit ring or excluded by the pterosphenoids and parasphenoid; pterosphenoids medially separate; parietal separated by supraoccipital; anterior and posterior ceratohyals sutured together by a few interdigitating struts medially or without struts; perforated anterior ceratohyal or not; seven branchiostegals, anterior three ventrally followed by two on distal side of anterior ceratohyal, two on distal side of posterior ceratohyal; swim bladder simple without anterior or posterior modifications, a dorsal oval and ventral gas glands either simple or complex; free neuromasts on head, body and caudal fin; free medial extrascapular or fused with lateral extrascapular; scales ctenoid, spinoid, cycloid or absent; single lateral-line present from posttemporal to base of caudal fin either as pored, pitted or grooved scales, or if without scales, with linear free neuromasts; secondary lateral-line scales or linear free neuromasts on lower body present or absent; if scales on body then scales on cheek, opercle, subopercle, interopercle and urohyal regions of head, predorsal scales present or absent, scales on cheek, opercle, subopercle, interopercle and gular regions of head; if body with scales then no scales on snout, interorbit, temporal region of head, supramaxilla or maxilla; no scales extending out on pectoral, pelvic, first and second dorsal and anal fins, a few scales on base of caudal fin, a scale sheath at base of second dorsal fin or not; males mouth brooding fertilized eggs; simple filaments present around the micropyle.</p> <p>Distribution. Apogonids are found predominately in tropical and subtropical marine waters of all oceans from near shore to about a depth of 300 m. Many fewer shallow-water apogonids are found in fresh, estuarine, or warmtemperate waters.</p> <p>Remarks. This family's diagnosis is inclusive for four subfamilies, and is believed to exclude all other percomorph families in parts or combinations of characters. Fraser (2013b) examined the literature relating to the living Kurtidae as well as morphological characters of both species. He concluded that there were only two possible synapomorphies shared by both families but neither is exclusive of other families. Kurtid morphology has many derived characters compared with other percomorphs including apogonids (for the relationship between the Kurtidae and apogonid genera Archamia Gill 1863 and Taeniamia Fraser 2013b, see the remarks of the tribe Archamiini). Neither this study nor Fraser (2013b) focused on the question about which family is the closest sister. An answer to family relationships awaits a different focus with groups that have characters more in common with the basal apogonids Amioides and Holapogon (for the relationship between Amioides and Cheilodipterus, see the remarks of the tribe Cheilodipterini).</p> <p>In the absence of well-defined sister families analyzed using Amioides and Holapogon as the basal apogonids, the following characters are proposed as likely synapomorphies for the Apogonidae: 1) a single supernumerary anal spine with the following spine or ray in serial association with the first distal and proximal radials, 2) mouth brooding of fertilized eggs, 3) simple filaments around the micropyle of the egg, 4) swim bladder with a dorsal or anterodorsal oval and ventral gas glands, no anterior projections to skull or posterior connections with first anal pterygiophore.</p> <p>Apogon, the first genus in the family, was described by Lacepède (1801) in page priority before he described Cheilodipterus the second genus. Cheilodipteroidei was erected by Bleeker (1856b) prior to Günther's Apogonina in 1859. Gill (1862) used Apogoninae and Bleeker in his 1874 revision of apogonids used Apogonini. Gill (1893) in his list of families and subfamilies used Cheilodipteridae referring to Bleeker's Cheilodipteroidei in 1859. Günther (1859) changed Cheilodipterus to Chilodipterus and that variant later appeared as a family name. Both generic based names have been used variably as family stem names though about the 1960s. Virtually, all systematic publications have used Apogonidae since the 1970s. Gon (1993), in his revision of Cheilodipterus, did not comment on family names, using Apogonidae. He noted Smith's (1961) use as Cheilodipterinae, now a tribe we recognize. We believe that the prevailing use of Apogonidae should be kept for stability at the family level.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D810E0B04FF78C2EDFAFDD39E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81000B0BFF78C6F0FCE3D2A0.text	CA3F4E7D81000B0BFF78C6F0FCE3D2A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amioidinae Mabuchi & Fraser & Song & Azuma & Nishida 2014	<div><p>Amioidinae new subfamily Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Amioides Smith &amp; Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1912</p> <p>Diagnosis. Incomplete, based on radiographs and external characters: Two dorsal fins VIII or IX dorsal spines deeply divided as VII or VIII+I,9–10; anal fin II,7–8; internal support of spines by serial proximal-middle radials closely associated, 6th and 7th elements broadening at fin division; two supernumerary dorsal spines; three supraneurals; first anal proximal-middle radial straight; 15 branched caudal fin-rays, upper and lower unbranched; preopercle ridge smooth, preopercle edges serrate; large supramaxilla; basisphenoid present; vertebrae10+14; rodlike ribs on 3rd to 10th vertebrae; epineurals present on ribs of 3rd to 8th vertebrae; PU 2 and PU 3 with autogenous haemal spines; two pairs of uroneurals; hypurals 1–5 present, not fused; parhypural free; three epurals; perforated anterior ceratohyal; posttemporal serrate or one or two large spines on edge; cephalic pore system complex with many small pores and canal flutes; multiple pores in lateral-line scales, many free neuromast on lateral-line scales; lateral-line scales large, 24–25, ctenoid; mouth brooding of eggs unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Amioides is a deep-dwelling (77–267 m) genus known from limited material. The collection sites support the conclusion that it is widespread from continental locations and islands of the Indo-Pacific of East Africa to Japan and Vanuatu (Fraser 2013a). Holapogon is a deeper-dwelling (38–100 m) genus known from limited material from the Andaman Islands and in the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India and Oman. It should be expected along the coast of Yemen and possibly Somalia.</p> <p>Remarks. This subfamily contains two genera, two species: Amioides polyacanthus and Holapogon maximus (Boulenger 1888). Although the latter species was absent from the present molecular analyses, it is placed in this subfamily based on the morphology (see Fraser 1973). Among cardinalfishes the presence of a deeply divided spinous dorsal fin with IX dorsal spines, a visible, but small, eighth dorsal spine, a large supramaxilla shaped lacking an slender antero-proximal point, multiple pores in lateral-line scales with multiple free neuromasts on the lateral-line scales, serrated preopercular edge, perforated anterior ceratohyal, caudal skeleton (three epurals, two pairs of uroneurals, five free hypurals a free parhypural), ribs on 3rd to 10th vertebrae, nine epineurals and vertebrae arrangement with median fins are all plesiomorphic family characters. These characters plus other family characters possessed by this subfamily should be very useful in the hunt for close family relatives. The cephalic arrangement of pores and flutes are likely synapomorphies that united these two large, relatively deep-dwelling genera (Bergman 2004). Other possible synapomorphies await more detailed studies. The osteology of both species has not been studied with cleared and counter stained small specimens. No small specimens, &lt;80 mm SL exist in collections, only large adults up to 198 mm SL (Fraser 2013a).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81000B0BFF78C6F0FCE3D2A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81390B32FF78C274FB15D1C9.text	CA3F4E7D81390B32FF78C274FB15D1C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristiapogonini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014	<div><p>Tribe Pristiapogonini new name Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Pristiapogon Klunzinger 1870</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI+I,9 or VII+I,9; anal fin II,8; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 23–25; preopercle ridge serrate, edges serrate; infraorbitals serrate; three supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of uroneurals or absent; three epurals; five free hypurals; parhypural separate; one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; caudal fin forked.</p> <p>Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scales on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral fin-rays 12–16; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth in one or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; developed gill rakers 10–19; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epipleurals; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Pristiapogon is wide spread from East Africa, Red Sea, Indian Ocean Islands, Indonesia, Philippines, Pacific islands to Hawaii, Japan, French Polynesia and Australia. One species of Pristicon Fraser 1972 is restricted to the West Pacific. Another species reaches out to some islands on the Pacific Plate. One species of Pristicon has been reported from the west coast of India, with a gap between India and Indonesia (Suresh &amp; Thomas 2007).</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains two genera, Pristiapogon and Pristicon, corresponding to the clade VI in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). Although bootstrap values supporting the tribe were not so high (62 and 56% BPs in ML and MP analyses, respectively), this tribe is morphologically well-defined: relatively large body with serrations on the preopercle ridge (a likely synapomorphy), edges and infraorbitals (a likely synapomorphy). Species of Pristiapogon usually have a darkish single stripe and/or a variable basicaudal spot while Pristicon have bars or saddles under the dorsal fins and spots at the base of the caudal fin or on the opercle.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81390B32FF78C274FB15D1C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813C0B36FF78C3C9FE0AD78E.text	CA3F4E7D813C0B36FF78C3C9FE0AD78E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zoramiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014	<div><p>Tribe Zoramiini new name Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Zoramia Jordan 1917</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI–I,9; anal fin II,8–9; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 24; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; three supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; anterior pair of uroneurals; three epurals; five free hypurals; parhypural separate; two autogenous haemal spines; one supernumerary dorsal spine; caudal fin forked.</p> <p>Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; second dorsal spine longest, very long and filamentous in some species of both genera; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scales on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; cycloid or ctenoid predorsal scales1–3; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore above and one below midline; pectoral-fin rays 13–17; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 7–38; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 7–8 epipleurals; teeth in one, two or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform; six infraorbitals, bony shelf absent or on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine black with silvery peritoneum; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Species of Zoramia are known from East Africa, Red Sea, islands in the Indian Ocean, throughout the West Pacific to Japan, onto the Pacific Plate to Marshall Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and Australia. Species of Fibramia are known from East Africa, some islands in the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, throughout the West Pacific to Philippines, Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz Islands, Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Australia, Samoa and Tonga.</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains two genera, a new genus Fibramia described below and Zoramia, corresponding to the clade VIII in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). Both genera have species with elongate second dorsal spine, a single supernumerary dorsal spine, and can be found in tidal fresh and brackish water, near shore waters and in lagoons. Fibramia corresponds to the clade of Ostorhinchus - 4 in the present study, and that of Ostorhinchus I in Mabuchi et al. (2006).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D813C0B36FF78C3C9FE0AD78E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813A0B31FF78C6F0FC8FD366.text	CA3F4E7D813A0B31FF78C6F0FC8FD366.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhabdamiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014	<div><p>Tribe Rhabdamiini new name Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Rhabdamia Weber 1909</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI+I,9 or VII+I,10–11; anal fin II,11–13; head and body with weakly ctenoid or cycloid; pored lateral-line scales 23–24; preopercle ridge smooth, edges smooth; two supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present or absent; anterior pair of uroneurals reduced or absent; three epurals; hypurals 1+2+3+4 fused, the plate fused to terminal centrum; parhypural separate; no autogenous haemal spines; 1–2 supernumerary dorsal spines; caudal fin forked.</p> <p>Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; pectoral-fin rays 13–17; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 17–31; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; villiform teeth in one or two rows on premaxilla, or with a few canines (Bentuviaichthys), one villiform row on dentary and vomer, one villiform row or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf reduce or absent on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine pale with melanophores and silvery peritoneum with melanophores; 10+14 vertebrae; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. No reviews of the species have been made, but members have been reported from East Africa, the Red Sea, islands in the Indian Ocean, the West Pacific and out onto the Pacific Plate.</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains one genus Rhabdamia (including two subgenera Rhabdamia and Bentuviaichthys sensu Fraser 1972). There are six names (Appendix A). Three species are streamlined apogonines exploiting the near pelagic zone of coral reefs for food. Likely synapomorphies include smooth preopercle ridge and edges, reduced dentition, fused hypurals, and two supraneurals. All species are mostly translucent. In the present molecular analyses, they formed a robust monophyletic group (clade IX) with Yarica hyalosoma (Figs. 2–6, Table 4) (see also Fig. 7), but it is very unlikely based on morphological evidence (for details, see the remarks of the tribe Glossamiini). In Fraser (1972), subgenus Rhabdamia was classified under the genus Rhabdamia together with the subgenera Bentuviaichthys and Verulux Fraser 1972. The last lineage, Verulux (clade V), was placed far from the first lineage, Rhabdamia, in the present molecular trees (Figs. 2–6). Although monophyly between the two lineages was not rejected by AU test (H05 in Table 6), we recognized each of them in its own tribe for the present (for Verulux, see the tribe Veruluxini). The present molecular analyses did not include Bentuviaichthys, but it was included in this tribe based on the following morphological characters: fused hypurals 1+2+3+4, epipleurals absent on last three ribs, single row of teeth on dentary, two supraneurals, slender, mostly translucent body and forked caudal fin. Two individuals of Rhabdamia gracilis from two distantly distributed populations (Fiji and Ryukyu Islands) were paraphyletic to R. spilota Allen &amp; Kuiter 1994 and genetically distant from each other, which may indicate needs of taxonomical revisions of them.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D813A0B31FF78C6F0FC8FD366	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813A0B30FF78C30BFAAED7D6.text	CA3F4E7D813A0B30FF78C30BFAAED7D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siphamiini Smith 1955	<div><p>Tribe Siphamiini Smith 1955</p> <p>Type genus Siphamia Weber 1909</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI–VII + I,7–11; anal fin II,7–11; pored lateral-line scales 0–24; preopercular ridge smooth, edges smooth to serrate; supraneurals 1–2; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid absent; uroneurals absent; two epurals; hypurals 1+2 and 3+4 fused into two plates, upper plate fused to terminal centrum; parhypural separate; one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; caudal fin emarginate or forked; bacteria bioluminescent system from hyal region to along body above or past anal-fin base.</p> <p>Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid, cycloid or spinoid scales; median predorsal scales 0–6; pectoral rays 11–16; segmented principal caudal rays 9+8, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; villiform teeth in one or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, or absent on palatine; developed gill rakers 6–18; lateral-line scales usually with a vertical row of free neuromasts; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; developed gill rakers 10–26; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epipleurals; stomach, intestine and peritoneum generally pale with variously sized melanophores; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Representatives of the tribe are found from East Africa, Red Sea, islands in the Indian Ocean, throughout the West Pacific to Japan, onto the Pacific Plate to French Polynesia and Australia (Gon &amp; Allen 2012).</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains one genus Siphamia, corresponding to the clade VII in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). All species of Siphamia have bioluminescent bacteria in a specialized organ (a synapomorphy for the species) unique among apogonines. Smith (1955) proposed placing species of Siphamia in its own subfamily Siphamiinae. Our results based on analysis of five of the twenty-three species suggest that Siphamia roseigaster Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1887 could be recognized in its own genus Adenapogon McCulloch 1921, because it was placed relatively far from the remaining species. Gon &amp; Allen's (2012) results based on morphology suggest that two other Australian species belong in Adenapogon and that Fodifoa Whitley 1936 is available for another group of species. We defer to Ofer Gon who is continuing to work on relationships within this tribe (Gon &amp; Allen 2012).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D813A0B30FF78C30BFAAED7D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81040B0EFF78C3E3FD35D41B.text	CA3F4E7D81040B0EFF78C3E3FD35D41B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Archamiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014	<div><p>Tribe Archamiini new name Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Archamia Gill 1863</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: VI+I,9 or VII+I,9; anal fin II,12–19; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 24–25; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; three supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; one pair of uroneurals present or absent; three epurals; five free hypurals, 1–2 fused and 3–4 fused to terminal centrum; free parhypural; caudal fin forked; body translucent without bars and head tinged greenish yellow and small dark basicaudal spot or with dark or yellowish to reddish bars on body, dark basicaudal spot, small or large, compact or diffuse or head and body with one or two narrow yellowish to dark stripes.</p> <p>Other characteristics. one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral fin-rays 11–16; three supraneurals; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform (one species present on ectopterygoid) or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; developed gill rakers 15–23; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epineurals; stomach and intestine blackish, peritoneum silvery with melanophores; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Archamia and Taeniamia are widespread throughout the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea, East Africa to Japan and Samoa.</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains two genera, Archamia and Taeniamia, corresponding to the clade XI in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). All the members of the clade were formerly classified under Archamia, but Fraser (2013b) redescribed Archamia as monotypic and recognized a new genus, Taeniamia for the remaining species. The history of this species is given by Gon &amp; Randall (2003). Our molecular results did not disagree with the idea of recognizing two species (Taeniamia kagoshimanus Döderlein in Steindachner &amp; Döderlein 1883 and T. sansibaricus Pfeffer 1893) that has been long confused with Taeniamia fucata (Cantor 1849) (Fraser 2013b). This idea is supported also by the geographic variation in gill raker counts reported by Gon &amp; Randall (2003). Prokofiev (2006) indicated a possible close relationship between the species of " Archamia " (Archamia + Taeniamia) and Kurtus gulliveri based on morphological characters. But their monophyly was significantly rejected by the AU test based on the present molecular data (H09; Table 6).</p> <p>Archami- is the stem for this new tribe.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81040B0EFF78C3E3FD35D41B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D813E0B3BFF78C3C7FB8ED56E.text	CA3F4E7D813E0B3BFF78C3C7FB8ED56E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fibramia Mabuchi & Fraser & Song & Azuma & Nishida 2014	<div><p>Fibramia new genus Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Figure 8</p> <p>Type species Apogon thermalis Cuvier in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, 1829, holotype MNHN 8686; 54.7 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Trincomalee, Reynaud.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A member of the Apogoninae; dorsal fin VI +I,9; anal fin II,8; developed gill rakers 16–25; posttemporal edge smooth; anterior naris tubular; black dorsal spine membranes of the first, most of the second and distal part of the third membranes with the remainder of the fin pale; discreet or diffuse dark or silvery midline body stripe ending in a basicaudal spot smaller than the pupil of the eye; intestine and stomach pale with tiny melanophores, peritoneum pale.</p> <p>Other characteristics. one supernumerary dorsal spine; one supernumerary anal spine; first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal fin-ray branched and segmented; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; cycloid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore above and one below midline; caudal fin forked; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform; preopercle ridge smooth, preopercle edges ossified and serrated; infraorbitals smooth; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; anterior ceratohyal notched; three supraneurals; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epipleurals; 5 free hypurals, 3 epurals; reduced second pair of uroneurals; free parhypural; low crest on PU 2.</p> <p>Etymology. A combination of the feminine Latin fibra meaning thread or filament and the feminine Greek amia often applied as an ending for some cardinalfish genera as well as an incorrect past usage as a cardinalfish genus. The name refers to two characteristics of the species in this genus, an elongate second dorsal spine in one species and the narrow, pale or dark mid-line on the body of two species.</p> <p>Remarks. Three recognized species, Apogon amboinensis Bleeker 1853, Apogon lateralis Valenciennes 1832 and Apogon thermalis Valenciennes 1832, all described in Apogon belong in the new genus. There is one or possibly two new species in this group. Fraser (1972) treated these three species in the subgenus Nectamia. Gon (1987) revived Ostorhinchus which replaced Nectamia. Fraser (2008) later recognized Nectamia as a genus for a different group of apogonids. Mabuchi et al. (2006, Fig. 2) using a molecular analysis, hypothesized that these species (Apogon thermalis and A. amboinensis were included with the former species referred to as Apogon sangiensis) were related to species of Zoramia Jordan 1971 as Ostorhinchus I. That hypothesized relationship holds for the molecular analyses reported here (clade VIII in the molecular trees).</p> <p>The dorsal and anal fins of these three species share a VI +I, 9 in the dorsal fin and II, 8 in the anal fin. Species of Zoramia shares the VI +I,9 dorsal fins but have one more anal ray II,9. Adults of thermalis have a somewhat elongated second dorsal spine similar to some species of Zoramia. All species of Fibramia have black dorsal spine membranes of the first, most of the second and distal part of the third membranes with the remainder of the fin pale. No species of Zoramia has a black mark in the first dorsal fin (Fraser &amp; Lachner 1985; Kuiter &amp; Kozawa 1999; Greenfield et al. 2005). All species of Fibramia have a discreet or diffuse midline body stripe ending in a basicaudal spot smaller than the pupil of the eye. No species of Zoramia has a midline stripe, rather those species with body markings have bars while the others have no bars or stripes. The intestine and stomach are pale for species of Fibramia and blackish for all species of Zoramia. Species of Fibramia have an ossified shelf on the third infraorbital while species of Zoramia lack this shelf. Species of Fibramia have 16–25 developed gill rakers while species of Zoramia have 24–32 developed gill rakers.</p> <p>Fibramia and Zoramia are sister genera recognized in the new tribe Zoramiini.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D813E0B3BFF78C3C7FB8ED56E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81000B0AFF78C379FB0ED463.text	CA3F4E7D81000B0AFF78C379FB0ED463.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogoninae Gunther 1859	<div><p>Subfamily Apogoninae Günther 1859</p> <p>Type genus Apogon Lacepède 1801</p> <p>Diagnosis. Two dorsal fins, VII to IX dorsal spines deeply divided as VI, VII, VII(I), VIII+I,9–13; anal fin II,8–18; internal support of spines by serial proximal-middle radials closely associated, 6th and 7th elements broadening at fin division or wide separation between dorsal fins; internal support of dorsal spines by serial proximal-middle radials not in close articulation, far apart at 6th between and 7th elements; one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; 0–3 supraneurals; first anal proximal-middle radial straight; 13–15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; preopercle ridge smooth or serrate, preopercle edges smooth, serrate or with unossified lower portion; vertebrae 9–10+14–16; rod-like or proximally expanded ribs on 3rd to 10th vertebrae; epineurals present on ribs of 3rd to 8th or 9th vertebrae; PU 2 and PU 3 with autogenous haemal spines; anterior pair of uroneurals absent, posterior pair of uroneurals reduced or absent; 0–3 epurals; hypural 1–5 present, free or combinations of fusion by hypurals 1–4 or with terminal centrum, hypural 5 always free, splint-like; parhypural free or fused to hypurals 1+2; prootic included as part of the inner orbit ring; anterior and posterior ceratohyals sutured together by a few interdigitating struts medially or without struts; free medial extrascapular or fused with lateral extrascapular; scales ctenoid, spinoid, cycloid or absent; a scale sheath at base of second dorsal fin or not; single lateral-line present from posttemporal to base of caudal fin either as pored, pitted or grooved scales, or if without scales, with linear free neuromasts; secondary lateral-line scales or linear free neuromasts on lower body present or absent; cephalic pore system complex with many small pores and canal flutes, two or more pores in single row of lateral-line scales; pored lateral-line scales 3–48.</p> <p>Distribution. Members of the Apogoninae are known from the eastern Pacific, Atlantic basin and the Indo-Pacific. The distribution is complete in the tropics and subtropical coastal zones down to nearly 300 meters.</p> <p>Remarks. This subfamily contains most of the species in the family and has the greatest diversity of body shapes and sizes, color patterns (internal and external), habitats occupied and the only subfamily with bioluminescent species. Diversity is expressed in the molecular analysis by the clades that are consistent with morphology. The presence of a small, slender supramaxilla is a synapomorphy for some of the genera relative to the large supramaxilla found in the Amioidinae. Absence of a supramaxilla, another possible synapomorphy, is shared by a portion of the Apogoninae and the two other subfamilies. No single morphological synapomorphy has been identified that is inclusive of all members of this subfamily. Many are partial synapomorphies, shared across tribes as characters trending to fusion, reduction and loss (see tables in Fraser 2013b; remarks under tribes).</p> <p>See Appendix A for species allocation in tribes. Distribution is described under each tribe.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81000B0AFF78C379FB0ED463	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81030B0FFF78C1FEFDBBD32E.text	CA3F4E7D81030B0FFF78C1FEFDBBD32E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogonini Gunther 1859	<div><p>Tribe Apogonini Günther 1859</p> <p>Type genus Apogon Lacepède 1801</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI+I,9; anal fin II,8; developed gill rakers 9–19; posttemporal edge smooth or weakly serrate; anterior nare with low rim and flap; preopercle smooth on ridge, serrate to smooth on vertical edge, horizontal edge an unossified large flap; head and body with ctenoid or cycloid scales; pored lateral-line scales 23–25, scales with one pore above center and one below central pore; intestine and stomach pale (except two species); head and body reddish with or without blackish markings or head and body brownish without bars or stripes, both color patterns may be translucent in some species.</p> <p>Other characteristics. one supernumerary spine; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid or cycloid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; cycloid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore on upper side and one on lower side; pectoral fin-rays 11–16; 0–3 supraneurals; pored lateral-line scales from posttemporal to base of caudal fin; caudal fin forked or rounded; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform (except one species canine-like on premaxilla and dentary) or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; anterior ceratohyal notched; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8–9 epineurals; uroneurals absent; three epurals; five free hypurals, 1–2 fused and 3–4 fused, 1–2 fused and 3–4 fused to terminal centrum; free parhypural; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Apogon sensu stricto is found in all tropical regions, Zapogon Fraser 1972 in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, Phaeoptyx Fraser &amp; Robins 1970 and Paroncheilus Smith 1964 in the Eastern and Western Atlantic Ocean and Astrapogon Fowler 1907 confined to the Western Atlantic Ocean.</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains five genera, Astrapogon, Apogon sensu stricto, Phaeoptyx, Paroncheilus and Zapogon, corresponding to the clade II in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). Members have a large, unossified preopercular flap (a proposed synapomorphy), simple pore arrangement on lateral-line scales, six first dorsal spines and color patterns. Monophyly of Apogon sensu stricto (H10) was, however, statistically rejected by AU test (Table 6). In the molecular trees, Apogon sensu stricto was divided into three (Apogon -1, 2, and 3) or two (Apogon -1 and 2+3) lineages. One of the two or three lineages, Apogon -1, was sister to the clade including all the other members of this tribe. This basal dichotomy agrees with geographic distributions: species of the former clade (Apogon -1) distributed in Indo-Pacific Basin and those of the latter clade basically in Atlantic Basin with a small group of Apogon -3 within it occurring in Eastern Pacific. These molecular results suggest that species of Apogonini have been firstly separated between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific regions and then an Atlantic species invaded to Eastern Pacific. Asperapogon Smith 1961 is an available name for some or all of the Indo-Pacific species (Apogon -1) as a genus or subgenus. A morphological diagnosis for Asperapogon awaits determination of species composition. Type species of Apogon is Apogon ruber Lacepède 1801, a synonym of A. imberbis (Linnaeus 1758) from the Eastern Atlantic Basin and the Mediterranean Sea. No other subfamilies or tribes occur in the Atlantic Basin or Eastern Pacific.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81030B0FFF78C1FEFDBBD32E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81050B0DFF78C145FA86D206.text	CA3F4E7D81050B0DFF78C145FA86D206.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glossamiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014	<div><p>Tribe Glossamiini new name Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Glossamia Gill 1863</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI+I,8–10; anal fin II,8–10; pored lateral-line scales 24–50; preopercle ridge smooth edges smooth to serrate; three supraneurals; large supramaxilla present; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; anterior pair of uroneurals; three epurals; five free hypurals; parhypural separate; two autogenous haemal spines; one supernumerary dorsal spine; caudal fin emarginate, truncate or rounded.</p> <p>Other characteristics. first dorsal ray unbranched and first anal ray branched and segmented; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; head and body with ctenoid scales or cycloid on nape, cheek, opercle, anterior pored lateral-line scales, ctenoid on breast, grading from cycloid to ctenoid posteriorly; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore on upper side and one on lower side; pectoral fin-rays 13–16; developed gill rakers 7–15; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 9 epineurals; teeth in multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform, present or absent on ectopterygoid; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine pale with pale peritoneum; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Species of Glossamia are found in tidal and flowing freshwaters of Australia and the island of New Guinea. One species is known from Australia (perhaps a species complex) and the rest on the island of New Guinea. The only described species of Yarica is found in tidal streams, flowing freshwater and lowland lakes from Myanmar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands to New Caledonia and out to Saipan.</p> <p>Remarks. In the present molecular analyses, Glossamia did not form a robust monophyletic group with any other apogonines (see Figs. 2–6 and Table 5). For this genus, we gave tribe status. We included Yarica (Fig. 7A) in this tribe based solely on morphological data. The present molecular analyses reproduced a relatively robust sister relationship between Yarica and Rhabdamia (clade IX). Species of Rhabdamia have a smaller mouth and slender translucent body with a forked caudal fin (Fig. 7B) consistent with their marine reef pelagic habitat preferences and differ in their osteological characteristics as follows: 1 or 2 supraneurals; fused hypurals plate consisting of hypurals 1+2+3+4 to the terminal centrum; 1–2 rows of villiform teeth on premaxilla or some canine, 1 row of villiform teeth on dentary, vomer and palatine; 7 epineurals on ribs 1–7; shelf on third infraorbital reduced or absent; uroneurals reduced or absent; supramaxilla absent. The cephalic pores are much more complex for Rhabdamia and free neuromasts much less numerous than for Yarica (Bergman 2004, Figs. 11, 29–30). Support for combining Glossamia and Yarica are similar body shapes, freshwater habitat preferences, a large supramaxilla of similar shape, a single supernumerary dorsal spine and 9 epineurals. In spite of non-monophyly in the obtained trees, AU test did not reject the monophyly of Glossamia and Yarica (H06, see Table 6). The wide spread distribution of Yarica indicates that this species has euryhaline characteristics imbedded in its life history.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81050B0DFF78C145FA86D206	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81050B0EFF78C4DCFCBFD0A1.text	CA3F4E7D81050B0EFF78C4DCFCBFD0A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheilodipterini Bleeker 1856	<div><p>Tribe Cheilodipterini Bleeker 1856b</p> <p>Type genus Cheilodipterus Lacepède 1801</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: VI+I,9; anal fin II,8; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 24–26; canine teeth on premaxilla and dentary; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; three supraneurals; reduced supramaxilla; one pair of uroneurals; three epurals; five free hypurals; free parhypural; caudal fin forked or emarginate; dark stripes on head and body, no stripes in second dorsal or anal fin, basicaudal dark spot, band or no spot.</p> <p>Other characteristics. one supernumerary dorsal spine; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales with multiple pores; pectoral fin-rays 11–14; three supraneurals; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; villiform teeth on vomer and palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; basisphenoid present; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 7–8 epineurals; stomach and intestine pale with pale peritoneum; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Cheilodipterus is widespread throughout the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea, East Africa to Japan and French Polynesia following Gon (1993). There have been several short-lived efforts to subdivide this genus with several names proposed (Cheilodipterops Schultz 1940; Desmoamia Fowler &amp; Bean 1930; Paramia Bleeker 1863). More molecular analysis among the 17 species should provide insight to relationships not apparent in the five species we sampled.</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains one genus, Cheilodipterus, corresponding to the clade X in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). Canine or caninoid teeth on the premaxilla and dentary, a reduced supramaxilla, a single supernumerary dorsal spine, stripes on body and a diffuse or solid basicaudal spot in most species often with some surrounding yellow are characteristics of this tribe. Cheilodipteroidei, as a family, was recognized by Bleeker (1856b). Schultz (1940) recognized the Cheilodipteridae, but as a broad grouping of a number of families. Smith (1961) and Norman (1966) recognized this group as a subfamily Cheilodipterinae including Coranthus Smith 1961 (now Amioides) and Paramia Bleeker 1863 (now Cheilodipterus). Monophyly of Amioides and Cheilodipterus was significantly rejected by AU test (H13; Table 6). The shape and position of the reduced supramaxilla (see Fraser 1972) and canine or caninoid teeth are synapomorphies.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81050B0EFF78C4DCFCBFD0A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81060B33FF78C2B8FCC4D7FC.text	CA3F4E7D81060B33FF78C2B8FCC4D7FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnapogonini Whitley 1941	<div><p>Tribe Gymnapogonini Whitley 1941</p> <p>Type genus Gymnapogon Regan 1905</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: VI+I,8–13; anal fin II,8–16; head and body naked or with large weakly ctenoid or cycloid scales; lateral-line scales 23–24 or lateral line a series of free neuromasts to base of caudal fin, interrupted mid-line lateral line present or absent; preopercle ridge smooth, edge with one or more spines at angle; 0–2 ossified supraneurals; supramaxilla, paired uroneurals and basisphenoid absent; 2–3 epurals; hypurals 1–2 fused, 3–4 separate or fused to urostyle; parhypural separate or fused to hypurals 1–2; caudal fin forked or rounded; pterosphenoid and parasphenoid joined excluding prootic from internal orbit rim.</p> <p>Other characteristics. one supernumerary dorsal-fin spine; unbranched or branched first segmented dorsal-fin ray, branched first anal-fin ray; cycloid or weakly ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; cycloid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pectoral-fin rays 10–14; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 13–15 branched, upper one or two and lower one or two unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; some enlarged teeth on premaxilla and dentary, canine or villiform on vomer, villiform on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital present or absent; 1–2 postcleithra; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; 10+14 or 9+15 (Cercamia) vertebrae; 7–8 ribs; 0–6 epipleurals; low crest on PU2.</p> <p>Distribution. Pseudamiops East Africa to Japan, Hawaii and French Polynesia, Gymnapogon widespread from the Red Sea, East Africa to Japan and French Polynesia, Lachneratus from East Africa to Hawaii and Tonga and Cercamia from the Eastern Indian Ocean to Japan and French Polynesia.</p> <p>Remarks. This tribe contains four genera, Cercamia, Gymnapogon, Lachneratus and Pseudamiops, corresponding to the clade I in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). Species of the included genera are all translucent with many reductive morphologic characters. Although Pseudamiops was absent from the present analyses, we tentatively associated this genus with the Gymnapogonini based on its translucent body and the reductive morphological characters. Bergman (2004) noted: …"The cephalic lateralis system of Gymnapogon is very similar to that of Pseudamiops. A notable exception being that the preopercular and mandibular canal portions are confluent in Gymnapogon species. " Pseudamiops, with scales, lacks pored, notched or pitted lateral-line scales. Cercamia and Lachneratus have not previously been associated with Gymnapogon. Both genera have deciduous scales and both lack pored, notched or pitted lateral-line scales. Gymnapogon and Pseudamiops were formerly classified under Pseudamiinae, together with Pseudamia. As mentioned above in the remarks of the subfamily Pseudamiinae, the present molecular data significantly rejected their monophyly (H 14 in Table 6). In our molecular trees, two individuals of Cercamia cladara from two distantly distributed populations (French Polynesia and Palau) were paraphyletic to Gymnapogon and genetically distant from each other, which may indicate needs of taxonomical revisions of them.</p> <p>Tanaka (1915) described the new family Henicicthyidae for the new genus and single new species Henicichthys foraminosus. Tanaka's family name has been used only in the original publication. Whitley (1941) created the family Gymnapogonidae with Regan's genus as the type species. He noted that the oldest genus name '...becomes the root for the family name." Whitley's (1941) synonymy of the literature for Henicichthys has the last published use of this genus in 1939. Whitley (1941) recognized that Henicichthys foraminosus and Austalaphia annona Whitley 1936 are synonyms of Gymnapogon. The sole use of Gymnapogon has been continuous since 1941. Fowler (1944) and Lindberg (1971) used Gymnapogonidae. We regarded Gymnapogonini as an easily recognized tribal name among apogonids and is its preferred use.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81060B33FF78C2B8FCC4D7FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81020B08FF78C55EFC6FD7D7.text	CA3F4E7D81020B08FF78C55EFC6FD7D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudamiinae Smith 1954	<div><p>Subfamily Pseudamiinae Smith 1954</p> <p>Type genus Pseudamia Bleeker 1865</p> <p>Diagnosis. Two separate dorsal fins, VII dorsal spines as VI +I,8–9; anal fin II,8–10; wide separation between dorsal fins; internal support of dorsal spines by serial proximal-middle radials not in close articulation, far apart at 6th between and 7th elements; one supernumerary dorsal spine; 1–2 supraneurals; first anal proximal-middle radial straight; 9+8 principal caudal fin-rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched, caudal fin rounded or rhomboid, mid-line fin-ray longest; supramaxilla and basisphenoid absent; preopercle ridge smooth, edge serrated at angle or smooth; prootic narrowed along internal orbit rim, not quit excluded by pterosphenoid and parasphenoid; anterior pair of uroneurals absent, posterior pair of uroneurals reduced or absent; two epurals; hypurals 1–2 fused, 3–4 fused, separate from urostyle; hypural 5 free; parhypural free; free medial extrascapular; neuromasts reduced to a simple cross-hatch on head, linear and vertical rows on body, present on caudal fin; cephalic pore system simple without canal flutes; lateral-line scales 23–43, first few scales pored, followed by notched scales, a lower lateral line of notched scales begins on abdomen; cycloid scales on body.</p> <p>Distribution. Members of the Pseudamiinae are found along the continental coasts and islands of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Western Pacific out to Japan, Palmyra, Tahiti, Austral Islands and Australia. They can be found in shallow water down to about 64 meters.</p> <p>Remarks. This subfamily contains one genus, 7 species: Pseudamia amblyuroptera (Bleeker 1856c), P. gelatinosa Smith 1956, P. hayashii Randall, Lachner &amp; Fraser 1985, P. nigra Allen 1992, P. rubra Randall, Lachner &amp; Fraser 1985, P. tarri Randall, Lachner &amp; Fraser 1985, P. zonata Randall, Lachner &amp; Fraser 1985. The molecular analyses support a separate subfamily for species of Pseudamia (see Figs. 2–6). Morphological information associated Gymnapogon and Pseudamiops with Pseudamia (Smith, 1961; Fraser 1972; Baldwin &amp; Johnson 1999; Bergman 2004) as belonging in this subfamily. However, Thacker &amp; Roje's (2009), Cowman &amp; Bellwood's (2011), and the present molecular analyses placed Pseudamia outside the rest of the Apogonidae with Gymnapogon nested into the latter large clade (Pseudamiops was absent from these studies). Corresponding to such phylogenetic relationship, monophyly between Pseudamia and Gymnapogon (H14) was significantly rejected by the AU test based on the present molecular data (Table 6). All Pseudamia have two scaled lateral lines on the body, hypurals 1 and 2 fused, urostylar sheath over hypurals 3 and 4, one reduced pair of uroneurals in anterior position, all possible synapomorphies. The comparative morphological features of Pseudamia are reductive, fusion and loss of bones (Baldwin &amp; Johnson, 1999). Many of these reductive features are held in common with Gymnapogon, Cercamia Randall &amp; Smith 1988, Lachneratus Fraser &amp; Struhsaker 1991 and Pseudamiops. The latter four genera are all translucent when alive unlike most (all?) species of Pseudamia. Body shapes of Gymnapogon, Cercamia and Lachneratus include forked caudal fins and the latter two genera have large scales and lack pored lateral-line scales. Pseudamiops was not part of this study and is removed from the Pseudamiinae to the Gymnapogonini based on its body being translucent, having large scales without pored lateral-line scales. The conflict between using molecular and morphological information independently supporting differing hypotheses remains confounding for these five genera.</p> <p>Living pseudamine fishes have virtually no morphological characters that are considered basal for apogonids as restricted here. All are derived characters from those states present in the Amioidinae and in the basal Apogoninae. Baldwin &amp; Johnson (1999) listed plesiomorphic characters for the expanded pseudamine fishes. They did not include Lachneratus or Cercamia as part of the pseudamine group.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81020B08FF78C55EFC6FD7D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
CA3F4E7D81010B09FF78C404FE20D48B.text	CA3F4E7D81010B09FF78C404FE20D48B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxtoninae Mabuchi & Fraser & Song & Azuma & Nishida 2014	<div><p>Paxtoninae new subfamily Fraser &amp; Mabuchi</p> <p>Type genus Paxton Baldwin &amp; Johnson 1999</p> <p>Diagnosis. One continuous dorsal fin, VI,19; anal fin I,15–16; internal support of spines by serial proximal-middle radials in near articulation with gaps between each spine, similar distance between 6th and 7th elements; sixth proximal-middle radial without serial spine or ray; fifth and seventh proximal-middle radials with serial spine and ray respectively; one supernumerary dorsal spine; supraneurals absent; first anal proximal-middle radial curved; 9+8 branched principal caudal fin-rays; caudal fin truncate or slightly rounded; vertebrae 10+14; epineurals on first two vertebrae; rod-like ribs on 3rd to 10th vertebrae; epineurals present on ribs of 3rd to 9th vertebrae; supramaxilla and basisphenoid absent; six infraorbitals, without shelf on third, only first and second in contact, third sixth not in contact and all small; medial and lateral extrascapular absent; preopercle ridge smooth and edge with single large spine at angle, preopercle, including spine, covered by skin; prootic excluded along internal orbit ring by pterosphenoids and parasphenoid; parietal separated by supraoccipital; a unique postfrontal bone; uroneurals absent; two epurals; haemal spines for PU 3 and PU 4 each fused to centra; parhypural fused to hypurals 1+2; terminal centrum fused with hypurals 3+4; hypural 5 absent; second epibranchial articulating with third pharyngobranchial; anterior and posterior ceratohyals sutured together by a few interdigitating struts medially; anterior ceratohyal not perforated; seven branchiostegals, anterior three ventrally followed by two on distal side of anterior ceratohyal, two on distal side of posterior ceratohyal; single postcleithrum.</p> <p>Distribution. This monotypic subfamily is known only from northwestern Western Australia, collected by trawls in 40– 80 m. Only six specimens known (Baldwin &amp; Johnson 1999; Atlas of Living Australia http:// www.ala.org.au/australias-species/).</p> <p>Remarks. This subfamily contains one genus, one species: Paxton concilians Baldwin &amp; Johnson 1999. Because the species was absent from the present molecular analyses, this tribe is proposed based only on morphology. Paxton is characterized by a series of morphological apomorphies not found in any other apogonid (Baldwin &amp; Johnson 1999; Fraser 2013b). These apomorphies include: VI dorsal spines; a continuous dorsal fin as VI,19 without a notched division or expanded pterygiophores at the transition from spines to branched, segmented fin-rays (all other apogonids have deeply divided dorsal fins and unbranched segmented first fin-ray); sixth pterygiophore without a serial spine or ray or subdermal remnants (unique for a continuous dorsal fin?); dorsal spines IV– VI subequal, longer than spines I–II (all other apogonids have unequal first dorsal-spines); anal fin with I,15–16, the spine in supernumerary position, with the first branched, segmented ray in series and supported by the first pterygiophore (all other apogonids have 2 anal spines); entire margin of preopercle covered by skin (all other apogonids have exposed preopercular edges); third epibranchial toothplate lacking (all other apogonids have a toothplate); fifth hypural absent (all other apogonid have a splint-like fifth hypural); anterior and posterior pelvicgirdle processes lacking; an autogenous wishbone-shaped cartilage present between proximal bases of left and right pelvic fins; medial and lateral extrascapular absent (all other apogonids have a lateral extrascapular and Gymnapogon has both); principal caudal fin-rays 9+8, all branched (all other apogonids have the upper-most and lower-most principal caudal fin-rays unbranched and some Gymnapogon species have additional unbranched principal caudal fin-rays); and postfrontal bones. Bergman's (2004) figures and descriptive text shows that Paxton has a much reduced number of cephalic pores associated with canals compared with Gymnapogon, Pseudamiops, Cercamia or Lachneratus. She followed up with..."The cephalic lateralis of Paxton, despite its simple canal structure, few perforations and, lack of secondary canal development, is characterized by an extensive network of sensory papillae. This characteristic, in combination with the lack of perforation, distinguishes Paxton from all other apogonids." Baldwin &amp; Johnson's analysis provided a convincing list of synapomorphic characters with other pseudamine fishes and therefore did not to recognize a separate family or subfamily. They hypothesized that Gymnapogon and Paxton are sister genera. Paxton, Cercamia and Gymnapogon share a fused parhypural with fused hypurals 1 and 2 (see these publications for characters among these genera: Fraser 1972; Hayashi 1991; Baldwin &amp; Johnson 1999). Larval stages may prove useful in determining if there is more than one sequence of fusing these elements. Gymnapogon has a single preopercular spine and Cercamia has 2–3 serrations near the angle and a single serration on the ridge. The preopercle of Paxton is unexposed, covered by skin with a single, unexposed spine. An infraorbital shelf is present in Gymnapogon and Cercamia and all six infraorbitals have contiguous relationships, whereas only the first two infraorbitals are contiguous for Paxton. Cercamia has some weak ctenoid scales but no pored or pitted lateral line. We conclude that Gymnapogon and Cercamia are sister genera (see remarks for the tribe Gymnapogonini) and that the fusion of the parhypural with fused hypurals 1 and 2, preopercular spine and other shared reductive characters occurred independently in Paxton. Paxton is given subfamily recognition.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D81010B09FF78C404FE20D48B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mabuchi, Kohji;Fraser, Thomas H.;Song, Hayeun;Azuma, Yoichiro;Nishida, Mutsumi	Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro, Nishida, Mutsumi (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 151-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1
