taxonID	type	description	language	source
B61E5C648410FFF5FF1FFA66FC22F26C.taxon	discussion	Aprostocetus is the largest of the tetrastichine genera and it is known from all geographical realms. Species attack a wide variety of hosts, but hosts are often insects inhabiting a variety of plant galls, including Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Coccoidea and even eriophyid mites and nematodes (Graham 1987; La Salle 1994).	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648410FFF5FF1FFA66FC22F26C.taxon	description	Generic keys that distinguish Aprostocetus from other tetrastichine genera are available for Australasia (Bouček 1988), North America (LaSalle 1994; Schauff et al. 1997), Europe (Graham 1987, 1991) and India (Narendran 2007). Diagnostic characters include: propodeal spiracle partially covered by a raised lobe or flap on the callus, one of the cercal setae distinctly longer than remaining setae and sinuate or curved, submarginal vein generally with 3 or more dorsal setae, malar sulcus straight or only slightly curved. Keys to species of Aprostocetus are known only for Europe (Graham 1987) and India (Narendran 2007).	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648410FFF4FF1FF8BAFBA5F7BB.taxon	description	Aprostocetus causalis LaSalle & Wu and A. felix La Salle, Yang & Lin belong to a small group of Old World species that are associated with galls. Females are generally yellow to yellow-orange in color, and males have the gaster brown but with a distinctive white patch anteriorly on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces. This group of species is quite difficult to define because, although it does appear to be a distinct group, the only easily recognizable character to support it is the distinctive coloration of the male gaster, which is not found in any other Aprostocetus species. Unfortunately, the females are not as easy to recognize, and attempting to key them in Graham’s (1987) key to European Aprostocetus would require going 100 + couplets into the key using what are at times very difficult characters even for experts. Although members of this group have a similar biology, association with galls is not at all unusual in Aprostocetus and would not serve as a definitive character. Other Asian species associated with galls, which appear to belong in the causalis group, have been confused with, or misidentified as, Aprostocetus gala (Walker). This species, originally described as Tetrastichus gala, is a New World parasitoid of citrus weevils (Schauff 1987) and thus biologically distinct from the causalis group. Aprostocetus gala females can vary in coloration (Figs 13 – 15), and may appear similar in color to members of the causalis group. However, there are several species of Aprostocetus in which the females are yellow to yelloworange in color, and A. gala is morphologically distinct from the causalis group in the males (Fig. 16), which lack the distinct white patch anteriorly on the gaster. The Old World records in the literature for A. gala are misidentifications and need to be corrected. It is likely that these records refer to two additional species in the causalis group listed below.	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648411FFF4FF1FFBBAFB6FF00C.taxon	discussion	Aprostocetus gala has also been recorded from India as a parasitoid of gall forming Cecidomyiidae (Diptera): the sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) (Kausalya et al. 1997; Nwanze et al. 1998), blossom midge (Contarinia sp.) (David et al. 1990), and the mango gall midge, Erosomyia mangiferae Felt (Fasih & Srivastava 1990). Examination of specimens in the Natural History Museum, London indicates that these specimens are distinct from A. gala, and appear to represent a distinct species in the causalis group.	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648411FFF2FF1FFA4EFDC3F01E.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 6)	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648411FFF2FF1FFA4EFDC3F01E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aprostocetus causalis belongs to the causalis group based on the characters given above, and particularly the distinctive coloration of the male gaster. It can be separated from the other species discussed above by the following characters: forewing with speculum completely closed behind, with the cubital line of setae extending to meet the basal line of setae (Fig. 4); propodeum with a curved paraspiracular carina (Fig. 6); antenna with F 1 less than 1.5 × longer than wide (Fig. 3). Male with dorsum of mesosoma predominantly dark brown (Fig. 2). Female (Figs 1, 3 – 6). Length 0.8 – 1.4 mm. Head generally yellow or yellow-orange, occiput brown. Mesosoma yellow or yellow-orange, anterior face of pronotum brown, except some sutures sometimes brown, particularly the notaulus. Legs and coxae yellow to yellow-orange. Gaster yellow to yellow-orange ventrally, darkened dorsally; darkened areas ranging from a brown transverse stripe posteriorly on all tergites to entire dorsal surface brown. Ovipositor sheaths brown. Head (Figs 5). Ocellar triangle surrounded by faint grooves. POL 1.2 – 1.3 × as long as OOL. Frontal suture small, v-shaped. Scrobal area without distinct median carina. Torulus placed above level with ventral margin of eye. A broad depression (supraclypeal area) below torulus extending to clypeus. Malar sulcus nearly straight, only slightly curved. Clypeal margin bidentate. Antenna (Fig. 3) with 3 funicular segments and 3 very small anelli. First and second funicular segments slightly longer than wide, third subquadrate: length / width ratio of F 1 1.1 – 1.3; F 2 1.1 – 1.35; F 3 0.9 – 1.05. Clava 1.7 – 2.2 × longer than wide. C 3 short and its end broad, not tapering apically, although with small terminal spine. Scape slightly flattened. Mesosoma (Fig. 6). Pronotum very short medially in dorsal view. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with very weak median line and a single row of 4 – 6 adnotaular setae on each side. Mesosternum flat just in front of the trochantinal lobes and with precoxal suture. Scutellum with anterior pair of setae located behind middle. Scutellum overhanging dorsellum. Propodeum short medially, subequal in length to dorsellum; with weak median carina and distinct, curved paraspiracular carina. Propodeum with raised lobe of callus partially overhanging spiracle. Callus with 2 setae. Forewing (Fig. 4) hyaline. Submarginal vein usually with 3 or 4 dorsal setae. Costal cell with line of ventral setae in apical half. Relative length of wing veins to stigmal vein as follows: CC: MV: STV = 2.9 – 3.1: 3.2 – 3.8: 1. PMV very short, less than one quarter length of stigmal vein. Speculum small and closed behind by cubital line of setae extending to basal setal line. Wing disk beyond speculum densely pilose. Gaster distinctly longer (1.3 – 1.5 ×) than mesosoma. Hypopygium reaching about half length of gaster. Cercus with 1 setae longer than others and sinuate. Ovipositor sheath slightly protruding, very short in dorsal view. Male (Fig. 2). Length 0.75 – 1.2 mm. Head brown, face yellow. Thorax brown except sometimes with some slight orange markings; dorsellum yellow. Legs and coxae yellow except sometimes with brown markings. Gaster dark brown, with distinct white patch anteriorly on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, these connected laterally. Antenna with 3 small anelli and 4 funicular segments; F 1 quadrate to slightly longer than wide; F 2 – F 4 all distinctly longer than wide; club elongate, 5 – 6 × longer than wide. Each funicular segment and basal club segment with compact subbasal whorls of long setae extending at least to apex of following segment. Ventral plaque small, less than one fifth length of scape, situated near apex of scape.	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648411FFF2FF1FFA4EFDC3F01E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♀, China, Guanxi, Fangcheng, 14. xi. 2008, L. Dewei, Wu Yaojun, C. Mingshan, ex galls on Eucalyptus spp. [IZCAS]. 57 ♀, 41 ♂ Paratypes. 53 ♀, 34 ♂, Same data as holotype [18 ♀, 10 ♂ IZCAS; 15 ♀, 10 ♂ ANIC; 4 ♀, 2 ♂ NCHU; 4 ♀, 2 ♂ NMNS; 4 ♀, 2 ♂ KUBT; 4 ♀, 4 ♂ USNM; 4 ♀, 4 ♂ BMNH]; 4 ♀, 7 ♂, Thailand, Kanchanaburi Prov., Phanomthuan, xi. 2008 [3 ♀, 5 ♂ KUBT; 1 ♀, 2 # ANIC].	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648411FFF2FF1FFA4EFDC3F01E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China, Thailand	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648411FFF2FF1FFA4EFDC3F01E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name causalis is Latin for fortuitous	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648411FFF2FF1FFA4EFDC3F01E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Aprostocetus causalis is a solitary endoparasitoid. In Thailand, the mean longevity of female and male adults fed with honey solution is 18.67 ± 1.93 and 13.33 ± 1.75 days, respectively. The female oviposits in mature larva and pupa of L. invasa. Mean developmental time from egg to adult stage is 12.92 ± 0.92 days (Sangtongpraow and Charernsom 2012).	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648417FFFFFF1FFA66FAACF7CE.taxon	description	(Figs 7 – 12)	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648417FFFFFF1FFA66FAACF7CE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aprostocetus felix belongs to the causalis group of species based on the characters given above, and particularly the distinctive coloration of the male gaster. It can be separated from the other species discussed above by the following characters: forewing with speculum partially closed behind, with the cubital line of setae not quite extending to meet the basal line of setae (Fig. 10); propodeum longer than dorsellum, without a curved paraspiracular carina (Fig. 12); F 1 more than 1.5 × longer than wide (Fig. 9). Male usually with dorsum of mesosoma predominantly yellow to orange yellow, although sometimes mostly dark brown (Fig. 8). Female (Figs 7, 9 – 12). Length 1.0 – 1.6 mm. Head generally yellow or yellow-orange, occiput brown. Mesosoma yellow or yellow-orange, anterior face of pronotum brown, except some sutures sometimes brown, particularly the notaulus; small brown areas sometimes also present, such as mesepimeron dorsally, and a transverse stripe on propodeum posteriorly. Legs and coxae yellow to yellow-orange, except sometimes with some dark markings. Gaster yellow to yellow-orange with a brown transverse stripe posteriorly on each tergite. Ovipositor sheaths brown. Head (Fig. 11). Ocellar triangle surrounded by faint grooves. POL 1.4 – 1.7 × as long as OOL. Frontal suture small, v-shaped. Scrobal area without distinct median carina. Torulus placed above level with ventral margin of eye. A broad depression (supraclypeal area) below torulus extending to clypeus. Malar sulcus nearly straight, only slightly curved. Clypeal margin bidentate. Antenna (Fig. 9) with 3 funicular segments and 3 very small anelli. First and second funicular segments distinctly longer than wide, third slightly longer than wide: length / width ratio of F 1 1.6 – 2.0; F 2 1.3 – 1.5; F 3 1.1 – 1.3. Clava 2.0 – 2.5 × longer than wide. Scape slightly flattened. Mesosoma (Fig. 12). Pronotum very short medially in dorsal view. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with very weak median line and a single row of 4 – 7 adnotaular setae on each side. Mesosternum flat just in front of the trochantinal lobes and with precoxal suture. Scutellum with anterior pair of setae located behind middle. Scutellum overhanging dorsellum. Propodeum short medially, slightly longer than dorsellum; with median carina that is split anteriorly and forms a small fovea. Without paraspiracular carina. Propodeum with raised lobe of callus partially overhanging spiracle. Callus with 2 setae. Forewing (Fig. 10) hyaline. Submarginal vein with 3 dorsal setae. Costal cell with line of ventral setae in apical half. Relative length of wing veins to stigmal vein as follows: CC: MV: STV = 2.5 – 2.7: 3.33 – 3.7: 2 – 3.8: 1. PMV very short, less than one quarter length of stigmal vein. Speculum partially closed behind, with cubital line of setae not quite extending to meet basal setal line. Wing disk beyond speculum densely pilose. Gaster distinctly longer (1.2 – 1.3 ×) than mesosoma. Hypopygium reaching about half length of gaster. Cercus with 1 setae longer than others and sinuate. Ovipositor sheath slightly protruding, very short in dorsal view. Male (Fig. 8). Length 1.2 – 1.45 mm. Head yellow with brown markings as follows: occiput, ocellar triangle, sometimes lower eye margin near malar sulcus. Thorax yellow to yellow-orange, generally with brown markings restricted to anterior face of pronotum, propodeum, mesepimeron, and along sutures. Dark specimens sometimes with mesosoma almost entirely brown, dorsellum yellow. Legs and coxae yellow, sometimes with some brown markings. Gaster dark brown, with distinct white patch anteriorly on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, these connected laterally. Antenna with 3 small anelli and 4 funicular segments; F 1 quadrate to slightly longer than wide; F 2 – F 4 all distinctly longer than wide; club elongate, 5 – 6 × longer than wide. Each funicular segment and basal club segment with compact subbasal whorls of long setae that extend at least to apex of following segment. Ventral plaque small, one quarter to one fifth length of scape, situated near apex of scape.	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648417FFFFFF1FFA66FAACF7CE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♀: Taiwan, Chiayi, Taibao, 9. i. 2011, Yu-Che Lin, host Quadrastichus erythrinae [NCHU]. 42 ♀, 37 ♂ Paratypes. 5 ♀, 6 ♂, Same data as holotype [3 ♀, 4 ♂ ANIC; 2 ♀, 2 ♂ NMNS]. 2 ♀, 1 ♂, Taiwan, Miaoli, Houlung, 20. i. 2010, Yu-Che Lin, host Quadrastichus erythrinae [NCHU]; 3 ♀, Taiwan, Taichung, Dali, 29. iii. 2010, Yu-Che Lin, host Quadrastichus erythrinae [NCHU]; 7 ♀, 8 ♂, Taiwan, Taichung, Dali, 21. iv. 2012, Ying-Ying Huang, host Quadrastichus erythrinae [NCHU]; 10 ♀, 10 ♂, Taiwan, Chiayi, Taibao, 24. i. 2011, Yu-Che Lin, host Quadrastichus erythrinae [NCHU]; 5 ♀, 3 ♂, Taiwan, Kaohsiung, Chujin, 10. iii. 2012, Ying-Ying Huang, host Quadrastichus erythrinae [NCHU]; 10 ♀, 9 ♂, Taiwan, Kaohsiung, Chujin, 21. iv. 2012, Ying-Ying Huang, host Quadrastichus erythrinae [NCHU].	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648417FFFFFF1FFA66FAACF7CE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan.	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648417FFFFFF1FFA66FAACF7CE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name felix is Latin for happy, lucky, fortunate.	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
B61E5C648417FFFFFF1FFA66FAACF7CE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Aprostocetus felix is a solitary parasitoid collected from mature larvae and pupae of Q. erythrinae. In contrast to other parasitoids found on Q. erythrinae in the early stage of the pest invasion, population levels of this species remain high in cooler times of the year when other parasitoid population levels declined. Its population levels have built up through the years and it now occurs all year round in most areas in Taiwan, where it appears to have the potential to be an effective biological control agent of Q. erythrinae (Yang & Lin, unpublished).	en	Yang, Man-Miao, Lin, Yu-Che, Wu, Yaojun, Fisher, Nicole, Saimanee, Titiporn, Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun, Zhu, Chaodong, Chiu, William Chien-Hsien, Salle, John La (2014): Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina. Zootaxa 3846 (2): 261-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.6
