taxonID	type	description	language	source
B935593EC705FE3C9BC7F97EFD737C9F.taxon	description	(Figs. 3 – 5) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 51 B 08247 - C 1 BD- 4791 - 93 AD-A 66 A 86 D 865 A 8	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC705FE3C9BC7F97EFD737C9F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: 1 male [Voucher No: Mon _ 03], CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Shigatse Municipal, Zhongba County, Taro Co, 31 ° 6 ' 4.1 '' N, 84 ° 1 ' 12 '' E, alt. 4567 m, 28. viii. 2020, hand net, H. Q. Tang. Paratypes: 1 female [Voucher No: Mon _ 04] as previous, 2 males [Voucher No: Mon _ 05, Mon _ 06], CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Shigatse Municipal, Zhongba County, Ngangla Ringco, 31 ° 33 ' 35.9 '' N, 84 ° 05 ' 25.6 '' E, alt. 4716 m, 30. viii. 2020, draft net; 2 males, 2 P / m, 2 Pe / Le, [Voucher No: TB _ 81, NM _ 01, NM _ 02], CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Dangxiong County, Namco, 31 ° 47 ' 54.6 '' N, 90 ° 57 ' 4.9 '' E, alt. 4724 m, 09. ix. 2019, drift net, W. Han.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC705FE3C9BC7F97EFD737C9F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. secund-, from Latin, means second, following; tibetica refers to the type locality. The epithet suggests it was the second Monodiamesa species found in Tibet, but also alludes to its discovery during the Second Expedition Program of Tibetan Plateau. Diagnostic characters. Adult male. AR 2.65 – 2.88, clypeus with 2 – 5 setae; subapex of gonostylus expanded; length of apical spine of MVo great longer than the basal sclerotized pedestal. Adult female. AR 0.50 – 0.56, clypeus with 4 – 6 setae. Gonocoxapodeme curved smoothly, S VIII with some short setae (30 – 40 μm) arising from the small pale pits (diameter 10 – 15 μm). Gonocoxite IX relative stout, inner lateral margin partial fused with S IX. T IX with 8 – 14 setae on each ovate protrusion. Pupa. Prealar tubercle weakly sclerotized, with distinct numerous wrinkles on the pale-yellow surface. Male genital sac seldom extending the distal margin of anal lobe. Larva. Mentum slope less steep, pigmentation of median mentum teeth similar to the lateral teeth; insertion of two genal setae relatively distant from the ventromental plate. Male (n = 4, Fig. 3). Total length, 5.80 – 6.75, 6.18 mm. Wing length, 3.20 – 3.85, 3.45 mm; wing width, 0.92 – 1.05, 0.96 mm. Colour. Generally brown to dark brown, antenna with dark scape and yellow to brown flagellum. Thorax general dark brown, with imperceptible dark vittae, scutellum and pleurae yellow to brown. Haltere pale yellow. Legs yellow except for coxa, trochanter and joint parts of each segment. Wing bright glassy, without smokey punctation. Abdomen tergite general dark brown, sternite brown with longitudinally median brown patches in S I – V. Head. Eyes bare, extending parallel-sided dorsomedial with truncated terminals, separated by 6 x its terminal width. Flagellomere 1 – 12, 400 μm (2); flagellomere 13, 1000 – 1150 μm (2); AR 2.65 – 2.88 (2). Palpomere 1 – 5 lengths (in μm): 75 – 100, 83; 80; 160 – 210, 188; 150 – 180, 165; 210 – 250, 234; the fourth palp shorter than the adjacent two segments, Palp 4 / Palp 3, 0.83 – 0.94, 0.88. Temporals 11 – 15, 12. Clypeus (Fig. 3 B) with 2 – 5, 4 setae. Thorax. Humeral pit distinct. Dorsocentrals 14 – 17, 15, uniserial. Antepronotals 5 – 7. Scutellum with 16 – 18 setae, fairly two rows. Prealars 5 – 7, 6 in a straight line. Wing. Anal lobe developed, projected basally. Squama with 41 – 51, 45 (3) setae, partly biserial. Crossvein MCu longer than oblique RM and its distance to RM and FCu; RM 80 – 100, 93 μm long; MCu 100 – 150,133 μm long; RM / MCu, 0.67 – 0.80, 0.71. Legs. Fore tibia with one spur, 85 – 100, 95 μm long; spurs of middle tibia subequal, 50 – 70, 66 μm long; spurs of hind tibia unequal, 63 – 75, 68 μm (3) and 90 – 100, 97 μm (3) respectively, the long spine with side teeth in basal 1 / 3. Hind tibial comb with 11 – 14, 13 long spines, arranged in V-shape. Ta 1 and Ta 2 in the mid- and hind legs each with 2 subequal pseudospurs subapically, 33 – 40, 36 μm. LR 1, 0.77 – 0.82, 0.80 (3); LR 2, 0.45 – 0.47, 0.46; LR 3, 0.56 – 0.61, 0.58. BV 1, 2.38 – 2.65, 2.48 (3); BV 2, 2.83 – 3.03, 2.91; BV 3, 2.48 – 2.72, 2.56. BR 1, 3.0 – 3.8 (2); BR 2, 3.2 – 3.5 (2); BR 3, 4.0 – 4.5 (2). Abdomen. Distinctly setiferous in general appearance, covering near total surface but particular dense laterally. Anterolateral corner of tergite I with hairy pale oval. T I – VIII with dense setae, subquadrate in general. S I – V with V-shape muscle marks. Hypopygium. (Figs. 3 A, 3 E, 3 F) T IX with 8 – 13, 10 setae at each posterolateral corner. Anal point triangular shape, each side with 5 – 7 setae. Gonocoxite 325 – 350, 330 μm long, inner margin with 6 – 9 distinct setae, 50 – 65 μm long. Superior volsella foot-shaped, dorsal surface with inward-oriented macrotrichiae. Inferior volsella with stout neck gradually broad to scallop-like apical part, subequal to ends of superior volsella; both surfaces of apical part with numerous radially arranged macrotrichiae and 5 – 7 prominent setae only at dorsal surface. Median volsella (Fig. 3 C) with cylindrical base, 8 – 10, 8.7 μm wide, 16.8 – 25.0, 20.7 μm long and flexural digitus, 51 – 72, 66.8 μm long. Basal median lobe (Fig. 3 D) developed, trapezoid-shaped, near inner margin with 1 or 2 tubercular setae, 35 – 45, 40 μm long. Gonostylus expanded subapically, 145 – 150, 198 μm long, 50 μm wide at subapex; megaseta prominent, 11.2 – 16.0, 14.4 μm long, with two subapical stiff setae. HR, 2.00 – 2.33, 2.21. HV, 3.87 – 4.13, 4.15. Female. (n = 3, Fig. 4) Total length 4.15 – 5.70, 5.45 mm. Wing length 3.65 – 3.75, 3.70 mm, width 0.80 – 0.85, 0.82 mm. Colour. Thorax generally yellowish brown, three vittae distinctly separated from the ground color. Scutellum and pleurae light yellow. All legs uniformly brown. Abdomen with similar color pattern as adult male. Spermatheca dark brown. Head. Eyes extending dorsomedially, ending in wedge-shaped terminals, separated by 8 – 9 x its terminal width. Antenna (Fig. 4 B) 6 - segmented, last flagellomere 195 – 230, 220 μm. AR 0.50 – 0.56, 0.54. Temporals 5 – 7, 6, clypeals 4 – 6, 5. Palpomere 1 – 5 lengths (in μm): 45 – 50; 65 – 80; 130 – 155; 125 – 100; 220 – 240 (n = 2), palp 4 shorter than the neighboring segments. Thorax. Antepronotals 8 – 10, 7. Dorsocentrals 9 – 13, 11, in a single row. Scutellars 15 – 21, 19, arranged in three rows. Prealars 5 – 7, 6. Wing. Squama with 40 – 51, 43 setae, robust biserial. Crossvein MCu longer than oblique RM and its distance to RM and FCu; RM 140 μm long; MCu 160 μm long; RM / MCu 0.88. Legs. Fore tibia with one spur, 65 – 80, 76 μm long; spurs in middle tibia subequal, 50 – 70, 63 μm long; spurs in hind tibia unequal in length, 90 – 100, 95 μm and 60 – 65, 63 μm, respectively. Hind tibial comb with 9 – 12, 11 long spines, lateral spines distinctly longer than the middle one, concave medially in a V shape. Two pseudospurs on apical part of each Ta 1 and Ta 2 of mid- and hind legs 25 – 30, 28 μm long. LR 1, 0.72 – 0.73 (2); LR 2, 0.43 – 0.44 (2); LR 3, 0.56 – 0.60 (2). BV 1, 2.46 – 2.74 (2); BV 2, 3.00 – 3.10 (2); BV 3, 2.70 – 2.72 (2). SV 1, 2.47 – 2.56 (2); SV 2, 4.36 – 4.42 (2); SV 3, 3.09 – 3.29 (2). BR 1, 2.14 (1); BR 2, 1.7 (1); BR 3, 1.67 (1). Genitalia (Figs. 4 A, E). S VIII (Fig. 4 C) with some short setae (30 – 65 μm) arising from the small pale pits (diameter 10 – 15 μm) on each side. Gonocoxite IX relative stout, laterally fused to the S IX, with 6 – 8, 7 setae. Gonocoxapodeme curved smoothly. Notum 100 – 120, 116 μm long, distinctly shorter than the rami, unsclerotized. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 4 D) relative slender with inward-oriented setae, expanded medially; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 4 D) stout, with a few anteriomedian oriented long setae. Apodeme lobe (Fig. 4 D) rod-like, with slightly expanded round apex, apparently bare. Labium bare. Three oval spermatheca, 75 – 90, 85 μm long at the long axis. Postgenital plate indistinct U-shaped. T IX with 10 – 15, 12 setae on each ovate protrusion. Pupa (n = 2, Figs. 5 A – D) Total length (Fig. 5 A) 7.2 – 8.1 mm, abdomen length 5.3 – 6.1 mm. Coloration general yellow to light brown. Cephalothorax. Cephalic tubercles and frontal setae absent. Median suture with heavy granulations. Basal ring oval, thoracic horn (Fig. 5 C) 850 – 1000 μm long and 420 – 520 μm wide. Accessory respiration organ with four main tubular-shaped basal branches. Antepronotals with two median and two lateral setae, subequal in length, 120 – 150 μm long. Precorneal with two well-developed and one reduced seta, 100 – 140 μm for the two long and 60 – 75 μm for the latter. Prealars 80 – 110 μm long. Dc 1 and Dc 2 separated, gap between Dc 1 and Dc 2 110 – 200 μm; posterior two dorsocentrals grouped together, length of Dc 1 – 4 (in μm): 80 – 90; 50 – 60; 50 – 60; 35 – 50, the distance between Dc 2 and Dc 3 150 – 230 μm. Abdomen. T I bare. T II – V with extensive spinulations, delimited into subquadrate to trapezoidal in general. Anterior band distinct only T II, median and posterior patches fused r. Spinulations on T VI – VII hour-glass to T-shaped, T VIII with paired anterolateral patches. Spinous pedes spurii B on segment II well developed, pedes spuria A on S IV – VIII. Segments VII – VIII with 4 lateral taeniae, the insertion of terminal taeniae extremely orolateral. Anal lobe 450 – 475, 465 μm high, 550 – 600, 555 μm wide, with 55 – 61 fringe setae, single row in basal 2 / 3, and multi-serial in the distal 1 / 3. Male genital sac distally bended inward (Figs. 5 B, D), seldom extending the distal margin of anal lobe. Larva (n = 2, Figs. 5 E – I) Larval exuviae ca. 7.5 – 8.8 mm. Head capsule 525 – 700 μm long, 400 – 500 μm wide, cephalic index 1.31 – 1.56. Head (Fig. 5 E) generally yellowish in color, apical mandible and mentum dark brown. Posterior occipital margin pale brown. Antenna (Fig. 5 I) with 4 segments, each segment length (μm): 50 – 63; 17 – 24; 1.5 – 2.0; 3.0 – 4.0. AR 1.83 – 2.50. Basal segments 2.20 – 2.78 times as long as width, with one ring organ in the middle and two sense pits in basal 1 / 5 and apical 1 / 3 (just above the ring organ) respectively. Blade 22 – 28 μm long, extending beyond the third segment. SI serrate, with 5 – 6 branches. Labral lamella separately medially, each side with 18 – 24 teeth. Premandible simple, 90 – 100 μm long, brush absent. Mandible (Fig. 5 G) 144 – 170 μm long, apical teeth 35 – 40 μm long, clearly longer than the combined width of three inner teeth. Seta subdentalis small, 8 – 10 μm long, slightly extending the inner most teeth. Seta interna with 7 – 8 nearly simple branches, 40 – 65 μm long. Mentum (Fig. 5 H) somewhat squat, 150 – 160 μm wide in basal, clearly larger than its height (100 – 115 μm). Median teeth with a shallow notch, pale brown in color, 45 – 50 μm wide, MR 0.30 – 0.33. Six pairs of lateral teeth uniformly decreasing in size from top to lateral. Ventromental plate (Fig. 5 F) 16 – 20 μm wide in basal curved section, with 3 – 5 weak beard in the extremely oral corner. Two large genal setae 18 – 24 μm away from the outer margin of ventromental plate. Postmentum 260 – 300 μm long, distance between setae submenti 55 – 75 μm long. Body. Procercus 85 – 100 μm long, with 8 anal setae, 550 – 720 μm long. One pair of small basal setae (one strong, one short) in subapex of procercus. Unequal two supraanal setae on each side, the longer 450 – 530 μm long, the shorter 280 – 320 μm long. Anal tubes seldom extending beyond the terminals of posterior parapods.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC705FE3C9BC7F97EFD737C9F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China Tibet.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC705FE3C9BC7F97EFD737C9F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The male adult of M. secundibetica sp. n. is unique among all previously described Monodiamesa species in the combination of few clypeal setae, smooth inner margin of superior volsella and expanded subapex of gonostylus. Though clypeal setae can be reduced in some Nearctic species (Saether, 1973), its occurrence with the two latter characters have not been observed in any known species. The female adult is hard to separate from worldwide congeners since most females lack detailed description, but the widely separated eyes, plus some short setae arising from S VIII distinguish from other Eastern Palaearctic species. Immature stages can be separated tentatively from others following the diagnosis, however, there is no guarantee of reliability when more larvae and pupae are reported since these species show much similarity.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC70CFE399BC7FD9DFA287E87.taxon	description	(Figs. 6 – 8) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 749541 C 3 - C 142 - 4431 - B 253 - 7 A 7 EAB 508 ED 1	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC70CFE399BC7FD9DFA287E87.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: 1 male, Pe / L, [Voucher No.: TB _ 53], CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Nagqu Prefecture, Shenzha County, Gyaring Co, 30 ° 58 ' 42.3 '' N, 88 ° 28 ' 42.4 '' E, alt. 4649 m, 29. viii. 2019, draft net, W. Han. Paratypes: 1 female, [Voucher No.: TB _ 54], as previous; 2 males [Voucher No.: Mon _ 01, Mon _ 02], 1 P / m, 1 P / f, 3 Pe / 2 Le, Tibet, Ngari Prefecture, Geji County, Yagi Township, Yare Township, Wamo Zangbo, 31 ° 29 ' 57.6 '' N, 82 ° 21 ' 13.2 '' E, alt. 4816 m, 01. ix. 2020, draft net, W. Han; 8 Pe, CHINA: Qinghai Province, Madoi County, Zhaling Lake, 35 °. 0 ' 29.1 '' N, 97 °. 12 ' 56 '' E, 4330 m, 24. viii. 2015, J. Liu; 2 Pe, Tibet, Chamdo Prefecture, Baxoi County, Rakwa Tso, 29 ° 29 ' 58 '' N, 96 ° 44 ' 1.2 '' E, alt. 3920 m, 10. vii. 2014, J. Liu.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC70CFE399BC7FD9DFA287E87.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Bon-, refers to the native religious tradition of Tibet; - alpi, refers to ‘ of high mountain’, - cola means ‘ dweller, inhabitant’. The combination of ‘ bonalpicola’ means the species exists in the Tibetan high mountains and resembles the known European species M. alpicola (Brundin, 1952) Diagnostic characters. Adult male. AR 1.40 – 1.51, clypeus with 10 – 14 setae; subapex of gonostylus nearly paralleled, even circumference. Length of apical spine of MVo subequal to the basal-sclerotized pedestal. Adult female. AR 0.46 – 0.54, clypeus with 15 – 18 setae. Gonocoxapodeme straight, S VIII with reticulations, with many long setae (50 – 80 μm), arising from the large pits (diameter 20 – 30 μm). Gonocoxite IX well developed, relative slender, greatly free from the S IX. T IX with 10 – 15 setae on each round protrusion. Pupa. Prealar tubercle well-developed and strongly sclerotized, no distinct wrinkles above the red-brown surface. Male genital sac clearly extends beyond the apex of anal lobe. Larva. Median mentum teeth prominent, brown or pale brown, similar to lateral teeth; insertion of two genal setae under ventromental plate or very proximate to it. Male (n = 3, Fig. 6). Total length, 5.85 – 6.30, 6.15 mm. Wing length, 2.70 – 3.10, 2.93 mm, wing width, 0.80 – 1.00, 0.88 mm. Coloration. Mature form generally brown to dark brown, antenna with dark scape and brown flagellum. Thorax general grey brown with discernible dark vittae, scutellum and postnotum dark brown, halter yellowish brown. In some premature and teneral forms, the pleurae and scutellum bright yellow. Legs generally yellow. Wing bright glassy, crossveins slightly darker than other veins. Abdomen tergite general dark brown, sternite somewhat pale yellow, with some π-shaped brown ornaments in anterior ¾ of S VI – VIII and longitudinally median brown patch in S I – V. Head. Eyes bare, extending parallel-sided ending in truncated terminals, separated by 5 x their terminal width. Flagellomere 1 – 12, 450 – 550, 500 μm; flagellomere 13, 700 – 760, 720 μm; AR 1.38 – 1.56, 1.45. Palpomere 1 – 5 lengths (in μm): 35 – 50, 40; 60 – 65, 63; 150 – 200, 175; 125 – 150, 141; 200 – 225, 213; the fourth palp shorter than the adjacent two segments, palp 4 / palp 3, 0.75 – 0.86, 0.81. Temporals 7 – 10, 8. Clypeus with 10 – 14, 12 setae. Thorax. Humeral pit distinct. Dorsocentrals 7 – 9, 8 in a single row, with 4 – 5 additional small light pits. Prealars 3 – 5, 4. Scutellum with 14 – 18, 16 setae, fairly two rows. Wing. Anal lobe roundish, slightly projected. Squama with 20 – 25, 22 setae, in robust two rows. Crossvein MCu longer than oblique RM and its distance to RM and FCu; RM 80 – 100, 93 μm long; MCu 100 – 150,127 μm long; RM / MCu, 0.67 – 0.80, 0.75. Legs. Fore tibia with one straight spur, 50 μm long; middle tibia with two subequal spurs, 40 – 50 μm long; hind tibia with two spurs, 50 – 60, 53 μm long and 75 – 100, 83 μm long. Hind tibial comb (Fig. 6 C) with 8 – 12, 11 long spines, arranged in V-shape, shorten from lateral sides to middle, only presenting on the long spur side (inner side). Ta 1 and Ta 2 in the mid- and hind legs each with 2 pseudospurs subapically, 35 – 38, 36 μm long. LR 1, 0.75; LR 2, 0.44 – 0.48, 0.46; LR 3, 0.41 – 0.56, 0.51. BV 1, 2.65; BV 2, 2.97 – 3.11, 3.04; BV 3, 2.51 – 2.80, 2.64. BR 1, 3.4 – 3.6 (2); BR 2, 3.2 – 4.0, 3.67; BR 3, 4.0 – 4.44, 4.15. Abdomen. Tergite setiferous with setae nearly covering all surface, subquadrate in general. Hypopygium (Figs. 6 A, 6 D, 6 E). Tergite IX with 10 – 14 setae at each posterolateral corner. Anal point short, broad triangular, each side with 4 – 5 lateral setae. Gonocoxite 275 – 300, 292 μm long. Superior volsella foot-shaped, dorsal surface with numerous inner-oriented macrotrichiae and 6 – 8 stronger setae in apical part, inner margin with 10 – 15 larger setae. Inferior volsella racket-like, with slender neck and inflated, quite rounded apical part, both surfaces covering numerous radially arranged macrotrichiae, slightly beyond the junction of gonocoxite / gonostylus. Median volsella bearing a cylindrical pedestal (ca. 8 μm wide x ca. 40 μm long) and a flexural digitus (ca. 40 μm long). Basal median lobe (Fig. 6 B) reduced, slightly extending beyond the inner margin of gonocoxite, with 2 – 4 tubercle-based setae. Inner margin of gonocoxite with 5 – 6 ventromedial strong setae, 50 – 65 μm long. Gonostylus with slightly curved beak, 115 – 125, 120 μm long, 30 – 35 μm wide, about even thickness through the whole section; megaseta prominent, 16 – 20 μm high, with 2 subapical stiff setae. HR, 2.29 – 2.61, 2.43. HV, 4.68 (n = 1). Female (n = 1 or 2, Fig. 7). Total length 5.25 – 5.85 mm. Wing: length 3.6 mm, width 1.2 mm. Coloration. Similar to male adults except the brown spermatheca. Head. Eyes bare, dorsal extension short, with wedge-shaped terminal, separated by 4.0 – 4.5 x their terminal width. Antenna (Fig. 7 B) with 6 flagellomere, flagellomere 1 – 5, 370 – 390 μm; flagellomere 6, 175 – 200 μm; AR 0.46 – 0.54. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 40 – 45; 50 – 75; 120 – 130; 110 – 125; 200 – 250. Temporals 9 – 11. Clypeus with 15 – 18 setae. Thorax. Antepronotals 8 – 10, 8. Dorsocentrals 10 – 14, 12, in a single row. Scutellars 16 – 20, 18, arranged in 3 - 4 rows. Prealars 3 - 5, 4. Wing. Squama with 32 – 36 setae, arranged in two robust rows. Crossvein MCu longer than oblique RM and its distance to RM and FCu; RM 140 μm long; MCu 180 μm long; RM / MCu 0.78. Legs. Fore tibia spur, 40 μm long; mid tibial spurs 50 – 54 μm long; hind tibial spurs, 56 μm and 87.5 μm long, respectively. Hind tibial comb with 10 – 12 long spines. Two pseudospurs at the subapical part of Ta 1 and Ta 2 of the mid- and hind legs, 35 – 40 μm long. LR 1, 0.74; LR 2, 0.5; LR 3, 0.55. BV 1, 2.53; BV 2, 2.82; BV 3, 2.81. BR 2, 1.67. Genitalia (Figs. 7 A, C, D). S VIII without distinct oval depression, with 13 – 16 setae (50 – 80 μm long) arising from the larger pale pits. Coxosternapodeme nearly straight, weakly sclerotized. Notum 150 – 200 μm long, slightly shorter than the rami, pale yellow in color. Dorsomesal lobe relative slender, expanded medially; ventrolateral lobe broad, with some anteriomedian-oriented long setae. Apodeme lobe rod-like, with weak microtrichia in the round apex. Three spermatheca oval, 50 – 70 μm in the long axis. Postgenital plate triangular shaped. Cercus ship-shaped, 160 – 200 μm long. Pupa (n = 4, Figs. 8 A – D) Total length (Fig. 8 A) 6.2 – 6.9, 6.5 mm. Coloration general yellow to light brown. Cephalothorax. Cephalic tubercle and frontal seta absent. Thoracic suture with heavy granulations. Thorax horn broad ovate, 700 – 850, 825 μm long, thoracic horn ratio 2.80 – 3.15, 2.89. Accessory horn with four main tubularshaped basal branches. Antepronotal with 1 median and 2 lateral setae, 90 – 120 μm and 100 – 120 μm respectively. Precorneal with 2 well-developed and 1 reduced seta, 85 – 100 μm for the longer two setae and 40 – 50 μm for the reduced one. Prealar 1, 75 – 100 μm long, prealar tubercle well developed. Dorsocentrals grouped into 2 clusters, Dc 1 – 4 (in μm): 75 – 100; 40 – 60,51; 40 – 60, 50; 55 – 70, 63; the distance between Dc 2 and Dc 3 175 – 250, 207 μm. Abdomen. T I bare. T II – V with extensive spinulations, subquadrate to triangular in outline. Spinulations on T VI hour-glass shaped, T VII T-shaped, T VIII reduced into two patches in the anterolateral corners. Spinose pedes spurii B (Fig. 8 C) on segment II well developed, pedes spuria A on S IV – VII. Segments VII – VIII with 4 lateral taeniae, occasionally, one or two branched taeniae on segment VIII (Fig. 8 D). Anal lobe 380 – 400, 395 μm high, 450 – 560, 520 μm wide, with 58 – 65, 60 fringe setae, single row in basal 2 / 3, and muti-serials in the distal 1 / 3. Two pairs of dorsal setae, the posterior pair hidden in the fringe terminals. Male genital (Fig. 8 B) sac slightly extending the distal margin of anal lobe, 30 – 50, 46 μm. Larva (exuviae, n = 2, Figs. 8 E – G). Total length 6.5 – 7.5 mm. Head capsule 450 – 500 μm long, and 320 – 380 μm wide, cephalic index 1.32 – 1.45. Head (Fig. 8 F) yellow with dark brown apical mandible and mentum teeth. Antenna segment length (An 1 to An 4, in μm): 40 – 50; 20 – 23; 2 – 3; 4 – 5; AR 1.32 – 2.10. Length of basal segments about 2.1 – 3.0 times as long as width, a small sense pit just over the ring organ, basal setal mark absent. Blade 20 – 25 μm long, extending the apex of fourth segment, accessory blade 10 – 13 μm long, reaching the middle section of second segment. Lauterborn organ visible, inverse-fork shaped, style ca. 5 μm long, slightly longer than the Lauterborn organ. Premandible simple, 56 – 60 μm long, without brush. Mandible 120 – 130 μm long, apical teeth 25 – 30 μm long, clearly longer than the combined width of two inner teeth, the most basal inner teeth incompletely set off from the mola area. Seta subdentalis weak, 10 – 15 μm long, slightly extending the first true inner tooth; seta interna with 6 simple branches. Mentum (Fig. 8 G) 100 – 120 μm wide in basal, subequal to the height. Median teeth with a weak notch, total width 30 – 35 μm, MR 0.28 – 0.35. Ventromental plate 20 – 25 μm wide in basal curved section, posterolateral margin roundish, with 6 – 8 beard underneath the plate, seldom extending beyond the outer margin. Two large genal setae very close to the posterolateral corner of ventromental plate. Postmentum 250 – 260 μm, distance between setae submenti 50 – 60 μm. Body. Procercus (Fig. 8 E) 40 – 50 μm high, 30 – 38 μm wide, with 7 – 8 anal setae, 650 – 800 μm long, two lateral setae of procerus, 120 – 160 μm and 50 – 55 μm long respectively. Two pairs of supraanal setae, the longer one 300 – 400 μm and the shorter one 150 – 160 μm long. Posterior parapods short, 170 – 200 μm long, with lateral setae 150 – 160 μm long.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC70CFE399BC7FD9DFA287E87.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China Tibet.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC70CFE399BC7FD9DFA287E87.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The male imago of M. bonalpicola sp. n. is very close to European M. alpicola and M. ekmani. The main differences are in the AR, and particularly in the hypopygium the ratio of the length of median volsella spine / the length of pedestal. For M. bonalpicola sp. n., the AR value is clearly lower than 2.0 and with a relatively longer median volsella pedestal. For the two known species, the AR value is around 2.0 and the length of median volsella spine is almost twice as long as the pedestal (Table 2). The female and immature stages can be determined referring to the diagnostic characters, but it may be hard to separate them from its worldwide allies solely by these features.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC716FE279BC7FA50FD7B7FE7.taxon	discussion	For M. bathyphila, the most important early publication is not Kieffer (1918) but Thienemann (1919) because it provided a more detailed description according to emerged adults that emerged from mass-reared larvae in the laboratory (Martin Spies pers. comm. 2021). The male adult of European M. bathyphila is characterized by the following: AR 2.0, LR 0.80, BR 4.0 – 5.0 and the similar terminal level of two appendages. In addition, two features unmentioned in previous description were noted by Martin Spies (pers. comm. 2021) after checking the non-type materials deposited in ZSM. They are the presence of two tubercule-based setae on the basal median lobe and a weakly sclerotized boundary between the pedestal and the distal spine of MVo.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC717FE279BC7F9ADFDAE7BAF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined by Martin Spies from ZSM. 3 males (1 on slide, 2 in alcohol): CHINA: Hunan Province, Changde City, Taoyuan county, Taoyuan town. Samples (No. s 15, 17) collected at light at a hotel with ponds next to it, 01 – 02. vi. 1980, E. J. Fittkau.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC717FE279BC7FB71FCA878AB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined by Martin Spies from ZSM. 2 males, 1 P / m (more material likely in alcohol). CHINA: Jilin Province, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Antu county, a river about half-way between Songjiang Town and Erdaobaihe Town, drift net, 12. vi. 1980, E. J. Fittkau.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC717FE279BC7FD69FB7679EF.taxon	discussion	According to the key to males of Saether (1973), M. tibetica is allocated to M. nitida, and highly possibly conspecific with each other. Indeed, the two species show great similarity in aspects of long inferior volsella, concave inner margin of SVo and with the anal point bearing setae only at base (Figs. 9 A – C). However, M. tibetica could be separated from M. nitida by the lower AR value. The strange shape of IVo can be regarded as another collapsed case when mounting on a slide. We also have such an intermediate slide, with a globular subapex in the left and cylindric shape in the right. M. tibetica also show some similarity with M. bonalpicola sp. n. in aspect of low AR value, long pedestal of MVo (Fig. 9 D) and distally rounded IVo, but the former species could be distinguished by having a developed basal median lobe (Fig. 9 E) and gonostylus with concave inner margin. The synonym hypothesis between M. tibetica and M. nitida needs to be tested on the basis of more specimens, associated immature materials and molecular data.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
B935593EC717FE279BC7FD69FB7679EF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined by Xiaolong Lin from NKU. Holotype male. CHINA: Tibet, Lhoka Prefecture, Nêdong County, Zetang Town, alt. 3700 m, ZIB Tibet Expedition, 02. x. 1997, T. Solhøy and J. Skartveit.	en	Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu, Ni, Zhenyu (2021): DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 81-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5
