identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BA87C4FF82C176FCE2FEC670E4056C.text	03BA87C4FF82C176FCE2FEC670E4056C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gromia MARMOREA 2009	<div><p>GROMIA MARMOREA SP. NOV. (FIGS 2–4)</p> <p>Diagnosis: species of Gromia with a rounded test, which is spherical, to droplet-shaped, to ovoid in shape; diameter 1.0– 3.4 mm, length: width ratio 0.6– 1.9. Overall colour in fresh specimens, greenish with silvery patches, giving marble-like mottling of wall; preserved specimens, brown. Single, prominent, mound-like oral capsule.</p> <p>Type material and locality: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.028667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-62.7825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.028667/lat -62.7825)">The</a> holotype and paratypes are from an EBS deployment at RV <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.028667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-62.7825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.028667/lat -62.7825)">Polarstern station</a> 133#2, 62°46.95 ′ S, 53°1.72 ′ W, 1584 m water depth, 16th March 2005 (Table 1). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.028667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-62.7825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.028667/lat -62.7825)">They</a> are deposited at the <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.028667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-62.7825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.028667/lat -62.7825)">Research Institute</a> and Natural History Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main. The holotype is catalogued under reg. no. SMF XXVII 7398. The paratypes are catalogued under reg. no. SMF XXVII 7399. The type specimens were extracted from&gt; 300-Mm residue and are preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution buffered with borax.</p> <p>Additional material: Station 133#2: approximately 130 specimens.</p> <p>Derivation of name: From the Latin marmoreus, meaning ‘like marble’, alluding to the marbled pattern of the test surface.</p> <p>Overall appearance: The 130 specimens range in length from 1.0 to 3.4 mm (mean 1.9 ± 0.4 mm), and range from 0.8 to 3.7 mm in width (mean 1.7 ± 0.4 mm). The length: width ratio varies from 0.6 to 1.9 (mean 1.1 ± 1.0). They vary from nearly spherical, to droplet-shaped, to ovoid in lateral outline. Ovoid specimens are widest behind the midpoint, with a rounded posterior end, and a narrower anterior end terminating in the oral capsule. The degree to which the test narrows towards the aperture varies between specimens, giving rise to the different morphologies. Freshly collected, unfixed specimens were greenish-grey, sometimes with silvery, shiny patches giving the test a mottled appearance. After formalin fixation, specimens were predominantly brown in colour, although the mottling persisted (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Oral capsule: The single oral capsule is a very distinct, golden brownish-coloured structure, and is roughly circular in plan view (Figs 2E, 4A). In lateral view it appears as a broad, mound-like structure, and is penetrated by a central canal (Fig. 2D). In the ovoid- and droplet-shaped specimens, the oral capsule is located at the narrower end of the test (Fig. 2B). The height of the oral capsule (i.e. the distance it protrudes from the test surface) ranges from 100 to 600 Mm (mean 140 ± 100 Mm, N = 129), and the diameter ranges from 200 to 800 Mm (mean 400 ± 100 Mm, N = 129). In 18 specimens, a flaccid extension (up to a maximum length of 200 Mm), composed of organic material, protrudes from the central canal through the aperture opening (Fig. 2D).</p> <p>Sediment data from Howe (2006), Howe, Shimmield &amp; Diaz (2004), and Diaz (2004).</p> <p>Test wall: The test is delicate and tears easily. The organic wall appears featureless and smooth when viewed under a binocular microscope. It is usually partially translucent, sometimes with a milky appearance, and displays a characteristic marble-like pattern (Fig. 2A–C). Viewed using SEM, the wall is composed of multiple layers, and each layer is a fraction of a micron thick (Fig. 3A, B); TEM revealed the existence of an inner layer of honeycomb membranes (Fig. 3C, D). In cross section, the membranes appear as a series of very regular lines. The pores form openings on the test surface, ranging in diameter from ~0.3 to 3.1 Mm (N = 14; only clearly defined pores were measured; Fig. 4B). They occur across the entire surface, but are usually less frequent around the aperture. In the illustrated specimen, their density increases from about one pore per 10 Mm 2, within 40 Mm of the aperture, to about 12 pores per 10 Mm 2, at ~250 Mm from the aperture (Fig. 4C, i –iv). Concurrently, the pore diameter tends to increase from ~0.3 Mm close to the oral capsule to about 3.1 Mm at a distance of ~250 Mm from the capsule. However, the density of pores also varies between specimens. In one of the four individuals investigated by SEM, the pores were smaller and less frequent than in the other specimens, and did not display the decrease in size described above.</p> <p>Test contents: The test contents are visible through the translucent test wall, and consist mainly of a densely packed mass of small, oval, and brownish stercomata (Fig. 4D). These range from 6 to 22 Mm (N = 140) in length, and from 3.7 to 20 Mm in width (N = 140), and are characterized by a very smooth surface. Additional particles visible in SEM include possible mineral grains and sponge spicules (Fig. 4E).</p> <p>Distribution: Powell Basin, east of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1584-m depth (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Remarks: Gromia marmorea sp. nov. is by far the most abundant gromiid in the ANDEEP-III material. The new species encompasses a range of shapes, from spherical, to ovoid, to droplet-shaped, which are also exhibited by G. oviformis (Jepps, 1926). However, it differs from the latter in the mottled appearance of the test wall and the dark-greenish, rather than lightbrownish, colour of fresh, live specimens. In addition, the organic test wall of G. marmorea sp. nov. is very delicate, and tears easily. Gromia marmorea sp. nov. ranges in length from 1.0 to 3.4 mm, and is therefore larger than G. pyriformis (&lt;1-mm long; Gooday &amp; Bowser, 2005) and smaller than G. schulzei (8–9-mm long; Schulze, 1875), as well as being smaller than G. sphaerica (maximum length 38 mm; Gooday et al., 2000). Like most other gromiids, this new species has a single, large oral capsule rather than many small capsules scattered across the test, as in G. sphaerica (Gooday et al., 2000). The capsule is a prominent, relatively low, broad, mound-like structure, and is larger (200–800 Mm in diameter) than in other Weddell Sea species. The test is perforated by numerous pores that have a minimum diameter of 0.3 Mm (300 nm), compared with 73 nm in G. pyriformis (Gooday &amp; Bowser, 2005).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87C4FF82C176FCE2FEC670E4056C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rothe, Nina;Gooday, Andrew J.;Cedhagen, Tomas;Fahrni, José;Hughes, J. Alan;Page, Anton;Pearce, Richard B.;Pawlowski, Jan	Rothe, Nina, Gooday, Andrew J., Cedhagen, Tomas, Fahrni, José, Hughes, J. Alan, Page, Anton, Pearce, Richard B., Pawlowski, Jan (2009): Three new species of deep-sea Gromia (Protista, Rhizaria) from the bathyal and abyssal Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (3): 451-469, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00540.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00540.x
03BA87C4FF8EC174FF68FD54718F0184.text	03BA87C4FF8EC174FF68FD54718F0184.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gromia melinus Rothei, Gooday, Cedhagen, Fahrni, Hughes, Page, Pearce & Pawlowski 2009	<div><p>GROMIA MELINUS SP. NOV. (FIGS 5, 6)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Small species of Gromia with a fairly robust test, which is spherical, droplet-shaped, subtriangular, or asymmetrically irregular in shape; length 0.6–1.5 mm; length: width ratio 1.0–1.5. One, occasionally two, small oral capsules. Test wall fairly stiff, with distinctive network of fine ridges and surface coating of clay particles.</p> <p>Type material and locality: The holotype and paratypes are from an EBS deployment at station 80#9, 70°39.07 ′ S, 14°43.36 ′ W, 3108-m depth, collected on 23rd February 2005 (Table 1). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-14.722667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-70.65117" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -14.722667/lat -70.65117)">They</a> are deposited at the <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-14.722667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-70.65117" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -14.722667/lat -70.65117)">Research Institute</a> and <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-14.722667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-70.65117" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -14.722667/lat -70.65117)">Natural History Museum Senckenberg</a>, Frankfurt am Main. The holotype is catalogued under reg. no. SMF XXVII 7400. The paratype is catalogued under reg. no. SMF XXVII 7401. The type specimens were extracted from the&gt; 500-Mm sediment residue, and are preserved in buffered 4% formaldehyde solution.</p> <p>Additional material: Stations 80#9 and 81#8; 16 specimens.</p> <p>Derivation of name: From the Latin melinus, meaning ‘honey’, alluding to the honeycomb pattern of the test wall.</p> <p>Overall appearance: The 16 specimens range in length from 0.6 to 1.5 mm (mean 0.9 ± 0.2 mm), and in width from 0.4 to 1.4 mm (mean 0.8 ± 0.2 mm). The length: width ratio varies from 1.0 to 1.5 (mean 1.2 ± 0.1). The test morphology varies from subtriangular, to droplet-shaped, to spherical, or asymmetrically irregular (Figs 5A–D, 6A). Specimens are brown to yellowish in colour after formalin fixation.</p> <p>Oral capsule: Most specimens have a single oral capsule (Fig. 5A–C), but two are present in one individual (Fig. 5D). The oral capsule is roughly circular in plan view, and is a distinct feature. In some specimens it protrudes slightly from the test surface and gives rise to a long, flaccid, translucent extension, composed of organic material (Fig. 5B). In other individuals it is much flatter, circular, and hardly protrudes from the surface (Fig. 5A, D).</p> <p>Test wall: The wall is fairly rigid and characterized by a very distinctive pattern of ridges, which are clearly visible under the binocular microscope. The ridges form a network, the meshes of which vary in shape but tend to be more or less polygonal (Fig. 5E). The diameter of the polygonal elements ranges from ~30 to ~50 Mm. The surface of the test between the ridges is covered with tiny, plate-like particles (Fig. 5F), which were identified as clay minerals, based on X-ray elemental microanalyses that indicated the presence of K, Mg, and Fe, in addition to Al and Si. The inner side of the wall is composed of multiple honeycomb membranes, which appear as a series of regular lines in the TEM images (Fig. 6B–D).</p> <p>Distribution: Off Kapp Norvegia, eastern Weddell Sea, 3103- and 4392-m depth (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Remarks: Gromia melinus sp. nov. is distinguished from most other Gromia species by the prominent, polygonal pattern of ridges raised from the general test surface. They are not to be confused with the layer of ‘honeycomb’ membranes described by Hedley &amp; Wakefield (1969) and Bowser et al. (1996). This unusual feature has also been described by Aranda da Silva (2005) in Gromia sp. 2 from the Oman margin of the Arabian Sea. In both cases, the polygons that make up the pattern are formed from the outermost test layer. In G. melinus sp. nov. the relationship of the polygonal ridges to the inner layers of the wall is obscured by the layer of clay particles, which is not present in the Arabian Sea species. The Arabian Sea species also has a more consistent shape (Aranda da Silva, 2005) than G. melinus sp. nov. The two species are clearly separated by the molecular analysis (see below).</p> <p>Like G. oviformis, G. melinus sp. nov. displays a variety of morphologies. It is a small species, being approximately 0.8-mm wide and 0.9-mm long, and is therefore similar in size to G. pyriformis (&lt;1-mm long), but is smaller than G. oviformis (up to 5-mm long), G. sphaerica (up to 38 mm), and G. schulzei (8–9-mm long) (Schulze, 1875; Hedley &amp; Bertaud, 1962; Gooday et al., 2000; Gooday &amp; Bowser, 2005). Whereas G. melinus sp. nov. typically has one oral capsule, like most other gromiids, one spherical specimen had two capsules. According to Jepps (1926), occasional specimens of G. oviformis also have more than one aperture. In contrast to the distinct moundlike oral capsule in G. marmorea sp. nov., which clearly projects from the test surface, G. melinus sp. nov. has a relatively flat capsule, which hardly protrudes. The long organic extension that arises from the central canal of the oral capsule in some specimens of G. melinus sp. nov. also occurs in G. marmorea sp. nov., as well as in G. oviformis (Jepps, 1926).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87C4FF8EC174FF68FD54718F0184	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rothe, Nina;Gooday, Andrew J.;Cedhagen, Tomas;Fahrni, José;Hughes, J. Alan;Page, Anton;Pearce, Richard B.;Pawlowski, Jan	Rothe, Nina, Gooday, Andrew J., Cedhagen, Tomas, Fahrni, José, Hughes, J. Alan, Page, Anton, Pearce, Richard B., Pawlowski, Jan (2009): Three new species of deep-sea Gromia (Protista, Rhizaria) from the bathyal and abyssal Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (3): 451-469, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00540.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00540.x
03BA87C4FF8CC172FF5DF920732E015D.text	03BA87C4FF8CC172FF5DF920732E015D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gromia WINNETOUI 2009	<div><p>GROMIA WINNETOUI SP. NOV. (FIGS 7–9)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Species of Gromia varying from sausageshaped, to elongate oval, or more irregular in shape. Length 1.0– 2.8 mm; width 0.3–0.8 mm; length: width ratio 1.8–8.9. Single, conical oral capsule. Test typically enclosed completely or partially in a coarsely agglutinated case.</p> <p>Type material and locality: The holotype and paratypes are from an AGT deployment at station 121#7, 63°34.92 ′ S, 50°41.97 ′ W, 2630-m depth, 14th March 2005. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.6995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-63.582" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.6995/lat -63.582)">They</a> are deposited at the <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.6995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-63.582" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.6995/lat -63.582)">Research Institute</a> and <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.6995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-63.582" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.6995/lat -63.582)">Natural History Museum Senckenberg</a>, Frankfurt am Main. The holotype is catalogued under reg. no. SMF XXVII 7402. The paratypes are catalogued under reg. no. SMF XXVII 7403. The type specimens are preserved in 4% buffered formaldehyde solution.</p> <p>Additional material: Station 121#7; 36 specimens.</p> <p>Derivation of name: From Winnetou, the Native American hero of several novels written by Karl May, and a personal hero of two of the authors.</p> <p>Overall appearance: The organic test varies from sausage-shaped, to elongate oval, to irregularly shaped (Fig. 7A–D), and is dark to light brown in colour. specimens range in length from 1.0 to 2.8 mm (mean 1.9 ± 0.5 mm), and in width from 0.3 to 0.8 mm (mean 0.5 ± 0.1 mm). The length: width ratio varies from 1.8 to 8.9 (mean 3.9 ± 1.6). Many specimens are encased completely or partially in a coarsely agglutinated case, which is whitish or light brown in colour (Fig. 7A). The case is composed of fairly large, loosely cemented mineral particles, mainly quartz, but also including some dark grains, giving it a speckled appearance (Figs 7A, 8A). Fine clay particles are also present, particularly on the inside of the case, where they form a cushion between the quartz grains and the organic test wall (Fig. 8B–D).</p> <p>Oral capsule: The single oral capsule is relatively small, and is often obscured by the agglutinated test (Fig. 7A). Where visible, it protrudes as a conical structure in lateral view, and ranges in height from 80 to 120 Mm (N = 4), and in width from 40 to 80 Mm (N = 4) (Fig. 7C, D). The central canal is sometimes visible.</p> <p>Test wall: Where the wall is visible, it appears dented as a result of pressure from the overlying agglutinated grains. SEM photographs reveal pores ranging in diameter from 10 to 50 nm, scattered across the test surface (Fig. 8D). Clay particles (~ 200 nm in diameter), presumably derived from the outer case, are partially embedded in the wall surface (Fig. 8D). TEM images revealed multiple layers of honeycomb membranes constituting the inner part of the wall. They appear as regular lines (Fig. 9A–D).</p> <p>Test contents: The test contents consist of a more or less densely packed mass of light-brown stercomata.</p> <p>Distribution: Powell Basin, east of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, ~2600-m depth (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Remarks: Gromia winnetoui sp. nov. can be distinguished from all previously described gromiids by the agglutinated case that encloses the organic test. This structure resembles the agglutinated capsule that surrounds some allogromiid-like organisms from near-shore habitats in the Antarctic and the Arctic (Gooday et al., 1996, 2005; Gooday, 2002). It also differs from both G. marmorea sp. nov. and G. melinus sp. nov. in having a more elongate shape.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87C4FF8CC172FF5DF920732E015D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rothe, Nina;Gooday, Andrew J.;Cedhagen, Tomas;Fahrni, José;Hughes, J. Alan;Page, Anton;Pearce, Richard B.;Pawlowski, Jan	Rothe, Nina, Gooday, Andrew J., Cedhagen, Tomas, Fahrni, José, Hughes, J. Alan, Page, Anton, Pearce, Richard B., Pawlowski, Jan (2009): Three new species of deep-sea Gromia (Protista, Rhizaria) from the bathyal and abyssal Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (3): 451-469, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00540.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00540.x
