identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F99336FF0EFFE31BE459F1D5A3F9AE.text	03F99336FF0EFFE31BE459F1D5A3F9AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capniidae (Lee & Baumann 2011)	<div><p>Capniidae terminalia</p> <p>In addition to wing venation and thoracic sclerites (Figs. 53–57, Tables 1–2), the systematics of adult Capniidae is based mainly on the terminalia (Figs. 1–48, Tables 3–5). This study discusses the structure of the male epiproct, paraprocts, and the fusion plate. These structures are directly involved in mating. The general form and associated structures are illustrated in Figs. 1–31. These figures are shown to support new generic diagnoses that are presented. A ventral view of the male terminalia is depicted for all genera examined (Figs. 32–48). Terminology and comments are given below:</p> <p>Basal sclerite (B-scl): The basal portion of the epiproct that can be divided or fused with the main and the laterobasal sclerites (Ep-scl, Lb-scl). It can be vestigial or lacking; its size is usually typical for the genera (Figs. 1–2, 5–6, 11–22, Table 3). In some genera the B-scl is developed into the Lower limb (Ll) of the epiproct, see below.</p> <p>Laterobasal sclerite (Lb-scl): One of two lateral sclerites of the epiproct that are positioned caudally to the Bscl and laterobasally to the Ep-scl (see below). It can be divided or fused with both of those sclerites. The size is also typical for the genera (Figs. 1–6, 17–22, Table 3).</p> <p>Main epiproct sclerite (Ep-scl): The main sclerite of the epiproct, sometimes called the upper limb of the epiproct (Nelson &amp; Baumann 1987). It is open apically, usually divided in its dorsal portion, and can be divided or entire in its ventral and lateral portion; its ventral connection and lateral division are typical for the genera, as are the presence or absence of setae on its basocaudal portion (Figs. 1–22, Table 3).</p> <p>Lower limb (Ll): An epiproctal sclerite is developed from the B-scl (Figs. 3–6, Table 3). It is large in Utacapnia Gaufin, 1970 and Capnura Banks, 1900, where the B-scl is completely formed into the Ll and the original sclerite is vestigial or lacking. In Allocapnia Claassen, 1928, a small Ll is present on the B-scl but not divided. However, the epiproctal portion previously termed Ll in this genus, is in fact the highly separated lower part of the longitudinally divided Ep-scl. A vestigial Ll also present on the vestigial B-scl fused with the Ep-scl in genus Capnia s.s. and in C. s.l. vidua Klapálek 1904 (Figs. 3–6).</p> <p>Inner sclerite (I-scl): An epiproctal sclerite that is present in some genera, surrounded by the Ep-scl. It is not connected to the Ep-scl but to the membranes forming the epiproct’s inner funnel that fix the Fp and lead the sperm into the apical opening of the epiproct (Figs. 1–4, 11–18, Table 3).</p> <p>Eversible crest (Ec): An eversible, membranous portion of the epiproct on its dorsoapical part, connected to the Ep-scl. Its absence or presence is typical for the genera, although it is difficult to recognize in its contorted state (Figs. 1–4, 8–10, 17–18, Table 3).</p> <p>Fusion plate (Fp): As described by Klapálek (1896), this organ leads the sperm into the epiproct, and it is more or less fused with the paraprocts (Fig. 7, 9). In this study we note the relative length and width of the organ, and its division or fusion with a small basal sclerite, called the Retractoral plate (Rp) by Hanson (1946) (Figs. 23–31, 81, Table 4).</p> <p>Paraprocts (Pp): The relative length and width of the apical part are typical for the genera, and it is usually related to the dimensions of the Fp (Figs. 32–48, 81, Table 4).</p> <p>Subgenital plate (Sg): In males, its fusion or division with Sternite 9 (St 9) and through this to Tergite 9 (Tg 9) is typical for the genera. If a ventral vesicle is present, the Sg is always separated from the St 9 that is restricted to a well sclerotized arch connecting ventrobasal corners of Tg 9; the vesicle is located on this arch-like St 9, and not on the Sg (Figs. 32–48, Table 4).</p> <p>.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF0EFFE31BE459F1D5A3F9AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF05FFE21BE45B9DD65CFBCF.text	03F99336FF05FFE21BE45B9DD65CFBCF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allocapnia Claassen 1928	<div><p>Allocapnia Claassen, 1928</p> <p>(Figs. 41, 192)</p> <p>Capnella Claassen, 1924 — Claassen 1924: 43. (original description, type species Capnella granulata Claassen, 1924).</p> <p>Allocapnia Claassen, 1928 — Claassen 1928: 667. (replacement name for Capnella Claassen, 1924 preoccupied by Capnella Gray, 1869; type species Capnella granulata Claassen, 1924); Claassen 1940: 89. (synonymy of Capnellula Strand, 1935 with Allocapnia Claassen, 1928); Ross &amp; Ricker 1971: 7. (revision).</p> <p>Capnellula Strand, 1935 — Strand 1935: 304. (unnecessary replace name for Capnella Claassen, 1924, type species not designated).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl medium sized to large, bearing small Ll, fused with Ep-scl; Lb-scl large, divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl laterally divided along the entire length without connecting membrane, ventrally entire, caudal setae present; I-scl and Ec absent. Male Pp: apical part long and tapering; Fp medium long and wide, divided from Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle lacking. Female Sg: pointed or rounded, narrower than St 8; inner and lateral sclerites absent. Male tergites: Tg 8 or Tg 7–8 with process. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs elliptical, MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a, and R1 before r straight; one or two crossveins between M and Cu1.</p> <p>Species included. 47 valid species from the East Nearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); 24 of these examined (see Appendix 1).</p> <p>Remarks. On the basis of comparative morphological studies of the terminalia of the above 24 species, there is no doubt that the polytypic West Palaearctic species, C. s.l. vidua, can be placed into to this genus (see Capnia sensu lato, and Figs. 5–6, 25 of C. s.l. vidua possessing all the diagnostic features discussed above). However, molecular studies have indicated that the distance of P= 0.215 between C. s.l. vidua and the genotype A. granulate is an indication that both taxa may not be congeneric (Fig. 192).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF05FFE21BE45B9DD65CFBCF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF05FFE21BE45F26D42EF81A.text	03F99336FF05FFE21BE45F26D42EF81A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arsapnia Banks 1897	<div><p>Arsapnia Banks, 1897 stat. rev.</p> <p>(Fig. 40)</p> <p>Arsapnia Banks, 1897 — Banks 1897: 22. (original description, type species Arsapnia decepta Banks, 1897).</p> <p>Capnia Pictet, 1841 — Claassen 1924: 43. (synonymy of Arsapnia Banks, 1897 with Capnia Pictet, 1841).</p> <p>Capnia decepta species group sensu Nelson &amp; Baumann, 1989 — Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989: 310. (definition and revision).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl lacking or vestigial; Lb-scl large, fused with Ep-scl; Ep-scl ventrally entire, laterally divided only in the apex, caudal setae present; I-scl and Ec absent. Male Pp: apical part long and wide; Fp long and narrow, divided from Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle lacking. Female Sg: rounded and narrow; small lateral sclerites present. Male tergites: Tg 7 with process. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs and MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a and R1 before r curved.</p> <p>Species included. Type species: Arsapnia decepta Banks, 1897 comb. rev.; Further species: Arsapnia arapahoe (Nelson &amp; Kondratieff, 1988) comb. n., Arsapnia coyote (Nelson &amp; Baumann, 1987) comb.n., Arsapnia pileata (Jewett, 1966) comb. n., Arsapnia sequoia (Nelson &amp; Baumann, 1987) comb.n., Arsapnia teresa (Claassen, 1924) comb. n., Arsapnia tumida (Claassen, 1924) comb. n., Arsapnia utahensis (Gaufin &amp; Jewett, 1962) comb. n. All these West Nearctic species were examined (see Appendix 1).</p> <p>Remarks. Banks (1897) erected the genus on the basis of several wing venation characters. Claassen (1924) synonymised it with Capnia on the basis of Pictet’s (1841) drawings and description of the type species, C. nigra. Indeed, the venation shows much similarity between the two genera, but male terminalia, especially the epiproct differ greatly and there seems to be no reason to retain the genus Arsapnia in synonymy with Capnia. Herein, the genus is proposed only for members of the C. decepta group sensu Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989, however, the C. s.l. excavata and C. s.l. nana groups sensu Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989 may also belong to this genus. Nevertheless, we exclude C. s.l. nelsoni Kondratieff &amp; Baumann, 2002, because of its different genitalic structures (see Capnia sensu lato).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF05FFE21BE45F26D42EF81A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF06FFE11BE45BD4D12DFC22.text	03F99336FF06FFE11BE45BD4D12DFC22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bolshecapnia Ricker 1965	<div><p>Bolshecapnia Ricker, 1965</p> <p>(Figs. 17–18, 29, 33)</p> <p>Capnia (Bolschecapnia) Ricker, 1965 — Ricker 1965: 478. (misspelling in the stating of the name, used as Bolshecapnia elsewhere in the original description).</p> <p>Capnia (Bolshecapnia) Ricker, 1965 — Ricker 1965: 478. (original description, type species Capnia (Bolshecapnia) gregsoni Ricker, 1965).</p> <p>Capnia Pictet, 1841 — Zwick 1973: 370. (synonymy of Capnia (Bolschecapnia) Ricker, 1965 with Capnia Pictet, 1841).</p> <p>Bolshecapnia Ricker, 1965 — Ricker &amp; Scudder 1975: 333. (first use as a generic name, without formal designation and removed from synonymy).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl large, divided from Ep-scl; Lb-scl small, divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl laterally divided in the apical part or the whole length with membranous connecting tissue, ventrally divided in the basal and apical or only in the apical section, caudal setae absent; I-scl long, divided hook or tube; Ec present. Male Pp: apical part long and narrow; Fp long and narrow, divided from Rp. Male Sg: divided from St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle present. Female Sg: pointed or rounded, narrower than St 8 but usually overhanging; lateral sclerites present. Male tergites: Tg 9 with process or process lacking. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs and MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a straight or gently curved, R1 before r curved; crossveins between C and Sc one to eight, R veins three to six.</p> <p>Species included. 7 valid species from the West Nearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); 6 of these examined (see Appendix 1).</p> <p>Remarks. Despite the seemingly obvious differences among the males of the species, males share similar developed epiproct structures. An exception is B. milami (Nebeker &amp; Gaufin, 1967) that has much more divided Ep-scl than other members of the genus. Nevertheless, its epiproct and the entire terminalia share the other features distinctive for the genus. Lacking process on Tg 9 of the type species B. gregsoni (Ricker, 1965) can be regarded as a secondary loss, because of the presence of a setose hump instead of a process.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF06FFE11BE45BD4D12DFC22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF06FFE11BE45F05D686F82F.text	03F99336FF06FFE11BE45F05D686F82F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capnia Pictet 1841	<div><p>Capnia Pictet, 1841 sensu stricto</p> <p>(Figs. 3–4, 24, 39)</p> <p>Capnia (Capnia) Pictet, 1841 — Pictet 1841: 116. (original description, type species not designated).</p> <p>Capnia Pictet, 1841 — Enderlein 1909: 391. (transfer of Capnia (Gripopteryx) into Gripopterygidae Enderlein, 1909, designation of Capnia nigra Pictet, 1840 (sic!; = Perla nigra Pictet, 1833) as the type species of Capnia); Kimmins 1947: 261. (define the identity of C. nigra (Pictet, 1833)).</p> <p>Capnia atra species group sensu Zhiltzova 2001 — Zhiltzova 2001: 424. (definition); Zhiltzova 2003: 324. (revision, partly refers to Capnia Pictet, 1841 sensu lato).</p> <p>Capnia nearctica species group sensu Nelson &amp; Baumann, 1989 — Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989: 336. (definition and revision, partly refers to Capnia Pictet, 1841 sensu lato).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl vestigial, fused with Ep-scl and turned into a vestigial Ll; Lb-scl large, divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl laterally divided along entire length with connecting membrane, ventrally entire, caudal setae present; I-scl small, curved hook, Ec present. Male Pp: apical part long and wide; Fp long and medium wide, fused with Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle lacking. Female Sg: rounded, entire or narrower than St 8; inner sclerites present. Male tergites: Tg 7 with process. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs and MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a and R1 before r curved.</p> <p>Species included. Type species: Perla nigra Pictet, 1833; Further species: Capnia ahngeri Koponen, 1949 (in Koponen &amp; Brinck 1949), C. aligera Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1975a, C. atra Morton, 1896, C. khubsugulica Zhiltzova &amp; Varykhanova, 1987, C. nearctica Banks, 1918, C. pygmaea (Zetterstedt, 1840), C. zaicevi Klapálek, 1914. 4 are Transpalaearctic, 3 from the East Palaearctic (including 1 endemic to Mongolia) and 1 is Holarctic with Transberingian connection; 5 of these examined (see Appendix 1).</p> <p>Remarks. This sensu stricto diagnosis of the genus is based on the type species, C. nigra (Pictet, 1833). As it differs markedly from the most of the species previously placed in Capnia, the sensu stricto diagnosis confirms only eight species in this genus. Capnia kurnakovi Zhiltzova, 1978 (in Zhiltzova &amp; Levanidova 1978) and C. alternata Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1975b may belong here, but no material was available for examination and illustrations and descriptions available lack exact details of the epiproct.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF06FFE11BE45F05D686F82F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF07FFFD1BE45BD4D188FAA5.text	03F99336FF07FFFD1BE45BD4D188FAA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capnia Pictet 1841	<div><p>Capnia Pictet, 1841 sensu lato</p> <p>(Figs. 11–16, 26–28, 36–38)</p> <p>Capnia Pictet, 1841 — Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989: 291. (revision of the Nearctic species, partly refers to Arsapnia Banks, 1897 and Capnia Pictet, 1841 sensu stricto); Zhiltzova 2003: 318. (revision of the Palaearctic species (excluded Japan and the Himalayan ranges), partly refers to Capnia Pictet, 1841 sensu stricto and Zwicknia Murányi, gen. n.).</p> <p>Species included. In addition to the species treated as Capnia s.s. above, 1 valid species from the West Palaearctic, 49 from the East Palaearctic, 46 from the West Nearctic and 1 is Transnearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014, Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989); 47 examined (see Appendix 1).</p> <p>Remarks. An adequate diagnosis cannot be given for this artificial assemblage of taxa, and the species excluded from the sensu stricto diagnosis will need to be placed in existing or newly erected genera. A revision of these species is out of the scope of the present work, and most of the East Palaearctic species were not studied; some remarks on certain groups can be made on the basis of species examined:</p> <p>Capnia s.l. cordata species group sensu Zhiltzova 2001</p> <p>This group is restricted to the high mountains of Asia with nine known species (Li &amp; Yang 2009, Li et al. 2011, Zhiltzova 2003); three further species, known from only females, are attributed to this group on the basis of the female genitalia (Zhiltzova 2003). Morphologically they form a rather uniform lineage that is closer to Zwicknia, but distinctly differs in the males with entire Ep-scl and the lack of Ec (studied in C. s.l. prolongata Zhiltzova, 1969: Figs. 11–12), and females have a narrow, dark Sg.</p> <p>Capnia s.l. excavata and C. s.l. nana groups sensu Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989</p> <p>As mentioned above, these West Nearctic groups of three and six species (Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989) may belong to the genus Arsapnia. The morphology of their epiproct is similar, however, distinctly differ in shape.</p> <p>Capnia s.l. fialai Nelson &amp; Baumann, 1990</p> <p>In its original description, this Californian, U.S.A. species was noted for its resemblance to Paracapnia Hanson, 1946 in many features. Recently, it was suggested by Kondratieff &amp; Lee (2010) that C. fialai could be placed in Paracapnia. Despite obvious similarities, we propose to retain it in Capnia s.l. pending further comparative studies, because of the presence of caudal setae on the epiproctal sclerite and tergal processes on Tg 5–7. These features are lacking on other species currently placed in Paracapnia. Their inclusion in the generic diagnosis should further restrict the already few diagnostic features of that genus.</p> <p>Capnia s.l. gracilaria and C. s.l. vernalis groups sensu Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989</p> <p>With respect to the structure of their terminalia, these Nearctic groups of four and three species (Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989) probably belong to the genus Mesocapnia Raušer, 1968, with the exception of C. lacustra Jewett, 1965 (see below). The distinctive apical spine of the epiproct of Mesocapnia was thought to be a compact structure (Baumann et al. 1977, Raušer 1968, Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989). However, SEM studies showed that it is a dorsally open structure like the epiproct apex of any other Capniidae (Lee &amp; Baumann 2011). Capnia s.l. zukeli Hanson, 1943, a species from Idaho that was not classified in these species groups by Nelson &amp; Baumann (1989), probably also belongs to Mesocapnia.</p> <p>Capnia s.l. lacustra Jewett, 1965</p> <p>This odd species, restricted to Lake Tahoe, Nevada, U.S.A. is aquatic in both the larval and adult stages, differing from all other Capniidae by having Tg 10 entire, and exceptionally reduced ventral thoracic sclerites. The male terminalia is closer to Mesocapnia but differ in lacking caudal setae on the epiproct. However, its designation as a separate genus would need further specimens for study. The few available specimens are nearly transparent and morphological details were difficult to ascertain using stereomicroscopes. Specimens were not examined by SEM to avoid damaging these specimens. It is worthy to note that one of the females examined, the entire abdomen and thorax to the cervical region was filled with eggs, a further uniqueness that may be related to the exceptional underwater life of this species.</p> <p>Capnia s.l. nelsoni Kondratieff &amp; Baumann, 2002</p> <p>The species was related to the C. s.l. decepta group in its original description, but the authors reluctantly placed it in the above group because of notable morphological differences (Kondratieff &amp; Baumann 2002, Heinold et al. 2013). Indeed, its genital characters differ greatly from the diagnosis of Arsapnia (C. s.l. nelsoni has large B-scl, Lb-scl divided from Ep-scl and Ep-scl is longitudinally divided), but also cannot placed in any existing groups.</p> <p>Capnia s.l. pedestris species group sensu Zwick &amp; Sivec 1980</p> <p>This group was erected for nine, mainly Central Asian species and two additional species known only from females (Alouf 1992, Zhiltzova 2003, Zwick &amp; Sivec 1980). The main distinguishing character in males is a highly developed, bicuspidate Tg 9. In addition, these taxa are characterized by laterally and dorsally reduced Ep-scl and a large B-scl (Figs. 13–16). However, the studied C. s.l. pedestris Kimmins, 1946 and C. s.l. arensi Zhiltzova, 1964 differ in many features of the terminalia (Figs 13–16, 27–28, 36, 38), and at least the latter Caucasian-Anatolian species is not monophyletic with the rest of the group.</p> <p>Capnia s.l. spinulosa Claassen, 1937</p> <p>This species from California, U.S.A. has both laterally and ventrally highly divided Ep-scl. The large, complex membranous parts of the epiproct lack I-scl but possess an Ec, and the Fp is fused with Rp. The combination of these genital features does not occur in any of the other species studied during this study, but this taxon may belong to the East Palaearctic genera Takagripopteryx or Capniella.</p> <p>Capnia s.l. valhalla Nelson &amp; Baumann, 1987</p> <p>Despite superficial resemblance to Capnia sensu stricto, the epiproctal structure of another California, U.S.A. restricted species, is similar to Allocapnia. However, it differs from Allocapnia by having a long and narrow Fp, and Sg fused with St 9 but not with Tg 9; the latter feature occur only in Capnura Banks, 1900 among the studied taxa (see Fig. 43). Most probably, this species should be placed into a separate genus, but comparative studies with the East Palaearctic genera will be needed.</p> <p>Capnia s.l. vidua Klapálek, 1904</p> <p>It shares all the characters enumerated in the diagnosis of Allocapnia, regarding also to the rather special structure of the epiproct (Figs. 5–6, Tables 1–5); similarities were already mentioned by Zwick (1973). Its classification in the previously strictly East Nearctic genus would explain its peculiar distribution, as the only stonefly found in Iceland. This species additionally has a patchy distribution in southeastern Europe through the N British Isles and NW Scandinavia, with five named subspecies (Fochetti 2004, Hynes 1955b, Lillehammer 1972, Lillehammer et al. 1986, Vinçon &amp; Sivec 2011). However, molecular studies do not readily confirm the morphological characteristics, and further studies are needed to clarify the generic placement.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF07FFFD1BE45BD4D188FAA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1AFFFD1BE45E8FD413F837.text	03F99336FF1AFFFD1BE45E8FD413F837.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capnioneura Ris 1905	<div><p>Capnioneura Ris, 1905</p> <p>(Fig. 48)</p> <p>Capnioneura Ris, 1905 — Ris 1905: 94. (original description, type species Capnioneura nemuroides Ris, 1905); Aubert 1952: 247. (synonymy of Napcia Navás, 1917 with Capnioneura Ris, 1905); Vinçon &amp; Sivec 2011: 118. (recent commented checklist).</p> <p>Napcia Navás, 1917 — Navás 1917: 398. (original description, type species Capnia libera (Navás, 1909)).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl lacking; Lb-scl large, divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl entire both ventrally and laterally, caudal setae absent; I-scl and Ec absent. Male Pp: needle-like; Fp long and narrow, fused with Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle lacking. Female Sg: arrow-like, usually fused with St 8; lateral sclerites present or absent. Male tergites: process lacking. Cercus: unisegmented. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs elliptical, MeFs transverse, MeFsp fused with or separated from MePfs; PPo separated from PFs. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a and R1 before r straight; hindwing having four A veins.</p> <p>Species included. 14 valid species from the West Palaearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); 6 of these examined (see Appendix 1).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1AFFFD1BE45E8FD413F837	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1BFFFC1BE45BD4D768FD66.text	03F99336FF1BFFFC1BE45BD4D768FD66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capnopsis Morton 1896	<div><p>Capnopsis Morton, 1896</p> <p>(Fig. 47)</p> <p>Capnodes Rostock, 1892 — Rostock 1892: 398. (original description, type species Capnodes schilleri Rostock, 1892). Capnopsis Morton, 1896 — Morton 1896: 61. (replace name for Capnodes Rostock, 1892 preoccupied by Capnodes Guénée, 1852; inherited type species Capnodes schilleri Rostock, 1892); Zwick 1984: 2. (revision).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl small, divided from Ep-scl; Lb-scl small, fused with Ep-scl; Ep-scl ventrally connected in the apical part, laterally entire, caudal setae absent; I-scl long, erect stick, Ec absent. Male Pp: apical part short and wide; Fp medium long and wide, divided from Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle lacking. Female Sg: rectangular, entire; inner and lateral sclerites absent. Male tergites: process lacking. Cercus: with less than ten segments. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs elliptical, MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs. Macropterous wings: forewing without crossvein between M and Cu; single A vein beyond a and R1 before r straight; hindwing without A veins.</p> <p>Species included. 1 valid species with 3 subspecies from the West Palaearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); 2 of the subspecies examined (see Appendix 1).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1BFFFC1BE45BD4D768FD66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1BFFFC1BE4584DD7A7FAEF.text	03F99336FF1BFFFC1BE4584DD7A7FAEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capnura Banks 1900	<div><p>Capnura Banks, 1900</p> <p>(Fig. 43)</p> <p>Capnura Banks, 1900 — Banks 1900: 245. (original description, type species Capnura venosa Banks, 1900); Nelson &amp; Baumann 1987: 3. (stat. rev., revision).</p> <p>Capnia Pictet, 1841 — Hanson 1946: 229. (synonymy of Capnura Banks, 1900 with Capnia Pictet, 1841).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl lacking, developed into small to large Ll attached to Ep-scl; Lb-scl large, divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl entire both ventrally and laterally, caudal setae vestigial or present; I-scl and Ec absent. Male Pp: apical part medium long and tapering; Fp long and narrow, divided from Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 but divided from Tg 9, vesicle lacking. Female Sg: incised or pointed, lateral sides with different color than medial part; inner and lateral sclerites absent. Male tergites: Tg 7 (occasionally 6–8) with process. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs and MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a and R1 before r curved.</p> <p>Species included. 6 valid species from the West Nearctic and 1 from the East Nearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); all 7 of these species examined (see Appendix 1).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1BFFFC1BE4584DD7A7FAEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1BFFFC1BE45EC6D1B6F8BB.text	03F99336FF1BFFFC1BE45EC6D1B6F8BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eucapnopsis Okamoto 1922	<div><p>Eucapnopsis Okamoto, 1922</p> <p>(Figs. 21–22, 31, 34)</p> <p>Eucapnopsis Okamoto, 1922 — Okamoto 1922: 8. (original description, type species Eucapnopsis stigmatica Okamoto, 1922); Zhiltzova 2003: 391. (revision).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl small, divided from Ep-scl; Lb-scl small, divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl fully divided ventrally but entire laterally, caudal setae absent; I-scl and Ec absent. Male Pp: apical part medium long and tapering; Fp long and medium wide, fused with Rp. Male Sg: divided from St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle present. Female Sg: stripe-like; large lateral sclerites present. Male tergites: process lacking. Cercus: with less than ten segments. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs and MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs; PPo separated from PFs. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a and R1 before r straight.</p> <p>Species included. 2 valid species from the East Palaearctic, and 1 widely distributed in the East Palaearctic and the West Nearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); 2 of these species examined (see Appendix 1).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1BFFFC1BE45EC6D1B6F8BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1CFFFA1BE45D70D051FE55.text	03F99336FF1CFFFA1BE45D70D051FE55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Isocapnia Banks 1938	<div><p>Isocapnia Banks, 1938</p> <p>(Figs. 19–20, 30, 35)</p> <p>Isocapnia Banks, 1938 — Banks 1938: 73. (original description, type species Arsapnia grandis Banks, 1907); Zhiltzova 2003: 398. (revision of the Palaearctic species); Zenger &amp; Baumann 2004: 66. (revision of the Nearctic species).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl large, divided from Ep-scl; Lb-scl small, divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl entire both ventrally and laterally, caudal setae absent; I-scl and Ec absent. Male Pp: apical part long and wide; Fp long and very narrow, divided from Rp. Male Sg: divided from St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle present. Female Sg: rectangular, entire or weak centrally; inner and lateral sclerites absent. Male tergites: process lacking or Tg 9 with process. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs elliptical or triangular, MeFs transverse, MeFsp fused with MePfs; Prs/Bs, Mfs/St 1 and PPo/PFs fused with or separated from. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a and R1 before r straight; crossveins between C and Sc one to eight, R veins three to five.</p> <p>Species included. 12 valid species from the West Nearctic and 7 from the East Palaearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); 15 of these examined (see Appendix 1).</p> <p>Remarks. Some of the diagnostic characters widely used since Hanson (1946) are variable within the species included (Tables 1–2). Nevertheless, the structure of the male terminalia is similar in the species having differently shaped epiprocts (I. vedderensis (Ricker, 1943), I. spenceri Ricker, 1943). Reduction of the number of forewing C-Sc crossveins occurs in the small-sized species. Veins not counted in the case of the species having odd, reticulated wing venation (I. palousa Zenger &amp; Baumann, 2004, I. mogila Ricker, 1959 – see Zenger &amp; Baumann 2004: Fig. 26).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1CFFFA1BE45D70D051FE55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1DFFFA1BE45A8DD4EBFBDE.text	03F99336FF1DFFFA1BE45A8DD4EBFBDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesocapnia Rauser 1968	<div><p>Mesocapnia Raušer, 1968</p> <p>(Fig. 42)</p> <p>Mesocapnia Raušer, 1968 — Raušer 1968: 337. (original description, type species Mesocapnia silvatica Raušer, 1968); Zhiltzova 2003: 375. (revision of the Palaearctic species).</p> <p>Capnia projecta species complex sensu Baumann &amp; Gaufin 1970 — Baumann &amp; Gaufin 1970: 435. (revision of the Nearctic species).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl small, fused with or divided from Ep-scl; Lb-scl small, fused with Ep-scl; Ep-scl entire both ventrally and laterally, caudal setae present; I-scl and Ec absent. Male Pp: apical part long and narrow; Fp long and medium wide, divided from Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle absent. Female Sg: rounded or pointed, entire; small lateral sclerites present. Male tergites: process lacking. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs elliptical or triangular, MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs; PFs and PBs separated or weakly fused. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a and R1 before r curved.</p> <p>Species included. 3 valid species from the East Palaearctic, 1 from the Transpalaearctic and the West Nearctic, 14 from the West Nearctic and 1 from the East Nearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014, Zhiltzova 2003); 13 of the species examined (see Appendix 1).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1DFFFA1BE45A8DD4EBFBDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1DFFFA1BE45F0AD70DFA23.text	03F99336FF1DFFFA1BE45F0AD70DFA23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemocapnia Banks 1938	<div><p>Nemocapnia Banks, 1938</p> <p>(Fig. 46)</p> <p>Nemocapnia Banks, 1938 — Banks 1938: 74. (original description, type species Nemocapnia carolina Banks, 1938).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl large, divided from Ep-scl; Lb-scl small, divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl entire both ventrally and laterally, caudal setae absent; I-scl and Ec absent. Male Pp: apical part short and narrow; Fp medium long and wide, fused with Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 but hardly separated from Tg 9, vesicle absent. Female Sg: laterally incised, entire; inner and lateral sclerites absent. Male tergites: Tg 9 with process. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs triangular, MeFs transverse, MeFsp fused with MePfs; Prs and Bs fused; PPo and PFs separated; MeFsa reduced. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a curved, R1 before r straight.</p> <p>Species included. 1 valid species from the East Nearctic and 1 from the East Palaearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); one was examined (see Appendix 1).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1DFFFA1BE45F0AD70DFA23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1DFFF81BE45D07D614FE59.text	03F99336FF1DFFF81BE45D07D614FE59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracapnia Hanson 1946	<div><p>Paracapnia Hanson, 1946</p> <p>(Fig. 45)</p> <p>Paracapnia Hanson, 1946 — Hanson 1946: 225. (original description, type species Paracapnia curvata Hanson, 1946 = Chloroperla opis Newman, 1839); Zhiltzova 2003: 385. (revision of the Palaearctic species); Stark &amp; Baumann 2004: 97. (revision of the Nearctic species).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl vestigial or large, divided from Ep-scl; Lb-scl large, hardly divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl entire both ventrally and laterally, caudal setae absent; I-scl absent, Ec present. Male Pp: apical part long and narrow; Fp short or medium long and wide, divided from Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle absent. Female Sg: rounded, entire; inner and lateral sclerites absent. Male tergites: process lacking. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs triangular or elliptical, MeFs transverse or triangular, MeFsp fused with or separated from MePfs; MeFsa reduced or distinct. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a straight, R1 before r curved.</p> <p>Species included. 1 valid species from the East Nearctic, 1 from the Transnearctic, 5 from the West Nearctic and 4 from the East Palaearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); 7 of these species examined (see Appendix 1).</p> <p>Remarks. Several species presently placed in this genus are different from the type species, in both the thoracic ventral sclerites and the male terminalia (Tables 1, 3–4). Paracapnia boris Stark &amp; Baumann, 2004, P. humbolta Baumann &amp; Lee, 2007 and P. baumanni Kondratieff &amp; Lee, 2010 differences of the ventral sclerites were already noted in their original descriptions. In addition, these species differ also with having a large basal sclerite of the epiproct (instead of vestigial) and a longer fusion plate.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1DFFF81BE45D07D614FE59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1FFFF81BE45A80D423FBFE.text	03F99336FF1FFFF81BE45A80D423FBFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Utacapnia Gaufin 1970	<div><p>Utacapnia Gaufin, 1970</p> <p>(Fig. 44)</p> <p>Capnia columbiana species complex sensu Nebeker &amp; Gaufin 1965 — Nebeker &amp; Gaufin 1965: 469. (revision).</p> <p>Capnia (Utacapnia) Nebeker &amp; Gaufin, 1967 — Nebeker &amp; Gaufin 1967: 236. (original description).</p> <p>Capnia (Utacapnia) Gaufin, 1970 — Gaufin 1970: 197. (type species designation: Capnia lemoniana Nebeker &amp; Gaufin, 1965). Utacapnia Gaufin, 1970 — Zwick 1973: 390. (first use as a generic name, without former designation).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl lacking, developed into large Ll attached to Ep-scl; Lb-scl medium sized, fused with Ep-scl; Ep-scl entire both ventrally and laterally, caudal setae present; I-scl and Ec absent. Male Pp: apical part long and wide; Fp long and wide, divided from Rp. Male Sg: fused with St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle absent. Female Sg: pointed and incised, slightly overhanging, lateral sclerites present. Male tergites: process lacking. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs and MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a and R1 before r curved.</p> <p>Species included. 10 valid species from the West Nearctic and 1 from the East Nearctic (DeWalt et al. 2014); 10 of these species examined (see Appendix 1).</p> <p>Taxonomy</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1FFFF81BE45A80D423FBFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF1FFFCB1BE45F0AD0A5FD3B.text	03F99336FF1FFFCB1BE45F0AD0A5FD3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zwicknia Muranyi 2014	<div><p>Zwicknia Murányi, gen. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 1–2, 7–10, 23, 32, 49–197)</p> <p>Capnia nigra (Pictet, 1833) sensu Morton 1896 — Morton 1896: 60. (complementary description of the adult); Klapálek 1896: 19. (detailed description of the male genitalia); Klapálek 1909: 55, 88 (complementary description of the adult, description of the larva); Hynes 1940: 18. (complementary description of the adult); Hynes 1941: 498. (complementary description of the larva); Hanson 1946: 194. (detailed morphology of the adult); Despax 1951: 154. (complementary description of the adult).</p> <p>Capnia quadrangularis Aubert, 1946 — Aubert 1946: 24. (complementary description of the larva).</p> <p>Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838) — Brinck 1949: 96. (complementary description of the larva); Kimmins 1950a: 188. (complementary description of the adult); Kimmins 1950b: 9. (complementary description of the adult); Aubert 1951: 281. (complementary description of the larva); Brinck 1952: 56, 111. (complementary description of the adult and the larva); Hynes 1955a: 92. (complementary description of the larva); Hynes 1958: 37, 67. (revised complementary descriptions from Hynes 1940 and 1955a; same in the further editions); Illies 1955: 78. (complementary description of the adult); Winkler 1957: 43. (complementary description of the adult); Aubert 1959: 73, 125. (complementary description of the adult and the larva); Khoo 1964: 29. (description of the aestivating larva); Lillehammer 1965: 49. (complementary description of the adult and the larva); Rupprecht 1965: 1258. (groundplan of mating call); Rupprecht 1968: 43. (details of mating call); Zwick 1973: 163, 183. (terminal morphology of the male); Kis 1974: 119. (complementary description of the adult); Lillehammer 1974: 92. (variability of the adult); Rupprecht 1976: 38. (terminal morphology and different drumming signals of the male); Rupprecht 1982: 96. (different drumming signals of the male); Lillehammer 1988: 136. (complementary description of the adult and the larva); Westermann 1993: 137. (wing polymorphy); Rupprecht 1997: 94. (different drumming signals); Tierno de Figueroa et al. 2003: 242. (complementary description of the adult); Zwick 2004: 320. (further larval characters); Fochetti &amp; Tierno de Figueroa 2008: 227. (complementary description of the adult).</p> <p>Capnia bifrons species group sensu Zhiltzova 2001 — Zhiltzova 2001: 424. (definition); Zhiltzova 2003: 345. (revision).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: B-scl large, divided from Ep-scl; Lb-scl small, divided from Ep-scl; Ep-scl ventrally fused at base and tip, laterally divided in the apex, caudal setae absent; I-scl long, open tube, Ec present. Male Pp: apical part short and wide; Fp long and narrow, divided from Rp. Male Sg: divided from St 9 and Tg 9, vesicle present. Female Sg: rectangular, entire, small lateral sclerites present. Male tergites: Tg 9 with process. Ventral thoracic sclerites: MPrs and MeFs triangular, MeFsp separated from MePfs. Macropterous wings: forewing A1 beyond a and R1 before r curved.</p> <p>Type species. Zwicknia bifrons (Newman, 1838) = Chloroperla bifrons Newman, 1838.</p> <p>Further species included. Zwicknia acuta Murányi &amp; Orci, sp. n., Zwicknia kovacsi Murányi &amp; Gamboa, sp. n., Zwicknia rupprechti Murányi, Orci &amp; Gamboa, sp. n., Zwicknia sevanica (Zhiltzova, 1964) comb. n., Zwicknia tuberculata (Zhiltzova, 1964) comb. n., Zwicknia turkestanica turkestanica (Kimmins, 1950a) comb. n., Zwicknia turkestanica brevicula (Berthélemy &amp; Dia, 1982) comb. n.</p> <p>Description. Medium sized Capniidae, males usually micropterous, also brachypterous or macropterous, females always macropterous. Body length related to season of emergence, smallest late males are 4.5 mm while largest early males are 10.0 mm; females up to 12.0 mm. Pilosity generally short and dense, longer setae occur on the appendages, especially on cerci and femora; male epiproct bare beside B-scl, pilosity of Tg 9 process reduced. Fully sclerotized adults dark brown to black, with even darker rugosities on head and pronotum; wings hyaline, venation dark brown (Figs. 49–51).</p> <p>Teneral coloration (Fig. 52): Mouthparts, palpi and antennae pale, eyes black. Head capsule pale, tentorial callosities and enlarged M-line dark; occipital rugosities usually lacking on teneral specimens. Pronotum pale with brown areas extending around the dark rugosities, central line, front and posterior delimiting folds of pronotal sclerite. Meso- and metanotum of the male with dark Scl and inner corners of Pra, Sct with paired lateral dark patches and a darker stripe beyond Scl. Meso- and metanotum of the female mostly pale with dark inner corners of Pra and limits of the Scl. Wings whitish with pale veins in both sexes. Laterally the thorax is pale with parts of Epm and Tn or Etn dark; legs pale but dorsal part of coxae dark. Ventral surface of the thorax is pale with dark Fs and Fsp. Abdominal tergites of the male with dark brown antecosta, transverse row of four spots present on Tg 1–9. Tg 1 mostly brown, extent of brown color declining on the segments towards the terminalia but gradually darken anteriorly and laterally on the tergites. Process of Tg 9 pale, Tg 10 entirely pale but with two lateral spots. B-scl pale but with dark anterior margin, Lb-scl entirely pale, Ep-scl entirely dark. Abdominal tergites of the female mostly pale, Tg 1–9 laterally with paired longitudinal patch and a pair of spots; Tg 10 entirely pale. Abdominal sternites of the male mostly pale, St 3–8 with anterior sclerites forming a medially interrupted, dark transverse line; Sg with a paired anterolateral spot, vesicle pale. Pp pale with brown tip, cerci pale. Ventral surface of the female abdomen entirely pale.</p> <p>Head: Submentum and mentum small, general Capniidae shaped; glossae apically rounded, paraglossae weakly subdivided, labial palpi short with second palpomere the longest. Maxillae and other mouthparts are of general Capniidae shape, maxillary palpi moderately long with the third palpomere the longest. Head shape usual of Capniidae, eyes smaller than the area delimited by the three ocelli. Ocelli and tentorial callosities prominent in fully sclerotized adults, ecdysial suture, M-line and occipital rugosities usually distinct. Antennae long, with 30 or more antennomeres. Antennomeres club or pearl-like shaped, gradually elongated towards the apex; some of the basal 4–6 antennomeres usually subdivided.</p> <p>Thorax (Figs. 53–55): Prothorax having large Pn with rounded corners. PPrs small, caudally projecting, not fused with the heart-shaped PBs; PPr narrow, fused with PBs; PFs transverse, fused with both PBS and the stripelike, curved PPo; PPfs large, elliptical, not fused with PFs. PEps and PEpm small, fused with each other and Peps to PPr, PEpm touch but not fused with the narrow, curved PEtn. Mesothorax with large MeSct surrounding MeScl, fused with the rectangular, longitudinally divided MePsc and then the wide, laterally subdivided MePra; MeTgl and subalar sclerites are small, none of them fused with other sclerites but the base of forewing; MePscl entire and fused with MeSct in females and macropterous males, while longitudinally divided and not fused with MeSct in micropterous males. MeSs very narrow, touch but not fused with PPfs while fused with the large, oblong MeBs; MePrs elliptical, not fused with MeBs; MeFs triangular and fused with MeBs, and with the distinct, paired MeFsa and the MeFsp; MePfs divided in two lateral, rounded parts by the MeFsp, but the parts are not fused with other sclerites. MeKes fused with MeBs and entirely fused with the ventrally elongated and narrowing MeTn; MeAes fused with MeKes, and projecting in elongated, hardly separated MeAb, MePb and MeAl, among which MePb ends in a globular apex; MeEpm ventrally fused with MeTn, MeKes, MeAes and MeAl, in females and macropterous males it is dorsally fused with MePscl while separated from in micropterous males. Metathorax with MSct smaller than MeSct, but as well surrounding MScl, fused with the rectangular, longitudinally divided MPsc, while MPsc hardly fused with the smaller MPra; MTgl and subalar sclerites are small, none of them fused with other sclerites but the base of hindwing; MPscl entire and fused with MeSct in females and macropterous males, while longitudinally subdivided and hardly fused with MeSct in micropterous males; MPscl fused with Tg 1 in both cases. MPrs triangular, not fused with the large, oblong MBs; MSs small and fused with MBs; MFs stripe-like and fused with MBs, laterally projecting backwards but not fused with St 1. MKes fused with MBs and entirely fused with the ventrally elongated and narrowing MTn; MAes fused with MKes, and projecting in elongated, hardly separated MAb, MPb and MAl, among which MPb ends in a globular apex; MEpm ventrally fused with MTn, MKes, MAes and MAl, in females and macropterous males it is dorsally fused with MPscl while separated from in micropterous males.</p> <p>Legs: Medium sized in relation of other Capniidae. Width of femora fourth to fifth of their length, hind femur reach about the end of Tg 5. Tibiae as long as the femora but less than half the width. Tarsi as wide as tibiae, length of tarsi about half of the corresponding tibia; second tarsomere much shorter than the others, basitarsus shorter than metatarsus on foreleg while as long as on hind leg. Claws symmetrical, smooth and gradually curved, arolium relatively small.</p> <p>Wings: Macropterous wings about as long as the body, covering more than half of the cerci; wing venation show little variability (Figs. 56–57). Forewing: C simple, narrowing gradually from R4+5 towards Cu1; Sc parallel to C, there are two crossveins between C and Sc besides h, Sc curves abruptly beyond the last crossvein and join R around r; h is closest to arc than to wing base; R1 is distinctly curved between its branching with Rs and r, gives one leaning crossvein towards C shortly after r or at least before halfway to C; R2+3 and R4+5 branching at r or with a short crossvein between r and r-m; M branch out to M1+2 and M3+4 with r-m before r; there is only one crossvein between M and Cu1 besides arc and m-cu, this crossvein continues in cu between Cu1 and Cu2; Cu2 ends before half of the wing length, very narrow or interrupted before arc; usually a thin cu-a presents between Cu2 and A1 around a; A1 ends around the R end of arc, distinctly curved and usually thickened beyond a; A2 reaches only as far as h is positioned. Hindwing: C, Sc and their crossveins similar to the forewing; R1 is straight, not branching with R, but starts separately from arc, gives one leaning crossvein towards C shortly after r or at least before halfway to C; R2+3 and R4+5 branching with a crossvein between r and r-m; M branch out to M1+2 and M3+4 after r-m and m-cu; M thin before branching and there is no crossvein between M and Cu1 between arc and m-cu, but sometimes there is one between M3+4 and Cu1, and cu always present; Cu2 parallel to A 1 in its posterior two thirds and ends beyond the position of r, but very narrow or interrupted before arc; usually a thin cu-a present between Cu2 and A1 around a; anal field large, the fold of the wing extending between the parallel Cu2 and A1; A1 straight beyond a, runs close to Cu2; A2 straight, ends around the position of cu, the nearly longitudinally directed a sometimes not reach A2 but terminates backcurved to the wing base; A3 as long as the distance of arc and wing base, extending perpendicular to the longitudinal veins. In case of micropterous or brachypterous males, the wing length is usually constant in some species but may vary intraspecifically (Figs. 58–61). On these winglets, R is the thickest vein and the wing is folded with about 60° around this vein; arc is distinct on the forewing and sets as far as on the macropterous wings, but usually obscured on the hindwing; single M and Cu run to the wing tip, sometimes also with a few crossveins on the forewing; anal veins of the forewing similar in length to the macropterous ones, usually a normal a and the curve of A1 also conspicuous; anal field of the hindwing proportional enlarged but the veins are vestigial.</p> <p>Male abdomen: Tg 1–8 entire and unmodified with sinuous antecosta that is entire on Tg 2–9, entire or medially interrupted on Tg 1; transverse row of four spots present on Tg 1–9. Tg 9 with a raised posteromedial process of different shape characteriztic to species; its sclerotization not thicker than the remainder of the tergite, and its caudal face is membranous with specific shape of lateral sclerotization (Figs. 148–164). Tg 10 subdivided with the entire antecosta forming a thick, rectangular U-shaped process in the medial 1/5 of the segment’s width (Fig. 1). Epiproct consists of a large, anteriorly rounded and raised B-scl that is indented medio-apically and divided from both the Ep-scl and the two Lb-scl (Fig. 1); paired Lb-scl small and triangular with sinuous dorsal margin, divided from both the Ep-scl and the B-scl (Fig. 2). Ep-scl long and curved, caudal setae lacking but spines of specific shape and distribution present on the apex; basally wide but abruptly tapering in the basal third; apical two thirds of the sclerite with the same width or medially swollen; dorsally divided in its full length, ventrally connected at the base and the tip, while laterally divided in the apex – concrete shape is characteriztic for the species (Figs. 106–119, 127–147); Ll lacking; I-scl is a long, dorsally open tube that is curved like the Ep-scl (Figs. 1–2); Ec present in the apical third, between the upper corns of the laterally divided part of Ep-scl (Figs. 1–2, 8–10).</p> <p>St 1 entire and unmodified but smaller than the additional sterna, with rounded corners. St 2–8 consist of a large, rectangular posterior and two small anterior sclerites that are declining in size and fused with the posterior sclerite towards the apical segments; a pair of lateral spots present on St 1–8. St 9 reduced to a well sclerotized arch connecting the ventro-basal part of Tg 9; in its medial part, the arch bear a vesicle of variable size from one third of segment’s width to vestigial (Figs. 83, 99). Sg separated from all other segments, rounded with a more or less triangular shape, apical part with a distinct, incised or rounded tip. Pp wide and short, with rounded apex that is also short and wide. Fp long and narrow, its apical tube curved upward; Rp medium sized, elongated and rounded, divided from Fp (Fig. 23). Cerci longer than the abdomen, with 15 or more segments; segments cylindrical, the basal ones slightly club shaped or pearl-like, gradually elongated towards the apex.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Tg 1–8 divided into two small, rectangular lateral sclerites; small, hardly sclerotized median plates may also present on Tg 2–6. Tg 9–10 entire and unmodified, Tg 10 posteriorly rounded. St 1 entire and unmodified but smaller than the additional sterna, with rounded corners. St 2–7 consist of a large, rectangular posterior and two small anterior sclerites that are declining in size and fused with the posterior sclerite towards the apical segments. Sg large, covers most of the segment 8 but its posterior end equal to the segment’s end, or only very slightly overhanging; the plate is rectangular with slightly rounded or with broad but very narrow indented posterior margin; sclerotization entire without keel, two small antero-lateral nook usually present (Figs. 62, 64–65). Color of the plate is entirely brown, sometimes a bit paler medially; two small lateral sclerites fused with posteriolateral edges of the Sg. Vaginal complex with broad genital opening, membranous genital cavity reach back to segment 7 where it branching into the oviducts; inner sclerites lacking (Fig. 63). St 9 entire, rectangular; Pp large, having short, rounded tips; epiproct simple, membranous. Cerci as long as or shorter than the abdomen, with 15 or more segments; segments cylindrical, the basal segments slightly clubbed, gradually elongated towards the apex.</p> <p>Mature larva: Body relatively stout, body length 5.5–12.5 mm. General color pale yellowish brown with very faint pattern; head, dorsal thoracal sclerites besides wing pads, and abdominal terga usually darker. Teneral coloration apparent below cuticle on pharates, together with dark wing pads. Setation long, but inconspicious. Head shape typical of Capniidae, eyes smaller than the area delimited by the three ocelli (Fig. 66). Ocelli and ecdysial suture are prominent, tentorial callosities less pronounced, M-line and occipital rugosities are hard to observe. Mentum small, typical of the Capniidae; glossae long and apically rounded, paraglossae weakly subdivided, labial palpi short with second palpomere the longest. Maxillae and other mouthparts are of general Capniidae shape and structure, maxillary palpi moderately long with the third palpomere the longest (Fig. 67). Antennae long, with 50 or more antennomeres. Antennomeres cylindrical, the first ten beyond pedicel very short, then gradually elongated towards the apex where antennomeres are about 3× longer than wide. Pn elongated trapezoidal with rounded corners, smooth; rear edge of meso- and metathorax between wing pads rounded, the paired sclerites widely separated from wing pads. Shape of wing pads are typical of Capniidae in macropterous specimens, the mesothoracic pair reach the anterior end of Tg 1, metathoracic pair reach the anterior end of Tg 3; micropterous wing pads always still distinct and separated from the paired sclerites. Lateral thoracic sclerites similar to adults but Epm yet reduced and Aes dorsally not yet divided into Ab, Pb and Al. Ventral thoracic sclerites mostly obscure but Etn, Tn and Fs distinct. PFs longer than of the adult, more elliptical than transverse; MeFs triangular, anterior width half of the intercoxal distance, MeFsa indistinct while MeFsp distinct (forming a Y-ridge with the MeFs); MFs laterally indented (Figs. 68–69). Legs typical of Capniidae, width of femora ⅓ of their length, hind femur reach about the midline of Tg 5. Tibiae as long as the femora but ~½ as wide. Tarsi as wide as tibiae, length of tarsi &lt;½ of the corresponding tibia; basitarsus slightly longer than the second tarsomere on the foreleg, about 2× longer on hind leg but &lt;½ half of the length of metatarsus. Claws symmetrical, smooth and with a basal swelling, regularly curved, arolium vestigial. Abdomen relatively stout, segments 1–9 divided by pleura, integument light and matt. Tg 10 rounded in females, projecting in males; length of the latter equal or shorter than length of Tg 8 and 9, tip blunt, or only slightly raised upwards (Figs. 74–75). Pp wide and short, tip blunt. Cerci usually longer than the abdomen, with 30 or more segments; segments cylindrical, the basal ones short but gradually elongated towards the apex where segments are very slender; the width of segments 11–13 is half to third of their length (Figs. 76–77).</p> <p>Setation: Head with not so dense, moderately long and thick setae and hairs; eye bear small elongated setae between the ocelli; mouthparts with scarce setation besides the sensilla and apical spines but labrum with a pronounced apical tuft of setae rows (Figs. 66–67). Antennal segments with apical whorl of short setae and hairs; campaniform sensillae occur on their distal ½. Dorsal surface of thorax with similar setation like the head, Pr lacks marginal row or longer marginal setae; setae placed in lines on wing pads. Ventral surface of thorax with scarce, thin and short hairs and setae (Figs. 68–69). Legs with dense setation. All femora bear long, acute setae and thin hairs, and armed with a row of long, erect setae on both dorsal and ventral edges; length of these setae are less than the half of the femur’s width (Figs. 72–73). A bald median line is conspicuous on the dorsal surface of all femora. Tibiae and tarsi covered with long hair-like setae, strong setae present only on the ventral edges of the tibiae; tibiae lack apical spines or the spines are vestigial, scarce dorsal fringe of swimming hairs usually present. Tergal segments with moderately dense, uniform long and blunt setae; apical row lacking, length of the setae are fourth to fifth of segment’s length (Fig. 70). Projection of male Tg 10 having a bare medial line and bare at the apex (Figs. 74–75). Ventral surface of abdomen with fewer but similar setae like tergites; setae dense on the Pp (Fig. 71). Cercal segments with apical row of acute, long setae, short setae and thin hairs; campaniform sensillae occur on the whole surface (Figs. 76–77). Longest setae are ½ to full length of the segment on segments 11–13, as long as or slightly longer than the segment on the apical ones.</p> <p>Drumming: A comprehensive characterization of the drumming signals used in the genus cannot be given until the drumming signals of Z. sevanica, Z. tuberculata, Z. turkestanica turkestanica, Z. turkestanica brevicula are unknown. The presently known male drumming calls are monophasic beat-groups with gradually decreasing or increasing inter-beat intervals. Solitary males produce single calls sporadically or 1–4 calls in a sequence. The beat repetition patterns (Figs. 169–184) of male calls are species-specific. Male female drumming signal exchanges are male call—female answer or male call—female answer- male response duets (Figs. 185–189).</p> <p>Genetics: Sequencing coxI of 64 Zwicknia specimens yielded 29 distinct haplotypes with 123 informative characters. Same topology was found with both MP (L = 441, CI = 83, and IR = 93) and ML (ln L =—2470.19612; Fig. 192) approaches. Overall divergence among new haplotypes was 6.5 %. Our phylogeny reflected the spatial arrangement of haplotype clusters in the landscape with each newly defined species forming a monophyletic haploclade. In GenBank data analyzed under cox1, the closest related clade was Allocapnia sp. with 89% sequence similarities, and was used as an outgroup.</p> <p>Affinities. In the West Palaearctic, the genus is distinguishable from other Capniidae in features discussed in the diagnosis of the male and female terminalia. Males of Zwicknia are apparently more closely related to the West Nearctic Bolshecapnia, but differ with having long, undivided tube-like I-scl instead of divided, and the apical part of the Pp short and wide instead of long and narrow. Females of Bolshecapnia have narrower Sg that is usually pointed and overhanging St 8, instead of entire, rectangular Sg with length equal to St 8. Zwicknia is also closely related to the montane Asian Capnia s.l. cordata species group, but the males differ by their lateroapically divided Ep-scl instead of entire, presence of Ec instead of its absence, and the apical part of the Pp short and wide instead of long and narrow. Females of the C. s.l. cordata species group have narrow, dark Sg instead of entire and similar in color to sterna. Larvae are difficult to separate from other Capniidae and an adequate diagnosis cannot be given here. Since no specific characters useful for separation were found, larvae of the species included are not described, only a general description is given. However, matured male larvae usually can de identified on the basis of the epiproct transparent through larval skin. Drumming signals are known only in a small proportion of species in Capniidae. Therefore it would be too early to make a detailed examination of the affinities of Zwicknia species regarding their drumming signals. Mitochondrial DNA showed that Zwicknia species have a range of 19%–22% of overall divergence with respect of Capnia s.l. vidua and a decrease of glutamine of 68% in nucleotide composition, compared with others species of Capniidae.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. The genus has a Palaearctic distribution. While common in most parts of Europe, it is absent from North Africa, the Mediterranean Isles, and the Far North (Iceland, northern Scandinavia). It is reported from the Levant only from Lebanon, but widespread in the northern part of Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia. At least two species enter the East Palaearctic as far as Middle Asia (Fig 196). Adults occur from the second half of January to June. The peak of emergence is in March in most areas. European species inhabit usually slow, medium-sized forest streams of hilly and submontane regions, but they were reported also from small temporary brooks and even high montane streams. Asian species were found generally in later periods and higher elevations up to 2,400 m.</p> <p>Etymology. The genus is dedicated to Prof. Peter Zwick, Schlitz, Germany, in recognition of his major contributions and establishing leadership in many fields of study of the Plecoptera. The name composed with the ending “nia” corresponding to Capnia; gender feminine.</p> <p>Morphological key to adult males of Zwicknia</p> <p>1 Ep-scl medially swollen (Figs. 110, 142–143). Process of Tg 9 very wide and distinctly bicornuated (Fig. 160).... Z. kovacsi</p> <p>- Ep-scl not swollen medially. Process of Tg 9 narrower and without distinct corns................................... 2</p> <p>2 Tip of Ep-scl upcurved in lateral view (Figs. 106–107, 132, 134, 136, 138–141). Ep-scl wide and blunt in dorsal view (Figs. 114–115, 117). Spines present only on the membranous part of the epiproct apex (Figs. 106–107)...................... 3</p> <p>- Tip of Ep-scl straight or slightly curved down in lateral view. Ep-scl narrow and more or less pointed in dorsal view. Spines present also on the apical part of Ep-scl....................................................................4</p> <p>3 Process of Tg 9 low and caudally projecting (Figs. 92, 157–159)...................................... Z. rupprechti</p> <p>– Process of Tg 9 high and perpendicularly elevated (Figs. 84, 148–151)..................................... Z. bifrons</p> <p>4 Tip of Ep-scl acute in lateral view (Figs. 108–109, 127–131). Process of Tg 9 very high, rectangular and with indenting sides caudally (Figs. 152–156)........................................................................... Z. acuta</p> <p>- Tip of Ep-scl blunt in lateral view. Process of Tg 9 lower, rounded and sides not indenting caudally.................... 5</p> <p>5 Tip of Ep-scl straight in lateral view (Figs. 111, 144–145). Process of Tg 9 slightly wider than the epiproct (Fig. 94).................................................................................................... Z. sevanica</p> <p>- Tip of Ep-scl slightly downcurved in lateral view. Process of Tg 9 obviously wider than the epiproct.................... 6</p> <p>6 Process of Tg 9 perpendicularly elevated (Fig. 102). Ep-scl comparatively more slender (Fig. 102, 104–105, 147)................................................................................................... Z. turkestanica</p> <p>- Process of Tg 9 slightly folded backwards (Fig. 100). Ep-scl comparatively more robust (Figs. 98, 100–101, 146).................................................................................................... Z. tuberculata</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF1FFFCB1BE45F0AD0A5FD3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF2CFFC81BE4586AD770FBAC.text	03F99336FF2CFFC81BE4586AD770FBAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zwicknia acuta Muranyi & Orci 2014	<div><p>Zwicknia acuta Murányi &amp; Orci, sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 59, 64, 67–69, 71, 77, 78–81, 108–109, 119, 121, 127–130, 148–151, 166, 174–178, 186–187, 190–193, 196–197).</p> <p>Capnia nigra (Pictet, 1833) —figures in Klapálek 1896 and Despax 1951 (enumerated under the general synonymies) possibly referring to Z. acuta.</p> <p>Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838) —figures in Winkler 1957 (enumerated under the general synonymies) possibly referring to Z. acuta.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: Ep-scl narrow and pointed in dorsal view, tip straight, long and acute in lateral view; ventral membranous section ends far before the base in lateral view, apical spines stout, distributed also on the apex of Ep-scl. Process of male Tg 9: high, perpendicularly elevated, 2× wider than Ep-scl, rectangular and with indenting sides caudally. Males produce sequences of (2)-3-4-(6) drumming calls (Figs. 166, 174–178). Calls are monophasic beat series in which beats are produced with gradually increasing inter-beat intervals (Fig 190, red box plots). Inter beat intervals vary between 70–130 ms. Call duration varies between 350–750 ms and calls contain 4–10 beats. Inter call intervals increase during call sequence and vary between 350–3250 ms. All these parameters refer to signals produced at ambient air temperature between 15–21 o C. Male female drumming duet is a long sequence of male call—female answer alternations, where female answers may overlap the terminal part of male calls (Figs 186–187).</p> <p>Type material. Holotype male: SLOVAKIA: Banskobystrický Region, Krupinská Planina, Pôtor, Stará Rieka Stream, N 48°13.731’ E 19°24.946’, 200 m a.s.l., 16.03.201 0, leg. D. Murányi, K. Orci (HNHM: PLP3882; drumming recorded as 2010/No.1). Paratypes: same locality and date: 1f (HNHM: PLP3883; drumming recorded as 2010/No.1, pair of the holotype), 1m (HNHM: PLP3884; drumming recorded as 2010/No.2), 1m (HNHM: PLP3885; drumming recorded as 2010/No.3), 1m (HNHM: PLP3886; drumming recorded as 2010/No.4, Fig. 175), 1m (HNHM: PLP3887; drumming recorded as 2010/No.5), 1m (HNHM: PLP3888; drumming recorded as 2010/ No.6), 15m, 1f larva (HNHM: PLP3372), 4m (BYUC); 24.03.200 6, leg. L. Dányi, J. Kontschán, D. Murányi: 6m 2f, 1f larva (HNHM: PLP1832; two male, two male terminalia, one female and the larva prepared for SEM, specimens used for drawings and photos Figs. 59, 64, 67–69, 71, 77, 78–81, 108–109, 119, 121, 127, 148), 2m (GVC), 2m (PZC); 23.03.200 9, leg. N. Hordós, D. Murányi, J. Papp, Zs. Ujvári: 2m 2f, 1f larva (HNHM: PLP3044); 23.03.201 1, leg. K. Orci: 1m (HNHM: PLP3811; used for molecular studies as 300985, drumming recorded as 2011/No.1), 1m (HNHM: PLP3812; used for molecular studies as 300982, drumming recorded as 2011/No.2), 1m (HNHM: PLP3813; drumming recorded as 2011/No.3), 1m (HNHM: PLP3814; used for molecular studies as 300992, drumming recorded as 2011/No.4), 1m (HNHM: PLP3815; used for molecular studies as 301003, drumming recorded as 2011/No.5), 1m (HNHM: PLP3816; drumming recorded as 2011/No.6), 1m (HNHM: PLP3808; used for molecular studies as 300983, drumming recorded as 2011/No.7), 1m (HNHM: PLP3881; used for molecular studies as 300981, drumming recorded as 2011/No.8), 1m (HNHM: PLP3817); HUNGARY: Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Zemplén Mts., Kishuta, Kemence Stream, N 48°27.298’ E 21°28.707’, 175 m, 08.03.201 1, leg. T. Kovács, D. Murányi, K. M. Orci, G. Puskás: 3m (HNHM: PLH1242; one male used for drawings Figs. 128, 149), 1m (HNHM: PLH1258; used for molecular studies as 300989, drumming recorded as 2011/No.1), 2m (HNHM: PLH1300; used for molecular studies as 30100 and 30101, drumming not recorded), 1m (only bioacoustic study, specimen escaped; drumming recorded as 2011/No.4, Fig. 174); SERBIA: Syrmia District, Fruska Gora, Vrdnik, stream NW of the village, N 45°08.583’ E 19°46.299’, 275 m, 15.03.201 1, leg. T. Kovács, G. Magos, D. Murányi: 1m (HNHM: PLP3818; used for drawings Figs. 129, 150, for molecular studies as 300996, drumming recorded as 2011/No.1, Fig. 176), 1m (HNHM: PLP3889; used for molecular studies as 300962); Braničevo District, Homoljske Planina, Krepoljin, stream N of the village, N 44°16.582’ E 21°36.553’, 290 m, 16.03.201 1, leg. T. Kovács, G. Magos, D. Murányi: 1m (HNHM: PLP3820; used for molecular studies as 300965, drumming recorded as 2011/No.1, Fig. 177), 1m (HNHM: PLP3821; used for molecular studies as 300951); Zlatibor District, Zlatibor Mts., Crni Rzav Stream along the road No.21, N 43°39.731’ E 19°42.575’, 1010 m, 17.03.201 1, leg. T. Kovács, G. Magos, D. Murányi: 1m (HNHM: PLP3582; used for drawings Figs. 130, 151), 1m (HNHM: PLP3819; used for molecular studies as 300994, drumming recorded as 2011/No.1), 1f (HNHM: PLP3890; used for molecular studies as 300952), 1m (only bioacoustic study, specimen escaped; drumming recorded as 2011/No.3, Fig. 178).</p> <p>Other material—Records based on morphology: AUSTRIA: Lower Austria State, Purgstal, Bahnhof, im Flug, 18.03.197 1, leg. Ressl: 1m (PZC); only as ‘ Austria’, 1861, leg. Roghf.: 2m (WNHM); GERMANY: Schleswig-Holstein State, Busdorf, Kr. Schleswig, 15.01.195 1, leg. H. Dittmar: 2m (PZC); Saxony-Anhalt State, Harz, Nagelbach, 15.03.200 5, Lutz Tappenbeck: 3m 1f (PZC); HUNGARY: Nógrád County, Cserhát Mts., Nógrádszakál, Ipoly River at the gorge of Párizs Stream, 03.04.200 5, leg. T. Kovács: 1m (MM); Borsod-Abaúj- Zemplén County, Zemplén Mts., Kishuta, Komlóska Stream, 220 m, 14.03.200 4, leg. D. Murányi, Zs. Sóvári: 1m (HNHM); Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Zemplén Mts., Kishuta, Kemence Stream, 175 m, 14.03.200 4, leg. D. Murányi, Zs. Sóvári: 1f larva (HNHM); SLOVAKIA: Banskobistrický Region, Javorie Mts., Horný Tisovník, Kostolné, Tisovník Stream, 470 m, 24.03.200 6, leg. L. Dányi, J. Kontschán, D. Murányi: 8m 1f (HNHM); further 20 males present in the WNHM, collected during second half of the 19 th century, but without any reliable labels (some are possibly from Mainz or Bergen, collected by F. Brauer in 1865).</p> <p>Description. Head, thorax, appendages and basal segments of the abdomen generotypic. Males micropterous, females macropterous. Body length: holotype 7.5 mm, male paratypes 6.5–8.0, female paratypes 8.0–10.5 mm; forewing length: holotype 1.6 mm, male paratypes 1.3–1.7 mm, female paratypes 8.5–11.0 mm.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs. 78–81, 121): Process of Tg 9 high, perpendicularly elevated, apex 2× wider than the medial section of Ep-scl; rectangular in shape, apex bearing two small hump-like tips; sides indented in caudal view, forming the membranous portion narrowest medially (Figs. 148–151). Tg 10, B-scl and Lb-scl generotypic. Ep-scl narrow and pointed in dorsal view, medially not swollen, its medial width ½ to ⅓ of basal width; tip straight and acute in lateral view, divided section long. Ventral membranous part between the division of Ep-scl ends far before the base in lateral view; apical spines stout, distributed not only on the membranous part but extend to the Ep-scl (Figs. 108–109, 119, 127–130). I-scl generotypic, Ec long and rarely everted on the non in-copula specimens. St 9 slightly projecting medially, vesicle medium sized to large, Fig. 79 illustrates the smallest of the range. Sg rounded with pronounced triangular shape, tip usually incised. Pp, Fp, Rp and cerci generotypic.</p> <p>Female subgenital plate (Fig. 64): Less rectangular than usual, posterior margin rounded and sometimes slightly overhanging the segment. Antero-lateral recess usually distinct, the plate is entirely brown; lateral sclerites relatively large.</p> <p>Drumming: Males produce (2)-3-4-(6) drumming calls in a sequence (Fig. 166). Calls in a sequence are similar to each other. However, the first call is generally shorter and of lower amplitude than the following ones. Calls are monophasic signals consisting of one beat group with inter beat intervals increasing gradually toward the end of beat group (Fig 190: red box plots, Appendix Table 1). The amplitude envelope of calls are of the following main types: a full length crescending (e.g. see the second call in Fig. 175), an initial crescendo+nearly constant main part (see 4 th call in Fig. 176) or a crescending first half+decrescending second half pattern (e.g. 4 th call in Fig. 177). Calls follow each other with increasing inter-call intervals. See Figs. 174–178 for the oscillographic pattern of the male drumming calls of this species. Descriptive statistics of five drumming characters are presented in Table 6. See Fig. 190 for a box plot series showing the variation of inter-beat intervals within a call in relation to the other three Zwicknia species, where drumming signals are characterized in this study. Appendix Table 1 contains the measurement data of inter-beat intervals of this species. The male female drumming duet is a long sequence of male call—female answer, where the female answers sometimes overlaps the terminal part of male calls (Figs. 186–187).</p> <p>Genetics: Three different haplotypes were found corresponding well to the geographical distribution (Hungary, Serbia, and Slovakia). The Slovakia haplotypes clustered at the same node as the northern Hungarian population, resulting in 0.4% nucleotide divergence and two diagnostic characters. We found that the specimens from Maljen Mts. of Serbia included individuals of both Z. bifrons and Z. acuta (Fig. 192). However, despite that the morphology and mating calls correspond to Z. bifrons in all cases.</p> <p>Affinities. This species is morphologically very close to Z. bifrons. One of the Serbian populations (Maljen Mts.) may be hybrids, as they share mitochondrial haplotypes (Fig. 192). Individuals have drumming signals and morphology similar to Z. bifrons and illustrations are provided (Figs. 143, 156, 173). However, nearby Slovakian and Hungarian populations not sympatric with Z. bifrons populations and other Serbian populations exhibit differences in both morphology and mating calls. Morphologically, the males differ by having narrow and pointed Ep-scl with an acute and straight apex, instead of wide and blunt Ep-scl and upcurved tip; ventral membranous section terminate far before the base instead of nearly reaching it, and Tg 9 process with indented sides caudally instead of consistently narrow sides. Males of Z. acuta are easily distinguishable from other Zwicknia species on the basis of acute Ep-scl tip and very high, rectangular process of Tg 9. Females are difficult to separate with certainty and the larvae are morphologically indistinguishable. The drumming signals of Z. acuta clearly differ from those of the other three Zwicknia species analysed (Figs. 165–184). Male drumming calls are shorter (Fig. 191, Tables 6–8) and contain generally a fewer number of beats than in Z. bifrons, but are much longer than in Z. kovacsi and Z. rupprechti. The number of calls in a call sequence is generally higher, and calls are repeated with shorter inter call intervals than in Z. bifrons (Figs. 165–166, Tables 6–7). Molecular diagnostics of this species also yielded differences among the other species with a node of four diagnostic characters as compared to Z. bifrons and 1–5% of total divergence.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. The species is found in southern Slovakia, northeastern Hungary, northern and central Serbia. Specimens from Austria and Germany are attributed to this species on the basis of morphology (Figs. 196–197). Adults were found in March emerging from slow or moderately fast flowing, large to mediumsized streams, mostly in alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertin.) forests, but also in open grasslands between 200– 1,000m (Fig. 193).</p> <p>Etymology. The name acuta (from the latin word acutus, meaning acute) refers to the acute tip of the epiproct. Used as an adjective, gender feminine.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF2CFFC81BE4586AD770FBAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF2FFFC41BE45FF9D037FD75.text	03F99336FF2FFFC41BE45FF9D037FD75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zwicknia bifrons (Newman 1838) Murányi & Gamboa & Orci 2014	<div><p>Zwicknia bifrons (Newman, 1838) comb. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 1–2, 7, 10, 23, 32, 56, 58, 62–63, 66, 72, 74, 76, 82–85, 106, 114, 120, 139–143, 152–156, 165, 169–173, 185, 190–192, 196–197).</p> <p>Chloroperla bifrons Newman, 1838 — Newman 1838: 401. (original description of the adult)</p> <p>Capnia nigra (Pictet, 1833) —figures in at least Morton 1896, Hynes 1940, Hynes 1941 and Hanson 1946 (enumerated under the general synonymies) refers to Z. bifrons.</p> <p>Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838) — Kimmins 1947: 261. (stat. rev and comb. n.);—figures in at least Brinck 1949, Kimmins 1950a, Kimmins 1950b, Brinck 1952, Hynes 1955a, Hynes 1958, Illies 1955, Khoo 1964, Lillehammer 1965, Lillehammer 1974, Rupprecht 1976 and Lillehammer 1988 (enumerated under the general synonymies) refers to Z. bifrons;—drumming signals in Rupprecht 1965, Rupprecht 1968, Rupprecht 1976 (enumerated under the general synonymies) and partly in Rupprecht 1982 (Fig. 2b) refers to Z. bifrons.</p> <p>Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838) Capnor race sensu Rupprecht 1997 — Rupprecht 1997: 94. (drumming signals); Enting &amp; Rupprecht 2001: 71 (clarification as the nominal C. bifrons).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: Ep-scl wide and blunt in dorsal view, tip upcurved in lateral view; ventral membranous section nearly reach the base in lateral view, apical spines distributed only on the membranous part of the apex. Process of male Tg 9: high, perpendicularly elevated, &lt;1½× wider than Ep-scl, rectangular, and with continuously narrow sides caudally. Males usually produce drumming calls in sequences containing 2–3 calls (Fig. 165), but single calls are also produced sporadically. The male call is a monophasic beat-group with duration of 1400–2400 ms and composed of 7–16 beats repeated with a mean inter-beat interval of 140–230 ms. Inter-beat interval gradually increases during each male call (Figs. 169–173, 190). Inter-call interval increases as a call sequence proceeds, but its mean value is between 1400–6300 ms. All of these drumming character values refer to signals produced at ambient air temperature between 15–21 o C. The male-female drumming duet is a long sequence of male call—female answer alternation (Fig. 185).</p> <p>Material examined. HUNGARY: Veszprém County, Bakony Mts., Bakonybél, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.730583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.243267" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.730583/lat 47.243267)">Gerence Stream</a> at <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.730583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.243267" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.730583/lat 47.243267)">Borostyán Spring</a>, N 47°14.596’ E 17°43.835’, 275 m, 24.02.201 1, leg. D. Murányi, K. M. Orci: 1m (HNHM; used for drawings Figs. 142, 155, for molecular studies as 300995, drumming recorded as 2011/ No. 1, Fig. 170); Pest County, Pilis Mts., Szentendre, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.9984&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.69585" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.9984/lat 47.69585)">Dömörkapu</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.9984&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.69585" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.9984/lat 47.69585)">Bükkös Stream</a>, N 47°41.751’ E 18°59.904’, 260 m, 23.02.201 0, leg. D. Murányi, K. M. Orci: 7m 4f, 1m larva (HNHM; one male, three male terminalia, one female and the male larva prepared for SEM, two female and parts of a male terminalia prepared on slides, specimens used for drawings and photos Figs. 1–2, 7, 10, 23, 32, 56, 58, 62–63, 66, 72, 74, 76, 82–85, 106, 114, 120), 6m 7f (HNHM; drummings recorded as 2010/ No. 1–3, 6–9), 4m (BYUC), 1m 1f (GVC; drummings recorded as 2010/ No. 4), 1m 1f (PZC; drummings recorded as 2010/ No. 5); 26.02.201 1, leg. K. M. Orci: 2m (HNHM; used for molecular studies as 300991, 300978, drummings recorded as 2011/ No. 1–2); 14.03.2011, leg. K. M. Orci: 3m (HNHM; used for molecular studies as 300979, 300986, 300984, drummings recorded as 2011/ No. 3–4, Fig. 169); 27.03.201 1, leg. K. M. Orci: 1m (HNHM); Pest County, Börzsöny Mts., Szokolya-Királyrét, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.978434&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.894535" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.978434/lat 47.894535)">Szén Stream</a>, N 47°53.672’ E 18°58.706’, 255 m, 05.03.201 1, leg. D. Murányi: 4m (HNHM; used for drawings Figs. 139, 152, for molecular studies as 300990, 300977, 301002, 300980, drummings recorded as 2011/ No. 1–2, 4, Fig. 171); Heves County, Mátra Mts., Gyöngyössolymos, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.930017&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.831966" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.930017/lat 47.831966)">Monostor Stream</a>, N 47°49.918’ E 19°55.801’, 260 m, 07.03.201 1, leg. T. Kovács: 12m 2f (HNHM; used for drawings Figs. 140, 153, for molecular studies as 300950, 300972, 300976, 300953, 300954, 300975, drummings recorded as 2011/ No. 1–5, Fig. 172); SERBIA: Zlatibor District, Maljen Mts., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.913784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.0374" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.913784/lat 44.0374)">Brajkovići</a>, stream N of the village, N 44°02.244’ E 19°54.827’, 445 m, 17.03.201 1, leg. T. Kovács, G. Magos, D. Murányi: 2m 1f (HNHM; one male used for drawings Figs. 143, 156), 9m (HNHM; used for molecular studies as 300994, drummings recorded as 2011/ No. 1–7 Fig. 173).</p> <p>Other material—Records based on morphology: AUSTRIA: Vienna State, Wien, Maurbach, 03.03.195 3, leg. E. Pomeisl: 1m 1f, 3 larvae (WNHM; male terminalia in microvial); Lower Austria and Vienna States, Vienna Woods, many brooks, various dates from February to March, leg. W. Graf (WGC); Styria State, Lanzegg, 16.03.200 4, leg. W. Graf: 15m 22f (WGC); FRANCE: Rhône-Alpes Region, Ardèche, Rivere de Celle, 20.03.195 0, leg. J. Aubert: 3m 3f (BYUC); Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region, Southern French Alps, Var, Artuby, La Martre, Pont Romain, 13.04.200 9, leg. Brulin: 1m (GVC); Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region, Southern French Alps, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Esteron, Soleihas, 1100 m, 21.02.200 9, leg. Le Doare: 7m 9f (GVC); Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region, Southern French Alps, Alpes-Maritimes, Lane, Andon, 1145 m, 13.04.200 9, leg. Le Doare: 2m 1f (GVC); Franche-Comté Region, Jura, La Clauge, Belmont, Jura Forest Reserve, 10.04.200 9, leg. Le Doare: 2m 1f (GVC); Limousin Region, French Massif Central, Creuse, Tarde, Champagnat, 440 m, 03.03.201 0, leg. Le Doare: 2m 1f (GVC); Poitou-Charentes Region, French Massif Central, Vienne, Moulisme, Petite Blourde, N 147 bridge, 20.02.200 9, leg. Le Doare: 3m 4f (GVC); Brittany Region, Bretagne, Finistère, Le Men, Tremorel, 105 m, 21.03.201 0, leg. Brulin: 5m 1f (GVC); Brittany Region, Bretagne, Morbihan, Pont Drimo, Le Cours, 65 m, 12.02.201 1, leg. Brulin: 1m (GVC); GERMANY: Schleswig-Holstein State, Plön, stream at Engelau, 26.02.196 6, leg. P. Zwick: 33m, 1m 2f larvae (PZC); 03.196 6, leg. P. Zwick: 13m 2f, 3f larvae (BYUC); Schleswig-Holstein State, Dallsek, 30 km E of Hennburg, 01.03.196 6, leg. P. Zwick: 18m (BYUC); HUNGARY: Vas County, Őrség, Kercaszomor, Kerca Stream, 16.04.200 2, leg. A. Ambrus, T. Kovács: 2f (MM); 11.03.200 3, leg. A. Ambrus, P. Juhász, T. Kovács: 1m 1f (MM); Veszprém County, Bakony Mts., Döbrönte, Bittva Stream, 230 m, 30.03.200 6, leg. J. Kontschán, D. Murányi: 2m 1f (HNHM); Veszprém County, Bakony Mts., Zirc- Szarvaskút, 21.04.198 8, leg. S. Tóth: 3m (HNHM); Pest County, Pilis Mts., Pilisszentkereszt, Szurdok Stream, 25.03.200 6, leg. L. Dányi: 2m (HNHM); Pest County, Börzsöny Mts., Szokolya, Les Valley, 08.02.200 3, leg. L. Papp, Zs. P. - Bajza: 3m 4f (HNHM); 08.04.200 4, leg. D. Murányi: 1m, 4f larvae (HNHM); Pest County, Börzsöny Mts., Szokolya-Királyrét, Bagoly-bükki Stream, 25.03.200 3, leg. T. Kovács: 1m (MM); 18.03.200 4, leg. A. Ambrus: 3m 7f (MM); Pest County, Börzsöny Mts., Szokolya-Királyrét, Szén Stream, 25.03.200 3, leg. T. Kovács: 1m (MM); Pest County, Börzsöny Mts., Szokolya-Királyrét, Nagy-vasfazék Stream, 25.03.200 3, leg. T. Kovács: 1m (MM); Pest County, Börzsöny Mts., Kismaros, Káposztás, Morgó Stream, 20.02.200 3, leg. P. Juhász, T. Kovács: 3m (MM); Nógrád County, Cserhát Mts., Cserhátszentiván, Zsunyi Stream, 03.03.200 4, leg. K. Harmos: 3m (HNHM); Nógrád County, Cserhát Mts., Ecseg, Zsunyi and Cserkúti Streams, 26.02.200 3, leg. K. Harmos: 9m 11f (HNHM); Nógrád County, Cserhát Mts., Felsőtold, Szurdok Stream, 12.03.200 3, leg. K. Harmos: 8m 6f (HNHM); Nógrád County, Cserhát Mts., Garáb, Garábi Stream, 04.03.200 3, leg. K. Harmos: 16m 5f, 1m 4f larvae (HNHM); Nógrád County, Mátra Mts., Bátonyterenye, Lengyendi Stream at the forester house, 14.02.200 4, leg. K. Harmos: 1m (HNHM); Heves County, Mátra Mts., Mátraszentimre, Csörgő Stream, 13.03.200 4, leg. K. Harmos: 2m, 1 f larva (HNHM); Heves County, Mátra Mts., Mátrafüred, Bene Stream, 20.02.200 4, leg. D. Murányi: 1m (HNHM); Heves County, Mátra Mts., Gyöngyössolymos, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.930017&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.831966" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.930017/lat 47.831966)">Cserkő-bánya</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.930017&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.831966" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.930017/lat 47.831966)">Monostor Stream</a>, N 47°49.918’ E 19°55.801’, 260 m, 16.03.200 1, leg. T. Kovács: 3m 1f (MM); 25.03.200 1, leg. T. Kovács: 3f (MM); 19.04.200 1, leg. T. Kovács: 8f (MM); 14.03.200 2, leg. T. Kovács: 3f, 3f exuviae (MM); 19.04.200 2, leg. T. Kovács: 1f (MM); 22.02.200 3, leg. T. Kovács: 1m 3f (MM); Heves County, Mátra Mts., Gyöngyössolymos, Cserkő-bánya, Nagy Stream, 25.03.200 1, leg. T. Kovács: 1m 1f (MM); 14.03.200 2, leg. T. Kovács: 7m (MM); 08.03.200 3, leg. D. &amp; T. Kovács: 2m (MM); 31.03.200 4, leg. T. Kovács: 1m (MM); 13.03.200 5, leg. T. Kovács: 2m (MM); Heves County, Mátra Mts., Domoszló, Tarjánka Stream, 16.03.200 2, leg. D. Murányi: 3m (HNHM); Heves County, Bükk Mts., Nagyvisnyó, Nagy-völgyi Stream, 22.01.200 3, leg. D. Murányi: 2m (HNHM; one male used for drawings Figs. 141, 154); Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Zemplén Mts., Vágáshuta, Hercegkúti Stream, 170 m, 14.03.200 4, leg. D. Murányi, Zs. Sóvári: 3m 1f, 1m larva (HNHM); Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Zemplén Mts., Erdőhorváti, Tolcsva Stream at the third bridge, 170 m, 15.03.200 3, leg. D. Murányi, Zs. Sóvári: 4m, 2m larvae, 1m exuviae (HNHM); ITALY: Lazio Region, Falscione Brooklet, 450m, 06.03.198 9, leg.?: 3m 2f (BYUC); NORWAY: Akershūs County, Hūrdal, Fallbekken, 13.04.196 9, leg. Smedstad: 1m 1f (BYUC); ROMANIA: Cluj County, Cluj- Napoca, Gorbo valley, 14.03.196 4, leg. B. Kis: 36m 26f (HNHM); SLOVAKIA: Banskobystrický Region, Krupinská Planina, Čebovce, Čebovský Stream, 180 m, 24.03.200 6, leg. L. Dányi, J. Kontschán, D. Murányi: 1m, 3f larva (HNHM); SWEDEN: Gotland County, SK Rövarkulan, 25.03.194 9, leg. P. Brinck: 2m 2f (BYUC); UNITED KINGDOM: Scotland, Carluke, early 20 th century?, leg. K.J. Morton?: 1m (WNHM).</p> <p>Description. Head, thorax, appendages and basal segments of the abdomen generotypic. Males micropterous, females macropterous. Dimensions of the presently examined specimens: body length: males 7.0–9.0, females 8.0–10.5 mm; forewing length: males 0.8–1.3 mm, females 8.0–9.5 mm.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs. 82–85, 120): Process of Tg 9 high, perpendicularly elevated, its apex is less than one and a half times wider than the medial section of Ep-scl; its shape is rectangular, the apex smooth or bears two hardly visible hump-like tips; sides constantly narrow in caudal view, the membranous portion narrowest in the apical portion (Figs. 152–156). Tg 10, B-scl and Lb-scl generotypic. Ep-scl wide and blunt in dorsal view, not swollen medially, medial width the ⅔ of basal width; tip upcurved in lateral view, divided section short. Ventral membranous part between the divisions of Ep-scl nearly reaches the base in lateral view; apical spines short, distributed only on the membranous part (Figs. 106, 114, 139–143). I-scl generotypic, Ec short and often partly or fully everted on the non in-copula specimens. St 9 slightly projecting medially, vesicle large to medium sized, Fig. 83 shows the largest size of the range. Sg rounded with not so pronounced triangular shape, tip usually rounded. Pp, Fp, Rp and cerci generotypic.</p> <p>Female subgenital plate (Fig. 62): Rectangular, posterior margin slightly rounded and usually equal to the segment`s posterior margin. Antero-lateral recess usually distinct; the plate is entirely brown; lateral sclerites relatively large.</p> <p>Drumming: Males produce repeated sequences of 2–3 drumming calls (Fig. 165), but sporadically single calls can also be observed. Calls are monophasic: inter-beat intervals increase gradually during the beat sequence of a call (Figs. 169–173, 190, Appendix Table 2). Calls in a sequence are rather similar to each other. The peak amplitude of beats generally shows a crescending-decrescending pattern during each call. See Figs. 169–173 for the oscillographic pattern of the male drumming calls of this species and also Table 7 for descriptive statistics of the examined five sonometric parameters. The male female drumming duet a long sequence of male call—female answer interchange (Fig. 185).</p> <p>Genetics: Three different haplotypes were found, two from Hungary and one from Serbia (Fig. 192), with 0.5% of divergence, and with seven diagnostic characters separating them. Zwicknia bifrons specimens from Maljen Mts. of Serbia share haplotypes with Z. acuta. Despite this, morphology and mating calls correspond to Z. bifrons in all cases.</p> <p>Affinities. Zwicknia bifrons is closely related to Z. acuta, and this affinity is discussed above. The epiproct is similar to Z. rupprechti, but the Tg 9 process is high and perpendicularly elevated in contrast to being low and caudally projecting in Z. rupprechti. In addition to Z. acuta and Z. rupprechti, males of Z. bifrons are easily distinguishable from other Zwicknia on the basis of upcurved Ep-scl tip and high, rectangular process of Tg 9. Females are difficult to distinguish, and the larvae are morphologically indistinguishable. The drumming signals of Z. bifrons are clearly different from those of the other three Zwicknia species where drumming was examined. This species produce the longest calls and drums with the slowest beat repetition rate among the investigated species. These two rhythmic characters clearly separate the calls of this species from the calls of the other three species which drum faster and produce shorter male calls (see Figs 190, 191). Regarding the number of calls in a sequence, the male drumming signals of Z. bifrons are intermediate and overlap with Z. acuta and Z. rupprechti (and Z. kovacsi). Z. bifrons differs genetically from the other species with 10 diagnostic characters and with&gt; 2% nucleotide divergence.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. This species was originally described from Scotland. Drumming data has confirmed the occurrence of this species throughout the British Isles, Scandinavia, and southwards into the Alps (Fig. 196). We have confirmed Z. bifrons in northern and Central Hungary. Specimens of this species have also been identified from Austria, France, Germany, and Romania on the basis of morphology (Fig. 196–197). Adults were collected in January to May from the vicinity of slow to moderately fast flowing, medium-sized streams, usually in alder (Alnus glutinosa), but also in beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests between 150 and 600 m.</p> <p>Remarks. The species was described on the basis of one or more females. A single female type apparently existed (Morton 1896). Despite that females of Zwicknia are difficult to specifically distinguish, its identity with the above material studied is supported by the homogeneity of British populations, both in drumming signals (Rupprecht 1997) and morphology based on the previously published figures (see under synonymies).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF2FFFC41BE45FF9D037FD75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF23FFC21BE45E4DD16FFA3A.text	03F99336FF23FFC21BE45E4DD16FFA3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zwicknia kovacsi Muranyi & Gamboa 2014	<div><p>Zwicknia kovacsi Murányi &amp; Gamboa, sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 49–51, 53–55, 86–89, 110, 116, 123, 131–132, 160, 168, 183–184, 190–192, 194, 196–197).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: Ep-scl medially swollen, wide and blunt in dorsal view, tip straight in lateral view; ventral membranous section terminates far before the base in lateral view, apical spines thin and long, distributed also on the apex of Ep-scl. Process of male Tg 9: wide, perpendicularly elevated, 2 × wider than the swollen part of the Ep-scl, bearing two distinct apical horns. Males produce short (150–160 ms), monophasic, percussive calls. A call is composed of 6–7 beats that follow each other with nearly constant inter-beat intervals (27–34 ms at 17–18 o C ambient air temperature). Calls are produced sporadically.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype male: ROMANIA: Maramureş County, Rodna Mts., Borşa-Staţiunea Borşa, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.780466&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.605385" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.780466/lat 47.605385)">Cimpoies Stream</a> above the village, N 47°36.323’ E 24°46.828’, 930 m a.s.l., 02.04.201 1, leg. T. Kovács, D. Murányi (HNHM: PLP3809; used for drawings Figs. 49–51, 53–55). Paratypes: same locality and date: 1m (BYUC; used for drawings Figs. 86–89, 123, 131–132, 160, for molecular studies as 300988, drumming recorded as 2011/No.2), 1m (HNHM: PLP3807; terminalia prepared for SEM to Figs. 110, 116, used for molecular studies as 300987, drumming recorded as 2011/No.1, Figs. 183–184), 1f (MM).</p> <p>Description. Head, thorax, appendages and basal segments of the abdomen generotypic. Males micropterous, females macropterous. Body length: holotype 5.5 mm, male paratypes 5.5, female paratype 8.0 mm; forewing length: holotype 1.2 mm, male paratypes 1.2–1.4 mm, female paratype 7.0 mm.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs. 86–89, 123): Process of Tg 9 high and wide, its apex 1½× wider, membranous section in dorsal view 2 × wider than the medial swollen section of Ep-scl; apex perpendicularly elevated but the base slightly fold backwards; its sides are slightly sinuous, the apex broadly incised and bear two distinct horns; sides slightly indenting in caudal view, the membranous portion narrowest in the apical part (Fig. 160). Tg 10, B-scl and Lb-scl generotypic. Ep-scl wide and blunt in dorsal view, medially swollen, its medial width is nearly the same like basal width; tip straight in lateral view, divided section short. Ventral membranous part between the division of Ep-scl ends far before the base in lateral view; apical spines thin and long, distributed not only on the membranous part but extend to the Ep-scl (Figs. 110, 116, 131–132). I-scl generotypic, Ec short and contorted in the three known specimens. St 9 not projecting medially, vesicle small. Sg rounded with not so pronounced triangular shape, tip rounded. Pp, Fp, Rp and cerci generotypic.</p> <p>Female subgenital plate: Rectangular, posterior margin rounded, slightly incised and equal to the segment’s posterior margin. Antero-lateral recess distinct, the plate is entirely brown; lateral sclerites relatively large.</p> <p>Drumming: Males produce single, short monophasic calls sporadically. Within each call, beat repetition frequency is nearly constant (see Fig 190, Appendix Table 4). A call is composed of beats with nearly constant amplitude. See Figs. 168, 183–184 for the oscillographic pattern of the male drumming calls of this species. Mean values of the examined drumming call parameters for the two studied specimens (male 1, male 2): DC (ms): 157.4, 154; NBC: 6.3, 6; MBI (ms): 29.8, 30.8; air temperature (o C): 17.7, 17.4. The pattern of male-female drumming duet is presently unknown.</p> <p>Genetics: The phylogeny (Fig. 192) indicates a well-supported node for the Romanian population separated from other Zwicknia populations ranging from 2%–3%.</p> <p>Affinities. This species is morphologically distinct, and readily separated from other Zwicknia known species on the basis of swollen Ep-scl and very wide, distinctly bicornuate process of Tg 9. Females of this species are difficult to reliably separate from other Zwicknia species. The male drumming calls of this species are conspicuously different from those of Z. bifrons and Z. acuta which produce much longer calls with much slower beat repetition rate. Short call duration and fast beat repetition make the male calls of Z. kovacsi similar to the calls of Z. rupprechti. Despite the small sample of drumming calls available from Z. kovacsi our results suggest that this species produces longer calls composed of more beats, repeated more evenly and with longer inter-beat intervals, than in Z. rupprechti. Regarding its longer mean beat interval the male call of Z. kovacsi apparently is less closely similar to Rupprecht's "Capbif" drumming variant (Rupprecht 1997) than the male call of Z. rupprechti. This species is genetically distinct from the other species with 19 informative characters.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. Zwicknia kovacsi occurs only in the Rodna Mts. of the Eastern Carpathians (Figs. 196–197). There are only four additional records of Zwicknia from Romania (Kis 1974), the specimens we examined from Cluj-Napoca are Z. bifrons, and the figures of Kis (1974: Fig. 64 A–C) probably also refer to this species. Adults were collected in early April at a single, fast flowing and medium-sized mountain stream at an elevation of 930 m (Fig. 194).</p> <p>Etymology. The species is dedicated to Tibor Kovács, Gyöngyös, Hungary, in recognition of his contribution to our knowledge on the Plecoptera and other insects of the Carpathian Basin and the Balkans; furthermore, he is one of the collectors of the type series. Used as the genitive of a noun of male gender.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF23FFC21BE45E4DD16FFA3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF25FFDF1BE45D79D688F990.text	03F99336FF25FFDF1BE45D79D688F990.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zwicknia rupprechti Muranyi, Orci & Gamboa 2014	<div><p>Zwicknia rupprechti Murányi, Orci &amp; Gamboa, sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 8–9, 60, 65, 70, 73, 75, 90–93, 107, 115, 117, 122, 133–138, 157–159, 167, 179–182, 188–192, 195–197)</p> <p>Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838) —drumming signals in Rupprecht 1982 (Fig. 2c) probably refers to Z. rupprechti.</p> <p>Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838) Capbif race sensu Rupprecht 1997 — Rupprecht 1997: 94. (drumming signals, probably refers to Z. rupprechti); Enting &amp; Rupprecht 2001: 71 (clarification as not the nominal C. bifrons).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: Ep-scl wide and blunt in dorsal view, tip upcurved in lateral view; ventral membranous section nearly reach the base in lateral view, apical spines distributed only on the membranous part of the apex. Process of male Tg 9: very low, caudally projecting, &lt;1½× wider than Ep-scl, rounded and with continuously narrow sides caudally. Male drumming calls are short beat groups with 60–80 ms duration and including 4–6 percussive beats produced with a mean inter beat interval of 17–23 ms. Inter-beat intervals gradually decrease, while the amplitude of beats noticeably increase during a call. Sometimes two calls follow each other with an inter- call interval of 1.5–5.5 seconds, but generally single calls are produced sporadically. The male-female drumming duet consists of a single male call—female answer or male call—female answer—male response signal exchanges as in Figs. 188–189.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype male: HUNGARY: Baranya County, Mecsek Mts., Komló-Zobákpuszta, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.31785&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.194035" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.31785/lat 46.194035)">Völgységi Stream</a>, N 46°11.642’ E 18°19.071’, 305 m a.s.l., 09.03.201 0, leg. D. Murányi, K. M. Orci (HNHM: PLH1277; drumming recorded as duett 2010/No.6). Paratypes: same locality and date: 6m, 2m 2f larvae (HNHM: PLH1184; three male terminalias, one female and one male larva prepared for SEM, specimens used for drawings and photos Figs. 8, 70, 73, 75, 115, 135–136, 158), 1m 1f (HNHM: PLH1274; drumming recorded as 2010/No.8), 1f (HNHM: PLH1275; drumming recorded as 2010/No.2, male escaped), 1m 1f (HNHM: PLH1276; used for molecular studies as 300970, 300971, drummings recorded as 2010/No.1), 1f (HNHM: PLH1278; drumming recorded as duett 2010/ No.6, pair of the holotype), 1m 1f (HNHM: PLH1279; drumming recorded as 2010/No.5), 1m 1f (HNHM: PLH1280; drumming recorded as 2010/No.7, Figs. 179–180), 3m (BYUC), 1m 1f (HNHM: PLH1297; used for molecular studies as 300948, 300949, drummings recorded as 2010/No.3), 1m 1f (HNHM: PLH1298; used for molecular studies as 300963, 300964, drummings recorded as 2010/No.4), 1f (HNHM: PLH1299; used for molecular studies as 300967, drumming recorded as 2010/No.9); CROATIA: Krapina-Zagorje County, Ivanščica Mts., Stari Golubovec, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.049833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.175667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.049833/lat 46.175667)">Reka Stream</a> below the village, N 46°10.54’ E 16°02.99’, 345 m, 06.04.201 0, leg. L. Czigány, D. Murányi: 7m (HNHM: PLP3401; one male prepared for SEM, specimens used for drawings and photos Figs. 60, 90–93, 122, 133–134, 137–138, 157, 159), 1m 1f (HNHM: PLP3878; used for molecular studies as 300973, 300974, drummings recorded as 2010/No.2, Figs. 181–182), 1m (HNHM: PLP3879; used for molecular studies as 300968, drumming recorded as 2010/No.1), 1m (HNHM: PLP3880; drumming recorded as 2010/No.3), 2m (GVC), 2m (PZC).</p> <p>Other material—Records based on morphology: CROATIA: Krapina-Zagorje County, Ivanščica Mts., Lobor, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.083334/lat 46.15)">Reka Stream</a> above the village, N 46°09’ E 16°05’, 330 m, 01.04.200 6, leg. J. Kontschán, D. Murányi: 5m 1f (HNHM; one male terminalia prepared for SEM, used for photos Figs. 9, 107, 117); HUNGARY: Baranya County, Mecsek Mts., Komló, Hidas Valley, 360 m, 28.02.200 4, leg. D. Murányi: 3m, 1f larva (HNHM); Baranya County, Mecsek Mts., Pécs, Éger Valley, 250 m, 29.02.200 4, leg. D. Murányi: 1m 2f, 5m 6f larvae, 2m exuviae (HNHM; one female prepared for SEM Fig. 65).</p> <p>Description. Head, thorax, appendages and basal segments of the abdomen generotypic. Occipital rugosities present on teneral specimens. Males micropterous, females macropterous. Body length: holotype 6.5 mm, male paratypes 6.0–6.5, female paratypes 8.0–8.5 mm; forewing length: holotype 1.6 mm, male paratypes 1.3–2.0 mm, female paratypes 8.0–8.5 mm.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs. 90–93, 122): Process of Tg 9 very low, caudally projecting, its apex is,1½ × wider than the medial section of Ep-scl; its shape is flattened elliptical, the apex smooth, rounded; sides continuously narrow in caudal view, the membranous portion narrowest apically (Figs. 157–159). Tg 10, B-scl and Lb-scl generotypic. Ep-scl wide and blunt in dorsal view, medially not swollen, its medial width ⅔ basal width; tip upcurved in lateral view, divided section short. Ventral membranous part between the division of Ep-scl nearly reach the base in lateral view; apical spines short, distributed only on the membranous part (Figs. 107, 115, 117, 133–138). I-scl generotypic, Ec short and often partly or fully everted on the non in-copula specimens, even on tenerals (Figs. 133–138). St 9 slightly projecting medially, vesicle small to medium-sized, Fig. 91 illustrates the smallest size range. Sg rounded with pronounced triangular shape, tip usually rounded. Pp, Fp, Rp and cerci generotypic.</p> <p>Female subgenital plate (Fig. 65): Rectangular, posterior margin slightly rounded, usually slightly incised and equal to the segment`s posterior margin. Antero-lateral recess usually distinct, the plate is entirely brown; lateral sclerites relatively large.</p> <p>Drumming: Males produce generally single, monophasic calls in a sporadic pattern. Within each call inter-beat intervals decrease gradually (Fig 190, Appendix Table 3). Peak amplitude of beats generally increases along the beat sequence of a call. See Figs. 179–182 for the oscillographic pattern of the male drumming calls of this species, and also Table 8 for descriptive statistics of the examined three sonometric parameters. The male-female drumming duet consists of a single male call—female answer signal exchanges, but also male call—female answer—male response intersexual signalling can be observed (Fig. 189.) Female answer signals are monophasic beat sequences of a similar beat repetition rate as observable in the male call, but are longer and contain more beats than the male signals. For a more detailed quantitative analysis of the male-female duet pattern, recordings from more females will be necessary.</p> <p>Genetics: Two different haplotypes from southwestern Hungary and northern Croatia clustered on the same node with 1% divergence with 5 informative characters separating them. All individuals collected in Hungary and Croatia clustered together.</p> <p>Affinities. The relationship of Z. rupprechti to Z. bifrons is discussed above. In addition, Z. rupprechti males are easily distinguishable from other Zwicknia on the basis of upcurved Ep-scl tip and low, caudally projecting process of Tg 9. Females cannot be distinguished from other species of the genus as are larvae morphologically indistinguishable. The male drumming calls of Z. rupprechti are of short duration and have a fast beat repetition, differing from those of Z. bifrons and Z. acuta, but similar to the calls of Z. kovacsi. Distinctive characters of the male calls of Z. rupprechti that differ from those of Z. kovacsi are shorter call durations, inter-beat intervals exhibiting a gradual decrease, and the beat peak amplitude with a characteristic increase during the beat call sequence. The calls of Z. kovacsi exhibit less of a change in those signal parameters during a call. With their short mean inter-beat intervals the calls of Z. rupprechti are closer to Rupprecht's "Capbif" call variant than the slightly slower calls of Z. kovacsi, which stand a little farther form "Capbif". However, regarding the number of beats per call, it is Z. kovacsi that is closer to "Capbif" (compare our results to the "Capbif" drumming data in Rupprecht 1997). Male call differences are minor and to examine their significance in female mate choice will require additional studies including play-back experiments. However, the male terminalia of Z. rupprechti is similar to populations producing "Capbif" type signals and Z. kovacsi exhibits clear distinctive features from them. Zwicknia rupprechti differs from other species of the genus by 8% genetic divergence with 17 informative characters.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. Zwicknia rupprechti occurs in southwestern Hungary and northern Croatia (Figs. 196–197). Populations from the southern Alps have similar drumming signals (Rupprecht 1997), but are not considered to be this species because of the close similarities of the drumming calls with those of Z. kovacsi. Adults of Z. rupprechti are active from March to early April and are associated with slow or moderately fast, mediumsized streams flowing through alder (Alnus glutinosa) forests between 250 and 350 m (Fig. 195).</p> <p>Etymology. The species is dedicated to Dr. Rainer Rupprecht, Mainz, Germany, in recognition of his primary contribution to our knowledge on Plecoptera drumming calls; furthermore, he recognized the distinctiveness of the present drumming type. Used as the genitive of a noun of male gender.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF25FFDF1BE45D79D688F990	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF38FFDD1BE45DE3D456FBF3.text	03F99336FF38FFDD1BE45DE3D456FBF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zwicknia sevanica (Zhiltzova 1964) Murányi & Gamboa & Orci 2014	<div><p>Zwicknia sevanica (Zhiltzova, 1964) comb. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 61, 94–97, 111, 118, 124, 144–145, 161–162, 196)</p> <p>Capnia sevanica Zhiltzova, 1964 — Zhiltzova 1964: 356. (original description of the adult); Zwick 1971: 252. (first record for Turkey).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: Ep-scl narrow and pointed in dorsal view, tip straight in lateral view; ventral membranous section nearly reach the base in lateral view, apical spines short, distributed also on the apex of Ep-scl. Process of male Tg 9: high, perpendicularly elevated, 2× wider than Ep-scl, rounded and with continuous narrow sides caudally.</p> <p>dorsal view; 95: ventral view; 96: lateral view; 97: caudal view—scale 1 mm.</p> <p>Material examined. TURKEY: Ankara Province, Akyarma Pass, 1300–1400 m, 30.03.197 7, leg. R. Kinzelbach, det. P. Zwick: 27m 3f, 3m 19f larvae (PZC; used for drawings Figs. 94–97, 124, 144–145, 161–162; one entire male and one male terminalia prepared for SEM to Figs. 111, 118), 3m 2f, 2f larvae (BYUC).</p> <p>Description. Head, thorax, appendages and basal segments of the abdomen generotypic. Males micropterous, females macropterous. Dimensions of the presently examined specimens: body length: males 5.0–6.0, females 7.5–9.0 mm; forewing length: males 0.5 mm, females 8.0–9.5 mm.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs. 94–97, 124): Process of Tg 9 high, perpendicularly elevated, its apex is slightly wider than the medial section of Ep-scl; its shape is rounded, the apex smooth; sides constantly narrow in caudal view, the membranous portion narrowest in the apical part (Figs. 161–162). Tg 10, B-scl and Lb-scl generotypic. Ep-scl narrow and pointed in dorsal view, medially not swollen, its medial width is the half or the third of basal width; tip straight in lateral view, divided section moderately long. Ventral membranous part between the division of Ep-scl nearly reach the base in lateral view; apical spines short, distributed not only on the membranous part but extend to the Ep-scl (Figs. 111, 118, 144–145). I-scl generotypic, Ec long and contorted on the available specimens. St 9 not projecting medially, vesicle large but can be vestigial. Sg rounded with not so pronounced triangular shape, tip rounded. Pp, Fp, Rp and cerci generotypic.</p> <p>Female subgenital plate: Rectangular, posterior margin rounded and slightly incised, equal to the segment`s posterior margin. Antero-lateral recess indistinct, plate entirely brown; lateral sclerites relatively small (see Zhiltzova 1964, Fig. 19, repeated as Fig. 577 in Zhiltzova 2003).</p> <p>Affinities. This species is closely related to Z. tuberculata and Z. turkestanica, but the males differ with having a straight Ep-scl tip instead of slightly downcurved tip. From other species of the genus, males are easily distinguishable by high, but rounded Tg 9 process. As with most other females of the genus, separation is difficult with any certainty and the larvae are morphologically indistinguishable.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. The species was described from Armenia, later reported from the Central Pontic Mts. of northern Anatolia (Fig. 196). Adults are active from March to May at high mountain streams, between 1,500 and 2,200 m.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF38FFDD1BE45DE3D456FBF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF3AFFDB1BE45FC1D6FEFCDA.text	03F99336FF3AFFDB1BE45FC1D6FEFCDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zwicknia tuberculata (Zhiltzova 1964) Murányi & Gamboa & Orci 2014	<div><p>Zwicknia tuberculata (Zhiltzova, 1964) comb. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 57, 98–101, 112, 125, 146, 163, 196)</p> <p>Capnia tuberculata Zhiltzova, 1964 — Zhiltzova 1964: 359. (description of the adult); Zwick 1975: 391. (first record for Turkey).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: Ep-scl narrow and pointed in dorsal view, long, tip slightly downcurved in lateral view, membranous part long; ventral membranous section reach the base in lateral view, apical spines long, a few spines distributed also on the apex of Ep-scl. Process of male Tg 9: high, slightly folded backwards, &lt;2× wider than Epscl, rounded and with constantly narrow sides caudally. Female Sg: vaginal complex dark, transparent through the Sg.</p> <p>Material examined. KAZAKHSTAN: Jambyl Province, Karatau Mts., Bajaldyrtal, 22– 28.04.1970, leg. F. Klima, det. P. Zwick: 2m 5f (PZC; used for drawings Figs. 57, 98–101, 125, 146, 163; one male terminalia prepared for SEM Fig. 112).</p> <p>Description. Head, thorax, appendages and basal segments of the abdomen generotypic. Males and females macropterous. Dimensions of the presently examined specimens: body length: males 6.0–6.5, females 7.5–9.0 mm; forewing length: males 5.5–6.0 mm, females 7.0–8.5 mm.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs. 98–101, 125): Process of Tg 9 high, slightly fold backwards, its apex is about 1½× wider than the medial section of Ep-scl; rounded in shape, apex smooth; sides continuously narrow in caudal view, membranous portion narrowest apically (Fig. 163). Tg 10, B-scl and Lb-scl generotypic. Ep-scl narrow and acute in dorsal view, medially not swollen, width medially &lt;½ of basal width; tip slightly downcurved in lateral view, divided section long. Ventral membranous part between the division of Ep-scl reaching base in lateral view; apical spines long, distributed not only on the membranous portion but spines extending to the Ep-scl (Figs. 112, 146). Iscl generotypic, Ec long and contorted on the available specimens. St 9 not projecting medially, vesicle vestigial. Sg wide and rounded with not so pronounced triangular shape, tip rounded. Pp, Fp, Rp and cerci generotypic.</p> <p>Female subgenital plate: Rectangular, posterior margin nearly linear and sometimes slightly incised, equal to the segment`s posterior margin. Antero-lateral recess indistinct, the plate brown with darker longitudinal median lines caused by transparency of the unusually dark vaginal complex; lateral sclerites small (see Zhiltzova 1964: Fig. 28, repeated as Fig. 581 in Zhiltzova 2003).</p> <p>Affinities. The relationship of Z. tuberculata with Z. sevanica is discussed above. The species is apparently nearer to Z. turkestanica, but the males differ by having a more robust Ep-scl and Tg 9 process that is slightly fold backwards instead of perpendicularly elevated. In addition to the above species, males of Z. tuberculata are easily distinguishable from other Zwicknia by the high, but rounded process of Tg 9. Unlike other Zwicknia species, the females are also distinct with their dark vaginal complex, transparent through the Sg. The larva is unknown.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. The species was described from Armenia, known also from the Russian part of the Caucasus, Georgia and the Pontic Mts. of northern Anatolia, and herein reported from Kazakhstan (Fig. 196). Adults are active from April to August but mostly in May near brooks to small rivers of mountainous areas between 1,000 and 2,000m.</p> <p>Remarks. The two males and five females listed above are morphologically agree with the original description of Z. tuberculata, especially in regard to the distinctive female, despite that this material is geographically far outside the known range of this species. However, drumming calls of the Asian Zwicknia species are unknown and no fresh material is available for molecular studies. Their identification is presently based only on morphological characters and was not confirmed with drumming and molecular studies.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF3AFFDB1BE45FC1D6FEFCDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF3CFFDB1BE4580FD6A6F83F.text	03F99336FF3CFFDB1BE4580FD6A6F83F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zwicknia turkestanica subsp. turkestanica turkestanica (Kimmins 1950	<div><p>Zwicknia turkestanica turkestanica (Kimmins, 1950) comb. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 102–105, 113, 126, 147, 164, 196)</p> <p>Capnia nigra (Pictet, 1833) — Morton 1896: 60. (Fig. 3 on Plate 2 refers to the holotype of Z. turkestanica).</p> <p>Capnia turkestanica Kimmins, 1950 — Kimmins 1950a: 187. (original description of the adult); Zhiltzova 1969: 603. (complementary description and comparison with Z. tuberculata); Zhiltzova 2003: 349. (complementary description).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Male epiproct: Ep-scl narrow and acute in dorsal view, short, tip slightly downcurved in lateral view, membranous portion long; ventral membranous section reaching base in lateral view, apical spines long, distributed also on the apex of Ep-scl. Process of male Tg 9: high, perpendicularly elevated, &lt;2× wider than Ep-scl, rounded and with continuously narrow sides caudally.</p> <p>Material examined. KAZAKHSTAN: East Kazakhstan Province, Tarbagatai Mts., River Ayagos 270km SW of Öskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), 05.04.200 3, leg., det. V. I. Devyatkov: 6m 6f (PZC; used for drawings Figs. 102–105, 126, 147, 164; one male terminalia prepared for SEM to Fig. 113).</p> <p>Description. Head, thorax, appendages and basal segments of the abdomen generotypic. Males micropterous or macropterous, females macropterous. Dimensions of the presently examined specimens: body length: males 5.5–6.5, females 6.0–7.5 mm; forewing length: males 1.0–6.0 mm, females 6.5–7.5 mm.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs. 102–105, 126): Process of Tg 9 high, perpendicularly elevated, apex is &lt;2× wider than the medial section of Ep-scl; its shape is rounded, the apex smooth; sides continuously narrow in caudal view, the membranous portion narrowest apically (Fig. 164). Tg 10, B-scl and Lb-scl generotypic. Ep-scl narrow and acute in dorsal view, short, medially not swollen, its medial width is ~½ of basal width; tip slightly downcurved in lateral view, divided section long. Ventral membranous portion between the division of Ep-scl reaching base in lateral view; apical spines moderatelly long, extending to the Ep-scl (Figs. 113, 147). I-scl generotypic, Ec long and contorted on the available specimens. St 9 not projecting medially, vesicle vestigial. Sg wide and rounded not as pronounced triangular shape, tip rounded. Pp, Fp, Rp and cerci generotypic.</p> <p>Female subgenital plate: Rectangular, posterior margin rounded, equal to the segment`s posterior margin. Antero-lateral recess distinct, the plate brown, sometimes with paler lateral areas; lateral sclerites small (see Zhiltzova 2003: Fig. 585).</p> <p>Affinities. The relationship of Z. turkestanica with closely related Z. tuberculata and Z. sevanica is discussed above. Males are easily distinguishable from all other Zwicknia species by high, but rounded process of Tg 9. Females are difficult to distinguish from other species of the genus. The larva is unknown.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology. The species was described from a single male from`Turkestan` without exact locality. It is known from Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan (Fig. 196). Adults apparently are active from March to April associated with mountain streams as high as 2,400 m.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF3CFFDB1BE4580FD6A6F83F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF3EFFD91BE45F86D7F8F97A.text	03F99336FF3EFFD91BE45F86D7F8F97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zwicknia turkestanica subsp. brevicula (Berthelemy & Dia 1982)	<div><p>Zwicknia turkestanica brevicula (Berthélemy &amp; Dia, 1982) comb. n.</p> <p>(Fig. 196)</p> <p>Capnia turkestanica brevicula Berthélemy &amp; Dia, 1982 — Berthélemy &amp; Dia 1982: 210. (original description of the adult and the larva).</p> <p>This subspecies was described from Lebanon, tentatively considered as a subspecies of Z. turkestanica. Berthélemy &amp; Dia (1982) indicated that this form was related to Z. tuberculata. Microptery of specimens was used as the distinguishing character separating from the nominate Z. t. turkestanica. However, the studied Kazakh specimens of the nominate form included both micropterous and macropterous individuals, similar to Asian Zwicknia, drumming and molecular studies of topotype series would be needed to clarify the status of this taxon.</p> <p>Notes on further taxa attributed to Zwicknia</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF3EFFD91BE45F86D7F8F97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF3EFFD81BE45D97D1BAFF0E.text	03F99336FF3EFFD81BE45D97D1BAFF0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capnia dusmeti Navas 1917	<div><p>Capnia dusmeti Navás, 1917</p> <p>Capnia dusmeti Navás, 1917 — Navás 1917: 396. (original description of the adult).</p> <p>Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838) — Aubert 1952: 247. (synonymy of Capnia dusmeti Navás, 1917 with Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838)).</p> <p>This species was described on the basis of a female from Spain. The type specimen is lost, however, it was synonymized with Z. bifrons on the basis of the original description (Aubert 1952). As the drumming signals of</p> <p>several Iberian populations differ from that of Z. bifrons (Rupprecht 1997), their conspecifity cannot be confirmed. Capnia dusmeti is regarded as a nomen dubium instead of a junior synonym of Z. bifrons.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF3EFFD81BE45D97D1BAFF0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF3FFFD81BE459ADD717FBDF.text	03F99336FF3FFFD81BE459ADD717FBDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capnia bifrons (Newman 1838) Capnor	<div><p>Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838) drumming types sensu Rupprecht 1997</p> <p>In addition to drumming signals of the real Z. bifrons (under the name Capnor) and the type of Z. rupprechti and Z. kovacsi (under the name Capbif), Rupprecht (1997) described further four mating call types from Western Europe that are undoubtedly refer to undescribed species. In the PZC material we find morphologically distinct specimens from the Jura Mts., Dr. Gilles Vinçon informed us about another distinct form found in the French Massif Central. These are possibly referred to by Rupprecht’s drumming types. Further comparative studies will be needed to establish the identity of these forms.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF3FFFD81BE459ADD717FBDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
03F99336FF3FFFD81BE45A59D73AFD75.text	03F99336FF3FFFD81BE45A59D73AFD75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capnia quadrangularis Aubert 1946	<div><p>Capnia quadrangularis Aubert, 1946</p> <p>Capnia quadrangularis Aubert, 1946 — Aubert 1946: 22. (nomen novum for Capnia nigra sensu Morton 1896, and complementary description of the larva).</p> <p>Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838) — Kimmins 1947: 261. (synonymy of Capnia quadrangularis Aubert, 1946 with Capnia bifrons (Newman, 1838).</p> <p>This name was given as a nomen novum for C. nigra sensu Morton 1896. Unfortunatelly, a type was not designated. Morton (1896) referred to British, Austrian, Czech, and Turkestan specimens without further specification. He provided an illustration of a Scottish (obviously Z. bifrons) and of a Turkestan specimen (the later holotype of Z. turkestanica). Thus, the name C. quadrangularis cannot be attributed to a certain species and must be regarded as a nomen dubium.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F99336FF3FFFD81BE45A59D73AFD75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Murányi, Dávid;Gamboa, Maribet;Orci, Kirill Márk	Murányi, Dávid, Gamboa, Maribet, Orci, Kirill Márk (2014): Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812 (1): 1-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1
