taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D08A30174AFFEC96C8167E80E67780.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Koeneniodes notabilis Silvestri, 1913	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A30174AFFE496C8172D872874AA.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 6, Table 1)	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A30174AFFE496C8172D872874AA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype ♀ (slide no. XZ- 2015001) (SNHM), China, Tibet, Motuo county, Dexing town. Extracted from a soil sample in broad-leaved forest, 1100 m a. s. l., 29 ° 40 ' N / 95 ° 26 ' E, 3 - XI- 2015, coll. Y. Bu.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A30174AFFE496C8172D872874AA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Frontal organ with two leaf-shaped and pointed branches, with fine reticulation; three leaf-shaped blades with reticulation in the lateral organs; 11 setae on deuto-tritosternum; 10 pairs of setae on propeltidium; 3 pairs of setae on metapeltidium; cheliceral fingers with 9 teeth each; coxae II – IV with 4 - 4 - 0 thick setae; 7 setae (grt, gla, r, 2 esp and 2 esd) on basitarsus of leg IV; opisthosomal tergite II with 7 setae (s, t 2, t 1, t, t 1, t 2, s) and tergites III – VI with eight setae (s, t 3, t 2, t 1, t 1, t 2, t 3, s); opisthosomal sternites IV – VI with two slender setae (s 1 and s 2) inserted laterally; sternite IV with 3 pairs of thicker setae (a 1, a 2 and a 3); sternites V and VI each with two pairs of thicker setae (a 1 and a 2) inserted in the middle of the segment; first lobe of female genitalia with 11 pairs of setae (a 1 and a 2 shorter than a 3 and a 4); second lobe with 3 pairs of setae: y and z thick and spiniform, x normal.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A30174AFFE496C8172D872874AA.taxon	description	Description. Body length without flagellum: 1100 μm (Figs. 1 A, B). Prosoma. Frontal organ (20 long, 12 wide) formed by two leaf-shaped branches with pointed apex and reticulation (Figs. 1 C, 3 A). Lateral organ with three leaf-shaped blades (15 long, 5 wide) with fine reticulation (Figs. 1 D, 3 B). Propeltidium with 10 + 10 setae, 20 – 26 long (Fig. 2 B). Metapeltidial setae t 1, t 2 and t 3 73, 85 and 50 long, respectively (Fig. 2 A). Labrum with 5 + 5 short setae (15 – 18). Basal segment of chelicera 175 long (dorsal length) and 83 wide, with 6 proximal setae: p 6 the thickest and densely barbed, 85; p 4 thicker than the remaining setae and densely barbed in most of its length, 55 (Figs. 1 F, 3 D); 3 distal setae well differentiated: d 3 longer (80) than d 1 (63) and d 2 (50), d 3 thick and with a sharp and barbed apex; d 2 thick and truncated apically; d 1 normal, slender and barbed (Figs. 1 E, 3 C). Hand of chelicera 240 long (without fingers) and 75 wide, with 7 setae: 4 dorsal, 2 external (1 close to articulation of movable finger and 1 on a tubercle close to the teeth of the fixed finger), and one in ventral position. Fingers with 9 feather-shaped and serrated teeth. Deuto-tritosternum with 11 setae (17 – 25 long) arranged in two rows: anterior with 5 setae and posterior with 6 setae (Fig. 1 G). Coxal chaetotaxy. Pedipalp coxa with 19 setae (Fig. 3 E); coxa I with 15 setae (including two tiny microsetae) (Fig. 3 F); coxa II with 4 thick and 10 setae (including two macrosetae) (Fig. 3 G); coxa III with 4 thick and 8 setae (including one macroseta) (Fig. 3 H) and coxa IV with 8 normal setae (thick seta absent) (Fig. 3 I). Pedipalp. tc with 9 normal setae (Fig. 4 A); fe with 8 setae (Fig. 4 B); ti with 9 setae including 6 m (Fig. 4 C); bta 1 with 2 m and 1 normal seta; bta 2 with 2 normal setae and 4 m (Fig. 4 D); ta 1 with 2 m; ta 2 with 4 m, 2 normal setae; ta 3 with 6 m, fs, r, and 15 normal setae (Fig. 4 E); claw 13 long, with short unguiculus (5) (Fig. 4 E). Leg I. tc with 13 normal setae, including two smaller setae (15 long) in proximal half (Fig. 5 A); fe with 9 normal setae (Fig. 5 B); pa with 9 normal setae and tb (Fig. 5 B); ti with 9 normal setae (Fig. 5 C); bta 1 with a normal seta, m, 2 tb, fs; bta 2 with 3 m, a normal seta, 2 tb, fs (Fig. 5 C); bta 3 with r, grt and a microseta (Fig. 5 D); bta 4 with 5 m, tb and a normal seta (Fig. 5 D); ta 1 with 3 normal, and 2 adjacent microsetae (Fig. 5 D); ta 2 with 5 m, tb and a fs (Fig. 5 D); ta 3 with 5 fs (f s 1 / fs 2 + 3 / fs 4 + 5) (branches with similar lengths), rs, 2 r, 15 m and 2 normal setae (Fig. 6 A). Legs II and III with nearly identical chaetatoxy. tc with 3 (leg II) or 2 (leg III) normal setae; fe with m and 4 normal setae; pa and ti each with a thick and 4 normal setae (Fig. 4 F); bta with 7 normal setae (Fig. 4 H); ta with r, cs and 9 normal setae (Fig. 4 H). Leg IV. tc with 3 normal setae; fe with 4 normal setae; pa with 4 normal setae; ti with a thick and 4 normal setae (Fig. 4 G); bta with grt, gla, r, 2 esp and 2 esd (Fig. 6 B); ta 1 with 5 m; ta 2 with cs and 6 normal setae. IVbta with 7 setae (grt, gla, r, 2 esp and 2 esd), 90 long, 22 wide. Seta r 1.2 times shorter than the tergal edge of segment and inserted in proximal third (dr / IVbta = 0.26); gla inserted at the same level as r, grt proximal to r and gla (Fig. 6 B). Opisthosoma. Tergite II with 7 setae (s, t 2, t 1, t, t 1, t 2, s) (t = 35, t 1 = 50, t 2 = 55, s = 45). Tergites III – VI with 4 + 4 setae, three pairs of t setae (t 1, t 2, t 3) between a pair of slender setae (s) (Fig. 2 C). Sternite III with 2 + 2 setae (20 – 22 long) (Figs. 2 D, 2 E). Sternite IV with three pairs of a setae between two pairs of slender setae (s); a 1 (35), a 2 (30), a 3 (34) short, thick and inserted in the midline of the sternite, and posterior to s setae (Fig. 2 E, 2 F); s 1 (36) and s 2 (32) long. Sternites V and VI each with two pairs of a setae between two pairs of slender setae (s): a 1 = a 2 (30) short and thick and inserted in the midline of the sternite, and proximal to the s setae; s 1 (38) and s 2 (32) long (Fig. 2 F). Segments VII – XI with 16, 15, 13, 10, and 10 setae (Fig. 2 I). Pubescence of the opisthosomal segments IX – XI evenly short and dense. Flagellum lost. Female genitalia. First lobe with 11 + 11 normal setae arranged in 5 rows: 2 + 2, 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 2 + 2 and 4 + 4 distal setae (a 1 = 27, a 2 = 28, a 3 = 42, a 4 = 37) (Fig. 2 G). Inner surface of the first lobe with a group of 4 orifices on each side and several medial orifices. Second lobe with 3 + 3 differentiated apical setae (x = 40, y = 30, z = 40), z and y thick and spiniform, x slender and normal (Fig. 2 H). Measurements (in μm) and ratios are given in Table 1.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A30174AFFE496C8172D872874AA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Tibet).	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A30174AFFE496C8172D872874AA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Tibet, where the type specimen was collected.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A30174AFFE496C8172D872874AA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Koeneniodes tibetanus sp. n. is most similar to Koeneniodes spiniger Condé, 1984. The latter species was described from a single adult female from Bamboo humus in Doï Chiang Dao and from three immatures specimens (A and B) from a forest near the Chiang Dao cave, all in Thailand (Condé 1984). Later, Condé (1992) published another adult female from the surroundings of the cave Tham Soi Yok Noi, also in Thailand. The two adult female specimens known so far are almost identical, differing only by the level of insertion of the gla seta on the basitarsus of leg IV (Condé 1984, 1992). Koeneniodes tibetanus sp. n and K. spiniger are closely related as they share several morphological characters and morphometric data. They can be distinguished from other congeneric species by the presence of two pairs of thick and spiniform setae (y and z) on the second lobe of the female genitalia, and also by the position of thick setae (a) on the opisthosomal sternites IV – VI arranged very close to each other in the ventral midline. These groups of thick setae (a) from sternites IV – VI are clearly inserted away from their normal positions (use pair of slender setae (s) as a reference) to form a medio-ventral protuberance (Fig. 2 E, F). Nevertheless, several differences between the specimens from Thailand and Tibet justify the description of a new species. Shape and arrangement of the thickened setae on opisthosomal sternites IV – VI are very similar in the two species. However, the female of K. tibetanus sp. n. has six thickened setae (a) on sternite IV (3 + 3), while the two females of K. spiniger have consistently four (2 + 2). This difference is based on all the specimens currently known, but future captures of both species will show whether or not it is relevant. Two other morphological differences are the number of cheliceral teeth (9 vs. 8) and the number of thick setae on coxae II – III (4, 4 vs. 3, 3). The number of teeth in the chelicera is very reliable. It rarely varies within a species, and it is a well conserved character even across different species. The only intraspecific variability of this character was reported for subspecies of the E. spelaea complex (Peyerimhoff, 1902) (Condé & Neuherz 1977; Condé 1956, 1972, 1984). The coxal formula has also been shown to be quite consistent within species and even within species groups, with the exception of teratological cases (e. g. Souza & Ferreira 2020) and a few possible cases of sexual dimorphism (e. g. Ferreira et al. 2011; Souza & Ferreira 2012; Bu et al. 2021, in press). Condé (1984) described the y and z setae on the second lobe of the female genitalia of K. spiniger as “ strong spines with fine pubescence, except the apex that is glabrous, slant and beak-shaped ” [translated from French]; he clearly showed these setae as robust and with pointed apex in Fig. 6 of his paper. Interestingly, Condé (1992) described these setae in the second female of K. spiniger as “ clearly bifid, the two tips are glabrous, one being shorter and more slender than the other ”, and he shows that accordingly in Fig. 11 of his work. He further noted that he had not seen that character in the female type specimen studied in 1984. Our re-examination of the female type deposited in the Natural History Museum of Geneva revealed what seemed to be a bifid x and y setae. This character is very subtle and its visibility may depend on the magnification used and also the position of the genitalia, but it seems that in both specimens of K. spiniger the x and y setae are apically bifid. Koeneniodes tibetanus sp. n., however, displays x and y setae with a simple and pointed apex. The two species differ also in the length of these setae, being longer in the news species (z = 40 vs. 32 and y = 30 vs. 27). The normal, setulose and tapering setae x are also longer in the new species (x = 40 vs. 30). The lengths of these setae are not stated in Condé (1984), but were measured in the recent study of the holotype of K. spiniger (data reported above in the comparison). When calculated from the high magnification Fig. 6 B in Condé (1984), the lengths are: z (25), y (22) and x (24). These values are smaller than our direct measurements, and much smaller than those of K. tibetanus sp. n. There have been no reports of Koeneniodes species in the last two decades until recently Bu et al. (2019) redescribed K. madecassus Remy, 1950 based on an adult female from China. This is the first species of this genus fully redescribed following modern taxonomic standards. Koeneniodes tibetanus sp. n. is the second species of Koeneniodes with a detailed morphological and morphometric description. It is important to address the gaps in knowledge in this particular genus, especially because all the other species were described in the past century.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A301742FFE496C8163680387758.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Koenenia wheeleri Börner, 1901	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A301742FFFC96C816E583A2769F.taxon	description	(Figures 7 – 12, Table 2)	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A301742FFFC96C816E583A2769F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype ♀, juvenile B (slide no. BJ- 2018001) (SNHM), China, Beijing, Fangshan District, Fozizhuang town, Xiayingshui village, Jinhua cave, 295 m a. s. l., 39 ° 48 ' N / 115 ° 54 ' E, 22 - XI- 2018, coll. Ze-Gang Feng and Chen Zhang.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A301742FFFC96C816E583A2769F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Frontal organ with two cylindrical branches with blunt apex and fine reticulation; a cluster of 18 finger-shaped blades with hexagonal reticulation in the lateral organs; 7 pairs of setae on propeltidium; 2 pairs of setae on metapeltidium; cheliceral fingers with 8 teeth each; 7 setae (grt, gla, r, 2 esp and 2 esd) on basitarsus of leg IV; primordium of the first lobe of the immature B female genitalia with four pairs of proximal setae and two pairs of shorter distal setae; second lobe with two smaller and simple rounded primordial structures without setae.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A301742FFFC96C816E583A2769F.taxon	description	Description. Body length without flagellum 2150 μm. Prosoma. Frontal organ 30 long, 6 wide, composed of two cylindrical branches with blunt apex and reticulation (Fig. 9 A). Lateral organ with 18 finger-shaped blades in a cluster (25 – 28 long, 5 wide), with fine reticulation (Figs. 7 A, B; 9 B – D). Propeltidium with 7 + 7 setae, 25 – 30 long. Metapeltidium with 2 pairs of setae (t 1 and t 2) (only insertions visible, setae lost). Labrum with 5 + 5 short setae (18 – 20 long). Basal segment of chelicera 350 long (dorsal length) and 160 wide, with 6 proximal setae (p 6 the thickest and densely barbed, 140 long; p 4 thicker than the remaining setae and densely barbed on most of its length, 115 long); p 1 = 120, p 2 = 65, p 3 = 80, p 5 = 60 long (Figs. 7 E, 9 F); 3 distal setae with similar shape and thickness, with pointed apex and tiny projections more densely arranged in distal half: d 3 longer (82) than d 1 (75) and d 2 (80) (Figs. 7 D, 9 E). Hand of chelicera, length 230 (excluding fingers) and 135 wide, with 6 slender setae: 5 dorsal and 1 ventral. Fingers with 8 teeth each (Figs. 8 A, 12 B). Deuto-tritosternum with 8 long setae (45 – 48) arranged in two rows: 3 anterior and 5 posterior (Fig. 7 C). Coxal chaetotaxy. Pedipalp coxa with 19 setae (Fig. 9 G); coxa I with 13 setae (including two tiny setae) (Fig. 9 H); coxa II with 4 thick, 8 normal and 2 macrosetae (Figs. 7 F, 10 A); coxa III with 6 thick, 8 normal and one macroseta (Figs. 8 F, 10 B); coxa IV with 4 thick and 8 normal setae (Figs. 8 F, 10 C). Pedipalp. tc with 11 normal setae (Fig. 10 D); fe with 8 normal setae (Fig. 10 E); ti with 9 normal setae (Fig. 10 F); bta 1 with 3 m; bta 2 with 3 normal setae and 3 m (Fig. 10 G); ta 1 with 2 m; ta 2 with 6 m; ta 3 with 9 m, 2 fs, r, cs, and 11 normal setae (Fig. 10 H); claw length 25 with barbed unguiculus (15) (Fig. 10 H). Leg I. tc with 13 normal setae (Fig. 11 A); fe with 9 normal setae (Fig. 11 B); pa with 10 normal setae and tb (Fig. 11 C); ti with 2 m and 8 normal setae (Fig. 11 D); bta 1 with 2 m, 2 tb and fs; bta 2 with 4 m, 2 tb and fs (Fig. 11 E); bta 3 with r, grt and a small normal seta (Fig. 11 F); bta 4 with 5 m, tb and fs (Fig. 11 F); ta 1 with r, 2 normal setae and 2 other smaller normal setae (Fig. 11 F); ta 2 with 5 m and tb (Fig. 11 F); ta 3 with 5 fs (fs 1 / fs 2 + 3 / fs 4 + 5) (all with branches with similar lengths), 11 m, cs, rs, and 8 normal setae (Fig. 11 G), claw 30 long with barbed unguiculus (15) (Fig. 11 G). Legs II and III with nearly identical chaetatoxy. tc with 3 (leg II) or 2 (leg III) normal setae; fe with 2 m and 3 normal setae; pa with 2 m and 3 normal setae; ti with 5 normal setae; bta with 7 normal setae; ta with 10 normal setae. Leg IV. tc with 3 normal setae; fe with 3 normal setae; pa and ti each with 5 normal setae; bta with grt, gla, r, 2 esp and 2 esd (Fig. 12 A); ta 1 with r and 4 normal setae; ta 2 with cs and 6 normal setae. IVbta. 205 long, 30 wide, with 7 setae (grt, gla, r, 2 esp and 2 esd) and a suture approximately in the middle of the segment. Seta r short, about 0.4 of the tergal edge of segment and inserted distally (dr / IVbta = 0.78); gla and grt inserted at the same level as esp setae, in proximal half (Fig. 12 A, Table 2). Opisthosoma. Tergite II with 7 setae: 2 pairs and a middle t setae (t 2, t 1, t, t 1, t 2) between a pair of slender setae (s). Tergites III – VI with 3 + 3 setae each: two pairs of t setae (t 1, t 2) between a pair of slender setae (s). Sternite III with 3 + 3 setae (40 – 45) (Fig. 8 B). Sternites IV – VI each with one pair of sacs and 6 pairs of setae, four l setae, one ω and one s (Figs. 7 G – J): l 1 (68 – 70), l 2 (70 – 75), l 3 (75 – 77), l 4 (70 – 73), ω (47 – 50), s (50). Segments VII – XI with 10, 10, 10, 8, and 8 setae, respectively (Figs. 8 D, E). Two dorsal setae on the intermediate ring of the flagellum are smaller than two ventral setae. Pubescence of the opisthosomal segments IX – XI evenly short and dense. Flagellum lost. Primordia of genital lobes (Juvenile stage B). First lobe with 6 + 6 setae arranged in rows: 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 2 + 2 and 2 + 2 shorter distal setae (a 1 = a 2 = 32 long) (Figs. 8 B, C). Second lobe with two rounded and rudimentary primordia without setae (Figs. 8 B, C). Measurements (in μm) and ratios are given in Table 2.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A301742FFFC96C816E583A2769F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The species is only known from the type locality — Jinhua cave (Beijing, China).	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A301742FFFC96C816E583A2769F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new species is named after the shape of the multi-lobulated lateral organs that resembles the fruit of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis, commonly known as a Buddha’s hand.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
03D08A301742FFFC96C816E583A2769F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The palpigrade captured in Jinhua cave belongs to the family Prokoeneniidae, mainly by the presence of a pair of ventral sacs on each of the opisthosomal sternites IV – VI (Condé 1996). This new species is morphologically closer to the other six species in the genus Prokoenenia than to the single species in the genus Triadokenenia, especially if compared to the congeneric species described from Asia. Furthermore, it does not share important characters with Triadokoenenia, like the absence of a frontal organ or the presence of four setae on basitarsus IV (Condé 1991). Despite being represented by an immature specimen, Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. can be readily distinguished from all other species in the genus (immatures and adults) by presenting 18 blades in the lateral organs, and a total body length of 2150 (without flagellum). The adults of P. californica Silvestri, 1913, P. asiatica, and P. celebica are the species in this genus with the most blades (5) in the lateral organs (Silvestri 1913; Condé 1994). Furthermore, all other six species of Prokoenenia have a body length ranging from 0.9 mm in the single specimen of P. chilensis (Hansen, 1901) (an immature B) to 1.69 mm in the adult female of P. celebica (Hansen 1901; Condé 1994). A comparison of the new species with the three American Prokoenenia species is difficult. They were described at the beginning of the last century, and their descriptions generally lack most characters used in modern taxonomy and a detailed description of the immature individuals. The only specimen known for P. chilensis is an immature female, but since its description is very incomplete, it is only possible to conclude that the new species and P. chilensis share the same number of deuto-tritosternal setae (8) (Hansen 1901). On the other hand, the three Prokoenenia species from Asia — P. javanica, P. asiatica, and P. celebica — were described by Bruno Condé in the 1990 s with very detailed morphological information, including the description of the immature females. Several similarities between our Chinese specimen and the immatures of the same stage of the three Asian species were found: two pairs of metapeltidial setae, seven pairs of propeltidial setae, eight teeth in the chelicerae, seven setae and the presence of a pseudo-articulation on basitarsus IV, and six pairs of setae on the primordium of the first genital lobe (four pairs of long setae in its anterior portion and two pairs of shorter setae in its posterior margin). This configuration of the genitalia corresponds to “ type 3 ” described by Condé (1984). In addition to the differences in body length and number of blades in the lateral organs, Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. can be distinguished from the immature of these three species by the chaetotaxy of the opisthosomal sternites IV – VI, the number of deuto-tritosternal setae, and the absence of a trichobothrium on IVti (Condé 1990, 1994). The immatures of P. celebica and P. javanica also differ from the new species by the presence of a single pair of t setae on tergites III – VI and II – VI (Condé 1990, 1994). In palpigrades, particularly in Eukoenenia, morphological characters and ratios were used to assess the level of troglomorphism. Ratios that reveal elongation of appendages, such as B / IVbta and IVbta / ti suggested by Condé (1996, 1998), may or may not apply to Prokoenenia species. In fact, edaphic adult Prokoenenia specimens show values similar to that of many troglobitic Eukoenenia species (B / IVbta = 1.94 – 2.5; IVbta / ti = 0.9 – 0.97) (Condé 1990, 1994). For this comparison only two species of Prokoenenia (P. asiatica, and P. javanica) were available, but more data is needed for substantial conclusions. The increased number of blades in the lateral organs, as well as the large body size indicate that this new species is the first undoubtedly cave-adapted Prokoenenia. In fact, Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. exhibits the highest number of lateral organ blades ever recorded — all the more remarkable as the specimen is an immature. The second largest number of blades in the lateral organs (12 – 13) was found in the adult female of Eukoenenia thais Condé, 1988 (Condé 1988). Blade numbers and body size often increase over the course of development, as was shown also for the other three Asian Prokoenenia. Therefore, the adult stages of the new species may have a greater number of blades in the lateral organs and a larger body size. Although immature, the specimen of Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. is the third largest palpigrade ever recorded (L = 2150), topped only by E. draco (Peyerimhoff 1906) (L = 2010 – 2356) and E. florenciae (Rucker, 1903) (L = 2000 – 2300) (Mayoral & Barranco 2013). The description of a new species based on a single specimen is not ideal, especially if this specimen is immature. However, the remarkable morphology of the Chinese cave Prokoenenia and the poor knowledge of the genus justify the description of a new species. In addition, Jinhua cave is very difficult to access and to explore. The cave is accessible only to experienced speleologists with vertical techniques, and it is not likely that new specimens will be collected in the near future.	en	Bu, Yun, Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende, Mayoral, Jaime (2021): New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia. Zootaxa 4990 (1): 45-64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.3
